Continuous surveillance by the international differential system showed the spatiotemporal dynamics in rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam

Continuous surveillance by the international differential system showed the spatiotemporal dynamics in rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Continuous surveillance by the international differential system showed the spatiotemporal dynamics in rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam Ba Ngoc NGUYEN, Thi Minh Nguyet NGUYEN, Thi Nhai NGUYEN, Thi Ngoc LE, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8525407/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae Cavara) causes rice blast, which is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. Herein, we added 474 new blast isolates to our rice blast pathogens that we had previously collected and analyzed. By investigating their pathogenicity using the international differential system, we compared the pathogenicity characteristics observed before 2016 with those observed after 2017. The frequency of virulent isolates against each differential variety (DV) increased and the diversity of the blast races also increased. Particularly, the resistance genes Pish and Pita lost their effectiveness in northern Vietnam. Temporal-spatial analysis of pathogenicity scores showed that the resistance genes were categorized into four representative types: resistance breakdown, stable resistance, regional resistance breakdown, and others. Additionally, we showed that the breakdown of resistance observed in Thien Uu 8 in Ha Tinh Province was caused by the breakdown of the Pita2 resistance gene. These results are highly valuable for breeding suitable rice varieties that contribute to durable resistance, depending on regional variations in blast pathogenicity. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Background Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most crucial crops worldwide, providing dietary food to over half of the world’s population as a main crop. Various diseases have threatened rice cultivation since its inception. Yield loss due to diseases is estimated to be approximately 30% of the global rice production (Savary et al. 2019 ). Climate change further increases outbreak risks by changing pathogen evolution and host–pathogen interactions and helping in the emergence of new pathogenic strains (Singh et al. 2023 ). Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Couch (syn. Pyricularia oryzae Cavara) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice worldwide. Traditional cultural practices, such as the separation of infected seeds and strows and pesticide application, are basic and effective methods for managing rice blast emergence. However, these techniques are laborious and incur high cultivation costs. Chemical pesticide use results in environmental pollution and increases risks to human health. Thus, breeding resistant rice varieties is an effective and ecofriendly approach for managing rice blasts. More than 129 genes have been identified to date, of which 39 have been isolated and molecularly characterized (Pedrozo et al. 2025 ). Despite great efforts in the identification of resistance genes and breeding of resistant varieties, durable and broad-spectrum resistance has not been achieved because of the rapid resistance breakdown (Fukuoka and Okuno 2019 ). Thus, the characterization of blast isolate pathogenicity and spatial and time-scale monitoring of pathogenicity alterations are crucial for the precise and effective breeding of functional resistance genes. After the discovery of blast races by Sasaki (1922), Atkins et al. (1967) developed an international differential system for cooperative research between the US and Japan. Following gene analyses and the identification of gene-for-gene relationships between resistance in rice and avirulence in blast fungi, Yamada et al. ( 1976 ) and Kiyosawa ( 1984 ) developed a new differential system, which is currently being utilized for monitoring blast races in Japan (Yamada et al. 1979 ; Yamada 1985 ; Naito et al. 1999 ; Koizumi et al. 2007 ). In China, seven rice varieties were selected as Chinese differential cultivars (CDC) and 827 isolates collected from 23 provinces were classified into seven groups and 43 races (All China Corporation of Research on Physiological Races of Pyricularia oryzae 1980). Using this system, time-scale monitoring of pathogenicity alterations was performed in the Heilongjiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces (Zhang et al. 2019 , Huang et al. 2021 , Qi et al. 2022 ). In the US, 1022 blast isolates collected from 1959 to 2015 were analyzed for eight international rice differentials (Wang et al. 2017 ). Continuous monitoring of the pathogenicity and distribution is valuable for controlling rice blasts and breeding new resistant varieties. In Vietnam, rice is a major and important food source for domestic consumption and exports (Khanh et al 2021 ). Vietnam’s tropical monsoon climate, which is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall, creates favorable conditions for blast disease emergence (Yuan et al. 2021). Noda et al. ( 1999 ) analyzed the distribution of the pathogenic races of 129 blast isolates collected from 1995 to 1996 in the Mekong River Delta. Differential varieties harboring Pia , Pit and Piks genes were susceptible to most blast isolates, whereas those harboring Pish , Pik , Piz , Pita2 , Pizt , Pikp , and Pib were resistant to all isolates. Fukuta et al. ( 2020 ) analyzed 94 blast isolates collected in 2007 and 2013 in the Mekong River Delta and showed that the blast isolates were virulent to Pib , Pit , Pia , Pi3, Pi5(t), Pik-s, Piz-t, Pi12(t), Pita, Pi19(t) , Pi20(t) , and Pita2 but avirulent to three alleles, Pi9, Piz , and Piz5 at the Piz locus. Furthermore, Thuy et al. (2015) identified that differential varieties harboring Pik , Pik-p , Pik-h , Piz, Pi1 , Pi7(t) , Pik-m , Pi4(t) , Pish , Pi9(t) , and Pita genes were highly resistant to blast under field conditions in the south-central coastal area. Thuy et al. ( 2020 ) also assessed the genetic diversity of 32 blast isolates collected from 2013 to 2017 in the South Central Coast and indicated that Pik, Pik-p, Pik-h, Piz, Pi4(t), Pish, Pi1, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Pikm , and Pita were the most effective blast R genes in these areas, whereas ໿ Pia, Piks, Pi3, Pi20(t) , and Piz5 were susceptible. Recently, Nguyet et al. ( 2020 ) reported that 239 isolates of blast collected in northern and central Vietnam from 2012 to 2016 demonstrated a wide variation in pathogenicity. The frequencies of isolates virulent toward DVs for Pish, Pikm, Pi1, Pikh, Pik, Pikp, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Piz5, Pita2 , and Pita were low; however, they were high for DVs for Pib, Pit, Pia, Pii, Pi3, Pi5(t), Piks, Piz, Pizt, Pi12(t), Pi19(t) , and Pi20(t) . These results show that resistance genes were effective against blast isolates collected from each area. However, nearly a decade has passed since the last survey and no new surveys have been conducted on blast pathogenicity in Vietnam. Thus, the current characteristics and distribution of the pathogenic races have not yet been clarified. Herein, we assessed the pathogenicity of blast fungi collected nationwide from Vietnam. Compared to previous characteristics of pathogenicity, we analyzed regional differences in pathogenicity and alterations in pathogenicity over time and discussed blast resistance breeding strategies that should be implemented in the future based on the current composition of resistance genes in major rice varieties. Materials and Methods Collection of blast isolates This study used 807 blast isolates collected between 2007 and 2024 from Vietnam (Table 1 and Additional file 1). The pathogenicity data of 64 isolates collected in 2007, 18 isolates collected in 2013 from the Mekong Delta (MD) and SouthEast (SE) areas, and 12 isolates from an unknown area in an unknown year were based on data reported by Fukuta et al. ( 2020 ). The pathogenicity data of 239 isolates collected from 2012 to 2016 from five ecotypic areas (Red River Delta [RRD], North Mountain [NM], North Central [NC], South Central Coast [SCC], and Central Highlands [CH]) were based on the data reported by Nguyet et al. ( 2020 ). The remaining 474 isolates were collected and analyzed for pathogenicity. Single spores were obtained from infected leaves or panicles and incubated on moist filter paper in a Petri dish at 20 to 25°C for 24 h using the method described by Hayashi et al. ( 2009 ). Colonies were grown on rice flour agar and stored on filter paper for repeated access to the same isolates. Evaluation of pathogenicity and race designation We used a set of 25 differential varieties (DVs) carrying 23 resistance genes to assess the pathogenicity of the blast isolates. This set of DVs included 23 monogenic lines for resistance genes Pish, Pib, Pit, Pia, Pii, Pi3, Pi5(t), Pik-s, Pik-m, Pi1, Pik-p, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Piz, Piz-5, Piz- t, Pita-2, Pita, Pi12(t), Pi19(t) , and Pi20(t) (Tsunematsu et al. 2000 ) and 2 NILs for Pik-h and Pik (Telebanco-Yanoria et al. 2010 ) with the Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) genetic background. LTH was used as a susceptible control. The names of the 25 DVs are indicated as follows, using the blast resistance genes and the abbreviations for their donor lines: IRBL[Resistance gene name without “Pi”]-[Donor line abbreviation] (Tsunematsu et al. 2000 , Telebanco-Yanoria et al. 2010 ). The seeds of the 25 DVs and LTH were sterilized, soaked for 2 to 3 days, and subsequently sown at three seeds per cell in plastic trays (5 × 7 cells of 16-mm diameter × 25-mm depth), which were then placed in a greenhouse. Additionally, each tray contained an LTH for the verification of susceptibility. The seedlings were inoculated using the method described by Hayashi et al. ( 2009 ). The spore concentration was standardized to 1 × 10 5 spores/mL in sterile water. Three weeks after sowing, when the seedlings had to 4–5 leaves, they were inoculated by spraying 15–20 ml of the spore suspension onto each tray using a fine atomizer. Inoculated plants were kept in a dew chamber at 25°C for 24 h and subsequently transferred to a greenhouse maintained at 25 to 30°C, maintaining humidity using a mist sprayer. The degree of infection in each seedling was assessed 7 days following inoculation, as described below. The inoculation and evaluation processes were performed two times. According to the method described by Hayashi and Fukuta ( 2009 ), blast lesions were assessed on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 implies no evidence of infection, and 5 implies large eyespot lesions more than twice the interval between large veins or > 2 mm in diameter. Lines were considered resistant (R) when rated from 0 to 2 and susceptible (S) when rated from 3 to 5, with the exception of line IRBLsh-B for Pish (resistant = 0 to 3), line IRBLta2-Pi for Pita2 (resistant = 0 to 3), and line IRBL5-M for Pi5(t) (resistant = 0 to 1). The race designation of the virulent blast isolates was based on the reaction patterns of 25 DVs and LTH, following the system proposed by Hayashi and Fukuta ( 2009 ). Blast races were designated by a combination of codes representing the reactions of the DVs in each unit using the method described by Gilmour ( 1973 ). Isolates classified this way were designated as “reaction type” within each DV group and “races” using the set