The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Parenting Styles with Mediated Attachment Styles in Iranian Women

The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Parenting Styles with Mediated Attachment Styles in Iranian Women | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Parenting Styles with Mediated Attachment Styles in Iranian Women Fatemeh sadeghmohammadi, Chelsea Spencer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4791183/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose The primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles as intermediaries in the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting styles among Iranian women. Methods Data for this study was collected between September and December 2020. The participants consisted of 102 women who had been referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experiences with domestic violence. Participants filled out the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire, Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ), and the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (AAQ). To examine the hypothesized relationships, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used. Results Economic IPV victimization was negatively related to secure attachment (β = -0.309, p = 0.019) and positively related with authoritative parenting (β = 0.422, p = 0.019) and avoidant attachment style (β = 0.563, p = 0.000). There was a significant, positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles (β = 0.351, p = 0.011; β = 0.407, p = 0.000). Authoritative parenting style was related to avoidant attachment (β = -0.524, p = 0.015) and secure attachment (β = 0.371, p = 0.000). Conclusions Iranian IPV victims with secure attachment style were more likely to utilize authoritative parenting and those who have avoidant attachment were less likely to use authoritative parenting. Attachment styles may influence the relationship between IPV and parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced IPV. Domestic violence Intimate partner violence Parenting style Attachment style Figures Figure 1 Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious, global health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported an estimation that approximately 1 in 3 women worldwide have been subjected to IPV (WHO, 2021). IPV can include physical violence (e.g., choking, beating), psychological violence (e.g., isolating, humiliating), sexual violence (e.g., threats or sexual coercion), and/or economic violence (e.g., withholding finances) by a former or current intimate partner (Krahé, 2017). Prevalence of violence against women in Iran is around 66% (Razaghi et al., 2022) and the highest rate of IPV in Iran is psychological and emotional IPV victimization (Kamalikhah et al., 2022). Although IPV occurs in all countries regardless of cultural situation (Nikparvar et al., 2021a), some investigations have shown that poor socio-economic conditions, like unemployment, low income, a low level of education, and a tolerant attitude about violence are the risk factors for increasing IPV, in Iran (Moghaddam Hosseini et al., 2013). IPV has negative impacts on women, including physical consequences, such as injury, and psychological consequences, such as depression, fear, anxiety, and sexual disorders (Carlson et al., 2002). Currently, there are few investigations regarding the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles in Iran. Therefore, this study seeks to fill a gap about the impact of IPV on styles of parenting in Iranian women who are exposed to violence. Attachment Theory Attachment theory states that the bonding between caregivers and infants can impact the child’s attachment styles (Yahya et al., 2017). The behavior of caregivers and their response to infants would determine the internal pattern of working models. These working models formed in infants are a stable strength and later extend to adolescence (Fraley, 2010). This theory was developed further by Sandy Hazan and Philip Shaver in adult romantic relationships; they defined three main styles of adult attachment, including secure, avoidant, and anxious (Stoll, 2017). Individuals who have a secure attachment style have a positive sense of self-worth and regard for others. Moreover, in relationships, they are comfortable with intimacy and have the ability to identify their emotions and distress and cope with them by seeking out help. People with anxious attachments have a negative sense of themselves and a positive sense of others. They care a lot about having validation and gaining acceptance from others, and they are anxious about relationships and being rejected (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Although they are aware of their emotions, it is hard to recognize and manage them. Individuals with avoidant attachment styles have a negative sense of themselves and others. Although they care about others' acceptance and confirmation, they avoid intimacy to prevent the pain of rejection or loss. They try to keep their self-worth by avoiding close relationships (Bartholomew & Shaver, 1998; Levy et al., 1998; C. Spencer et al., 2021). Attachment Styles and IPV There is a large body of research that shows a relationship between attachment styles and IPV, and much of this research focused on the effect of attachment styles as a predictor of violence for male perpetrators and female victims. There is an association between insecure attachment styles and violence within relationships (Almeida et al., 2019; Bonache et al., 2019b; Ponti & Tani, 2019), with a strong relationship between anxious attachment and IPV victimization (Keilholtz & Spencer, 2022; Magorokosho & Mberira, 2020; McClure & Parmenter, 2020; Sandberg et al., 2019; C. Spencer et al., 2020a). A number of investigations in Iran were conducted about the relationship between attachment style and IPV. Hosseini-Hoseinabad and colleagues (2019) found that attachment behaviors could lead Iranian couples to use violence in their intimate relationships. Yousefabad and Alilou (2013) found that Iranian women with insecure attachment styles are more likely to have a cold relationship and display dangerous behaviors, such as violence. On the other hand, victimization in Iranian women is associated with insecure attachment styles (Panaghi et al., 2012). Since attachment styles uniquely impact an individual’s ability to identify, process, regulate, and cope with emotions (Spencer et al., 2021), examining the relationship between attachment styles and female victims after experiencing IPV may be helpful for therapists or social workers for extending knowledge about attachments for working with victims in order to prevent being stuck in IPV cycles and stop violence (Spencer et al., 2020b). Despite the notable prevalence of IPV in Iran, women who are victims of abusive marriages often encounter a lack of formal assistance in terms of social, legal, and financial support. This dearth of support systems is rooted in historical neglect within legislation, social structures, and academic discussions. Furthermore, academic discourse on IPV has historically been limited, with insufficient attention given to understanding its root causes, prevalence, and impacts on Iranian society. This collective lack of attention and support perpetuates the cycle of abuse and marginalization experienced by victims of IPV in Iran (Nikparvar et al., 2021b). In the context of Iranian society, where social, legal, and financial support for IPV victims is lacking, these insecure attachment patterns may become entrenched, making it even more challenging for women to seek help and break free from abusive relationships. Without adequate support and intervention, victims of IPV may continue to experience cycles of abuse, perpetuating their marginalization and exacerbating the broader societal impact of IPV in Iran. Therefore, addressing the intersection of IPV and insecure attachment styles is crucial for developing comprehensive support systems and interventions tailored to the needs of Iranian women who have experienced IPV. Parenting Styles Parenting styles involve parents' attitudes toward their children, leading to an emotional atmosphere in which parental behaviors are expressed. Baumrind (1991) presented two dimensions of parenting, responsiveness and demanding, and three different parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Authoritative has a high level of responsiveness and demandingness. In this style, parents believe in setting limits for their children and addressing their evolving needs accordingly. The authoritarian style is associated with a high level of demandingness and a low level of responsiveness. From this point of view, children must accept rules indisputably. Permissive parents have a low level of demandingness and a high level of responsiveness (Baumrind, 1991). Different types of parenting style have different consequences on children's behavior (Alizadeh et al., 2011). Discipline in Iranian families is upheld through a combination of parental control and reverence for authority, deeply influenced by cultural and religious values that shape parenting methods and foster adherence to Islamic principles (Assadi et al., 2011). Parents exercise authority with a firm hand, setting clear boundaries and expectations for their children's behavior. This enforcement of discipline is rooted in societal norms that emphasize the importance of respect for elders, obedience to authority figures, and adherence to cultural traditions. Furthermore, Islamic teachings play a significant role in shaping disciplinary practices, with parents often drawing upon religious principles to guide their children's moral development and instill a sense of righteousness and accountability. As a result, discipline within Iranian families serves not only to maintain order but also to cultivate virtues aligned with Islamic ethics and cultural values (Azadarmaki & Bahar, 2006; Shahaeian et al., 2014). Parenting Styles and IPV Given that the prevalence of IPV in couples with children has increased in recent years (Austin et al., 2019), it is important to acknowledge the impact of IPV on the style of parenting. Some researchers found disruptions in parenting functions are the consequence of IPV victimization (Anderson & Cramer-Benjamin, 1999; Lapierre, 2008). Parenting quality can decrease as a result of depressive symptoms associated with IPV victimization (Jouriles et al., 2001). However, it has also been found that mothers who have experienced IPV have a tendency to be warmer and more responsive to their children in order to protect children from the impacts of IPV (Graham-Bermann & Miller-Graff, 2015; Levendosky et al., 2003). The difference in consequences of IPV in parenting styles shows the necessity of examining the emotional and psychological background of women. In Iran, more than half of students declare to have witnessed IPV between their parents, with more than 50 percent reporting their fathers being perpetrators, 34 percent reported both parents as perpetrators, and only 3 percent reported that their mother was the perpetrator (Nikparvar et al., 2021b). Due to the continuing impact of parenting styles in adulthood (Hoskins, 2014), it is vital to examine the association of various parenting style with IPV. This study may help to provide insight into how attachment styles mediate the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles among women in Iran. The Present Study This study seeks to enhance our understanding of the intricate dynamics among IPV, parenting styles, and attachment styles among Iranian women. By investigating the relationship between attachment styles and various types of IPV victimization, including physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse, the study sheds light on previously unexplored aspects of IPV within Iranian families. Additionally, the research examines how IPV victimization, attachment styles, and parenting styles are interconnected in a community sample of Iranian women in violent relationships, addressing a notable gap in the literature. The study's focus on attachment theory offers a novel framework for comprehending the emotional and psychological ramifications of IPV on women and their parenting behaviors. Furthermore, by proposing that attachment styles mediate the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles, the study provides a nuanced understanding of the underlying mechanisms in these complex dynamics. Overall, this research not only expands our knowledge of IPV and its impact on family dynamics but also underscores the importance of considering attachment styles in interventions designed to support IPV victims in Iran. Methods Procedure First, approval for the study was obtained from the University Institutional Review Board (IR.UI.REC.1401.076), then we identified potential participants that were seeking help services at the community Welfare Organization and Social Emergency Center in Isfahan. The Social Emergency Center in each city is a branch of the Welfare Organization that is defined to serve the public, particularly victims of domestic violence and child/elder abuse. This center serves victims by providing safe houses, emotional support, and consulting services (Iezadi et al., 2020 ). We requested individuals utilizing these services to fill out a questionnaire to be included in the study. Trained researcher guided them to fill out questionnaire forms. Questionnaires required information about participant demographic information, including age, education, number of children, and employment status. Data were collected in three and a half months. Participants Participants in the current study were recruited from Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan, which is an organization that helps women who have experienced IPV. The participants were not representative of any specific group of Iranian women. A service-seeking sample of women ( n = 102) completed self-report measures of parenting styles (Baumrind parenting questionnaire), IPV (the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire), and attachment styles (the Hazan and Shaver Attachment Styles Questionnaire). Inclusion criteria for women in the study were: 1) had experienced IPV, 2) Having at least one year of marriage, and 3) being 18 to 60 years old. The mean age of participants included in the analyses was 33.56 years of age (SD = 7.43 years). Approximately half of the participants had academic education (n = 57, 54.7%). Most of the participants were housekeepers (n = 78, 76.5%), and 24 (23.5%) were employed. More than a third of participants had one child (37.3%), and almost a quarter had two children 24 (23.5%), and 26 (25.5%) had no children. Measures Wife Abuse and Battering Scale. Haj-Yahya developed this instrument to measure four types of abuse and battering: sexual abuse (3 acts); Psychological abuse (16 acts); physical violence (11 acts); and economic abuse (2 acts). Four subscales were measured in this scale: sexual abuse (three acts; e.g., " Tried to have sex with you without your consent "), psychological abuse (16 acts;e.g., " Belittled the way you dress, your body, and the way you keep up your appearance "), physical abuse (11 acts; e.g., " Attacked you with his hands on different parts of your body "), and economic abuse (two acts; e.g., " Tried to control your behavior or force you to do whathe wants, while misusing the family’s income and otherresources to do so "). Reliabilities (Cronbach’s) for each of the scales were acceptable: sexual abuse (α = 0.70), psychological abuse (α = 0.82), physical violence (α = 0.82), and economic abuse (α = 0.88; Haj-Yahia, 1999 , 2000 ). Attachment style questionnaire of Hazan and Shaver (AAQ). This questionnaire was created byHazan & Shaver ( 2017 ) and includes 15 questions that measure three different attachment styles: avoidant, anxious, and secure. There are five questions to measure each attachment style. The questions are scored by using a 5-point Likert scale, where 0 = never , 1 = randomly , 2 = sometimes , 3 = most of the time , and 4 = almost always . Questions like "I'm not very comfortable having to depend on other people, I don't like people getting too close to me" measures avoidant attachment style; "I strongly desire to be very intimate with people, others often are reluctant to get as close as I would like" indicate anxious attachment style; and "I find comfortable depending other people, I find it easy to trust others" are related question to secure attachment style. Cronbach's alpha for each subscale was 0.77, 0.89, and 0.85 for avoidant attachment, secure attachment, and anxious attachment, respectively. Baumrind parenting questionnaire (BPQS) : This questionnaire includes 30 questions to evaluate three parenting styles. Phrases like "children can make up their own minds and do what they want to do, parents shouldn't restrict children's activities or decisions" indicate the permissive parenting style; "kids need to learn early who the boss is in the family, children should follow their parents' orders without asking questions" are related to authoritarian parenting style; and "parents should make their expectations of their children very clear and open to discussion" show authoritative parenting style. The questions are scored using a 5-point Likert scale, where 0 = quite disagree and 4 = completely agree. Reliabilities (Cronbach’s) for each of the scales were acceptable: permissive parenting (α = 0.74), authoritarian parenting (α = 0.75), and authoritative parenting (α = 0.74). Analysis Plan SPSS version 24 program (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA) and PLS MPLUS (Version 8.3) software were used to analyze the data. The purpose of this study was examining the mediating role of attachment styles in the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles among Iranian women. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to investigate the relationships between variables. First, the hypothesized model was examined using GFI, AGFI, CFI, RFI, RMSEA, and CMIN / DF fit indices (see Table 1 ) and the structural relationships between the variables were examined after verifying the fit of the model. Three different paths were examined to investigate the mediating role of attachment styles (structural relationships between variables). In one of these paths, the avoidant attachment style was used as a mediator in the relationship between IPV (psychological, physical, sexual, and economic violence) and parenting styles (permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative). Direct maximum likelihood estimation was employed to utilize data from the entire sample (N = 102) in the structural analyses, enabling comprehensive information inclusion despite missing data. Table 1 Variables with Means and Standard Deviations Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation economic violence 2.00 6.00 3.68 1.31 psychological violence 25.00 44.00 35.61 4.44 physical violence 12.00 33.00 21.97 4.93 sexual violence 3.00 9.00 5.75 2.12 avoidant attachment 5.00 22.00 13.25 4.14 anxious attachment 7.00 24.00 13.54 3.84 secure attachment 7.00 25.00 14.41 3.35 permissive parenting 2.00 36.00 17.54 6.69 authoritarian parenting 1.00 32.00 12.94 6.53 authoritative parenting 11.00 40.00 30.55 6.65 Results Means and standard deviations of variables included in the analysis can be seen in Table 1 . Economic IPV victimization had a negative relationship with secure attachment ( β = -0.309, p = 0.019; See Fig. 1 and Table 2 ) and a positive relationship with authoritative parenting ( β = 0.422, p = 0.019) and avoidant attachment style ( β = 0.563, p = 0.000), There was a significant relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles ( β = 0.351, p = 0.011; β = 0.407, p = 0.000). Table 2 Estimation of parameters coefficients with STDYX Standardization Parameter Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. Two-Tailed P-Value Permissive Avoidance attachment -0.046 0.239 -1.191 0.849 Anxious Attachment 0.075 0.100 0.752 0.452 Secure Attachment 0.021 0.102 0.202 0.840 Economic Violence 0.110 0.198 0.556 0.578 Psychological Violence -0.102 0.127 -0.805 0.421 Physical Violence 0.229 0.118 1.943 0.052 Sexual Violence -0.029 0.177 -0.166 0.868 Authoritarian Avoidance attachment -0.401 0.233 -1.721 0.085 Anxious Attachment 0.076 0.099 0.771 0.441 Secure Attachment 0.143 0.100 1.439 0.150 Economic Violence 0.272 0.194 1.400 0.161 Psychological Violence -0.067 0.125 -0.535 0.593 Physical Violence 0.175 0.117 1.497 0.134 Sexual Violence 0.157 0.174 0.902 0.367 Authoritative Avoidance attachment -0.524 0.216 -2.426 0.015 Anxious Attachment -0.075 0.092 -0.812 0.417 Secure Attachment 0.371 0.089 4.169 0.000 Economic Violence 0.422 0.180 2.337 0.019 Psychological Violence -0.022 0.118 -0.188 0.851 Physical Violence -0.045 0.111 -0.406 0.685 Sexual Violence 0.038 0.164 0.234 0.815 Avoidance attachment Economic Violence 0.563 0.056 9.987 0.000 Psychological Violence -0.063 0.052 -1.200 0.230 Physical Violence 0.073 0.050 1.470 0.142 Sexual Violence 0.407 0.061 6.626 0.000 Anxious Attachment Economic Violence 0.153 0.139 1.102 0.270 Psychological Violence -0.198 0.123 -1.607 0.108 Physical Violence 0.068 0.118 0.577 0.564 Sexual Violence -0.163 0.146 -1.118 0.263 Secure Attachment Economic Violence -0.309 0.132 -2.351 0.019 Psychological Violence 0.140 0.119 1.171 0.242 Physical Violence 0.178 0.112 1.585 0.113 Sexual Violence 0.351 0.138 2.549 0.011 Indirect Path to Permissive Economic Violence -0.021 0.143 -0.143 0.517 Psychological Violence -0.009 0.032 -0.282 0.778 Physical Violence 0.005 0.028 0.192 0.848 Sexual Violence -0.024 0.1102 -0.231 0.817 Indirect Path to Authoritarian Economic Violence -0.258 0.142 -1.815 0.069 Psychological Violence 0.030 0.042 0.725 0.468 Physical Violence 0.001 0.038 0.037 0.970 Sexual Violence -0.125 0.105 -1.194 0.232 Indirect Path to Authoritative Economic Violence -0.421 0.140 -3.012 0.003 Psychological Violence 0.100 0.059 1.680 0.093 Physical Violence 0.023 0.056 0.404 0.686 Sexual Violence -0.071 0.112 -0.630 0.529 Additionally, there was a significant, negative relationship between authoritative parenting style and avoidant attachment ( β = -0.524, p = 0.015) and a positive relationship with secure attachment ( β = 0.371, p = 0.000). Lastly, economic IPV victimization had a negative, significant relationship with authoritative parenting style (β = -0.421, p = 0.003). [Insert Table 1 , Table 2 & Fig. 1 ] Discussion This study aimed to examine the relationship between IPV (physical, psychological, sexual, and economic) and parenting styles in Iranian women who were victims of IPV through their attachment styles. Confirming our hypotheses, IPV and attachment styles have a significant impact on parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced violence. The results indicate that there was a negative relationship between economic IPV victimization and a secure attachment style. Surprisingly, there was a positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization and a secure attachment style. There was a positive relationship between having a secure attachment style and having an authoritative parenting style. Authoritative parents show more demand and responsiveness, they treat their children with kindness, intimacy, and warmth because they are sensitive to the child's needs (Ebrahimi et al., 2017 ). These parents emphasize flexibility and autonomy and believe that appropriate freedom and control lead children to internalize the principles and rules of suitable behavior and feel responsible for their behaviors and acts (Hatami Varzaneh et al., 2014 ). This result is in line with previous investigations indicating that there is a relationship between secure attachment styles and authoritative parenting styles (Agbaria et al., 2021 ; Doinita & Nijloveanu, 2015 ; Fang, 2004 ; Hatami Varzaneh et al., 2014 ; Karavasilis et al., 2003 ; Mirderikvand et al., 2016 ; Wearden et al., 2008 ). This could suggest that even though these women experienced IPV, their secure attachment style served as a buffer against negative impacts on parenting, since “secure attachment may be protective against other violence-causing processes” (Savage, 2014 , P.166). It may be that individuals with a secure attachment style can find outside support or social support in adulthood. Secure individuals have high levels of social communication skills, self-control, behavioral and emotional regulation, and self-esteem (Berlin et al., 2008 ), which could help them to cope with difficult situations. This study also found that avoidant attachment was negatively related to having an authoritative parenting style. Individuals with an avoidant attachment style tend to avoid emotional closeness and support-seeking in relationships, which can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and isolation, suppress emotions, foster maladaptive coping strategies, promote negative self-perceptions, and increase vulnerability to depression (Murphy & Bates, 1997 ; Simpson et al., 1992 ). One study found that mothers who experienced abuse were found to be less inclined to participate in parent-child activities and were more prone to resort to spanking compared to mothers who hadn't experienced such forms of abuse (Postmus et al., 2012 ). Additionally, this study also found that economic IPV victimization had a positive relationship with avoidant attachment style and authoritative parenting, as well as a negative relationship with secure attachment style. Economic violence involves a broad range of strategies employed by abusers that involve limiting a victim's ability to access income, financial details, and assets, as well as exploiting their partner's financial resources for personal benefit, whether the partner is aware of it or not (Adams et al., 2020 ). This type of violence is more prevalent in cultures heavily impacted by gender disparity and traditional values may reinforce these behavioral abuse and male control (Salimi et al., 2023 ). In Iran, after the Islamic revolution in 1979, the extensive advantages that men receive according to 'Sharia' law and enforced by the Islamic Republic, encompassing matters like inheritance, marriage, divorce, child custody after divorce, certain professions, and salary disparities, are rationalized by clerical and political authorities using the argument that men are primary financial providers and thus should be granted legal privileges (Sadegh Mohammadi & Spencer, 2024 ). In simpler terms, men's dominance over women in both public and private life is acknowledged and upheld by the law because men are obliged to provide the main income outside the home, which also bestows upon them decision-making authority within the family. In contrast, women's primary role is seen as being within the domestic sphere of the family, where they typically lack decision-making authority. Although Islamic law doesn't legally oblige women to perform housework, as long as they remain confined to the domestic sphere, societal norms dictate that they will continue to fulfil this role (Kian, 1995 ). Therefore, even though Islamic law and article 1118 of the civil code grant women the right to manage their own property, they are still regarded as financially reliant on men. According to article 1106 of the civil code, in a permanent marriage, the husband is obligated to provide alimony (nafaqah ) to his wife, which encompasses clothing, furniture, food and housing. The issue of women's financial dependence on men is so significant in the context of these enforced laws that if a husband refuses to provide nafaqah, his wife has the option to seek a divorce (Sait, 2015 ; Zarchi, 2015 ). Due to these traditional and religious values, women who have experienced IPV may not feel inconvenienced by their economic victimization. There was a positive association between sexual IPV victimization and avoidant and secure attachment styles. Some studies have found that insecure attachment could be a risk marker for experiencing IPV victimization (La Flair et al., 2015 ; Shechory, 2013 ; C. Spencer et al., 2019 ; Weiss et al., 2011 ). Studies have revealed that women with avoidant attachment styles are more vulnerable to sexual victimization. (Bonache et al., 2019a ; Gentzler & Kerns, 2004 ). Continual attempts by individuals with avoidant attachment to avoid confrontations and engage in emotional discussions about intimacy is a notable trait observed in these group of women and it can gradually undermine their confidence in their ability to deter their partner's abusive behavior (Sutton & Simons, 2015 ). Sexual victimization in Iran has primarily been studied within the framework of domestic violence or IPV. Previous studies have recorded instances of female IPV victimization with rates varying between 13.1% and 73.4% (Mohammadbeigi et al., 2019 ). A comprehensive scientific comprehension of sexual aggression in Iran is vital due to the distinctive cultural and social norms regarding sexuality that have emerged following the implementation of Islamic law, 'Sharia' (Motamedi et al., 2016 ). In this context, men's sexual desires are portrayed as an inherent and unavoidable impulse that ought to be satisfied, whereas women's sexuality is characterized as a respectable and precious aspect of femininity, requiring oversight and safeguarding (Amini & McCormack, 2021 ).The law permits husbands to request sexual relations from their wives and exempts marital rape from the scope of rape laws (Malayeri et al., 2022 ). As per Article 11, a wife is expected to demonstrate obedience to her husband, particularly in matters related to their sexual relationship, failure to do so may be considered disobedience (Nashiza ), and her husband has the option to marry another woman (Moghadam, 2004 ). Consequently, this legal framework diminishes protections for women against sexual aggression, potentially granting immunity to male offenders and contributing to higher rates of female sexual victimization (Janghorban et al., 2015 ; Malayeri et al., 2022 ). Limitations and Future Research While this study has made valuable contributions to the literature, it is important to acknowledge its limitations, which can provide direction and opportunities for future research. First, this study did not investigate any additional factors that could potentially mediate or moderate the relationship between attachment styles and parenting styles among women who have experienced IPV. Future research could greatly benefit from exploring potential confounding variables that might influence this relationship. Additionally, it's worth mentioning that some individuals chose not to participate in this research, possibly due to concerns that their responses could have negative consequences for them. This means that we may have missed out on valuable insights from those who opted not to participate. Moreover, there is a possibility of recall bias when participants