Pathways To Parenthood: Outcomes of Infertility Treatments in A Ghanaian University Medical Facility

Pathways To Parenthood: Outcomes of Infertility Treatments in A Ghanaian University Medical Facility | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Pathways To Parenthood: Outcomes of Infertility Treatments in A Ghanaian University Medical Facility Promise Emmanuel Sefogah, Afedo Winifred Mawulawoe, Theodore Kobla Boafor, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7502909/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: This study evaluated the outcomes of infertility treatments among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra. Methods: A two-year retrospective descriptive study was conducted using medical records of women who sought treatment for infertility from January 2021 to December 2022. Data included sociodemographic variables, including age, marital status, education, duration of infertility, cause of infertility, treatment, pregnancy achieved, miscarriage, and live birth. Data was extracted and analysed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and logistic regression analyses are reported in adjusted odds ratios, on forest plots. P-value was set at 0.05. Results: Among 347 women with infertility who visited the clinic, 307 received infertility treatments, with 93 (30.3%) achieving pregnancy. The most common treatment was hormonal drug therapy, administered to 99 (32.2%) patients, resulting in 30 pregnancies. In vitro fertilisation using autologous oocytes was performed in 67 (21.8%) women, resulting in 23 pregnancies. Myomectomy was performed for 38 (12.4%) cases, with 10 getting pregnant. There was a significant association between participants’ age group and cause of infertility. The logistic regression model had an ROC value of 78%. Conclusion: Approximately 30% of women receiving infertility treatment over the study period conceived following treatment using hormonal therapy, surgery and assisted reproductive technology. The findings underscore the need for increased awareness campaigns on infertility treatment options. Infertility in vitro fertilisation marital instability reproductive health treatment outcome Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Globally, approximately one in six people experience infertility at some point in their lives [1,2 ] [ 2 ]. More specifically, the 2022 global estimates indicate a lifetime prevalence of infertility at 17.5% (95% CI: 15.0-20.3) and a period prevalence of infertility at 12.6% (95% CI: 10.7–14.6) [ 3 ]. When disaggregated, primary infertility (never having achieved pregnancy) has a pooled global lifetime prevalence of 9.6% (95% CI: 6.3, 14.3) and a period prevalence of 9.0% (95% CI: 6.6, 12.2) [ 4 ]. Secondary infertility (having achieved at least one prior pregnancy but now struggling to conceive again) shows pooled global lifetime and period prevalence rates of 6.5% (95% CI: 3.9, 10.7) and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.7, 8.8), respectively [ 5 ][ 6 ]. Infertility occurs 12 months after unprotected intercourse, affects 48.5 million couples globally, with higher prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa due to higher rates of infections, post-abortion complications, and sepsis [ 7 ][ 8 ]. It is classified as primary when a pregnancy has never been achieved and secondary when it occurs after a previous pregnancy. In Ghana, childbearing is culturally vital, intensifying the impact of infertility. The country has a high prevalence, affecting approximately 15% of persons of childbearing age [ 9 ][ 10 ]. Studies from the early 2000s reported 11.8% infertility for women and 15.8% for men, with secondary infertility being more common than primary [ 2 ][ 5 ][ 11 ]. Common causes include blocked fallopian tubes, often from Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases, and male factor infertility, accounting for 45% of diagnoses in one Ghanaian study. Sociocultural beliefs usually attribute infertility to mystical factors or past behaviours, adding to the distress [ 2 ][ 5 ]. A study conducted in a District General Hospital in Ghana over 18 months, involving 1000 patients, reported that 118 patients (11.8%) became pregnant [ 12 ]. Of these, 40% had primary infertility and 60% had secondary infertility. "Successful" patients tended to be young (65% under 25 years old) and had subfertility of limited duration (77% for 4 years or less) [ 12 ]. Treatment options, including Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) such as IVF, are available in private facilities [ 1 ][ 2 ]. However, access is challenging due to high costs, as Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme does not cover ART. This financial burden often leads couples to seek traditional or faith-based healers, perceived as more affordable [ 13 ]. Concerns also exist regarding perceived medical complications of ART. Also, in Ghana, infertility is not just a medical issue but a significant socio-cultural challenge, as societal norms place a disproportionate burden on women, leading to stigma, emotional distress, and marital issues [ 10 ][ 14 ]. The causes of infertility are diverse. Female infertility is often linked to ovulatory disorders (30%-40%), tubal factors (20%-30%), and uterine abnormalities (15%-20%), while 10%-20% remain unexplained [ 15 ]. Male infertility, though less discussed in Ghana, includes factors such as low sperm count and reduced sperm motility. Treatment modalities include hormonal therapies, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and surgical interventions like myomectomy. IVF has a global success rate of 20%-35%, but its high cost limits accessibility in low-resource settings, such as Ghana [ 16 ]. The effectiveness of treatments depends on factors such as patient age, the cause of infertility, and the chosen intervention. More broadly, the scoping review on psychosocial aspects of infertility in African countries noted that over 50% of the studies contributing to global and regional infertility prevalence estimates reported a low response rate [ 3 ]. This indicates a challenge in data collection, which can affect the certainty of the estimates. Despite the high hopes patients have for ART, unsuccessful attempts can lead to significant psychological challenges, emotional stress, and frustration. Some participants in a Ghanaian study experienced multiple miscarriages after conceiving through ART [ 16 ][ 17 ]. Despite advancements in reproductive medicine, infertility treatment outcomes in Ghana remain under-researched. This study aims to assess the outcomes of infertility treatments among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra, providing evidence-based insights for clinical practice and patient counselling. Methods This two-year retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate infertility treatment outcomes among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Family Health Hospital is a private university facility with a 60-bed capacity, offering comprehensive outpatient and inpatient services. This is evidenced by an average daily Outpatient Department (OPD) attendance of 115 and approximately 30 daily attendees for the Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinic. The hospital offers a range of infertility treatments, including ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Study Population and Data Collection The study population consisted of women aged 18 years and older who had been diagnosed with infertility and possessed complete medical records. All participants reviewed over the study period were included in the study. Data were collected using an extraction sheet with all variables of interest. Variables Demographic Variables included age (both continuous and categorical: <35 years, ≥35 years), marital status (married or single), level of education (primary, junior high school, senior high school, and tertiary), religion (Christian or Muslim), and National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) enrollment (yes or no). Age was analysed as a continuous variable and also grouped for stratified analysis. Clinical Variables comprised parity (0, 1, 2, or ≥3), duration of infertility (continuous and categorized into 1, 2, 3, 4-5, and >5 years), and cause of infertility (e.g., fibroid, polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS], endometriosis, tubal blockage, oligospermia, hormonal imbalance, among others). Causes were primarily self-reported and/or clinically diagnosed. Treatment Variables included the type of treatment received (e.g., hormonal therapy, IVF, IUI, drug therapy, surgical interventions like myomectomy) and treatment duration categorised as 1 to 6 months. Treatment outcomes assessed included pregnancy status (pregnant, not pregnant, lost to follow-up), miscarriage (yes or no), live birth, stillbirth, and multiple gestation. Outcome Variables were pregnancy outcome (pregnant, not pregnant, and lost to follow-up) and related sub-categories such as delivery status (delivered vs. not), miscarriage, live birth, and presence of multiple children. Data Management and Statistical Analysis Anonymised data collected was securely stored to protect participant confidentiality. Data were managed using Microsoft Excel 365. The identities of the study participants were not included to ensure anonymity. The data was clean in Excel and exported. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarise the patient characteristics and treatment outcomes. To assess the associations between treatment types and outcomes, chi-square tests were performed, and statistical significance was determined. A t-test is regarded as an appropriate statistical method for comparing the means of two groups. It helped determine whether observed differences are statistically significant. The independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean difference between two groups, assuming that the distributions are typically distributed and continuous. The test was used to determine the mean difference in the length of infertility. Logistic regression models the probability of a binary outcome (e.g., yes/no) based on predictor variables. It estimated the relationship using a logistic function and provides odds ratios for interpretation. The model is suitable for categorically dependent variables. Statistical significance is assessed using p-values and confidence intervals. It estimates relationships through odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for other variables. Crude ORs may be biased if confounders are present, so we reported adjusted ORs, which provide more reliable estimates. The logistic model uses a sigmoid (logit) function to estimate probabilities. P-values and confidence intervals were used to assess statistical significance. Model performance is often evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve plots sensitivity vs. 1-specificity across different thresholds. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) summarises the model's ability to accurately distinguish between classes. The outcome of pregnancy and independent variables, including treatment, parity, age group, and cause of infertility, were reported on the first plot report, along with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The overall model performance was evaluated using the ROC curve. Ethical Considerations Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Family Health Medical School Ethics Board prior to data collection. Furthermore, permission to access and utilise patient records was granted by the hospital administration. Informed consent was not required for this study due to its retrospective nature. All data were handled securely and confidentially. Results Demography of study participants A total of 347 women attended the Gynaecology Clinic for infertility treatment during the study period, with a mean age of 35.7 ± 6.7 years. The majority of participants (n = 281, 81%) were over 30 years old. Most (n = 309, 89%) were married, all had at least a primary education, and over 93% (n = 322) identified as Christians. Younger females had higher pregnancy outcomes in the study (8/11) for those aged between 20 and 24, and (29/55) for those aged between 25 and 29. (Figure 1, Table 1) Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants about Pregnancy Outcomes A total of 347 women attended the Gynaecology Clinic for infertility treatment during the study period, with a mean age of 35.7 ± 6.7 years. The majority of participants (n = 281, 81%) were over 30 years old. Most (n = 309, 89%) were married, all had at least a primary education, and over 93% (n = 322) identified as Christians. The chi-square test of association revealed a significant association with pregnancy success, with younger participants having higher pregnancy rates (mean age, 31.74 years) compared to those aged 35 and older (mean age, 37.41 years; p < 0.001). Marital status (89.0% married) and education level (60.2% with tertiary education) did not have a significant impact on outcomes (p = 0.61 and p = 0.73, respectively). Parity was a significant factor, with 69.2% of participants with no previous births achieving pregnancy compared to those who had one or more children (p < 0.001). The duration of infertility was associated with outcomes; participants who became pregnant had a shorter mean duration of infertility (4.38 years) compared to those who did not (6.54 years; p < 0.001). The causes of infertility were significantly associated with achieving pregnancy, with fibroids reported by 30.5% of participants. (Table 1) Table 1: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants Variable Pregnancy outcome Age group Total N (%) Not Preg N (%) Preg N (%) LTF N (%) N (%) Age <0.001** Mean(SD) 35.71(6.70) 37.41(8.52) 31.74(5.72) 35.88(5.92) - - Marital Status 0.61 0.58 Married 309 (89.0) 188 (87.9) 84 (90.3) 37 (92.5) 132 (88.0) 177 (89.8) Single 38 (11.0) 26 (12.1) 9 (9.7) 3 (7.5) 18 (12.0) 20 (10.2) Education Level 0.73 0.38 JHS 17 (4.9) 9 (4.2) 5 (5.4) 3 (7.5) 4 (2.7) 13 (6.6) Primary 3 (0.9) 2 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.5) 1 (0.7) 2 (1.0) SHS 118 (34.0) 76 (35.5) 31 (33.3) 11 (27.5) 51 (34.0) 67 (34.0) Tertiary 209 (60.2) 127 (59.3) 57 (61.3) 25 (62.5) 94 (62.7) 115 (58.4) Religion 0.62 0.35 Christian 322 (92.8) 198 (92.5) 88 (94.6) 36 (90.0) 137 (91.3) 185 (93.9) Muslim 25 (7.2) 16 (7.5) 5 (5.4) 4 (10.0) 13 (8.7) 12 (6.1) Parity 0.32 <0.001** 0 240 (69.2) 141 (65.9) 72 (77.4) 27 (67.5) 114 (76.0) 126 (64.0) 1 75 (21.6) 50 (23.4) 17 (18.3) 8 (20.0) 29 (19.3) 46 (23.4) 2 24 (6.9) 17 (7.9) 4 (4.3) 3 (7.5) 7 (4.7) 17 (8.6) 3 8 (2.3) 6 (2.8) 0 (0.0) 2 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 8 (4.1) NHIS 0.12 0.41 No 302 (87.0) 191 (89.3) 80 (86.0) 31 (77.5) 128 (85.3) 174 (88.3) Yes 45 (13.0) 23 (10.7) 13 (14.0) 9 (22.5) 22 (14.7) 23 (11.7) Duration of infertility(years) <0.001** <0.001** Mean (SD) 5.88(4.40) 6.54(4.76) 4.38(3.04) 5.85(4.33) 4.00(2.39) 7.31(5.02) Duration of infertility(year) <0.00** <0.001** 1 14 (4.0) 8 (8.6) 6 (2.8) 0 (0.0) 10 (6.7) 4 (2.0) 2 43 (12.4) 16 (17.2) 20 (9.3) 7 (17.5) 26 (17.3) 17 (8.6) 3 54 (15.6) 18 (19.4) 32 (15.0) 4 (10.0) 34 (22.7) 20 (10.2) 4-5 115 (33.1) 30 (32.3) 71 (33.2) 14 (35.0) 58 (38.7) 57 (28.9) >5 121 (34.9) 21 (22.6) 85 (39.7) 15 (37.5) 22 (14.7) 99 (50.3) Cause of infertility 0.24 <0.001** Amenorrhea 13 (3.7) 7 (3.3) 6 (6.5) 0 (0.0) 7 (4.7) 6 (3.0) Bilateral tub 8 (2.3) 5 (2.3) 3 (3.2) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.0) 5 (2.5) Endometriosis 6 (1.7) 4 (1.9) 1 (1.1) 1 (2.5) 3 (2.0) 3 (1.5) Fibroid 106 (30.5) 75 (35.0) 16 (17.2) 15 (37.5) 24 (16.0) 82 (41.6) Galactorrhea 3 (0.9) 1 (0.5) 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.3) 1 (0.5) Hormonal imbalance 5 (1.4) 4 (1.9) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.7) 1 (0.5) Hyperprolactinemia 17 (4.9) 12 (5.6) 3 (3.2) 2 (5.0) 7 (4.7) 10 (5.1) Irregular cycle 5 (1.4) 3 (1.4) 1 (1.1) 1 (2.5) 5 (3.3) 0 (0.0) Low motility 4 (1.2) 3 (1.4) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.3) 2 (1.0) Miscarriage 3 (0.9) 1 (0.5) 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.0) 0 (0.0) Unstated 55 (15.9) 32 (15.0) 13 (14.0) 10 (25.0) 2 (1.3) 2 (1.0) Obesity 4 (1.2) 2 (0.9) 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 10 (6.7) 8 (4.1) Oligospermia 18 (5.2) 8 (3.7) 10 (10.8) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.7) 10 (5.1) Other 14 (4.0) 11 (5.1) 2 (2.2) 1 (2.5) 15 (10.0) 14 (7.1) Ovarian cyst 29 (8.4) 14 (6.5) 11 (11.8) 4 (10.0) 12 (8.0) 6 (3.0) PCOS 18 (5.2) 11 (5.1) 5 (5.4) 2 (5.0) 5 (3.3) 3 (1.5) PID 8 (2.3) 3 (1.4) 3 (3.2) 2 (5.0) 1 (0.7) 9 (4.6) Spontaneous abortion 10 (2.9) 6 (2.8) 4 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.3) 2 (1.0) Submucosal fibroids 4 (1.2) 1 (0.5) 2 (2.2) 1 (2.5) 7 (4.7) 10 (5.1) Tubal blockage 17 (4.9) 11 (5.1) 5 (5.4) 1 (2.5) 32 (21.3) 23 (11.7) Abbreviations: N, frequency: %, percentage: Preg, Pregnant; LTF, Loss To Follow up; SD, standard deviation; JHS, Junior High School; SHS, Senior High School;, NHIS, National Health Insurance Scheme; PCOS, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; PID, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Treatment and treatment outcomes Treatment types varied among participants and included hormonal therapy (28.5%), IVF (19.3%), drug therapy (9.8%), and myomectomy (11.0%). Hormonal therapy and IVF were the most used interventions across all age groups. A significant association was observed between treatment type and pregnancy outcome ( p < 0.001), with higher pregnancy rates among those receiving IVF and hormonal therapy. Treatment duration ranged from 1 to 6 months, with most participants undergoing therapy for 2 to 3 months. Miscarriage occurred in 5.4% of pregnant women, while 58.1% had live births and 7.5% delivered multiple children. Stillbirths were reported in 34.4% of the pregnant group, predominantly in women under 35 years. All treatment outcomes showed statistically significant associations with both pregnancy status and age category (p < 0.001 ). (Table 2) Table 2: Treatment and treatment outcomes Variable Pregnancy outcome Ahe group Total N (%) Not Preg N (%) Preg N (%) LTF N (%) N (%) Treatment <0.00** <0.00** Donor egg/IVF 4 (1.2) 4 (1.