of all five reaction types, which corresponded with the five DV groups. The proportion of unique races in the four areas (NM, RRD, NC, and MD) was calculated as the G:N ratio, where G is the number of unique races, and N is the number of isolates in each area. Pathogen diversity was determined using Simpson’s diversity index (SI) (Simpson 1949 ) and evenness (EV) (Arnaud-Haond et al. 2005 ). The SI varies from 0 to 1, where 0 denotes no diversity and 1 denotes the maximum diversity. EV range from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that all isolates have the same race code, and 1 indicates that all isolates have different race codes occurring at the same frequency. Clustering analysis and principal component analysis Cluster analysis was conducted based on the obtained scores. R (version 4.4.2) was used to calculate the Euclidean distance matrix, and Ward’s D2 method was used to perform clustering analysis. The fviz_nbclust function of the factoextra package (version 1.0.3) was used, specifying FUNcluster = hcut and method = “wss” to determine the optimal number of clusters (Kassambara and Mundt 2016). Principal component analysis was conducted using the prcomp function, and the results were divided into several clusters obtained from the optimal cluster number consideration and visualized using the fviz_pca_biplot function. Hierarchical clustering We selected four provinces (Ha Noi, Ha Nam, Dien Bien and Long An) based on the following criteria: a province where the total number of blast isolates was over 50 and at least 10 blast isolates were collected before 2016 and after 2017. Based on the inoculation scores, the rice blast isolates collected from each province were visualized using hierarchical clustering analysis with the pheatmap function of the pheatmap package (version 1.0.13) using the Euclidean distance matrix and Ward’s D2 method (Kolde 2025). Genotyping of the blast resistance genes Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of two rice varieties (“Thien Uu 8 [TU8]” and “Khang Dan [KD]”), which were cultivated in Ha Tinh province. Leaf tissue was ground in 100 µL of 0.25 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with zirconium beads in 2.0 mL tubes. A volume of 400 µL of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) was added and the sample was subsequently well mixed and centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. The supernatant was transferred into 1.5 mL autoclaved tubes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with 10 µL reaction mixture containing 5 µL template DNA, 1 µL 10x PCR buffer, 1µL of 2 mM dNTPs, 0.1 µL Taq DNA polymerase (5U/ul), 1.5 µL of a 2.5 mM solution primers, and 1.4 µL H 2 O. PCR conditions were as follows: 94°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles (30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 2 min at 72°C) with a final extension of 7 min at 72°C. Amplicons were separated on a 2.5% agarose gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide and the DNA fragments were visualized under UV light. Kitazawa et al. ( 2019 ) have described the PCR primers used for genotyping each gene. Results Analysis of the pathogenic diversity of the rice blast isolates The 807 blast isolates were classified into two groups: Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 (Fig. 1a and b) based on the pathogenicity profiles from the inoculation tests using Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and 25 differential varieties (DVs). The blast isolates in Cluster 1 revealed higher virulence than those in Cluster 2 (Fig. 1c). Notably, the Cluster 1 isolates exhibited stronger virulence against DVs (IRBLk-Ka[LT], IRBLsh-B and IRBL-ta-CP1) harboring functional alleles at the Pik, Pish and Pita loci, respectively (Fig. 1c). Cluster 2 was further subdivided into two groups: 2a and 2b (Fig. 1a and b). Isolates classified into these subclusters demonstrated slight differences in virulence against DVs (IRBLsh-B, IRBLa-A, IRBL5-M,and IRBL-ta-CP1) harboring the Pish , Pia, Pi5 , and Pita genes, respectively (Fig. 1b and c). Regional and temporal shift of pathogenicity in Vietnam Each province was classified into seven ecotypic areas according to the classification based on the agricultural ecological characteristics. Blast isolates collected from three northern ecotypic areas, Northern Mountain (NM), Red River Delta (RRD), and North Central (NC), exhibited a high classification frequency into Cluster 1 (Fig. 2). Contrastingly, isolates from the four central and southern ecotypic areas, South Central Coast (SCC), Southeast (SE), Central Highlands (CH), and Mekong Delta (MD), were predominantly classified into Cluster 2 (Fig. 2). To assess the temporal changes in the composition of each cluster, we focused on four ecotypic areas with large sample sizes (RRD, NM, NC, and MD) and compared the distribution of blast isolates collected before 2016 and after 2017. In all four areas, a statistically significant shift in cluster composition was noted (P < 0.001, chi-square test), with the proportion of isolates classified into Cluster 1 substantially increasing after 2017 (Fig. 3a). Particularly, in NM, the frequency of Cluster 1 isolates was already higher before 2016 and further increased in the later period. In addition to the alterations in cluster composition, we noted a clear elevation in virulence frequency among the isolates after 2017. Specifically, the virulence against DVs (IRBLsh-B and IRBL-ta-CP1) harboring Pish and Pita resistance genes substantially increased (Fig. 3b). Furthermore, a moderate increase in virulence was detected in DVs (IRBL3-CP4, IRBL5-M, IRBLkm-TS, IRBL1-CL, IRBLkh-K3[LT], IRBLk-Ka[LT], IRBLkp-K60, IRBL7-M, IRBL9-W, IRBLz5-CA-1, and IRBLta2-Re) harboring Pi3, Pi5, Pikm , Pi1 , Pikh , Pik , Pikp , Pi7 , Pi9 , Piz5 , and Pita2 , respectively. Based on race designation, 807 blast isolates were classified into 551 races (see Additional file 2). In the four ecotypic areas (NM, RRD, NC, and MD) the proportion of unique races increased after 2017 with sufficient sampling (Table 2). The overall Simpson’s Diversity Index and Evenness across these areas were 0.980 and 0.906, respectively, before 2016 and increased to 0.995 and 0.970, respectively, after 2017. Among the four ecotypic areas, the NC area exhibited the highest SI (0.988), the NM area showed the highest EV (0.977) throughout the entire period, and the RRD area demonstrated the lowest SI (0.965) and EV (0.891), indicating limited race diversity. Of the 551 identified races, 76 (13.8%) were detected at multiple sampling points, 35 of which were found across multiple ecotypic areas. Among the top 10 races with identical pathogenicity, two were identified only in RRD or MD, whereas the remaining eight were distributed across several ecotypic areas. Although one dominant race was identified in the RRD, no clear regional or temporal bias was noted among the others. These results suggest a directional shift in the pathogenicity landscape of the blast population in Vietnam, potentially indicating an adaptation to host resistance genes deployed in the field. Hierarchical clustering based on pathogenicity profiles in four provinces Hierarchical clustering of blast isolates collected from four provinces, Ha Noi, Ha Nam, Dien Bien, and Long An, based on their pathogenicity profiles against 25 DVs and LTH, showed common and distinct patterns of year-group-based changes in pathogenicity (Fig. 4 and see Additional file 3). In Ha Noi, the isolates were clearly divided into two major clusters. The first cluster consisted predominantly of isolates collected after 2017, with only one exception, suggesting a temporal shift in pathogenicity. The second cluster included a mixture of isolates from both periods and was further subdivided into two sub-clusters, one revealing weaker virulence than the other. In both years, high virulence was consistently noted for several resistance genes, including Pi3 , Pi5 , Pi12 , Pi19 , Pi20 , Pia , Pib , Piks , Pit , and Pizt . These DVs showed high pathogenicity scores, indicating that the corresponding resistance genes were frequently overcome by the local blast populations. Furthermore, isolates collected before 2016 in Ha Noi exhibited no virulence towards Pi1 , Pi7 , Pi9 , Pik , Pikh , Pikm , Pikp , Pish , Pita , Pita2 , Piz , or Piz5 . However, after 2017, the virulence profiles shifted moderately. Pish , Pita , and Piz were no longer effective, suggesting that their resistance genes had been compromised. Notably, Pizt , which was previously overcome, appeared to regain effectiveness in some isolates, indicating a possible fluctuation in virulence dynamics. In Ha Nam province, hierarchical clustering analysis showed a complex pathogenicity structure among the blast isolates (see Additional file 3). A distinct cluster of highly virulent isolates was also identified after 2017, similar to the pattern observed in Ha Noi. These isolates showed higher pathogenicity scores against several resistance genes than those collected before 2016, indicating a temporal shift in their virulence in recent years. Contrastingly, a subset of the isolates collected after 2017 revealed relatively low pathogenicity, suggesting heterogeneity within the recent population. Outside of these two clusters, the remaining isolates did not exhibit a clear division based on the year of collection. Across all isolates from Ha Nam, strong virulence was consistently noted against the resistance genes Pia , Piks , Pi12 , Pib , Pi5 , and Pi3 regardless of the collection year. These genes appear to have lost their resistance to the local blast populations in Ha Nam. Furthermore, multiple isolates collected after 2017 revealed increased virulence against Pish , Pita , Pii , Pit , Pi19 , Pizt , Pi20 , and Pita2 , suggesting that these resistance genes are becoming less effective in this region. In the Dien Bien and Long An provinces, hierarchical clustering analysis did not show a clear division based on the year of collection (see Additional file 3). Each cluster included a mixture of isolates from both the periods. Nevertheless, several isolates from both years revealed relatively low pathogenicity similar to the pattern observed in Ha Noi and Ha Nam, indicating the presence of less virulent isolates. In Long An province, strong virulence was commonly noted against Pia , Piks , Pi12 , Pib , Pi20 , and Pit across both groups, suggesting that these resistance genes have been widely overcome. Additionally, several isolates clearly showed increased virulence against Pi19 , Pizt , Pita2 , Pi3 , and Pi5 , indicating the continuing erosion of resistance effectiveness in the region. Contrastingly, Dien Bien province showed a diffuse clustering structure, with a less distinct division in pathogenicity scores between clusters compared to Long An. While strong virulence was commonly observed against Pia , Pib , and Pit , the overall differences in pathogenicity levels across these clusters were less pronounced. This suggests that such diverse pathogenicity may result from the diversity of rice varieties grown in the region and differences in the pathogen’s reproductive modes. Temporal and regional patterns of resistance gene effectiveness based on the pathogenicity scores Temporal-spatial analysis of pathogenicity scores showed distinct patterns in the effectiveness of resistance genes across Vietnamese provinces, comparing isolates collected before 2016 and after 2017 (Fig. 5). Resistance genes were categorized into four representative types based on the regional distribution and temporal transitions. 