Combustion reaction synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4 ferrite using different organic fuels

Combustion reaction synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4 ferrite using different organic fuels | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Combustion reaction synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4 ferrite using different organic fuels adel hashhash, Neama Imam This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7789439/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Nanocrystalline cadmium-chromium ferrite (CdCr₀.₅Fe₁.₅O₄) was successfully synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion method to investigate the influence of different organic fuels on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties. Four identical compositions were prepared using citric acid (CA), glycine (GA), a glycine-urea mixture (GU), and glycine without pH adjustment (GD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) spinel structure in all samples. Notably, the sample prepared with citric acid exhibited a significant reduction in grain size ( D = 4.24 nm), and degree of crystallinity compared to the others. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR) highlighted a broadening and overlapping of the two main absorption bands corresponding to the tetrahedral A- and octahedral B-sites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated a high degree of agglomeration for the nano powders synthesized by using citric acid, whereas those prepared using glycine and urea consisted of fine spherical and rectangular nanoparticles. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) confirmed that the value of coercive field ( H c = 1063.7 G) for the (CA) sample is about five times higher than the other samples, which is attributed to enhanced grain boundary effects. In contrast, samples with larger crystallite sizes (GU, GD) exhibited higher saturation magnetization due to a greater volume fraction of magnetic material. CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4 preparation conditions organic fuels Morphology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction The synthesis and design of magnetic materials in nanometric scale have been a focus of intense fundamental and applied research due to their enhanced and unusual properties. Nanomaterials, especially spinel ferrites, have attained a great interest in the fundamental studies for addressing significant relationships between magnetic properties of nanoparticles and their crystal structure [ 1 – 4 ]. Ferrite materials in nanoscale have new and improved properties compared with the bulk materials, which have been extensively used in electronic devices for high frequency telecommunications. The properties of ferrites are sensitive to the route of synthesis and the concentration of metal ions [ 5 ]. Cadmium ferrite related to a single-phase cubic spinel structure with Fe 3+ and Cd 2+ ions occupy octahedral (B) and tetrahedral (A) sites respectively, has converged the insight of many research interest due to its diverse applications. These include information storage devices, magnetic bulk cores, magnetic fluids, microwave absorbers, and catalytic applications [ 6 – 10 ]. Substitution of Cr 3+ instead of Fe 3+ ions into CdFe 2 O 4 , has been attributed to the occupation into the B-sites, and causes a decrease in the saturation magnetization due to its less magnetic nature compared with Fe 3+ [ 7 ]. In this study, we employed a sol gel auto-combustion method to synthesize identical compositions of the compound CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 four times by using different organic fuels. We are interested in studying the effect of preparation with different fuels on the structure, magnetic and grain morphology of these nanoparticles. 2. Preparation and Characterization of CdCrFeO Nano powder Four carbon copy of the CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 nanoferrite system were synthesized using different organic fuels: citric acid C 6 H 6 O 7 , glycine C 2 H 5 NO 2 and urea CH 4 N 2 O by sol gel auto-combustion method [ 1 , 2 ]. The chemical reagent grades Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Cr(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O were used with the organic fuels for the preparation of samples. The first sample prepared using citric acid denoted as (CA), while the equation of the chemical reaction of metals nitrate and citric acid given as: Cd(NO 3 ) 2 +0.5Cr(NO 3 ) 3 +1.5Fe(NO 3 ) 3 +10O 2 + 3C 6 H 6 O 7 = CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 +9H 2 O↑+18CO 2 ↑+8NO 2 ↑ (1) Six moles of glycine were added to the metal nitrates for the second time preparation of CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 , which denoted as (GA). A mixture of fuels; (3 moles of glycine + 3 moles of urea) were chosen for the preparation of the third copy of the sample (GU). The amounts of fuels added to the nitrates of metals give an appropriate energy release for the reaction. The metal-fuel mixture of the above three samples dissolved in the minimum amounts of doubly distilled water, while the PH value of the mixture adjusted to 7–8 with the help of ammonia solution (NH 4 OH). The fourth copy of CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 denoted (GD) and prepared by adding six moles of glycine to metal nitrates, like the second sample (GA), without addition of water or adjusting of PH value. The mixtures of these four samples were then slowly heated and stirred using a hot plate magnetic stirrer till gel was formed. By continuous heating the reaction is completed and a viscous gel started self ignition, and finally a slight touch powder produced as a final product. Characterization of as prepared CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 nanoferrite samples prepared with different fuels performed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique using a Philips diffractometer (Expert MPD) with CuK α radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) at room temperature. The micrograph of the samples was recorded using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR–TEM) images (PHILIPS CM-200 model). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded using a (Jasco FT–IR 310) spectrophotometer with KBr pellets in the frequency range of 4000–200 cm − 1 . The hysteresis and magnetic measurements were recorded using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM 9600-1 LDJ, USA) at room temperature with applied external magnetic field up to 6 kOe. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Structural studies XRD patterns for the as-synthesized CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 nanoferrite samples; CA, GA, GU and GD prepared using different organic fuels are shown in Fig. 1 . All the diffraction peaks can be indexed to the pure face centered cubic structure (FCC). The remarkable broadening of the peaks means that the samples located in the nanocrystalline scale [ 11 – 14 ]. Furthermore, the smallness of the grain size for the sample synthesized by citric acid (CA) and the partial deformation of the peaks are indication of the decrease of the degree of crystallinity [ 1 – 4 ]. There is a distinguishable change in the values of gain size for the remaining three samples. The values of the x-ray density shown in Table 1 , are close to each other which reflect high degrees of homogeneity during the preparation process. Table 1 Lattice parameters, X-ray density and FTIR absorption band frequencies of nanocrystalline CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 ferrite sample prepared using different organic fuels. Parameters CA GA GU GD Lattice constant, a (Å) 8.6388 8.3379 8.3128 8.3124 Particle size, D (nm) 4.24 12.95 26.83 28.69 (g/cm 3 ) 5.737 5.738 5.737 5.717 Low bands frequency, v 1 (cm − 1 ) ---- 481 479 478 High bands frequency, ν 2 (cm − 1 ) 571 579 575 575 M s (emu/g) 17.834 15.638 31.574 18.765 M r (emu/g) 7.3689 2.1697 8.0727 4.4236 H c (G) 1063.7 169.61 231.23 212.98 3.2. FT-IR spectral data The vibrational spectroscopy spectra FTIR shown in Fig. 2 confirms the presence of spinel structure with two narrowband absorption peaks in the frequency range 372–577 cm − 1 for the tetrahedral A- and octahedral B- sites due to the inter atomic metal oxygen vibrations. The observed peak broadening and overlapping arise from several factors: the mixing of cation distribution between crystallographic sites, the small grain size (particularly evident in the CA sample at 4.24 nm), and contributions from metal-hydrogen bonding [ 15 – 18 ]. It is also observed that several absorption peaks existed at frequencies 1000 cm − 1 due to the bending and stretching vibrations bonds of the residual hydrocarbons. The two observed bands at 3400 and 1600 cm − 1 suggested the existence of hydroxyl groups, which are remains in ferrites during the preparation process [ 3 , 5 ]. The process of water retention in the stretching modes and bending vibration in nanocrystalline ferrites previously reported in [ 19 , 20 ]. The band at 1300 cm − 1 is formed due to the presence of nitrate group as a residual after completing the combustion reaction. 3.3. Morphological studies The TEM images shown in Fig. 3 illustrate the nanoscale nature of the ferrite particles. The nanoparticles have a very fine spherical and rectangle shapes with a high degree of agglomeration for the sample synthesized by using citric acid [ 2 ]. Actually, the agglomeration and dark clusters exist in the four nanoparticles samples with different extents maybe due to the small size of the particles, which causes a dispersion during preparation. Nanoparticles also tend to agglomerate to reduce the surface energy and thermodynamic instability. Furthermore, the nanoparticles contain iron and chrome, which magnetically interact and cause agglomeration [ 21 , 22 ]. 3.4. Magnetic properties The magnetization curve (M-H loops) for the sample CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 prepared using different organic fuels, are shown in Fig. 4 . The magnetic parameters provided in Table 1 , such as magnetization, coercivity, and remanence offer insights into the magnetic behavior of the material. This behavior is significantly influenced by particle size and degree of crystallinity [ 23 – 26 ]. The magnetic properties of CdCr 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 are influenced by the distribution of its constituent elements between the two crystallographic A and B-sites. In our case the preparations conditions with different organic fuels control the shape and grain size of the nano particles, which consequently influence the values of the magnetic parameters. As shown in Table 1 the relation between coercivity ( H c ) and grain size ( D ) is such that, for the sample CA with smaller grain size ( D = 4.24 nm) the domain walls are tightly enclosed to the grain boundaries, which increases the value of coercive field ( H c = 1063.7 G) required to reverse the magnetization [ 2 – 5 ]. The rest of the samples with larger grain size, and consequently fewer grain boundaries, have lower values of coercivity. The saturation magnetization is less sensitive to the changes in grain size than the coercivity [ 27 – 31 ]. The data in Table 1 showed that the two samples CA and GA, with relatively small grain size have smaller values of saturation magnetization ( M s ) compared to the other samples GU and GD, with larger values of grain size. This behavior can be interpreted as the fine grains have non-magnetic grain boundaries, which reduces the magnetization. Furthermore, the particles with larger grain size have higher volume fraction of magnetic materials, and consequently higher saturation magnetization. The remanence values ( M r ) is relatively small, because the magnetic domains are difficult to be aligned in nano materials with small grain size, while a higher remanence obtained for materials with larger grains due to the ease of domains alignment in the absence of inclusive grain boundary fixing [ 32 – 35 ]. 4. Conclusion In summary, this study confirms that the organic fuel used in combustion synthesis directly controls the properties of CdCr₀.₅Fe₁.₅O₄ nanoparticles. Using citric acid, as a fuel produces the smallest grain size (4.24 nm) and highest coercivity, while glycine-urea mixtures yield larger grains and higher saturation magnetization. The choice of fuel thus provides a simple method to tailor these ferrites for specific magnetic applications. 