are asked to recall their experiences of IPV, especially given our limited access to abused women, who were primarily referred through social emergency services. Our sampling method had to be purposeful due to these restrictions. Additionally, the length of the questionnaires may have deterred some women from completing them, leading to incomplete and unusable responses. The women who had experienced IPV could not take the questionnaires home to answer at their convenience, and follow-up was impossible since we did not collect any personal information from them. Future research should consider strategies to enhance participant engagement in studies related to IPV. One potential approach could involve using shorter questionnaires to encourage participation and reduce response biases. Longitudinal data collection could also be employed, collecting data over the course of a year instead of relying on participants to recall past victimization experiences. This would allow for a more in-depth examination of how parenting styles evolve over time in relation to IPV victimization and attachment styles. Another noteworthy limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size, which could have diminished the statistical power to detect significant associations. This limitation also restricts the extent to which the findings can be applied to a broader population. Furthermore, it's essential to acknowledge that this investigation exclusively involved women who had experienced IPV in Iran. Therefore, it is crucial to exercise caution when attempting to generalize the results to other demographic groups in society. To establish more robust conclusions, it would be valuable to explore the relationship between attachment styles and parenting in more diverse samples and across multiple cultural contexts. Future research is highly recommended to investigate whether promoting a secure attachment style could potentially enhance the parenting skills of women facing IPV. Additionally, researchers should consider developing and testing interventions specifically designed to address these dynamics. Lastly, for a more comprehensive understanding, future research could involve a comparative analysis between Iranian women who have experienced abuse and those who have not, aiming to determine if the observed relationships are unique to IPV victims or if they apply more broadly to Iranian women as a whole. Conclusion In this research, data was collected and analyzed from 102 married Iranian women who were referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experience of IPV in their relationships. This study represented the first attempt to explore the relationship between IPV victimization, attachment styles, and parenting styles within a sample of Iranian women. In Iranian women, those with a history of IPV and a secure attachment style were found to be more inclined to adopt authoritative parenting, while those with an avoidant attachment style were less likely to employ authoritative parenting. This implies that attachment styles could be an effective factor influencing the link between IPV experiences and parenting styles in Iranian women who have been victims of IPV. Declarations Informed Consent All participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits. Participation was voluntary, and individuals could withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality was assured, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the University Institutional Review Board (IR.UI.REC.1401.076). Author Contribution Fatemeh SadeghMohammadi is a Ph.D. student in Couple and Family Therapy at Kansas State University. Her research focus are on intimate partner violence (IPV) and Attachment Styles.Chelsea M. Spencer, Ph.D., LCMFT, is a research assistant professor in the Couple and Family Therapy Program at Kansas State University. Her research interests include intimate partner violence, intimate partner homicide, and sexual violence. She specializes in quantitative methods and meta-analyses. Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to all the women in Isfahan who took part in this study, as well as to everyone who contributed to the successful execution of this research. Data Availability Statement Due to the sensitive nature of intimate partner violence and the confidentiality agreements with the participants, the data are not publicly available. 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Footnotes The nafaqah amount is subject to variation based on the husband's financial resources, but it should also consider the social status of the wife. For instance, if she is accustomed to having a maid or requires one due to illness or other circumstances, the husband should also be responsible for providing her with one. Islamic jurists assert that it is the obligation of a wife to reside in the same location as her husband. If the wife departs from their marital home without her husband's consent or without a valid justification, she will not be fulfilling her marital responsibilities, and, as a result, she may not be entitled to Nafaghah. In Islamic terminology, such a woman is referred to as "nashiza," and her action is considered as "Nushuz" (H. S. Motamedi, 2013). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4791183","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":346952918,"identity":"47b102b4-4b20-4373-8d74-cb076337a4be","order_by":0,"name":"Fatemeh sadeghmohammadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kansas State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatemeh","middleName":"","lastName":"sadeghmohammadi","suffix":""},{"id":346952919,"identity":"22afe2bc-721d-45a2-85c2-472b3f301ab1","order_by":1,"name":"Chelsea Spencer","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAu0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADfh4wxUyCFskekrUYnCFWC3//2YOPC2ps8o3PHH8mwVBhndhASIvEjbxk4xnH0iy3ne0xk2A4k05Yi4EEj5k0b8NhA7PzPGwSjG2HidDCf8b8N2/DfwPjfvZnEoz/iNHCkGPGzNtwwMCAt8FMgrGBCC0gv0jzHEs2kDhzxtgi4Vi6MUEtoBD7zFNjZ8Dfk/7wxocaa1mCWhgYeJDYCYSVo2sZBaNgFIyCUYANAAALRjeyda0sBAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Kansas State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chelsea","middleName":"","lastName":"Spencer","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-23 21:08:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4791183/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4791183/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":64191569,"identity":"e124e3ec-0e76-4d72-b113-bf5e7cc39894","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-09 18:44:44","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePath coefficients of the hypothesis model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4791183/v1/f391fb7eb0948e7d2880cc72.jpg"},{"id":64192191,"identity":"5a1637fb-25da-4f8f-8b2f-22262b8e897c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-09 18:52:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":752706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4791183/v1/e70f57aa-c69d-4649-95a4-330b7cc56b8c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Parenting Styles with Mediated Attachment Styles in Iranian Women","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntimate\u0026nbsp;partner violence (IPV) is a serious, global health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported an estimation that approximately 1 in 3 women worldwide have been subjected to IPV\u0026nbsp;(WHO, 2021). IPV can include\u0026nbsp;physical violence (e.g., choking,\u0026nbsp;beating),\u0026nbsp;psychological violence (e.g., isolating,\u0026nbsp;humiliating),\u0026nbsp;sexual violence (e.g., threats or sexual coercion), and/or economic violence (e.g., withholding finances)\u0026nbsp;by a former or current intimate partner\u0026nbsp;(Krah\u0026eacute;, 2017). Prevalence of violence against women in Iran is around 66% (Razaghi et al., 2022)\u0026nbsp;and the highest rate of IPV in Iran is psychological and emotional IPV victimization\u0026nbsp;(Kamalikhah et al., 2022).\u0026nbsp;Although IPV occurs in all countries regardless of cultural situation\u0026nbsp;(Nikparvar et al., 2021a), some investigations have shown that poor socio-economic conditions, like unemployment, low income, a low level of education, and a tolerant attitude about violence are the risk factors for increasing IPV, in Iran\u0026nbsp;(Moghaddam Hosseini et al., 2013).\u0026nbsp;IPV has negative impacts on women, including physical consequences, such as injury, and psychological consequences, such as depression, fear, anxiety, and sexual disorders (Carlson et al., 2002). Currently, there are few investigations regarding the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles in Iran. Therefore,\u0026nbsp;this study seeks to fill a gap about the impact of IPV on styles of parenting in Iranian women who are exposed to violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttachment Theory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttachment theory states that the bonding between caregivers and infants can impact the child\u0026rsquo;s attachment styles (Yahya et al., 2017). The behavior of caregivers and their response to infants would determine the internal pattern of working models. These working models formed in infants are a stable strength and later extend to adolescence (Fraley, 2010). This theory was developed further by Sandy Hazan and Philip Shaver in adult romantic relationships; they defined three main styles of adult attachment, including secure, avoidant, and anxious (Stoll, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals who have a secure attachment style have a positive sense of self-worth and regard for others. Moreover, in relationships, they are comfortable with intimacy and have the ability to identify their emotions and distress and cope with them by seeking out help. People with anxious attachments have a negative sense of themselves and a positive sense of others. They care a lot about having validation and gaining acceptance from others, and they are anxious about relationships and being rejected (Griffin \u0026amp; Bartholomew, 1994; Mikulincer \u0026amp; Shaver, 2007). Although they are aware of their emotions, it is hard to recognize and manage them. Individuals with avoidant attachment styles have a negative sense of