1. Type I – Resistance breakdown (nationwide): This group included genes that had lost their effectiveness across most regions before 2016. Genes in this category include Pia , Pib , Piks , Pit , Pish , Pi3, Pi5, Pi12 , Pi19 , and Pi20 . Notably, Pish was effective before 2016 but revealed a clear increase in virulence after 2017, indicating a recent resistance breakdown. 2. Type II – Stable resistance (nationwide): These genes remained effective across all regions even after 2017. This type included Pik , Pikh , Pikm , Piz5 , Pi1 , and Pi9 , suggesting that these resistance genes have not yet been overcome by local blast populations. 3. Type III – Regional resistance breakdown (region specific): This group included genes that had already lost effectiveness in the northern provinces before 2016 but remained effective in the southern regions. Genes in this category include Pii , Pikp , Piz , Pi7 ,and Pita . After 2017, some of these genes continued to exhibit effectiveness in several provinces; however, a high risk of resistance breakdown was noted owing to the potential movement of virulent isolates from north to south, facilitated by variety transfer or human-mediated dispersal. 4. Type IV – Sporadic resistance breakdown without clear regional or temporal patterns: This group included Pita2 and Pizt , which did not reveal distinct spatial or temporal trends but exhibited high virulence noted in several provinces. These genes may pose a high risk of widespread resistance breakdown if varieties carrying them continue to be extensively cultivated. These results indicate the dynamic nature of resistance gene effectiveness in Vietnam and underscore the criticality of region-specific resistance deployment and continuous monitoring to prevent the spread of virulent blast populations. Emergence of virulent blast isolates linked to the Thien Uu 8 (TU8) outbreak in Ha Tinh province In 2017, the rice variety TU8, which had previously shown resistance to blast disease, experienced a sudden and severe outbreak in the Ha Tinh province. We investigated the cause by comparing the pathogenicity profiles of blast isolates collected from TU8 during the 2017 outbreak with those collected from other varieties in the same year, as well as with those collected from Ha Tinh in 2014. Most isolates from Ha Tinh, regardless of the year or host variety, showed high virulence against Pia , Pib , Pit , and Piks , indicating that these resistance genes had already been widely overcome in the region. However, the TU8-infecting isolates from 2017 were unique in that they revealed high pathogenicity, specifically against Pita2 , whereas the other isolates did not (Fig. 6). This suggests that the emergence or introduction of blast isolates carrying virulence against Pita2 , a gene that previously conferred effective resistance in this variety, likely caused the 2017 outbreak at TU8. Moreover, genotyping using DNA markers confirmed that TU8 carries Pita2 (Table 3). Although TU8 possesses several resistance genes in addition to Pita2 , the 2017 infection supports the suggestion that it resulted from the breakdown of Pita2 resistance. The presence of this virulence trait only in TU8-infecting isolates implies a mutation in the genetic shift that enables the pathogen to overcome the Pita2 -mediated resistance response. Discussion In this study, we analyzed the pathogenicity of 807 rice blast pathogen isolates collected since 2007 using a common differential system. Using this dataset, we clarified the temporal and spatial shifts in pathogenicity. Although we were unable to obtain data from some regions, preventing us from identifying transmission pathways or detailed temporal and spatial patterns of change to fully substantiate the pathogen transition, we were able to identify genes that remain effective for resistance and genes that have lost their resistance over time (Fig. 5). These results are highly valuable for the efficient and effective breeding of blast-resistant rice varieties, contributing to reduced pesticide use and the realization of sustainable agriculture. Herein, we newly added 474 blast isolates and analyzed their pathogenicity to compare the drastic changes of the pathogenicity between “before 2016” and “after 2017”. In total, the frequency of virulent isolates against each DVs increased, as did the diversity of the blast races. Particularly, the resistance genes Pish and Pita lost efficacy. In the Ha Noi and Ha Nam provinces, the blast isolates collected after 2017 were highly virulent to DVs harboring Pish and Pita . Koizumi ( 2009 ) reported that the extensive use of a single resistance gene may result in the emergence of new virulent races. Accordingly, the increased frequency of isolates showing high virulence against Pish and Pita was considered a consequence of breeding programs that incorporated these resistance genes. However, Ngoc et al. (2023) pointed out that, among 209 Vietnamese rice varieties, those carrying Pish or Pita were not widely cultivated. This lack of concordance with the present findings was attributed to the exclusion of recently developed or widely adopted varieties (Ngoc et al., 2023). Thus, investigating the composition of blast resistance genes in the currently prevalent varieties is necessary. In China, which shares a southern border with northern Vietnam, Pish is widely distributed among Japonica (Geng) varieties in the northern regions, whereas it is rarely used in Indica (Xian) varieties in the south (Xiao et al. 2018 ). They reported that Pish was mainly utilized to improve Southern Indica varieties. Thus, the frequent use of Pish -carrying varieties in China and the emergence of new isolates virulent to Pish , followed by cross-border movement facilitated by human activity, may have contributed to the increased virulence noted in northern Vietnam. However, the breakdown of resistance observed in TU8, a cultivar widely cultivated in Ha Tinh province and in other regions of central Vietnam, was found to carry the Pita2 resistance gene. In addition to TU8, recently developed varieties such as KR1 and HN6 also possessed Pita2 . Le et al. ( 2023 ) reported that in central Vietnam, cultivated rice varieties are less diverse, mostly from the Indica variety type and modern type, since farmers here primarily follow the governmental instructions of the local agricultural development sections. Thus, our findings suggest that continuous cultivation of a limited number of varieties harboring Pita2 results in an increase in the number of isolates that are highly pathogenic to Pita2 , leading to the breakdown of resistance. Herein, since 2017, the population of blast isolates collected in NM has exhibited high racial diversity and was predominantly classified into highly virulent clusters (Table 2 and Figs. 2 and 3a). This observation is consistent with the results of Le et al. ( 2023 ) who reported that blast isolates from northern Vietnam possessed high genetic diversity. They further suggested that blast populations in this region maintain their sexual reproductive capacity and demonstrate low linkage disequilibrium, indicating that sexual recombination among blast isolates contributes to the high diversity. Moreover, they pointed out that the highly diversified rice blast population in Vietnam likely reflects the enhanced adaptability of rice blast to heterogeneous environments. These include diverse rice varieties, traditional landraces and modern varieties of Indica and Japonica , as well as traditional farming systems that are commonly practiced in mountainous regions. Taken together, our results suggest that the greater diversity and higher proportion of isolates belonging to highly virulent clusters in northern Vietnam, compared to the southern regions, may be attributed to sexual and asexual recombination of the blast isolates and the diverse agroecosystems and cropping practices that support a wide range of host genotypes. Kiyosawa (1985) proposed that the establishment of durable resistance to rice blast requires strategies such as the cultivation of multiple lines harboring various resistance genes, gene rotation, and gene pyramiding. Herein, we clarified the temporal and regional dynamics of rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam and identified resistance genes that remain effective against the current blast isolates (Fig. 5). This information will be valuable for breeding rice varieties with durable resistance. Koizumi (2007) emphasized that the composition of resistance genes in rice varieties influence the pathogenicity of M. oryzae ; therefore, characterizing the genotypes of host resistance is essential. Kitazawa et al. ( 2019 ) developed DNA markers to detect genetic polymorphisms at ten loci and identified 24 resistance alleles. These DNA markers enable the efficient identification of the resistance gene composition in rice varieties. Additionally, regular monitoring of the blast pathogenicity across regions and over time is necessary. Establishing a systematic surveillance framework and integrating molecular tools, such as DNA markers, into breeding will be helpful for the timely identification of effective resistance genes and the selection of appropriate varieties. These efforts will contribute to the development of rice varieties with durable resistance and improve the long-term management of rice blast diseases. Conclusion In this study, we clarified the pathogenicity of rice blast isolates collected across Vietnam using the international differential system to suggest effective breeding strategies for blast-resistant rice varieties. Our results demonstrated that the resistance breakdown observed in TU 8 was caused by the loss of effectiveness of the Pita2 gene. Furthermore, we showed that resistance genes belonging to Type II— Pik , Pikh , Pikm , Piz5 , Pi1 , and Pi9 —remain effective nationwide. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of blast pathogenicity, which changes over time and across regions. Continuous monitoring using the differential system is essential to monitor these changes and to identify effective resistance genes for sustainable blast management. However, this study only revealed pathogenicity changes based on phenotypic evaluation and did not fully investigate the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms. Future research should examine whether these pathogenic shifts are driven by genetic changes in the pathogen or by human-related dispersal, as well as assess the selective pressure imposed by resistance genes harbored in rice varieties. The integrating continuous pathogenicity monitoring with molecular genetic studies will enable a better understanding of the interaction between blast isolates and host resistance genes. This approach will contribute to the development of more durable resistance and the implementation of stable breeding strategies. Overall, our study demonstrates that the international differential system plays a critical role in guiding effective breeding programs for blast resistance, thereby reducing pesticide use and promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable rice production. Abbreviations DVs: Differential varieties EV: Evenness IRBL: International rice blast KD: Khang Dan LTH: Lijiangxintuanheigu SI: Simpson’s diversity index TU8: Thien Uu 8 Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding This study was conducted as part of the JIRCAS research project “Green Asia” under “Accelerating the Application of Agricultural Technologies to Enhance Production Potential and Ensure Sustainable Food Systems in the Asia-Monsoon Region” founded by The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan (2022 to onward). This study was also partially funded from MARD, Vietnam for the sampling, isolation, and race designation of the blast isolates collected in the provinces of Vietnam under project "Introgression multi resistance genes to bacterial leaf bight, brown planthopper and blast disease into high quality rice variety by using molecular marker (MABC)" (2018-2020) Authors’ contributions TMN, NK, MO and HS conceptualized and designed the research; BN, TMN, TN, TNL, THH, HLL and TTT collected blast samples and performed the experiments; BN, TMN, NK, MO and HS analyzed the data and created the figures and tables; TMN and HS wrote the initial manuscript draft. All authors read, revised, and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank Dr. Yoshimichi FUKUTA at the University of Ryukyus for their valuable contributions to pathogenicity evaluation. 