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17:30:09","extension":"xml","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63390,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"54c3645aadbe438aa39bcb4cdb8d0f001structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/8d01f7b1e103b1a70c3f003d.xml"},{"id":94492934,"identity":"4335083b-3237-43fd-8956-6d606fab0db6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:30:12","extension":"html","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":68908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/f9270b72f3771263b8ca9e89.html"},{"id":94492931,"identity":"8d625cc5-f407-4df0-b3df-bd5a0ca18e84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:30:11","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD patterns of the nanocrystalline CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite synthesized using different organic fuels:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCA: citric acid, GU: glycine \u0026amp; urea GD: glycine without addition of water or adjusting PH value, GA: glycine with addition of water and adjusting PH value\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/f52f14aee2a07ffd22ab80df.png"},{"id":94492765,"identity":"925fff3a-5876-4a2d-a447-64008b53745b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:30:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR absorption spectra of the nanocrystalline Cd-Cr ferrite synthesized using different organic fuels\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/000707d4794fc450078e2588.png"},{"id":94492818,"identity":"0ff65ec4-4850-4255-b1d2-54544e860960","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:30:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHR-TEM micrographs of the CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite nano particles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/86d2cd5d9e994acbf9841f9e.png"},{"id":94492763,"identity":"8fd2f4ea-0527-43af-a1a1-dbb7884fd131","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:30:01","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18608,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRoom temperature magnetic hysteresis loops of nanocrystalline CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite synthesized using different organic fuels\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/3f07df6c52858fb37872e3dd.png"},{"id":94729716,"identity":"b49a539e-0d8f-40a4-a583-c8ff81fb4be7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 07:05:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":679484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7789439/v1/e07d8e49-b191-4c19-be6f-882db244d1e5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Combustion reaction synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4 ferrite using different organic fuels","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe synthesis and design of magnetic materials in nanometric scale have been a focus of intense fundamental and applied research due to their enhanced and unusual properties. Nanomaterials, especially spinel ferrites, have attained a great interest in the fundamental studies for addressing significant relationships between magnetic properties of nanoparticles and their crystal structure [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Ferrite materials in nanoscale have new and improved properties compared with the bulk materials, which have been extensively used in electronic devices for high frequency telecommunications. The properties of ferrites are sensitive to the route of synthesis and the concentration of metal ions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Cadmium ferrite related to a single-phase cubic spinel structure with Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cd\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions occupy octahedral (B) and tetrahedral (A) sites respectively, has converged the insight of many research interest due to its diverse applications. These include information storage devices, magnetic bulk cores, magnetic fluids, microwave absorbers, and catalytic applications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Substitution of Cr\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e instead of Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions into CdFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, has been attributed to the occupation into the B-sites, and causes a decrease in the saturation magnetization due to its less magnetic nature compared with Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, we employed a sol gel auto-combustion method to synthesize identical compositions of the compound CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e four times by using different organic fuels. We are interested in studying the effect of preparation with different fuels on the structure, magnetic and grain morphology of these nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Preparation and Characterization of CdCrFeO Nano powder","content":"\u003cp\u003eFour carbon copy of the CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoferrite system were synthesized using different organic fuels: citric acid C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e, glycine C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and urea CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO by sol gel auto-combustion method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The chemical reagent grades Cd(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Cr(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and Fe(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO were used with the organic fuels for the preparation of samples. The first sample prepared using citric acid denoted as (CA), while the equation of the chemical reaction of metals nitrate and citric acid given as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCd(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+0.5Cr(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e+1.5Fe(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e+10O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e+9H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026uarr;+18CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026uarr;+8NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026uarr; (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSix moles of glycine were added to the metal nitrates for the second time preparation of CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, which denoted as (GA). A mixture of fuels; (3 moles of glycine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 moles of urea) were chosen for the preparation of the third copy of the sample (GU). The amounts of fuels added to the nitrates of metals give an appropriate energy release for the reaction. The metal-fuel mixture of the above three samples dissolved in the minimum amounts of doubly distilled water, while the PH value of the mixture adjusted to 7\u0026ndash;8 with the help of ammonia solution (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH). The