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (1.9) 0 (0.0) Donor egg/ surrogacy 16 (4.6) 13 (6.1) 3 (3.2) 0 (0.0) 13 (6.1) 3 (3.2) Donor sperm/ IUI 2 (0.6) 1 (0.5) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 1 (1.1) Donor sperm/ surrogacy 2 (0.6) 1 (0.5) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 1 (1.1) Drug therapy 34 (9.8) 25 (11.7) 9 (9.7) 0 (0.0) 25 (11.7) 9 (9.7) Hormonal therapy 99 (28.5) 66 (30.8) 30 (32.3) 3 (7.5) 66 (30.8) 30 (32.3) IUI 22 (6.3) 13 (6.1) 9 (9.7) 0 (0.0) 13 (6.1) 9 (9.7) IVF 67 (19.3) 46 (21.5) 20 (21.5) 1 (2.5) 46 (21.5) 20 (21.5) Myomectomy 38 (11.0) 27 (12.6) 10 (10.8) 1 (2.5) 27 (12.6) 10 (10.8) Myomectomy/IUI 3 (0.9) 2 (0.9) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.9) 1 (1.1) Myomectomy/IVF 10 (2.9) 8 (3.7) 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 8 (3.7) 2 (2.2) OI 8 (2.3) 4 (1.9) 4 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 4 (1.9) 4 (4.3) Saline sonogram 2 (0.6) 2 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.9) 0 (0.0) N/A 39 (11.2) 2 (0.9) 2 (2.2) 35 (87.5) - - Treatment duration <0.00** <0.00** 1 month 40 (11.5) 32 (15.0) 8 (8.6) 0 (0.0) 23 (15.3) 17 (8.6) 2 months 80 (23.1) 52 (24.3) 27 (29.0) 1 (2.5) 46 (30.7) 34 (17.3) 3 months 109 (31.4) 71 (33.2) 36 (38.7) 2 (5.0) 44 (29.3) 65 (33.0) 4 months 58 (16.7) 40 (18.7) 16 (17.2) 2 (5.0) 14 (9.3) 44 (22.3) 5 months 15 (4.3) 12 (5.6) 3 (3.2) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.7) 11 (5.6) 6 months 6 (1.7) 5 (2.3) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.7) 5 (2.5) N/A 39 (11.2) 2 (0.9) 2 (2.2) 35 (87.5) 18 (12.0) 21 (10.7) Miscarriage <0.00** <0.00** Yes 5 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 5 (5.4) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.0) 2 (1.0) No 88 (25.4) 0 (0.0) 88 (94.6) 0 (0.0) 62 (41.3) 26 (13.2) N/A 254 (73.2) 214 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 40 (100.0) 85 (56.7) 169 (85.8) Delivered <0.00** <0.00** Yes 54 (15.6) 0 (0.0) 54 (58.1) 0 (0.0) 38 (25.3) 16 (8.1) N/A 254 (73.2) 214 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 40 (100.0) 85 (56.7) 169 (85.8) No 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.7) 1 (0.5) Referred 5 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 5 (5.4) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.0) 2 (1.0) Still Birth 32 (9.2) 0 (0.0) 32 (34.4) 0 (0.0) 23 (15.3) 9 (4.6) Live Birth <0.00** <0.00** N/A/No 293 (84.4) 214 (100.0) 39 (41.9) 40 (100.0) 112 (74.7) 181 (91.9) Yes 54 (15.6) 0 (0.0) 54 (58.1) 0 (0.0) 38 (25.3) 16 (8.1) Multiple children <0.00** <0.00** Yes 7 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 7 (7.5) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.7) 3 (1.5) N/A 293 (84.4) 214 (100.0) 39 (41.9) 40 (100.0) 112 (74.7) 181 (91.9) No 47 (13.5) 0 (0.0) 47 (50.5) 0 (0.0) 34 (22.7) 13 (6.6) Abbreviation: N, frequency: %, percentage: IUI, Intrauterine Insemination; IVF, In Vitro Fertilisation.; OI, Ovulation induction; N/A, Not Applicable; Factors associated with pregnancy The forest plot illustrates the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for key predictors of pregnancy outcomes. Younger age groups specifically 20–24 years (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.44), 25–29 years (AOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02–0.30), and 30–34 years (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05–0.72)—were significantly associated with higher likelihood of pregnancy, as indicated by confidence intervals not crossing one and marked with asterisks. Additionally, a statistically significant association was observed for the variable Cause of Infertility (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–0.99). Other variables, including parity, treatment type, treatment duration, and duration of infertility, did not show statistically significant effects, as their confidence intervals included 1. The red vertical line represents the null value (OR = 1), aiding visual identification of significant predictors (Figure 2). Roc show a model performance of 78%(Figure 3). Discussion This study evaluated the outcomes of infertility treatments among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra, Ghana. It highlighted the socio-demographic and other factors influencing these treatment outcomes. It was found that 56% Of the participants were aged between 30 and 39 years. This aligns with global trends, as women in this age group are more likely to seek infertility treatment due to increased awareness and the desire to conceive before the decline in fertility associated with advancing age[7][18]. Amoah et al, in their previous study in Ghana, reported that the majority (51.94%) of patients with infertility treatment were aged 30 - 39 years [19]. The high percentage of married women (89%) is similar to the 91.8% by Amoah et al and consistently reflects societal expectations in Ghana, where childbearing is often viewed as a primary purpose of marriage[20][19]. The predominance of participants with tertiary education (60.2%) is slightly higher than the reported 45.9% in an earlier study in Ghana [19]. However, it suggests that educated women may be more proactive in seeking medical assistance for infertility, possibly due to better access to information and resources. Female-related factors were the predominant cause of infertility (87.8%), of which uterine fibroids emerged as the most common specific cause (28.5%). This is consistent with studies indicating a high prevalence of fibroids among African women, which can significantly impact fertility[6][21]. However, this proportion of fibroids appears significantly higher than the 5-10% reported previously, with fibroids suggested as the sole cause of infertility in 1-2.4% [11][22]. Generally, uterine fibroids may cause endometrial distortion that interferes with sperm transport and embryo implantation, and they may also potentially obstruct the fallopian tubes, resulting in impaired gamete transport, altered hormonal milieu, and endometrial development, which adversely affect implantation and ultimate pregnancy[16][21]. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) accounted for 5.2% of cases, aligning with global prevalence rates of 4% to 12% among women of reproductive age but lower than the 7.9% prevalence previously reported among women with infertility [21][5]. However, a much higher prevalence of 16.4% had been reported among women with infertility in the United States of America [23][24]. The differences in prevalence may be due to the varying geographic and demographic characteristics of the participants across different locations. The duration of infertility, predominantly between 1 and 5 years (65.1%), underscores the importance of timely intervention, as prolonged infertility can reduce the likelihood of successful treatment outcomes[25]. The study revealed varying success rates across different treatment modalities, with ovulation induction therapy, administered to 32.2% of participants, resulting in a 30.3% pregnancy rate. This finding aligns with existing literature, which reports success rates ranging from 20% to 40% for ovulation induction therapies [5][26]. IVF yielded a 34.3% pregnancy rate, which is comparable to global IVF success rates of 20% and 35% per cycle, depending on factors such as age and embryo quality[9]. IUI, on the other hand, yielded a 40.9% pregnancy rate, which is higher than the typical success rates of 10% to 20% per cycle reported in other studies, possibly due to patient selection criteria or clinic-specific protocols.[6] Following myomectomy on 12.4% of the women, 26.3% of them achieved conception. This is consistent with studies indicating that myomectomy can improve fertility outcomes, particularly when fibroids are the primary cause of infertility [9][11]. The overall pregnancy rate of 30.3% among treated women highlights the effectiveness of the available medical and surgical interventions, including ovulation induction, IUI, and IVF in Ghana. The study found no significant association between socio-demographic factors ( marital status, educational level) and treatment outcomes. This suggests that, within this cohort, these variables did not markedly influence the likelihood of achieving pregnancy. Age was significantly associated with achieving pregnancy. This finding is consistent with other studies that found fertility treatment success, with younger women generally experiencing higher success rates [5][27]. The miscarriage rate of 6.5% observed in this study is lower than the global average of 10% to 15% among recognised pregnancies [17]. This may reflect the effectiveness of prenatal care and monitoring provided at the hospital. The successful conception among 39 previously nulliparous women (G0P0) demonstrates the potential for positive outcomes even among women with no prior pregnancies, emphasising the importance of individualised treatment plans. The majority of participants underwent treatment for 2 to 3 months, which is relatively short compared to standard protocols that often recommend longer durations, especially for interventions like IVF [28][29]. The shorter treatment duration observed may be due to patient preferences, financial constraints, or clinical decisions based on individual responses to therapy. Findings that the age group above 35 and the cause of infertility are associated with pregnancy outcome are consistent with findings from other studies. The ROC performance of 