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Ann Phytopathol Soc Japan 42:216–219 Zhang Y, Wang J, Yao Y, Jin X, Correll J, Wang L, Pan Q (2019) Dynamics of race structures of the rice blast pathogen population in Heilongjiang province, China from 2006 through 2015. Plant Dis 103:2759–2763. 10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1741-RE Tables Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.xlsx Additionalfile2.xlsx Additionalfile3.pptx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8525407","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":573540773,"identity":"1fd34ed7-e83c-409a-9492-31707bf6ac68","order_by":0,"name":"Ba Ngoc NGUYEN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Genetic Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ba","middleName":"Ngoc","lastName":"NGUYEN","suffix":""},{"id":573540775,"identity":"614523ca-5c1e-426f-9d82-6dc8d54db649","order_by":1,"name":"Thi Minh Nguyet NGUYEN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Genetic 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13:42:24","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":436153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/3e301c8d9f720e41c9601128.png"},{"id":100369194,"identity":"fc92f6f7-45b0-4b3a-a4b0-16b305df6f7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:47","extension":"xml","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":119684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"529cd77a0bb148a19a32e658cfc4d4d11structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/076938a4c757063548bb98a5.xml"},{"id":100367935,"identity":"ebdbc8db-20bf-4c62-a991-1a3876bb583d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:57:27","extension":"html","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/a9142ed95965f0c5b6437115.html"},{"id":100153133,"identity":"d20b943e-f68a-41be-9ccc-0fbaf1bef68f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":156663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClustering analyses based on pathogenicity profiles and virulence frequency among blast isolates (three clusters)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n(a) Clustering analysis of 807 blast isolates based on their pathogenicity profiles against 25 differential varieties (DVs) and the susceptible variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH). Isolates were grouped into three clusters: Cluster 1 (n = 207), Cluster 2a (n = 255), and Cluster 2b (n = 345).\u003cbr\u003e\n(b) Principal component analysis (PCA) of the same pathogenicity profiles. Arrows indicate the directional influence of each DV, and ellipses represent the clusters identified in Figure 1A.\u003cbr\u003e\n(c) Histogram revealing the frequency of virulent reactions among the blast isolates within each cluster.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/edc9f9e5e8b044a076e06780.png"},{"id":100153141,"identity":"104e0921-87b0-45e7-b3fc-d7263cb0a20f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeographic distribution of the blast isolate clusters across Vietnamese regions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe blast isolates are limited to the mainland in Vietnam. The frequency of the blast isolates belonging to three pathogenicity-based clusters (Clusters 1, 2a, and 2b) across eight regions of Vietnam was determined. NM: Northern Mountains, RRD: Red River Delta, NC: North Central, CH: Central Highlands, SCC: South Central Coast, MD: Mekong Delta, SE: Southeast, Unknown: Region not specified.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCircle sizes indicate the number of isolates collected from each region, categorized as follows: large circles, \u0026gt;100 isolates; medium circles, 10–100 isolates; small circles, \u0026lt;10 isolates.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/21ecb8648c5ef5cf5f393ff8.png"},{"id":100153134,"identity":"f39befc5-dd03-464a-b50b-224b50e69ef8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72120,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemporal changes in blast isolate cluster composition in four Ecotypic Areas and virulence frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) The proportion of the blast isolate clusters (Cluster 1, 2a, 2b) collected from four Ecotypic Areas in Vietnam, comparing isolates collected before 2016 and after 2017 onward. The regions are abbreviated as follows: MD: Mekong Delta, NM: Northern Mountain, RRD: Red River Delta, NC: North Central. The percentages indicate the proportion of blast isolates classified in Cluster 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) Bar graphs indicate the frequency of virulence blast isolates against 25 DVs and LTH. The white and black boxes indicate virulence frequency of the blast isolates collected before 2016 and after 2017, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/50bec7471dd99bdeb0c5d724.png"},{"id":100153135,"identity":"e8e2a24b-ade2-43c0-9546-71d0c2d9e929","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":259755,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlast isolates’ hierarchical clustering from Ha Noi based on pathogenicity profiles against 25 DVs and LTH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach isolate was assessed using a 6-point scale (0–5), where 0 indicated no symptoms and 5 indicated severe infection. The color gradient reflects the severity of the infection. Each row represents an individual isolate and each column represents DV or LTH. The left annotation indicates the year of collection, categorized as before 2016 or after 2017, allowing for the comparison of temporal shifts in the virulence patterns. The dotted lines indicatethe border between the first and second clusters. DV, differential varieties; LTH, Lijiangxintuanheigu\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/9ae6d6e247e951554f47e0ea.png"},{"id":100153140,"identity":"b7dd18cc-621c-4956-86c8-4e6dd749972e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":194017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeatmap comparison of pathogenicity scores for differential varieties (DVs) across Vietnamese provinces\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe blast isolates are limited to the mainland in Vietnam. The pathogenicity scores of the blast isolates collected from various provinces in Vietnam before 2016 and after 2017 were based on inoculation tests using differentvarieties. Each panel represents the average pathogenicity scores for each province during the respective time periods. The color gradient indicates the infection severity, ranging from dark green (low pathogenicity, score = 0) to deep red (high pathogenicity, score = 5).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/6e0f335618a403bdb55a74b7.png"},{"id":100368292,"identity":"fb889968-ae6d-4215-b48e-85b745509e8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:57:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeatmap of pathogenicity profiles of the blast isolates collected in Ha Tinh province\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach row represents an individual blast isolate labeled with its sample ID, collection year, and host variety. Each column corresponds to differential varieties (DVs) and LTH used in the inoculation test. Pathogenicity scores were assessed on a 6-point scale, with 0 (blue) indicating low virulence and 5 (red) indicating high virulence. Hierarchical clustering was applied to the isolates and DVs to group similar pathogenicity profiles.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/b581478268249931584c1729.png"},{"id":103836449,"identity":"2fc438dd-e074-4a2b-bbc1-41c53b356e80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-03 13:58:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1925500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/f09a921e-6611-4033-81d4-ba12e3a3f552.pdf"},{"id":100153137,"identity":"17e38e39-54d3-4656-9ff8-809ee2dee885","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"xlsx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":59344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile1.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/a475fa8c779dc8bb2553691d.xlsx"},{"id":100153144,"identity":"dbe6d4f2-4056-4a00-8287-b9fa9bbc4760","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 13:42:23","extension":"xlsx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":80188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile2.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/fdb9128298c283f29caa2008.xlsx"},{"id":100368237,"identity":"9513301a-ec1d-4149-a0b7-0ffd483e1a6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:57:44","extension":"pptx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":367744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile3.pptx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8525407/v1/dbadb22ebab99e6afc99e212.pptx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Continuous surveillance by the international differential system showed the spatiotemporal dynamics in rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eRice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) is one of the most crucial crops worldwide, providing dietary food to over half of the world\u0026rsquo;s population as a main crop. Various diseases have threatened rice cultivation since its inception. Yield loss due to diseases is estimated to be approximately 30% of the global rice production (Savary et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Climate change further increases outbreak risks by changing pathogen evolution and host\u0026ndash;pathogen interactions and helping in the emergence of new pathogenic strains (Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice blast, caused by the fungus \u003cem\u003eMagnaporthe oryzae\u003c/em\u003e Couch (syn. \u003cem\u003ePyricularia oryzae\u003c/em\u003e Cavara) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice worldwide. Traditional cultural practices, such as the separation of infected seeds and strows and pesticide application, are basic and effective methods for managing rice blast emergence. However, these techniques are laborious and incur high cultivation costs. Chemical pesticide use results in environmental pollution and increases risks to human health. Thus, breeding resistant rice varieties is an effective and ecofriendly approach for managing rice blasts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 129 genes have