themselves and others. Although they care about others\u0026apos; acceptance and confirmation, they avoid intimacy to prevent the pain of rejection or loss. They try to keep their self-worth by avoiding close relationships (Bartholomew \u0026amp; Shaver, 1998; Levy et al., 1998; C. Spencer et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttachment Styles and IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a large body of research that shows a relationship between attachment styles and IPV, and much of this research focused on the effect of attachment styles as a predictor of violence for male perpetrators and female victims. There is an association between insecure attachment styles and violence within relationships (Almeida et al., 2019; Bonache et al., 2019b; Ponti \u0026amp; Tani, 2019), with a strong relationship between anxious attachment and IPV victimization (Keilholtz \u0026amp; Spencer, 2022; Magorokosho \u0026amp; Mberira, 2020; McClure \u0026amp; Parmenter, 2020; Sandberg et al., 2019; C. Spencer et al., 2020a). A number of investigations in Iran were conducted about the relationship between attachment style and IPV. Hosseini-Hoseinabad and colleagues (2019) found that attachment behaviors could lead Iranian couples to use violence in their intimate relationships. Yousefabad and Alilou (2013)\u0026nbsp;found that Iranian women with insecure attachment styles are more likely to have a cold relationship and display dangerous behaviors, such as violence. On the other hand, victimization in Iranian women is associated with insecure attachment styles (Panaghi et al., 2012).\u0026nbsp;Since attachment styles uniquely impact an individual\u0026rsquo;s ability to identify, process, regulate, and cope with emotions (Spencer et al., 2021), examining the relationship between attachment styles and female victims after experiencing IPV may be helpful for therapists or social workers for extending knowledge about attachments for working with victims in order to prevent being stuck in IPV cycles and stop violence (Spencer et al., 2020b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Despite the notable prevalence of IPV in Iran, women who are victims of abusive marriages often encounter a lack of formal assistance in terms of social, legal, and financial support. This dearth of support systems is rooted in historical neglect within legislation, social structures, and academic discussions. Furthermore, academic discourse on IPV has historically been limited, with insufficient attention given to understanding its root causes, prevalence, and impacts on Iranian society. This collective lack of attention and support perpetuates the cycle of abuse and marginalization experienced by victims of IPV in Iran (Nikparvar et al., 2021b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the context of Iranian society, where social, legal, and financial support for IPV victims is lacking, these insecure attachment patterns may become entrenched, making it even more challenging for women to seek help and break free from abusive relationships. Without adequate support and intervention, victims of IPV may continue to experience cycles of abuse, perpetuating their marginalization and exacerbating the broader societal impact of IPV in Iran. Therefore, addressing the intersection of IPV and insecure attachment styles is crucial for developing comprehensive support systems and interventions tailored to the needs of Iranian women who have experienced IPV.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParenting Styles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParenting styles involve parents\u0026apos; attitudes toward their children, leading to an emotional atmosphere in which parental behaviors are expressed. Baumrind (1991) presented two dimensions of parenting, responsiveness and demanding, and three different parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Authoritative has a high level of responsiveness and demandingness. In this style, parents believe in setting limits for their children and addressing their evolving needs accordingly. The authoritarian style is associated with a high level of demandingness and a low level of responsiveness. From this point of view, children must accept rules indisputably. Permissive parents have a low level of demandingness and a high level of responsiveness (Baumrind, 1991). Different types of parenting style have different consequences on children\u0026apos;s behavior (Alizadeh et al., 2011). Discipline in Iranian families is upheld through a combination of parental control and reverence for authority, deeply influenced by cultural and religious values that shape parenting methods and foster adherence to Islamic principles (Assadi et al., 2011). Parents exercise authority with a firm hand, setting clear boundaries and expectations for their children\u0026apos;s behavior. This enforcement of discipline is rooted in societal norms that emphasize the importance of respect for elders, obedience to authority figures, and adherence to cultural traditions. Furthermore, Islamic teachings play a significant role in shaping disciplinary practices, with parents often drawing upon religious principles to guide their children\u0026apos;s moral development and instill a sense of righteousness and accountability. As a result, discipline within Iranian families serves not only to maintain order but also to cultivate virtues aligned with Islamic ethics and cultural values (Azadarmaki \u0026amp; Bahar, 2006; Shahaeian et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParenting Styles and IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven that the prevalence of IPV in couples with children has increased in recent years (Austin et al., 2019), it is important to acknowledge the impact of IPV on the style of parenting. Some researchers found disruptions in parenting functions are the consequence of IPV victimization (Anderson \u0026amp; Cramer-Benjamin, 1999; Lapierre, 2008). Parenting quality can decrease as a result of depressive symptoms associated with IPV victimization (Jouriles et al., 2001). However, it has also been found that mothers who have experienced IPV have a tendency to be warmer and more responsive to their children in order to protect children from the impacts of IPV (Graham-Bermann \u0026amp; Miller-Graff, 2015; Levendosky et al., 2003). The difference in consequences of IPV in parenting styles shows the necessity of examining the emotional and psychological background of women. In Iran, more than half of students declare to have witnessed IPV between their parents, with more than 50 percent reporting their fathers being perpetrators, 34 percent reported both parents as perpetrators, and only 3 percent reported that their mother was the perpetrator (Nikparvar et al., 2021b). Due to the continuing impact of parenting styles in adulthood (Hoskins, 2014), it is vital to examine the association of various parenting style with IPV. This study may help to provide insight into how attachment styles mediate the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles among women in Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Present Study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study seeks to enhance our understanding of the intricate dynamics among IPV, parenting styles, and attachment styles among Iranian women. By investigating the relationship between attachment styles and various types of IPV victimization, including physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse, the study sheds light on previously unexplored aspects of IPV within Iranian families. Additionally, the research examines how IPV victimization, attachment styles, and parenting styles are interconnected in a community sample of Iranian women in violent relationships, addressing a notable gap in the literature. The study\u0026apos;s focus on attachment theory offers a novel framework for comprehending the emotional and psychological ramifications of IPV on women and their parenting behaviors. Furthermore, by proposing that attachment styles mediate the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles, the study provides a nuanced understanding of the underlying mechanisms in these complex dynamics. Overall, this research not only expands our knowledge of IPV and its impact on family dynamics but also underscores the importance of considering attachment styles in interventions designed to support IPV victims in Iran.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e First, approval for the study was obtained from the University Institutional Review Board (IR.UI.REC.1401.076), then we identified potential participants that were seeking help services at the community Welfare Organization and Social Emergency Center in Isfahan. The Social Emergency Center in each city is a branch of the Welfare Organization that is defined to serve the public, particularly victims of domestic violence and child/elder abuse. This center serves victims by providing safe houses, emotional support, and consulting services (Iezadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). We requested individuals utilizing these services to fill out a questionnaire to be included in the study. Trained researcher guided them to fill out questionnaire forms. Questionnaires required information about participant demographic information, including age, education, number of children, and employment status. Data were collected in three and a half months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants in the current study were recruited from Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan, which is an organization that helps women who have experienced IPV. The participants were not representative of any specific group of Iranian women. A service-seeking sample of women (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;102) completed self-report measures of parenting styles (Baumrind parenting questionnaire), IPV (the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire), and attachment styles (the Hazan and Shaver Attachment Styles Questionnaire). Inclusion criteria for women in the study were: 1) had experienced IPV, 2) Having at least one year of marriage, and 3) being 18 to 60 years old. The mean age of participants included in the analyses was 33.56 years of age (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.43 years). Approximately half of the participants had academic education (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57, 54.7%). Most of the participants were housekeepers (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78, 76.5%), and 24 (23.5%) were employed. More than a third of participants had one child (37.3%), and almost a quarter had two children 24 (23.5%), and 26 (25.5%) had no children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWife Abuse and Battering Scale.