78% indicates a good model, which can be examined and improved to predict the likelihood of mothers' success or failure in achieving pregnancy. The study's limitations include its single-centre design and the use of retrospective data from medical records. However, this study agrees with previous studies and helps to justify generalisation. Other limitations include the study's short duration and focus on treatment outcomes only within the study period, without evaluating long-term outcomes, such as child health, which are critical measures of treatment success. Future studies should address these limitations by employing a multi-centre prospective design, incorporating a broader range of variables, and including more extended follow-up periods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of infertility treatment outcomes. Conclusion The findings highlight that infertility remains a significant challenge, predominantly influenced by female factors such as loss to follow up, uterine fibroids and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Despite these challenges, treatment options such as hormonal therapy, IUI, and IVF demonstrated promising success rates, comparable to global standards. The overall pregnancy rate of 30.3% among treated women underscores the effectiveness of available interventions. These successful infertility treatment outcomes offer hope even to women with infertility and its associated negative impact on their quality of life in Ghana. Age and cause of infertility are key in predicting the outcome of treatment among women. Future research should focus on long-term follow-up to evaluate live birth rates and child health outcomes. It should also involve broader, multi-centred studies to generate more rigorous data that can be generalised. By bridging these gaps, infertility care in Ghana can be further refined, ensuring equitable access and better outcomes for affected women and couples. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment We acknowledge all patients included in the study. Author Contributions A.W.M. drafted study proposal, data collection, analysis and interpretation; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. B.T.K. participated in design of the research; acquisition of the data; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting the manuscript. M.M. participated in Data acquisition, data analysis, and interpretation; figure drafting; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. E-J.A.C. performed the data acquisition; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. M.A.N. participated in data acquisition, data analysis, and interpretation; figure drafting; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors have approved the final manuscript for publication. Funding : No funding received for this study. Data availability: Data is available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author (BTK) Ethics approval and consent to participate: All patients enrolled in the study provided written informed consent to participate. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Family Health University on 30/11/2022 (FHUC/REG/ST/10696277) Consent for publication : Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Disclosure: All authors declare no conflicts of interest. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. References D. J. McLernon, E. W. Steyerberg, E. R. Te Velde, A. J. Lee, and S. Bhattacharya, “Predicting the chances of a live birth after one or more complete cycles of in vitro fertilisation: Population-based study of linked cycle data from 113 873 women,” BMJ , vol. 355, 2016, doi: 10.1136/bmj.i5735. R. F. Hess, R. Ross, and J. L. Gililland, “Infertility, psychological distress, and coping strategies among women in Mali, West Africa: A mixed-methods study,” Afr. J. Reprod. Health , vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 60–72, 2018, doi: 10.29063/ajrh2018/v22i1.6. C. M. 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Sci. , vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 194–201, 2020, doi: 10.33545/26164485.2020.v4.i2c.170. A. Fiander, “Causes of infertility among 1000 patients in Ghana.,” Trop. Doct. , vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 137–138, Jul. 1990, doi: 10.1177/004947559002000319. K. Asah-Opoku et al. , “Clinical presentations and outcomes of ectopic pregnancy at a tertiary referral hospital in Ghana,” Heal. Sci. Investig. J. , vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 374–379, 2022, doi: 10.46829/hsijournal.2022.12.3.2.374-379. M. O. Araoye, “Epidemiology of infertility: Social problems of the infertile couples,” 2003. doi: 10.4314/wajm.v22i2.27946. J. Zhuang, Y. Wang, S. Wang, R. Hu, and Y. Wu, “Association between visceral adiposity index and infertility in reproductive-aged women in the United States,” Sci. Rep. , vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64849-0. P. Purohit and K. Vigneswaran, “Fibroids and Infertility,” Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep. , vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 81–88, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s13669-016-0162-2. Z. Al-Alami, R. Abu-Huwaij, S. Hamadneh, and E. Taybeh, “Understanding Miscarriage Prevalence and Risk Factors: Insights from Women in Jordan,” Med. , vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 1–11, 2024, doi: 10.3390/medicina60071044. M. N. Mascarenhas, H. Cheung, C. D. Mathers, and G. A. Stevens, “Measuring infertility in populations: constructing a standard definition for use with demographic and reproductive health surveys,” Popul. Health Metr. , vol. 10, pp. 1–11, 2012, doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-10-17. B. Y. Amoah et al. , “Modifiable life style factors and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study in IVF clinic attendees in Ghana,” Front. Reprod. Heal. , vol. 7, no. February, 2025, doi: 10.3389/frph.2025.1520938. E. S. Donkor and J. Sandall, “The impact of perceived stigma and mediating social factors on infertility-related stress among women seeking infertility treatment in Southern Ghana,” Soc. Sci. Med. , vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 1683–1694, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.003. E. E. Don, V. Mijatovic, and J. A. F. Huirne, “Infertility in patients with uterine fibroids: a debate about the hypothetical mechanisms,” Hum. Reprod. , vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2045–2054, 2023, doi: 10.1093/humrep/dead194. B. K. Gbaranor, N. P. Barinua-gbaranor, C. D. Orupabo, K. Dgb, P. E. Okpara, and P. Harcourt, “Determinants of Delayed Desired Conception among Reproductive Women of Port Harcourt,” vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 60–65, 2020, doi: 10.9790/0853-1903016065. J. Datta et al. , “Prevalence of infertilityand help seeking among 15 000 women and men,” Hum. Reprod. , vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 2108–2118, 2016, doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew123. K. M. Johnson, A. L. Greil, K. M. Shreffler, and J. McQuillan, “Fertility and Infertility: Toward an Integrative Research Agenda,” Popul. Res. Policy Rev. , vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 641–666, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11113-018-9476-2. N. M. Crawford, H. S. Hoff, and J. E. Mersereau, “Infertile women who screen positive for depression are less likely to initiate fertility treatments,” Hum. Reprod. , vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 582–587, 2017, doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew351. A. H. Balen et al. , “The management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance,” Hum. Reprod. Update , vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 687–708, 2016, doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw025. G. E. Anyalechi et al. , “Self-reported infertility and associated pelvic inflammatory disease among women of reproductive age - National health and nutrition examination survey, United States, 2013-2016,” Sex. Transm. Dis. , vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 446–451, 2019, doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000996. C. de Geyter et al. , “20 years of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium registry: What have we learned? A comparison with registries from two other regions,” Hum. Reprod. , vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2832–2849, 2020, doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa250. E. Bosch et al. , “ESHRE guideline: Ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI,” Hum. Reprod. Open , vol. 2020, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2021, doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoaa009. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge distribution and pregnancy outcome ( P-value \u0026lt;0.001)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7502909/v1/a4afc4107aa821109fb38906.png"},{"id":93029599,"identity":"383dd022-dba2-49e8-837a-a1e2470b7dba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:59:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForest plot of odds ratio indicating the predictor of pregnancy among women after fertility treatment.