been identified to date, of which 39 have been isolated and molecularly characterized (Pedrozo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Despite great efforts in the identification of resistance genes and breeding of resistant varieties, durable and broad-spectrum resistance has not been achieved because of the rapid resistance breakdown (Fukuoka and Okuno \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the characterization of blast isolate pathogenicity and spatial and time-scale monitoring of pathogenicity alterations are crucial for the precise and effective breeding of functional resistance genes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the discovery of blast races by Sasaki (1922), Atkins et al. (1967) developed an international differential system for cooperative research between the US and Japan. Following gene analyses and the identification of gene-for-gene relationships between resistance in rice and avirulence in blast fungi, Yamada et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e) and Kiyosawa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e) developed a new differential system, which is currently being utilized for monitoring blast races in Japan (Yamada et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Yamada \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Naito et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Koizumi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In China, seven rice varieties were selected as Chinese differential cultivars (CDC) and 827 isolates collected from 23 provinces were classified into seven groups and 43 races (All China Corporation of Research on Physiological Races of \u003cem\u003ePyricularia oryzae\u003c/em\u003e 1980). Using this system, time-scale monitoring of pathogenicity alterations was performed in the Heilongjiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Huang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Qi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In the US, 1022 blast isolates collected from 1959 to 2015 were analyzed for eight international rice differentials (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Continuous monitoring of the pathogenicity and distribution is valuable for controlling rice blasts and breeding new resistant varieties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Vietnam, rice is a major and important food source for domestic consumption and exports (Khanh et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Vietnam\u0026rsquo;s tropical monsoon climate, which is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall, creates favorable conditions for blast disease emergence (Yuan et al. 2021). Noda et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) analyzed the distribution of the pathogenic races of 129 blast isolates collected from 1995 to 1996 in the Mekong River Delta. Differential varieties harboring \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePiks\u003c/em\u003e genes were susceptible to most blast isolates, whereas those harboring \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePizt\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikp\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e were resistant to all isolates. Fukuta et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) analyzed 94 blast isolates collected in 2007 and 2013 in the Mekong River Delta and showed that the blast isolates were virulent to \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi3, Pi5(t), Pik-s, Piz-t, Pi12(t), Pita, Pi19(t)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi20(t)\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e but avirulent to three alleles, \u003cem\u003ePi9, Piz\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePiz5\u003c/em\u003e at the \u003cem\u003ePiz\u003c/em\u003e locus. Furthermore, Thuy et al. (2015) identified that differential varieties harboring \u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePik-p\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePik-h\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz, Pi1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi7(t)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePik-m\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi4(t)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi9(t)\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e genes were highly resistant to blast under field conditions in the south-central coastal area. Thuy et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) also assessed the genetic diversity of 32 blast isolates collected from 2013 to 2017 in the South Central Coast and indicated that \u003cem\u003ePik, Pik-p, Pik-h, Piz, Pi4(t), Pish, Pi1, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Pikm\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e were the most effective blast R genes in these areas, whereas ໿\u003cem\u003ePia, Piks, Pi3, Pi20(t)\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePiz5\u003c/em\u003e were susceptible. Recently, Nguyet et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported that 239 isolates of blast collected in northern and central Vietnam from 2012 to 2016 demonstrated a wide variation in pathogenicity. The frequencies of isolates virulent toward DVs for \u003cem\u003ePish, Pikm, Pi1, Pikh, Pik, Pikp, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Piz5, Pita2\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e were low; however, they were high for DVs for \u003cem\u003ePib, Pit, Pia, Pii, Pi3, Pi5(t), Piks, Piz, Pizt, Pi12(t), Pi19(t)\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi20(t)\u003c/em\u003e. These results show that resistance genes were effective against blast isolates collected from each area. However, nearly a decade has passed since the last survey and no new surveys have been conducted on blast pathogenicity in Vietnam. Thus, the current characteristics and distribution of the pathogenic races have not yet been clarified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerein, we assessed the pathogenicity of blast fungi collected nationwide from Vietnam. Compared to previous characteristics of pathogenicity, we analyzed regional differences in pathogenicity and alterations in pathogenicity over time and discussed blast resistance breeding strategies that should be implemented in the future based on the current composition of resistance genes in major rice varieties.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollection of blast isolates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used 807 blast isolates collected between 2007 and 2024 from Vietnam (Table\u0026nbsp;1 and Additional file 1). The pathogenicity data of 64 isolates collected in 2007, 18 isolates collected in 2013 from the Mekong Delta (MD) and SouthEast (SE) areas, and 12 isolates from an unknown area in an unknown year were based on data reported by Fukuta et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The pathogenicity data of 239 isolates collected from 2012 to 2016 from five ecotypic areas (Red River Delta [RRD], North Mountain [NM], North Central [NC], South Central Coast [SCC], and Central Highlands [CH]) were based on the data reported by Nguyet et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The remaining 474 isolates were collected and analyzed for pathogenicity. Single spores were obtained from infected leaves or panicles and incubated on moist filter paper in a Petri dish at 20 to 25\u0026deg;C for 24 h using the method described by Hayashi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Colonies were grown on rice flour agar and stored on filter paper for repeated access to the same isolates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEvaluation of pathogenicity and race designation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used a set of 25 differential varieties (DVs) carrying 23 resistance genes to assess the pathogenicity of the blast isolates. This set of DVs included 23 monogenic lines for resistance genes \u003cem\u003ePish, Pib, Pit, Pia, Pii, Pi3, Pi5(t), Pik-s, Pik-m, Pi1, Pik-p, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Piz, Piz-5, Piz- t, Pita-2, Pita, Pi12(t), Pi19(t)\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi20(t)\u003c/em\u003e (Tsunematsu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and 2 NILs for \u003cem\u003ePik-h\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e (Telebanco-Yanoria et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) with the Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) genetic background. LTH was used as a susceptible control. The names of the 25 DVs are indicated as follows, using the blast resistance genes and the abbreviations for their donor lines: IRBL[Resistance gene name without \u0026ldquo;Pi\u0026rdquo;]-[Donor line abbreviation] (Tsunematsu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e, Telebanco-Yanoria et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe seeds of the 25 DVs and LTH were sterilized, soaked for 2 to 3 days, and subsequently sown at three seeds per cell in plastic trays (5 \u0026times; 7 cells of 16-mm diameter \u0026times; 25-mm depth), which were then placed in a greenhouse. Additionally, each tray contained an LTH for the verification of susceptibility. The seedlings were inoculated using the method described by Hayashi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The spore concentration was standardized to 1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e spores/mL in sterile water. Three weeks after sowing, when the seedlings had to 4\u0026ndash;5 leaves, they were inoculated by spraying 15\u0026ndash;20 ml of the spore suspension onto each tray using a fine atomizer. Inoculated plants were kept in a dew chamber at 25\u0026deg;C for 24 h and subsequently transferred to a greenhouse maintained at 25 to 30\u0026deg;C, maintaining humidity using a mist sprayer. The degree of infection in each seedling was assessed 7 days following inoculation, as described below. The inoculation and evaluation processes were performed two times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the method described by Hayashi and Fukuta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), blast lesions were assessed on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 implies no evidence of infection, and 5 implies large eyespot lesions more than twice the interval between large veins or \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2 mm in diameter. Lines were considered resistant (R) when rated from 0 to 2 and susceptible (S) when rated from 3 to 5, with the exception of line IRBLsh-B for \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e (resistant\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 to 3), line IRBLta2-Pi for \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e (resistant\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 to 3), and line IRBL5-M for \u003cem\u003ePi5(t)\u003c/em\u003e (resistant\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 to 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe race designation of the virulent blast isolates was based on the reaction patterns of 25 DVs and LTH, following the system proposed by Hayashi and Fukuta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Blast races were designated by a combination of codes representing the reactions of the DVs in each unit using the method described by Gilmour (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). Isolates