\u003c/b\u003e Haj-Yahya developed this instrument to measure four types of abuse and battering: sexual abuse (3 acts); Psychological abuse (16 acts); physical violence (11 acts); and economic abuse (2 acts). Four subscales were measured in this scale: sexual abuse (three acts; e.g., \"\u003cem\u003eTried to have sex with you without your consent\u003c/em\u003e\"), psychological abuse (16 acts;e.g., \"\u003cem\u003eBelittled the way you dress, your body, and the way you keep up your appearance\u003c/em\u003e\"), physical abuse (11 acts; e.g., \"\u003cem\u003eAttacked you with his hands on different parts of your body\u003c/em\u003e\"), and economic abuse (two acts; e.g., \"\u003cem\u003eTried to control your behavior or force you to do whathe wants, while misusing the family\u0026rsquo;s income and otherresources to do so\u003c/em\u003e \"). Reliabilities (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s) for each of the scales were acceptable: sexual abuse (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70), psychological abuse (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82), physical violence (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82), and economic abuse (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88; Haj-Yahia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAttachment style questionnaire of Hazan and Shaver (AAQ).\u003c/b\u003e This questionnaire was created byHazan \u0026amp; Shaver (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and includes 15 questions that measure three different attachment styles: avoidant, anxious, and secure. There are five questions to measure each attachment style. The questions are scored by using a 5-point Likert scale, where 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003erandomly\u003c/em\u003e, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003esometimes\u003c/em\u003e, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003emost of the time\u003c/em\u003e, and 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ealmost always\u003c/em\u003e. Questions like \"I'm not very comfortable having to depend on other people, I don't like people getting too close to me\" measures avoidant attachment style; \"I strongly desire to be very intimate with people, others often are reluctant to get as close as I would like\" indicate anxious attachment style; and \"I find comfortable depending other people, I find it easy to trust others\" are related question to secure attachment style. Cronbach's alpha for each subscale was 0.77, 0.89, and 0.85 for avoidant attachment, secure attachment, and anxious attachment, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBaumrind parenting questionnaire (BPQS)\u003c/b\u003e: This questionnaire includes 30 questions to evaluate three parenting styles. Phrases like \"children can make up their own minds and do what they want to do, parents shouldn't restrict children's activities or decisions\" indicate the permissive parenting style; \"kids need to learn early who the boss is in the family, children should follow their parents' orders without asking questions\" are related to authoritarian parenting style; and \"parents should make their expectations of their children very clear and open to discussion\" show authoritative parenting style. The questions are scored using a 5-point Likert scale, where 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003equite disagree\u003c/em\u003e and 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ecompletely agree.\u003c/em\u003e Reliabilities (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s) for each of the scales were acceptable: permissive parenting (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.74), authoritarian parenting (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75), and authoritative parenting (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.74).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis Plan\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS version 24 program (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA) and PLS MPLUS (Version 8.3) software were used to analyze the data. The purpose of this study was examining the mediating role of attachment styles in the relationship between IPV victimization and parenting styles among Iranian women. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to investigate the relationships between variables. First, the hypothesized model was examined using GFI, AGFI, CFI, RFI, RMSEA, and CMIN / DF fit indices (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and the structural relationships between the variables were examined after verifying the fit of the model. Three different paths were examined to investigate the mediating role of attachment styles (structural relationships between variables). In one of these paths, the avoidant attachment style was used as a mediator in the relationship between IPV (psychological, physical, sexual, and economic violence) and parenting styles (permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative). Direct maximum likelihood estimation was employed to utilize data from the entire sample (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;102) in the structural analyses, enabling comprehensive information inclusion despite missing data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables with Means and Standard Deviations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMinimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaximum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeconomic violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esexual violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eavoidant attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanxious attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esecure attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epermissive parenting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eauthoritarian parenting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eauthoritative parenting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eMeans and standard deviations of variables included in the analysis can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Economic IPV victimization had a negative relationship with secure attachment (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = -0.309, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019; See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and a positive relationship with authoritative parenting (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.422, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) and avoidant attachment style (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.563, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), There was a significant relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.351, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011; \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.407, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of parameters coefficients with STDYX Standardization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEst./S.E.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-Tailed P-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermissive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvoidance attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecure Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthoritarian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvoidance attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecure Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthoritative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvoidance attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-0.524\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecure Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.371\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.422\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvoidance attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.563\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.407\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecure Attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-0.309\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.351\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect Path to Permissive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect Path to Authoritarian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect Path to Authoritative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-0.421\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, there was a significant, negative relationship between authoritative parenting style and avoidant attachment (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = -0.524, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) and a positive relationship with secure attachment (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.371, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Lastly, economic IPV victimization had a negative, significant relationship with authoritative parenting style (β = -0.421, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to examine the relationship between IPV (physical, psychological, sexual, and economic) and parenting styles in Iranian women who were victims of IPV through their attachment styles. Confirming our hypotheses, IPV and attachment styles have a significant impact on parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced violence. The results indicate that there was a negative relationship between economic IPV victimization and a secure attachment style. Surprisingly, there was a positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization and a secure attachment style.