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7502909/v1/fb96c7f34ae2c457203c7bb9.png"},{"id":93028130,"identity":"a51a159b-5aac-44b1-ac1c-07d0698971de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 09:51:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eillustrates the ROC curve, demonstrating the model's performance.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7502909/v1/99c991d1afa0ff64e8b1d927.png"},{"id":95525870,"identity":"f7b7f212-bc0f-4437-9936-4b3906c9b8cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:05:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1376551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7502909/v1/892ca329-79e1-4fc3-84c6-552c05b612d8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pathways To Parenthood: Outcomes of Infertility Treatments in A Ghanaian University Medical Facility","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, approximately one in six people experience infertility at some point in their lives [1,2 ] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. More specifically, the 2022 global estimates indicate a lifetime prevalence of infertility at 17.5% (95% CI: 15.0-20.3) and a period prevalence of infertility at 12.6% (95% CI: 10.7\u0026ndash;14.6) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. When disaggregated, primary infertility (never having achieved pregnancy) has a pooled global lifetime prevalence of 9.6% (95% CI: 6.3, 14.3) and a period prevalence of 9.0% (95% CI: 6.6, 12.2) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Secondary infertility (having achieved at least one prior pregnancy but now struggling to conceive again) shows pooled global lifetime and period prevalence rates of 6.5% (95% CI: 3.9, 10.7) and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.7, 8.8), respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Infertility occurs 12 months after unprotected intercourse, affects 48.5\u0026nbsp;million couples globally, with higher prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa due to higher rates of infections, post-abortion complications, and sepsis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. It is classified as primary when a pregnancy has never been achieved and secondary when it occurs after a previous pregnancy. In Ghana, childbearing is culturally vital, intensifying the impact of infertility. The country has a high prevalence, affecting approximately 15% of persons of childbearing age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies from the early 2000s reported 11.8% infertility for women and 15.8% for men, with secondary infertility being more common than primary [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon causes include blocked fallopian tubes, often from Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases, and male factor infertility, accounting for 45% of diagnoses in one Ghanaian study. Sociocultural beliefs usually attribute infertility to mystical factors or past behaviours, adding to the distress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted in a District General Hospital in Ghana over 18 months, involving 1000 patients, reported that 118 patients (11.8%) became pregnant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Of these, 40% had primary infertility and 60% had secondary infertility. \"Successful\" patients tended to be young (65% under 25 years old) and had subfertility of limited duration (77% for 4 years or less) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Treatment options, including Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) such as IVF, are available in private facilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, access is challenging due to high costs, as Ghana\u0026rsquo;s National Health Insurance Scheme does not cover ART. This financial burden often leads couples to seek traditional or faith-based healers, perceived as more affordable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Concerns also exist regarding perceived medical complications of ART. Also, in Ghana, infertility is not just a medical issue but a significant socio-cultural challenge, as societal norms place a disproportionate burden on women, leading to stigma, emotional distress, and marital issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The causes of infertility are diverse. Female infertility is often linked to ovulatory disorders (30%-40%), tubal factors (20%-30%), and uterine abnormalities (15%-20%), while 10%-20% remain unexplained [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Male infertility, though less discussed in Ghana, includes factors such as low sperm count and reduced sperm motility. Treatment modalities include hormonal therapies, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and surgical interventions like myomectomy. IVF has a global success rate of 20%-35%, but its high cost limits accessibility in low-resource settings, such as Ghana [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The effectiveness of treatments depends on factors such as patient age, the cause of infertility, and the chosen intervention. More broadly, the scoping review on psychosocial aspects of infertility in African countries noted that over 50% of the studies contributing to global and regional infertility prevalence estimates reported a low response rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This indicates a challenge in data collection, which can affect the certainty of the estimates. Despite the high hopes patients have for ART, unsuccessful attempts can lead to significant psychological challenges, emotional stress, and frustration. Some participants in a Ghanaian study experienced multiple miscarriages after conceiving through ART [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite advancements in reproductive medicine, infertility treatment outcomes in Ghana remain under-researched. This study aims to assess the outcomes of infertility treatments among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra, providing evidence-based insights for clinical practice and patient counselling.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis two-year retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate infertility treatment outcomes among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Family Health Hospital is a private university facility with a 60-bed capacity, offering comprehensive outpatient and inpatient services. This is evidenced by an average daily Outpatient Department (OPD) attendance of 115 and approximately 30 daily attendees for the Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinic. The hospital offers a range of infertility treatments, including ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilisation (IVF).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Population and Data Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of women aged 18 years and older who had been diagnosed with infertility and possessed complete medical records. All participants reviewed over the study period were included in the study. Data were collected using an extraction sheet with all variables of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographic Variables included age (both continuous and categorical: \u0026lt;35 years, ≥35 years), marital status (married or single), level of education (primary, junior high school, senior high school, and tertiary), religion (Christian or Muslim), and National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) enrollment (yes or no). Age was analysed as a continuous variable and also grouped for stratified analysis. Clinical Variables comprised parity (0, 1, 2, or ≥3), duration of infertility (continuous and categorized into 1, 2, 3, 4-5, and \u0026gt;5 years), and cause of infertility (e.g., fibroid, polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS], endometriosis, tubal blockage, oligospermia, hormonal imbalance, among others). Causes were primarily self-reported and/or clinically diagnosed. Treatment Variables included the type of treatment received (e.g., hormonal therapy, IVF, IUI, drug therapy, surgical interventions like myomectomy) and treatment duration categorised as 1 to 6 months. Treatment outcomes assessed included pregnancy status (pregnant, not pregnant, lost to follow-up), miscarriage (yes or no), live birth, stillbirth, and multiple gestation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutcome Variables were pregnancy outcome (pregnant, not pregnant, and lost to follow-up) and related sub-categories such as delivery status (delivered vs. not), miscarriage, live birth, and presence of multiple children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Management and Statistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnonymised data collected was securely stored to protect participant confidentiality. Data were managed using Microsoft Excel 365. The identities of the study participants were not included to ensure anonymity. The data was clean in Excel and exported. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarise the patient characteristics and treatment outcomes. To assess the associations between treatment types and outcomes, chi-square tests were performed, and statistical significance was determined.