classified this way were designated as \u0026ldquo;reaction type\u0026rdquo; within each DV group and \u0026ldquo;races\u0026rdquo; using the set of all five reaction types, which corresponded with the five DV groups. The proportion of unique races in the four areas (NM, RRD, NC, and MD) was calculated as the G:N ratio, where G is the number of unique races, and N is the number of isolates in each area. Pathogen diversity was determined using Simpson\u0026rsquo;s diversity index (SI) (Simpson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1949\u003c/span\u003e) and evenness (EV) (Arnaud-Haond et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The SI varies from 0 to 1, where 0 denotes no diversity and 1 denotes the maximum diversity. EV range from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that all isolates have the same race code, and 1 indicates that all isolates have different race codes occurring at the same frequency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eClustering analysis and principal component analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster analysis was conducted based on the obtained scores. R (version 4.4.2) was used to calculate the Euclidean distance matrix, and Ward\u0026rsquo;s D2 method was used to perform clustering analysis. The fviz_nbclust function of the factoextra package (version 1.0.3) was used, specifying FUNcluster\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;hcut and method = \u0026ldquo;wss\u0026rdquo; to determine the optimal number of clusters (Kassambara and Mundt 2016). Principal component analysis was conducted using the prcomp function, and the results were divided into several clusters obtained from the optimal cluster number consideration and visualized using the fviz_pca_biplot function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHierarchical clustering\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe selected four provinces (Ha Noi, Ha Nam, Dien Bien and Long An) based on the following criteria: a province where the total number of blast isolates was over 50 and at least 10 blast isolates were collected before 2016 and after 2017. Based on the inoculation scores, the rice blast isolates collected from each province were visualized using hierarchical clustering analysis with the pheatmap function of the pheatmap package (version 1.0.13) using the Euclidean distance matrix and Ward\u0026rsquo;s D2 method (Kolde 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGenotyping of the blast resistance genes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of two rice varieties (\u0026ldquo;Thien Uu 8 [TU8]\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Khang Dan [KD]\u0026rdquo;), which were cultivated in Ha Tinh province. Leaf tissue was ground in 100 \u0026micro;L of 0.25 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with zirconium beads in 2.0 mL tubes. A volume of 400 \u0026micro;L of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) was added and the sample was subsequently well mixed and centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. The supernatant was transferred into 1.5 mL autoclaved tubes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with 10 \u0026micro;L reaction mixture containing 5 \u0026micro;L template DNA, 1 \u0026micro;L 10x PCR buffer, 1\u0026micro;L of 2 mM dNTPs, 0.1 \u0026micro;L Taq DNA polymerase (5U/ul), 1.5 \u0026micro;L of a 2.5 mM solution primers, and 1.4 \u0026micro;L H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO. PCR conditions were as follows: 94\u0026deg;C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles (30 s at 94\u0026deg;C, 30 s at 55\u0026deg;C, and 2 min at 72\u0026deg;C) with a final extension of 7 min at 72\u0026deg;C. Amplicons were separated on a 2.5% agarose gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide and the DNA fragments were visualized under UV light. Kitazawa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) have described the PCR primers used for genotyping each gene.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of the pathogenic diversity of the rice blast isolates\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 807 blast isolates were classified into two groups: Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1a and b) based on the pathogenicity profiles from the inoculation tests using Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and 25 differential varieties (DVs). The blast isolates in Cluster 1 revealed higher virulence than those in Cluster 2 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1c). Notably, the Cluster 1 isolates exhibited stronger virulence against DVs (IRBLk-Ka[LT], IRBLsh-B and IRBL-ta-CP1) harboring functional alleles at the \u003cem\u003ePik, Pish\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e loci, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1c). Cluster 2 was further subdivided into two groups: 2a and 2b (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1a and b). Isolates classified into these subclusters demonstrated slight differences in virulence against DVs (IRBLsh-B, IRBLa-A, IRBL5-M,and IRBL-ta-CP1) harboring the \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePia, Pi5\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e genes, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b and c).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRegional and temporal shift of pathogenicity in Vietnam\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach province was classified into seven ecotypic areas according to the classification based on the agricultural ecological characteristics. Blast isolates collected from three northern ecotypic areas, Northern Mountain (NM), Red River Delta (RRD), and North Central (NC), exhibited a high classification frequency into Cluster 1 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). Contrastingly, isolates from the four central and southern ecotypic areas, South Central Coast (SCC), Southeast (SE), Central Highlands (CH), and Mekong Delta (MD), were predominantly classified into Cluster 2 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the temporal changes in the composition of each cluster, we focused on four ecotypic areas with large sample sizes (RRD, NM, NC, and MD) and compared the distribution of blast isolates collected before 2016 and after 2017. In all four areas, a statistically significant shift in cluster composition was noted (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, chi-square test), with the proportion of isolates classified into Cluster 1 substantially increasing after 2017 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3a). Particularly, in NM, the frequency of Cluster 1 isolates was already higher before 2016 and further increased in the later period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the alterations in cluster composition, we noted a clear elevation in virulence frequency among the isolates after 2017. Specifically, the virulence against DVs (IRBLsh-B and IRBL-ta-CP1) harboring \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e resistance genes substantially increased (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3b). Furthermore, a moderate increase in virulence was detected in DVs (IRBL3-CP4, IRBL5-M, IRBLkm-TS, IRBL1-CL, IRBLkh-K3[LT], IRBLk-Ka[LT], IRBLkp-K60, IRBL7-M, IRBL9-W, IRBLz5-CA-1, and IRBLta2-Re) harboring \u003cem\u003ePi3, Pi5, Pikm\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikh\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikp\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi7\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi9\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz5\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on race designation, 807 blast isolates were classified into 551 races (see Additional file 2). In the four ecotypic areas (NM, RRD, NC, and MD) the proportion of unique races increased after 2017 with sufficient sampling (Table\u0026nbsp;2). The overall Simpson\u0026rsquo;s Diversity Index and Evenness across these areas were 0.980 and 0.906, respectively, before 2016 and increased to 0.995 and 0.970, respectively, after 2017. Among the four ecotypic areas, the NC area exhibited the highest SI (0.988), the NM area showed the highest EV (0.977) throughout the entire period, and the RRD area demonstrated the lowest SI (0.965) and EV (0.891), indicating limited race diversity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 551 identified races, 76 (13.8%) were detected at multiple sampling points, 35 of which were found across multiple ecotypic areas. Among the top 10 races with identical pathogenicity, two were identified only in RRD or MD, whereas the remaining eight were distributed across several ecotypic areas. Although one dominant race was identified in the RRD, no clear regional or temporal bias was noted among the others. These results suggest a directional shift in the pathogenicity landscape of the blast population in Vietnam, potentially indicating an adaptation to host resistance genes deployed in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHierarchical clustering based on pathogenicity profiles in four provinces\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHierarchical clustering of blast isolates collected from four provinces, Ha Noi, Ha Nam, Dien Bien, and Long An, based on their pathogenicity profiles against 25 DVs and LTH, showed common and distinct patterns of year-group-based changes in pathogenicity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4 and see Additional file 3). In Ha Noi, the isolates were clearly divided into two major clusters. The first cluster consisted predominantly of isolates collected after 2017, with only one exception, suggesting a temporal shift in pathogenicity. The second cluster included a mixture of isolates from both periods and was further subdivided into two sub-clusters, one revealing weaker virulence than the other. In both years, high virulence was consistently noted for several resistance genes, including \u003cem\u003ePi3\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi5\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi12\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi19\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi20\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiks\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePizt\u003c/em\u003e. These DVs showed high pathogenicity scores, indicating that the corresponding resistance genes were frequently overcome by the local blast populations. Furthermore, isolates collected before 2016 in Ha Noi exhibited no virulence towards \u003cem\u003ePi1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi7\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi9\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikh\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikm\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikp\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ePiz5\u003c/em\u003e. However, after 2017, the virulence profiles shifted moderately. \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePiz\u003c/em\u003e were no longer effective, suggesting that their resistance genes had been compromised. Notably, \u003cem\u003ePizt\u003c/em\u003e, which was previously overcome, appeared to regain effectiveness in some isolates, indicating a possible fluctuation in virulence dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Ha