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a positive relationship between having a secure attachment style and having an authoritative parenting style. Authoritative parents show more demand and responsiveness, they treat their children with kindness, intimacy, and warmth because they are sensitive to the child's needs (Ebrahimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). These parents emphasize flexibility and autonomy and believe that appropriate freedom and control lead children to internalize the principles and rules of suitable behavior and feel responsible for their behaviors and acts (Hatami Varzaneh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This result is in line with previous investigations indicating that there is a relationship between secure attachment styles and authoritative parenting styles (Agbaria et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Doinita \u0026amp; Nijloveanu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Fang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Hatami Varzaneh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Karavasilis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Mirderikvand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Wearden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). This could suggest that even though these women experienced IPV, their secure attachment style served as a buffer against negative impacts on parenting, since \u0026ldquo;secure attachment may be protective against other violence-causing processes\u0026rdquo; (Savage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, P.166). It may be that individuals with a secure attachment style can find outside support or social support in adulthood. Secure individuals have high levels of social communication skills, self-control, behavioral and emotional regulation, and self-esteem (Berlin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), which could help them to cope with difficult situations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also found that avoidant attachment was negatively related to having an authoritative parenting style. Individuals with an avoidant attachment style tend to avoid emotional closeness and support-seeking in relationships, which can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and isolation, suppress emotions, foster maladaptive coping strategies, promote negative self-perceptions, and increase vulnerability to depression (Murphy \u0026amp; Bates, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Simpson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). One study found that mothers who experienced abuse were found to be less inclined to participate in parent-child activities and were more prone to resort to spanking compared to mothers who hadn't experienced such forms of abuse (Postmus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, this study also found that economic IPV victimization had a positive relationship with avoidant attachment style and authoritative parenting, as well as a negative relationship with secure attachment style. Economic violence involves a broad range of strategies employed by abusers that involve limiting a victim's ability to access income, financial details, and assets, as well as exploiting their partner's financial resources for personal benefit, whether the partner is aware of it or not (Adams et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This type of violence is more prevalent in cultures heavily impacted by gender disparity and traditional values may reinforce these behavioral abuse and male control (Salimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In Iran, after the Islamic revolution in 1979, the extensive advantages that men receive according to 'Sharia' law and enforced by the Islamic Republic, encompassing matters like inheritance, marriage, divorce, child custody after divorce, certain professions, and salary disparities, are rationalized by clerical and political authorities using the argument that men are primary financial providers and thus should be granted legal privileges (Sadegh Mohammadi \u0026amp; Spencer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In simpler terms, men's dominance over women in both public and private life is acknowledged and upheld by the law because men are obliged to provide the main income outside the home, which also bestows upon them decision-making authority within the family. In contrast, women's primary role is seen as being within the domestic sphere of the family, where they typically lack decision-making authority. Although Islamic law doesn't legally oblige women to perform housework, as long as they remain confined to the domestic sphere, societal norms dictate that they will continue to fulfil this role (Kian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, even though Islamic law and article 1118 of the civil code grant women the right to manage their own property, they are still regarded as financially reliant on men. According to article 1106 of the civil code, in a permanent marriage, the husband is obligated to provide alimony (nafaqah\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn1\" id=\"#FNLinkFn1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e) to his wife, which encompasses clothing, furniture, food and housing. The issue of women's financial dependence on men is so significant in the context of these enforced laws that if a husband refuses to provide nafaqah, his wife has the option to seek a divorce (Sait, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Zarchi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Due to these traditional and religious values, women who have experienced IPV may not feel inconvenienced by their economic victimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a positive association between sexual IPV victimization and avoidant and secure attachment styles. Some studies have found that insecure attachment could be a risk marker for experiencing IPV victimization (La Flair et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Shechory, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; C. Spencer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Weiss et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have revealed that women with avoidant attachment styles are more vulnerable to sexual victimization. (Bonache et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e; Gentzler \u0026amp; Kerns, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Continual attempts by individuals with avoidant attachment to avoid confrontations and engage in emotional discussions about intimacy is a notable trait observed in these group of women and it can gradually undermine their confidence in their ability to deter their partner's abusive behavior (Sutton \u0026amp; Simons, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual victimization in Iran has primarily been studied within the framework of domestic violence or IPV. Previous studies have recorded instances of female IPV victimization with rates varying between 13.1% and 73.4% (Mohammadbeigi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). A comprehensive scientific comprehension of sexual aggression in Iran is vital due to the distinctive cultural and social norms regarding sexuality that have emerged following the implementation of Islamic law, 'Sharia' (Motamedi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, men's sexual desires are portrayed as an inherent and unavoidable impulse that ought to be satisfied, whereas women's sexuality is characterized as a respectable and precious aspect of femininity, requiring oversight and safeguarding (Amini \u0026amp; McCormack, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).The law permits husbands to request sexual relations from their wives and exempts marital rape from the scope of rape laws (Malayeri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). As per Article 11, a wife is expected to demonstrate obedience to her husband, particularly in matters related to their sexual relationship, failure to do so may be considered disobedience (Nashiza\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn2\" id=\"#FNLinkFn2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e), and her husband has the option to marry another woman (Moghadam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, this legal framework diminishes protections for women against sexual aggression, potentially granting immunity to male offenders and contributing to higher rates of female sexual victimization (Janghorban et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Malayeri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations and Future Research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile this study has made valuable contributions to the literature, it is important to acknowledge its limitations, which can provide direction and opportunities for future research. First, this study did not investigate any additional factors that could potentially mediate or moderate the relationship between attachment styles and parenting styles among women who have experienced IPV. Future research could greatly benefit from exploring potential confounding variables that might influence this relationship. Additionally, it's worth mentioning that some individuals chose not to participate in this research, possibly due to concerns that their responses could have negative consequences for them. This means that we may have missed out on valuable insights from those who opted not to participate. Moreover, there is a possibility of recall bias when participants are asked to recall their experiences of IPV, especially given our limited access to abused women, who were primarily referred through social emergency services. Our sampling method had to be purposeful due to these restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the length of the questionnaires may have deterred some women from completing them, leading to incomplete and unusable responses. The women who had experienced IPV could not take the questionnaires home to answer at their convenience, and follow-up was impossible since we did not collect any personal information from them. Future research should consider strategies to enhance participant engagement in studies