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;A t-test is regarded as an appropriate statistical method for comparing the means of two groups. It helped determine whether observed differences are statistically significant. The independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean difference between two groups, assuming that the distributions are typically distributed and continuous. \u0026nbsp;The test was used to determine the mean difference in the length of infertility. \u0026nbsp;Logistic regression models the probability of a binary outcome (e.g., yes/no) based on predictor variables. It estimated the relationship using a logistic function and provides odds ratios for interpretation. The model is suitable for categorically dependent variables. Statistical significance is assessed using p-values and confidence intervals. It estimates relationships through odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for other variables. Crude ORs may be biased if confounders are present, so we reported adjusted ORs, which provide more reliable estimates. The logistic model uses a sigmoid (logit) function to estimate probabilities. P-values and confidence intervals were used to assess statistical significance. Model performance is often evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve plots sensitivity vs. 1-specificity across different thresholds. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) summarises the model's ability to accurately distinguish between classes. The outcome of pregnancy and independent variables, including treatment, parity, age group, and cause of infertility, were reported on the first plot report, along with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The overall model performance was evaluated using the ROC curve.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Family Health Medical School Ethics Board prior to data collection. Furthermore, permission to access and utilise patient records was granted by the hospital administration. Informed consent was not required for this study due to its retrospective nature. All data were handled securely and confidentially.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemography of study participants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 347 women attended the Gynaecology Clinic for infertility treatment during the study period, with a mean age of 35.7 \u0026plusmn; 6.7 years. The majority of participants (n = 281, 81%) were over 30 years old. Most (n = 309, 89%) were married, all had at least a primary education, and over 93% (n = 322) identified as Christians. Younger females had higher pregnancy outcomes in the study (8/11) for those aged between 20 and 24, and (29/55) for those aged between 25 and 29. \u0026nbsp;(Figure 1, Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants about Pregnancy Outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 347 women attended the Gynaecology Clinic for infertility treatment during the study period, with a mean age of 35.7 \u0026plusmn; 6.7 years. The majority of participants (n = 281, 81%) were over 30 years old. Most (n = 309, 89%) were married, all had at least a primary education, and over 93% (n = 322) identified as Christians. The chi-square test of association revealed a significant association with pregnancy success, with younger participants having higher pregnancy rates (mean age, 31.74 years) compared to those aged 35 and older (mean age, 37.41 years; p \u0026lt; 0.001). \u0026nbsp;Marital status (89.0% married) and education level (60.2% with tertiary education) did not have a significant impact on outcomes (p = 0.61 and p = 0.73, respectively). \u0026nbsp; Parity was a significant factor, with 69.2% of participants with no previous births achieving pregnancy compared to those who had one or more children (p \u0026lt; 0.001). \u0026nbsp;The duration of infertility was associated with outcomes; participants who became pregnant had a shorter mean duration of infertility (4.38 years) compared to those who did not (6.54 years; p \u0026lt; 0.001). The causes of infertility were significantly associated with achieving pregnancy, with fibroids reported by 30.5% of participants. (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePregnancy outcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot Preg N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreg N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLTF N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;35 N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35=\u0026gt; N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean(SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.71(6.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.41(8.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.74(5.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.88(5.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309 (89.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188 (87.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (90.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (92.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (88.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 (89.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (60.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (61.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (62.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (58.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322 (92.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (92.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (94.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (90.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185 (93.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 (69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (65.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (77.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (67.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (76.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (64.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (21.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNHIS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (87.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (89.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (86.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (85.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174 (88.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of infertility(years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88(4.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54(4.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38(3.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85(4.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(2.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31(5.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of infertility(year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (33.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (39.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (50.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCause of infertility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmenorrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBilateral tub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndometriosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFibroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGalactorrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHormonal imbalance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperprolactinemia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIrregular cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow motility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiscarriage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnstated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (15.