Nam province, hierarchical clustering analysis showed a complex pathogenicity structure among the blast isolates (see Additional file 3). A distinct cluster of highly virulent isolates was also identified after 2017, similar to the pattern observed in Ha Noi. These isolates showed higher pathogenicity scores against several resistance genes than those collected before 2016, indicating a temporal shift in their virulence in recent years. Contrastingly, a subset of the isolates collected after 2017 revealed relatively low pathogenicity, suggesting heterogeneity within the recent population. Outside of these two clusters, the remaining isolates did not exhibit a clear division based on the year of collection. Across all isolates from Ha Nam, strong virulence was consistently noted against the resistance genes \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiks\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi12\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi5\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi3\u003c/em\u003e regardless of the collection year. These genes appear to have lost their resistance to the local blast populations in Ha Nam. Furthermore, multiple isolates collected after 2017 revealed increased virulence against \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi19\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePizt\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi20\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, suggesting that these resistance genes are becoming less effective in this region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Dien Bien and Long An provinces, hierarchical clustering analysis did not show a clear division based on the year of collection (see Additional file 3). Each cluster included a mixture of isolates from both the periods. Nevertheless, several isolates from both years revealed relatively low pathogenicity similar to the pattern observed in Ha Noi and Ha Nam, indicating the presence of less virulent isolates. In Long An province, strong virulence was commonly noted against \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiks\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi12\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi20\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e across both groups, suggesting that these resistance genes have been widely overcome. Additionally, several isolates clearly showed increased virulence against \u003cem\u003ePi19\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePizt\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi3\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi5\u003c/em\u003e, indicating the continuing erosion of resistance effectiveness in the region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContrastingly, Dien Bien province showed a diffuse clustering structure, with a less distinct division in pathogenicity scores between clusters compared to Long An. While strong virulence was commonly observed against \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e, the overall differences in pathogenicity levels across these clusters were less pronounced. This suggests that such diverse pathogenicity may result from the diversity of rice varieties grown in the region and differences in the pathogen\u0026rsquo;s reproductive modes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTemporal and regional patterns of resistance gene effectiveness based on the pathogenicity scores\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTemporal-spatial analysis of pathogenicity scores showed distinct patterns in the effectiveness of resistance genes across Vietnamese provinces, comparing isolates collected before 2016 and after 2017 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5). Resistance genes were categorized into four representative types based on the regional distribution and temporal transitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Type I \u0026ndash; Resistance breakdown (nationwide):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis group included genes that had lost their effectiveness across most regions before 2016. Genes in this category include \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiks\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi3, Pi5, Pi12\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi19\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi20\u003c/em\u003e. Notably, \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e was effective before 2016 but revealed a clear increase in virulence after 2017, indicating a recent resistance breakdown.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Type II \u0026ndash; Stable resistance (nationwide):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese genes remained effective across all regions even after 2017. This type included \u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikh\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikm\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz5\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi1\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi9\u003c/em\u003e, suggesting that these resistance genes have not yet been overcome by local blast populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Type III \u0026ndash; Regional resistance breakdown (region specific):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis group included genes that had already lost effectiveness in the northern provinces before 2016 but remained effective in the southern regions. Genes in this category include \u003cem\u003ePii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikp\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi7\u003c/em\u003e,and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e. After 2017, some of these genes continued to exhibit effectiveness in several provinces; however, a high risk of resistance breakdown was noted owing to the potential movement of virulent isolates from north to south, facilitated by variety transfer or human-mediated dispersal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Type IV \u0026ndash; Sporadic resistance breakdown without clear regional or temporal patterns:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis group included \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePizt\u003c/em\u003e, which did not reveal distinct spatial or temporal trends but exhibited high virulence noted in several provinces. These genes may pose a high risk of widespread resistance breakdown if varieties carrying them continue to be extensively cultivated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results indicate the dynamic nature of resistance gene effectiveness in Vietnam and underscore the criticality of region-specific resistance deployment and continuous monitoring to prevent the spread of virulent blast populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmergence of virulent blast isolates linked to the Thien Uu 8 (TU8) outbreak in Ha Tinh province\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2017, the rice variety TU8, which had previously shown resistance to blast disease, experienced a sudden and severe outbreak in the Ha Tinh province. We investigated the cause by comparing the pathogenicity profiles of blast isolates collected from TU8 during the 2017 outbreak with those collected from other varieties in the same year, as well as with those collected from Ha Tinh in 2014. Most isolates from Ha Tinh, regardless of the year or host variety, showed high virulence against \u003cem\u003ePia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePib\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePit\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePiks\u003c/em\u003e, indicating that these resistance genes had already been widely overcome in the region. However, the TU8-infecting isolates from 2017 were unique in that they revealed high pathogenicity, specifically against \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, whereas the other isolates did not (Fig.\u0026nbsp;6). This suggests that the emergence or introduction of blast isolates carrying virulence against \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, a gene that previously conferred effective resistance in this variety, likely caused the 2017 outbreak at TU8. Moreover, genotyping using DNA markers confirmed that TU8 carries \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;3). Although TU8 possesses several resistance genes in addition to \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, the 2017 infection supports the suggestion that it resulted from the breakdown of \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e resistance. The presence of this virulence trait only in TU8-infecting isolates implies a mutation in the genetic shift that enables the pathogen to overcome the \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e-mediated resistance response.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we analyzed the pathogenicity of 807 rice blast pathogen isolates collected since 2007 using a common differential system. Using this dataset, we clarified the temporal and spatial shifts in pathogenicity. Although we were unable to obtain data from some regions, preventing us from identifying transmission pathways or detailed temporal and spatial patterns of change to fully substantiate the pathogen transition, we were able to identify genes that remain effective for resistance and genes that have lost their resistance over time (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5). These results are highly valuable for the efficient and effective breeding of blast-resistant rice varieties, contributing to reduced pesticide use and the realization of sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerein, we newly added 474 blast isolates and analyzed their pathogenicity to compare the drastic changes of the pathogenicity between \u0026ldquo;before 2016\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;after 2017\u0026rdquo;. In total, the frequency of virulent isolates against each DVs increased, as did the diversity of the blast races. Particularly, the resistance genes \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e lost efficacy. In the Ha Noi and Ha Nam provinces, the blast isolates collected after 2017 were highly virulent to DVs harboring \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e. Koizumi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) reported that the extensive use of a single resistance gene may result in the emergence of new virulent races. Accordingly, the increased frequency of isolates showing high virulence against \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e was considered a consequence of breeding programs that incorporated these resistance genes. However, Ngoc et al. (2023) pointed out that, among 209 Vietnamese rice varieties, those carrying \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003ePita\u003c/em\u003e were not widely cultivated. This lack of concordance with the present findings was attributed to the exclusion of recently developed or widely adopted varieties (Ngoc et al., 2023). Thus, investigating the composition of blast resistance genes in the currently prevalent varieties is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn China, which shares a southern border with northern Vietnam, \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e is widely distributed among \u003cem\u003eJaponica\u003c/em\u003e (Geng) varieties in the northern regions, whereas it is rarely used in \u003cem\u003eIndica\u003c/em\u003e (Xian) varieties in the south (Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). They reported that \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e was mainly utilized to improve Southern \u003cem\u003eIndica\u003c/em\u003e varieties. Thus, the frequent use of \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e-carrying varieties in China and the emergence of new isolates virulent to \u003cem\u003ePish\u003c/em\u003e, followed by cross-border movement facilitated by human activity, may have contributed to the increased virulence noted in northern Vietnam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the breakdown of resistance observed in TU8, a cultivar widely cultivated in Ha Tinh province and in other regions of central Vietnam, was found to carry the \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e resistance gene. In addition to TU8, recently developed varieties such as KR1 and HN6 also possessed \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e. Le et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) reported that in central Vietnam, cultivated rice varieties are less diverse, mostly from the \u003cem\u003eIndica\u003c/em\u003e variety type and modern type, since farmers here primarily follow the governmental instructions of the local agricultural development sections. Thus, our findings suggest that continuous cultivation of a limited number of varieties harboring \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e results in an increase in the number of isolates that are highly pathogenic to \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e, leading to the breakdown of resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerein, since 2017, the population of blast isolates collected in NM has exhibited high racial diversity and was predominantly classified into highly virulent clusters (Table\u0026nbsp;2 and Figs.\u0026nbsp;2 and 3a). This observation is consistent with the results of Le et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) who reported that blast isolates from northern Vietnam possessed high genetic diversity. They further suggested that blast populations in this region maintain their sexual reproductive capacity and demonstrate low linkage disequilibrium, indicating that sexual recombination among blast isolates contributes to the high diversity. Moreover, they pointed out that the highly diversified rice blast population in Vietnam likely reflects the enhanced adaptability of rice blast to heterogeneous environments. These include diverse rice varieties, traditional landraces and modern varieties of \u003cem\u003eIndica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJaponica\u003c/em\u003e, as well as traditional farming systems that are commonly practiced in mountainous regions. Taken together, our results suggest that the greater diversity and higher proportion of isolates belonging to highly virulent clusters in northern Vietnam, compared to the southern regions, may be attributed to sexual and asexual recombination of the blast isolates and the diverse agroecosystems and cropping practices that support a wide range of host genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKiyosawa (1985) proposed that the establishment of durable resistance to rice blast requires strategies such as the cultivation of multiple lines harboring various resistance genes, gene rotation, and gene pyramiding. Herein, we clarified the temporal and regional dynamics of rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam and identified resistance genes that remain effective against the current blast isolates (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5). This information will be valuable for breeding rice varieties with durable resistance. Koizumi (2007) emphasized that the composition of resistance genes in rice varieties influence the pathogenicity of \u003cem\u003eM. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e; therefore, characterizing the genotypes of host resistance is essential. Kitazawa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) developed DNA markers to detect genetic polymorphisms at ten loci and identified 24 resistance alleles. These DNA markers enable the efficient identification of the resistance gene composition in rice varieties. Additionally, regular monitoring of the blast pathogenicity across regions and over time is necessary. Establishing a systematic surveillance framework and integrating molecular tools, such as DNA markers, into breeding will be helpful for the timely identification of effective resistance genes and the selection of appropriate varieties. These efforts will contribute to the development of rice varieties with durable resistance and improve the long-term management of rice blast diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we clarified the pathogenicity of rice blast isolates collected across Vietnam using the international differential system to suggest effective breeding strategies for blast-resistant rice varieties. Our results demonstrated that the resistance breakdown observed in TU 8 was caused by the loss of effectiveness of the \u003cem\u003ePita2\u003c/em\u003e gene. Furthermore, we showed that resistance genes belonging to Type II\u0026mdash;\u003cem\u003ePik\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikh\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePikm\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiz5\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePi1\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePi9\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;remain effective nationwide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the dynamic nature of blast pathogenicity, which changes over time and across regions. Continuous monitoring using the differential system is essential to monitor these changes and to identify effective resistance genes for sustainable blast management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, this study only revealed pathogenicity changes based on phenotypic evaluation and did not fully investigate the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms. Future research should examine whether these pathogenic shifts are driven by genetic changes in the pathogen or by human-related dispersal, as well as assess the selective pressure imposed by resistance genes harbored in rice varieties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integrating continuous pathogenicity monitoring with molecular genetic studies will enable a better understanding of the interaction between blast isolates and host resistance genes. This approach will contribute to the development of more durable resistance and the implementation of stable breeding strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, our study demonstrates that the international differential system plays a critical role in guiding effective breeding programs for blast resistance, thereby reducing pesticide use and promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable rice production.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDVs: Differential varieties\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEV: Evenness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRBL: International rice blast\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKD: Khang Dan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLTH: Lijiangxintuanheigu\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSI: Simpson’s diversity index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTU8: Thien Uu 8\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted as part of the JIRCAS research project \u0026ldquo;Green Asia\u0026rdquo; under \u0026ldquo;Accelerating the Application of Agricultural Technologies to Enhance Production Potential and Ensure Sustainable Food Systems in the Asia-Monsoon Region\u0026rdquo; founded by The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan (2022 to onward).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was also partially funded from MARD, Vietnam for the sampling, isolation, and race designation of the blast isolates collected in the provinces of Vietnam under project \u0026quot;Introgression multi resistance genes to bacterial leaf bight, brown planthopper and blast disease into high quality rice variety by using molecular marker (MABC)\u0026quot; (2018-2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTMN, NK, MO and HS conceptualized and designed the research; BN, TMN, TN, TNL, THH, HLL and TTT collected blast samples and performed the experiments; BN, TMN, NK, MO and HS analyzed the data and created the figures and tables; TMN and HS wrote the initial manuscript draft. All authors read, revised, and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sincerely thank Dr. Yoshimichi FUKUTA at the University of Ryukyus for their valuable contributions to pathogenicity evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArnaud-Haond S, Alberto F, Teixeira S, Procaccini G, Serr\u0026atilde;o EA, Duarte CM (2005) Assessing genetic diversity in clonal organisms: Low diversity or low resolution? Combining power and cost efficiency in selecting markers. 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Plant Dis 103:2759\u0026ndash;2763. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1741-RE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1741-RE\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research 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Pyricularia oryzae Cavara) causes rice blast, which is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. Herein, we added 474 new blast isolates to our rice blast pathogens that we had previously collected and analyzed. By investigating their pathogenicity using the international differential system, we compared the pathogenicity characteristics observed before 2016 with those observed after 2017. The frequency of virulent isolates against each differential variety (DV) increased and the diversity of the blast races also increased. Particularly, the resistance genes Pish and Pita lost their effectiveness in northern Vietnam. Temporal-spatial analysis of pathogenicity scores showed that the resistance genes were categorized into four representative types: resistance breakdown, stable resistance, regional resistance breakdown, and others. Additionally, we showed that the breakdown of resistance observed in Thien Uu 8 in Ha Tinh Province was caused by the breakdown of the Pita2 resistance gene. These results are highly valuable for breeding suitable rice varieties that contribute to durable resistance, depending on regional variations in blast pathogenicity.","manuscriptTitle":"Continuous surveillance by the international differential system showed the spatiotemporal dynamics in rice blast pathogenicity in Vietnam","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-13 13:42:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8525407/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f7e1d7b6-b0e8-4196-92a1-07ec318f186e","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-03T13:57:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-13 13:42:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8525407","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8525407","identity":"rs-8525407","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}