Sociodemographic Determinants of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Indonesia: Insights from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey

Objective Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption is a recognized risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in Indonesia, which would be fundamental to developing targeted public health interventions for non-communicable diseases.

This cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey. We analyzed the data from 595.303 adults aged above 19 years old, comprising variables of fruit and vegetables consumption and sociodemographic determinants. A logistic regression analysis is conducted to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and fruit and vegetable consumption.

A significant majority of Indonesians (97.1%) fail to meet the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables. Better fruit and vegetable consumption patterns were observed among females (aOR=1.31; 95% CI=1.24-1.38), individuals with higher education (aOR=1.47; 95% CI=1.23-1.75), those employed (aOR=1.13; 95% CI=1.06-1.20), married (aOR=1.25; 95% CI=1.16-1.34), from lower economic status groups, and residents of Nusa Tenggara (aOR=1.32; 95% CI=1.13-1.53), Maluku (aOR=1.54; 95% CI=1.16-2.06), Papua (aOR=1.95; 95% CI=1.46-2.60), and rural areas (aOR=1.12; 95% CI=1.02-1.23).

Indonesians consume very few fruits and vegetables, and this low consumption isn’t uniform. We see significant differences based on factors like sex, education, occupation, marital status, socioeconomic status, and where people live (both urban/rural and specific residential areas). This makes it clear that we urgently need targeted nutrition campaigns and flexible public health policies. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Funding Statement This study did not receive any funding Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study received ethical approval from the Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, under permit number KE/FK/0117/EC/2025. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes Data Availability All data generated in this study are accessible upon request via the following link: badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/hasil-ski-2023/