fourth copy of CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e denoted (GD) and prepared by adding six moles of glycine to metal nitrates, like the second sample (GA), without addition of water or adjusting of PH value. The mixtures of these four samples were then slowly heated and stirred using a hot plate magnetic stirrer till gel was formed. By continuous heating the reaction is completed and a viscous gel started self ignition, and finally a slight touch powder produced as a final product. Characterization of as prepared CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoferrite samples prepared with different fuels performed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique using a Philips diffractometer (Expert MPD) with CuK\u003csub\u003eα\u003c/sub\u003e radiation (λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5418 \u0026Aring;) at room temperature. The micrograph of the samples was recorded using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR\u0026ndash;TEM) images (PHILIPS CM-200 model). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded using a (Jasco FT\u0026ndash;IR 310) spectrophotometer with KBr pellets in the frequency range of 4000\u0026ndash;200 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The hysteresis and magnetic measurements were recorded using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM 9600-1 LDJ, USA) at room temperature with applied external magnetic field up to 6 kOe.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Structural studies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eXRD patterns for the as-synthesized CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoferrite samples; CA, GA, GU and GD prepared using different organic fuels are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. All the diffraction peaks can be indexed to the pure face centered cubic structure (FCC). The remarkable broadening of the peaks means that the samples located in the nanocrystalline scale [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the smallness of the grain size for the sample synthesized by citric acid (CA) and the partial deformation of the peaks are indication of the decrease of the degree of crystallinity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a distinguishable change in the values of gain size for the remaining three samples. The values of the x-ray density shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, are close to each other which reflect high degrees of homogeneity during the preparation process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLattice parameters, X-ray density \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and FTIR absorption band frequencies of nanocrystalline CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ferrite sample prepared using different organic fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLattice constant, a (\u0026Aring;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticle size, D (nm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.737\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.738\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.737\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow bands frequency, \u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh bands frequency, \u003cem\u003eν\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e571\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e579\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e (emu/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.834\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.765\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e (emu/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1697\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0727\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4236\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e (G)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1063.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. FT-IR spectral data\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vibrational spectroscopy spectra FTIR shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e confirms the presence of spinel structure with two narrowband absorption peaks in the frequency range 372\u0026ndash;577 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for the tetrahedral A- and octahedral B- sites due to the inter atomic metal oxygen vibrations. The observed peak broadening and overlapping arise from several factors: the mixing of cation distribution between crystallographic sites, the small grain size (particularly evident in the CA sample at 4.24 nm), and contributions from metal-hydrogen bonding [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. It is also observed that several absorption peaks existed at frequencies 1000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e due to the bending and stretching vibrations bonds of the residual hydrocarbons. The two observed bands at 3400 and 1600 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e suggested the existence of hydroxyl groups, which are remains in ferrites during the preparation process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The process of water retention in the stretching modes and bending vibration in nanocrystalline ferrites previously reported in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The band at 1300 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is formed due to the presence of nitrate group as a residual after completing the combustion reaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Morphological studies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe TEM images shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrate the nanoscale nature of the ferrite particles. The nanoparticles have a very fine spherical and rectangle shapes with a high degree of agglomeration for the sample synthesized by using citric acid [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Actually, the agglomeration and dark clusters exist in the four nanoparticles samples with different extents maybe due to the small size of the particles, which causes a dispersion during preparation. Nanoparticles also tend to agglomerate to reduce the surface energy and thermodynamic instability. Furthermore, the nanoparticles contain iron and chrome, which magnetically interact and cause agglomeration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Magnetic properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe magnetization curve (M-H loops) for the sample CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e prepared using different organic fuels, are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The magnetic parameters provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, such as magnetization, coercivity, and remanence offer insights into the magnetic behavior of the material. This behavior is significantly influenced by particle size and degree of crystallinity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The magnetic properties of CdCr\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e1.5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e are influenced by the distribution of its constituent elements between the two crystallographic A and B-sites. In our case the preparations conditions with different organic fuels control the shape and grain size of the nano particles, which consequently influence the values of the magnetic parameters. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e the relation between coercivity (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e) and grain size (\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e) is such that, for the sample CA with smaller grain size (\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.24 nm) the domain walls are tightly enclosed to the grain boundaries, which increases the value of coercive field (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e = 1063.7 G) required to reverse the magnetization [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The rest of the samples with larger grain size, and consequently fewer grain boundaries, have lower values of coercivity. The saturation magnetization is less sensitive to the changes in grain size than the coercivity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28 CR29 CR30\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The data in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e showed that the two samples CA and GA, with relatively small grain size have smaller values of saturation magnetization (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e) compared to the other samples GU and GD, with larger values of grain size. This behavior can be interpreted as the fine grains have non-magnetic grain boundaries, which reduces the magnetization. Furthermore, the particles with larger grain size have higher volume fraction of magnetic materials, and consequently higher saturation magnetization. The remanence values (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e) is relatively small, because the magnetic domains are difficult to be aligned in nano materials with small grain size, while a higher remanence obtained for materials with larger grains due to the ease of domains alignment in the absence of inclusive grain boundary fixing [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33 CR34\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, this study confirms that the organic fuel used in combustion synthesis directly controls the properties of CdCr₀.₅Fe₁.₅O₄ nanoparticles. Using citric acid, as a fuel produces the smallest grain size (4.24 nm) and highest coercivity, while glycine-urea mixtures yield larger grains and higher saturation magnetization. The choice of fuel thus provides a simple method to tailor these ferrites for specific magnetic applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdel:1- Investigate the sample and make the experimental measurements2- wrote the discussions of the XRD and VSM sectionsNeama:1- wrote the introduction and the experimental part2- wrote the discussion of the FTIR section\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK. Farooq, M. Irfan, M. N. Akhtar, R. T. Rasool, M. Mahmoud, A. Almohammedi, G. A. Ashraf, M. A. Khan, Ceram. Int. 50 (2024) 33050\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Jauhar, A. Goyal, N. Lakshmi, K. Chandra, S. Singhal, Mater. Chem. 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Powder Technol. 29 (2018) 2601\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4, preparation conditions, organic fuels, Morphology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7789439/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7789439/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNanocrystalline cadmium-chromium ferrite (CdCr₀.₅Fe₁.₅O₄) was successfully synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion method to investigate the influence of different organic fuels on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties. Four identical compositions were prepared using citric acid (CA), glycine (GA), a glycine-urea mixture (GU), and glycine without pH adjustment (GD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) spinel structure in all samples. Notably, the sample prepared with citric acid exhibited a significant reduction in grain size (\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.24 nm), and degree of crystallinity compared to the others. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR) highlighted a broadening and overlapping of the two main absorption bands corresponding to the tetrahedral A- and octahedral B-sites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated a high degree of agglomeration for the nano powders synthesized by using citric acid, whereas those prepared using glycine and urea consisted of fine spherical and rectangular nanoparticles. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) confirmed that the value of coercive field (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e = 1063.7 G) for the (CA) sample is about five times higher than the other samples, which is attributed to enhanced grain boundary effects. In contrast, samples with larger crystallite sizes (GU, GD) exhibited higher saturation magnetization due to a greater volume fraction of magnetic material.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Combustion reaction synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CdCr0.5Fe1.5O4 ferrite using different organic fuels","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-27 17:21:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7789439/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"916db8c6-d194-4e74-85da-8296d9af80ec","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-30T01:53:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-27 17:21:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7789439","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7789439","identity":"rs-7789439","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}