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOligospermia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOvarian cyst\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous abortion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubmucosal fibroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTubal blockage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: N, frequency: %, percentage: Preg, Pregnant; LTF, Loss To Follow up;\u0026nbsp;SD, standard deviation; JHS, Junior High School; SHS, Senior High School;, NHIS, National Health Insurance Scheme; PCOS, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; PID, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment and treatment outcomes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment types varied among participants and included hormonal therapy (28.5%), IVF (19.3%), drug therapy (9.8%), and myomectomy (11.0%). Hormonal therapy and IVF were the most used interventions across all age groups. A significant association was observed between treatment type and pregnancy outcome (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with higher pregnancy rates among those receiving IVF and hormonal therapy. Treatment duration ranged from 1 to 6 months, with most participants undergoing therapy for 2 to 3 months. Miscarriage occurred in 5.4% of pregnant women, while 58.1% had live births and 7.5% delivered multiple children. Stillbirths were reported in 34.4% of the pregnant group, predominantly in women under 35 years. All treatment outcomes showed statistically significant associations with both pregnancy status and age category (p\u003cem\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e). (Table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Treatment and treatment outcomes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePregnancy outcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAhe group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot Preg N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreg N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLTF N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;35 N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35=\u0026gt; N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDonor egg/IVF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDonor egg/ surrogacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDonor sperm/ IUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDonor sperm/ surrogacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHormonal therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIVF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyomectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyomectomy/IUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyomectomy/IVF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaline sonogram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (29.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (30.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiscarriage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (94.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (56.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDelivered\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (56.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReferred\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill Birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLive Birth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A/No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293 (84.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (74.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181 (91.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultiple children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.00**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293 (84.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (74.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181 (91.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation: N, frequency: %, percentage: IUI, Intrauterine Insemination; \u0026nbsp; IVF, In Vitro Fertilisation.; OI, Ovulation induction; N/A, Not Applicable;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe forest plot illustrates the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for key predictors of pregnancy outcomes. Younger age groups specifically 20\u0026ndash;24 years (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01\u0026ndash;0.44), 25\u0026ndash;29 years (AOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02\u0026ndash;0.30), and 30\u0026ndash;34 years (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05\u0026ndash;0.72)\u0026mdash;were significantly associated with higher likelihood of pregnancy, as indicated by confidence intervals not crossing one and marked with asterisks. Additionally, a statistically significant association was observed for the variable Cause of Infertility (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89\u0026ndash;0.99). Other variables, including parity, treatment type, treatment duration, and duration of infertility, did not show statistically significant effects, as their confidence intervals included 1. The red vertical line represents the null value (OR = 1), aiding visual identification of significant predictors (Figure 2). Roc show a model performance of 78%(Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the outcomes of infertility treatments among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra, Ghana. It highlighted the socio-demographic and other factors influencing these treatment outcomes. It was found that 56%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the participants were aged between 30 and 39 years. \u0026nbsp;This aligns with global trends, as women in this age group are more likely to seek infertility treatment due to increased awareness and the desire to conceive before the decline in fertility associated with advancing age[7][18]. Amoah et al, in their previous study in Ghana, reported that the majority (51.94%) of patients with infertility treatment were aged 30 - 39 years [19]. The high percentage of married women (89%) is similar to the 91.8% by Amoah et al and consistently reflects societal expectations in Ghana, where childbearing is often viewed as a primary purpose of marriage[20][19]. The predominance of participants with tertiary education (60.2%) is slightly higher than the reported 45.9% in an earlier study in Ghana [19]. However, it suggests that educated women may be more proactive in seeking medical assistance for infertility, possibly due to better access to information and resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale-related factors were the predominant cause of infertility (87.8%), of which uterine fibroids emerged as the most common specific cause (28.5%). This is consistent with studies indicating a high prevalence of fibroids among African women, which can significantly impact fertility[6][21]. However, this proportion of fibroids appears significantly higher than the 5-10% reported previously, with fibroids suggested as the sole cause of infertility in 1-2.4% [11][22]. Generally, uterine fibroids may cause endometrial distortion that interferes with sperm transport and embryo implantation, and they may also potentially obstruct the fallopian tubes, resulting in impaired gamete transport, altered hormonal milieu, and endometrial development, which adversely affect implantation and ultimate pregnancy[16][21]. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) accounted for 5.2% of cases, aligning with global prevalence rates of 4% to 12% among women of reproductive age but lower than the 7.9% prevalence previously reported among women with infertility [21][5]. However, a much higher prevalence of 16.4% had been reported among women with infertility in the United States of America [23][24]. The differences in prevalence may be due to the varying geographic and demographic characteristics of the participants across different locations. The duration of infertility, predominantly between 1 and 5 years (65.1%), underscores the importance of timely intervention, as prolonged infertility can reduce the likelihood of successful treatment outcomes[25]. The study revealed varying success rates across different treatment modalities, with ovulation induction therapy, administered to 32.2% of participants, resulting in a 30.3% pregnancy rate. This finding aligns with existing literature, which reports success rates ranging from 20% to 40% for ovulation induction therapies [5][26]. IVF yielded a 34.3% pregnancy rate, which is comparable to global IVF success rates of 20% and 35% per cycle, depending on factors such as age and embryo quality[9]. \u0026nbsp;IUI, on the other hand, yielded a 40.9% pregnancy rate, which is higher than the typical success rates of 10% to 20% per cycle reported in other studies, possibly due to patient selection criteria or clinic-specific protocols.[6] Following myomectomy on 12.4% of the women, 26.3% \u0026nbsp;of them achieved conception. This is consistent with studies indicating that myomectomy can improve fertility outcomes, particularly when fibroids are the primary cause of infertility [9][11]. The overall pregnancy rate of 30.3% among treated women highlights the effectiveness of the available medical and surgical interventions, including ovulation induction, IUI, and IVF in Ghana.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found no significant association between socio-demographic factors ( marital status, educational level) and treatment outcomes. This suggests that, within this cohort, these variables did not markedly influence the likelihood of achieving pregnancy. Age was significantly associated with achieving pregnancy. \u0026nbsp;This finding is consistent with other studies that found fertility treatment success, with younger women generally experiencing higher success rates [5][27]. The miscarriage rate of 6.5% observed in this study is lower than the global average of 10% to 15% among recognised pregnancies [17]. This may reflect the effectiveness of prenatal care and monitoring provided at the hospital. The successful conception among 39 previously nulliparous women (G0P0) demonstrates the potential for positive outcomes even among women with no prior pregnancies, emphasising the importance of individualised treatment plans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants underwent treatment for 2 to 3 months, which is relatively short compared to standard protocols that often recommend longer durations, especially for interventions like IVF [28][29]. The shorter treatment duration observed may be due to patient preferences, financial constraints, or clinical decisions based on individual responses to therapy. Findings that the age group above 35 and the cause of infertility are associated with pregnancy outcome are consistent with findings from other studies. The ROC performance of 78% indicates a good model, which can be examined and improved to predict the likelihood of mothers' success or failure in achieving pregnancy. The study's limitations include its single-centre design and the use of retrospective data from medical records. However, this study agrees with previous studies and helps to justify generalisation. Other limitations include the study's short duration and focus on treatment outcomes only within the study period, without evaluating long-term outcomes, such as child health, which are critical measures of treatment success.