related to IPV. One potential approach could involve using shorter questionnaires to encourage participation and reduce response biases. Longitudinal data collection could also be employed, collecting data over the course of a year instead of relying on participants to recall past victimization experiences. This would allow for a more in-depth examination of how parenting styles evolve over time in relation to IPV victimization and attachment styles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother noteworthy limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size, which could have diminished the statistical power to detect significant associations. This limitation also restricts the extent to which the findings can be applied to a broader population. Furthermore, it's essential to acknowledge that this investigation exclusively involved women who had experienced IPV in Iran. Therefore, it is crucial to exercise caution when attempting to generalize the results to other demographic groups in society. To establish more robust conclusions, it would be valuable to explore the relationship between attachment styles and parenting in more diverse samples and across multiple cultural contexts. Future research is highly recommended to investigate whether promoting a secure attachment style could potentially enhance the parenting skills of women facing IPV. Additionally, researchers should consider developing and testing interventions specifically designed to address these dynamics. Lastly, for a more comprehensive understanding, future research could involve a comparative analysis between Iranian women who have experienced abuse and those who have not, aiming to determine if the observed relationships are unique to IPV victims or if they apply more broadly to Iranian women as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this research, data was collected and analyzed from 102 married Iranian women who were referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experience of IPV in their relationships. This study represented the first attempt to explore the relationship between IPV victimization, attachment styles, and parenting styles within a sample of Iranian women. In Iranian women, those with a history of IPV and a secure attachment style were found to be more inclined to adopt authoritative parenting, while those with an avoidant attachment style were less likely to employ authoritative parenting. This implies that attachment styles could be an effective factor influencing the link between IPV experiences and parenting styles in Iranian women who have been victims of IPV.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants were fully informed about the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits. Participation was voluntary, and individuals could withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality was assured, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the University Institutional Review Board (IR.UI.REC.1401.076).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatemeh SadeghMohammadi is a Ph.D. student in Couple and Family Therapy at Kansas State University. Her research focus are on intimate partner violence (IPV) and Attachment Styles.Chelsea M. Spencer, Ph.D., LCMFT, is a research assistant professor in the Couple and Family Therapy Program at Kansas State University. Her research interests include intimate partner violence, intimate partner homicide, and sexual violence. She specializes in quantitative methods and meta-analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to all the women in Isfahan who took part in this study, as well as to everyone who contributed to the successful execution of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the sensitive nature of intimate partner violence and the confidentiality agreements with the participants, the data are not publicly available. Participants' privacy and confidentiality were strictly upheld according to ethical guidelines, and data sharing will not be considered to ensure the protection of participants' identities and privacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams, A. E., Greeson, M. R., Littwin, A. K., \u0026amp; Javorka, M. (2020). The Revised Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA2): Development and initial psychometric testing of an updated measure of economic abuse in intimate relationships. Psychology of Violence, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(3), 268.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgbaria, Q., Mahamid, F., \u0026amp; Veronese, G. (2021). The Association Between Attachment Patterns and Parenting Styles With Emotion Regulation Among Palestinian Preschoolers. 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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, \u003cem\u003e84\u003c/em\u003e, 1005\u0026ndash;1009. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.689\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.689\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarchi, A. A. (2015). \u003cem\u003eConflicts of Family Law In Islam and Iran\u003c/em\u003e. Lulu. com.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e The nafaqah amount is subject to variation based on the husband's financial resources, but it should also consider the social status of the wife. For instance, if she is accustomed to having a maid or requires one due to illness or other circumstances, the husband should also be responsible for providing her with one.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Islamic jurists assert that it is the obligation of a wife to reside in the same location as her husband. If the wife departs from their marital home without her husband's consent or without a valid justification, she will not be fulfilling her marital responsibilities, and, as a result, she may not be entitled to Nafaghah. In Islamic terminology, such a woman is referred to as \"nashiza,\" and her action is considered as \"Nushuz\" (H. S. Motamedi, 2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-global-society","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Global Society](https://www.springer.com/journal/44282)","snPcode":"44282","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44282/3","title":"Discover Global Society","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Domestic violence, Intimate partner violence, Parenting style, Attachment style","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4791183/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4791183/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles as intermediaries in the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting styles among Iranian women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData for this study was collected between September and December 2020. The participants consisted of 102 women who had been referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experiences with domestic violence. Participants filled out the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire, Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ), and the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (AAQ). To examine the hypothesized relationships, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic IPV victimization was negatively related to secure attachment (β = -0.309, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) and positively related with authoritative parenting (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.422, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) and avoidant attachment style (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.563, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). There was a significant, positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.351, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011; β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.407, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Authoritative parenting style was related to avoidant attachment (β = -0.524, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) and secure attachment (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.371, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian IPV victims with secure attachment style were more likely to utilize authoritative parenting and those who have avoidant attachment were less likely to use authoritative parenting. Attachment styles may influence the relationship between IPV and parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced IPV.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Parenting Styles with Mediated Attachment Styles in Iranian Women","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-09 18:44:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4791183/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-05T05:43:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-04T19:21:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"336116645037326339135930804009037128446","date":"2024-09-02T08:48:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-17T10:55:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"102205176810534766783966802129109507583","date":"2024-08-10T18:00:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"130174353592800682398807922920304198573","date":"2024-08-10T11:42:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-05T19:25:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-05T19:19:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-05T06:19:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Global Society","date":"2024-07-23T21:03:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-global-society","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Global Society](https://www.springer.com/journal/44282)","snPcode":"44282","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44282/3","title":"Discover Global Society","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e0765023-bf52-4b6d-88ff-f9b2e749660a","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-09T15:53:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-09 18:44:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4791183","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4791183","identity":"rs-4791183","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}