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture studies should address these limitations by employing a multi-centre prospective design, incorporating a broader range of variables, and including more extended follow-up periods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of infertility treatment outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings highlight that infertility remains a significant challenge, predominantly influenced by female factors such as loss to follow up, uterine fibroids and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Despite these challenges, treatment options such as hormonal therapy, IUI, and IVF demonstrated promising success rates, comparable to global standards. The overall pregnancy rate of 30.3% among treated women underscores the effectiveness of available interventions. These successful infertility treatment outcomes offer hope even to women with infertility and its associated negative impact on their quality of life in Ghana. Age and cause of infertility are key in predicting the outcome of treatment among women.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture research should focus on long-term follow-up to evaluate live birth rates and child health outcomes. It should also involve broader, multi-centred studies to generate more rigorous data that can be generalised. By bridging these gaps, infertility care in Ghana can be further refined, ensuring equitable access and better outcomes for affected women and couples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe acknowledge all patients included in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.W.M. drafted study proposal, \u0026nbsp; data collection, analysis and interpretation; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB.T.K. \u0026nbsp;participated in design of the research; acquisition of the data; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.M. participated in Data acquisition, data analysis, and interpretation; figure drafting; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE-J.A.C. performed the \u0026nbsp;data acquisition; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.A.N. participated in data acquisition, data analysis, and interpretation; figure drafting; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors have approved the final manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: No funding received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData is available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author (BTK)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: All patients enrolled in the study provided written informed consent to participate. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Family Health University on 30/11/2022 (FHUC/REG/ST/10696277)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; The authors declare no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure:\u003c/strong\u003e All authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. J. McLernon, E. W. Steyerberg, E. R. Te Velde, A. J. Lee, and S. Bhattacharya, \u0026ldquo;Predicting the chances of a live birth after one or more complete cycles of in vitro fertilisation: Population-based study of linked cycle data from 113 873 women,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBMJ\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 355, 2016, doi: 10.1136/bmj.i5735.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR. F. Hess, R. Ross, and J. L. Gililland, \u0026ldquo;Infertility, psychological distress, and coping strategies among women in Mali, West Africa: A mixed-methods study,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAfr. J. Reprod. Health\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 60\u0026ndash;72, 2018, doi: 10.29063/ajrh2018/v22i1.6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eC. M. Cox \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eHum. Reprod. Open\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 2022, no. 4, pp. 1\u0026ndash;24, 2022, doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoac051.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eV. 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Anyalechi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Self-reported infertility and associated pelvic inflammatory disease among women of reproductive age - National health and nutrition examination survey, United States, 2013-2016,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSex. Transm. Dis.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 446\u0026ndash;451, 2019, doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000996.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eC. de Geyter \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;20 years of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium registry: What have we learned? A comparison with registries from two other regions,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eHum. Reprod.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2832\u0026ndash;2849, 2020, doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa250.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Bosch \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;ESHRE guideline: Ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eHum. Reprod. Open\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 2020, no. 2, pp. 1\u0026ndash;13, 2021, doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoaa009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Infertility, in vitro fertilisation, marital instability, reproductive health, treatment outcome","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7502909/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7502909/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective:\u003c/strong\u003e This study evaluated the outcomes of infertility treatments among women attending the Gynaecology Clinic at Family Health Hospital in Accra.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A two-year retrospective descriptive study was conducted using medical records of women who sought treatment for infertility from January 2021 to December 2022. Data included sociodemographic variables, including age, marital status, education, duration of infertility, cause of infertility, treatment, pregnancy achieved, miscarriage, and live birth. Data was extracted and analysed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and logistic regression analyses are reported in adjusted odds ratios, on forest plots. P-value was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Among 347 women with infertility who visited the clinic, 307 received infertility treatments, with 93 (30.3%) achieving pregnancy. The most common treatment was hormonal drug therapy, administered to 99 (32.2%) patients, resulting in 30 pregnancies. In vitro fertilisation using autologous oocytes was performed in 67 (21.8%) women, resulting in 23 pregnancies. Myomectomy was performed for 38 (12.4%) cases, with 10 getting pregnant. There was a significant association between participants’ age group and cause of infertility. The logistic regression model had an ROC value of 78%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eApproximately 30% of women receiving infertility treatment over the study period conceived following treatment using hormonal therapy, surgery and assisted reproductive technology. The findings underscore the need for increased awareness campaigns on infertility treatment options.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pathways To Parenthood: Outcomes of Infertility Treatments in A Ghanaian University Medical Facility","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-08 09:51:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7502909/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"81b2b439-d370-4712-b9fd-c16ec06c8ec6","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-07T10:38:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-08 09:51:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7502909","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7502909","identity":"rs-7502909","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}