Coal Structure Evaluation and Morphological Properties That Affect the Coal Usage in Industries.

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Gaesenngwe Gaesenngwe, Gwiranai Danha, PRASAD RAGHUPATRUNI, TIRIVAVIRI MAMVURA This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3910443/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The contemporary research article is central to understanding coal structure evaluation and the morphological development impacting its utilization in different applications. Through Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) designs high content phyllosilicates minerals and swelling clay minerals were rationalized to provides a novel insight into enhanced coal beneficiation and the benefits of coal by-product re-utilization progressions that encourage safer environments and economic sustainability. This work commences with collection of five (5) different coal samples from the central district mine in Botswana and chemical characterization via Thermogravimetric coal analysis, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and the Hardgrove Grindability Index testing that quantify coal material hardness and fracture toughness. The results showed sulfur and phosphorus inclusions in all samples complemented through sphalerite mineral phases (Zn, Fe)S and the coal morphology stimulated the material fracture toughness and hardness properties by influential mineral amalgams intrinsic to the Botswana central district coal maceral such as aluminum oxides (Al 2 O 3 ), silicate (SiO 2 ), calcites (CaO), Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), potassium feldspars (K−AlSi 3 O 8 ), albite (Na−AlSi 3 O 8 ), and anorthite (Ca−Al 2 Si 2 O 8 ) compounds in alkali feldspars which are predominantly group I and II carriers were perceived in substantial quantities. The coal industry has attracted much industrial attention by supply of high energy potent coal material and coal-by products to manufacturing foundations producing cement, ceramic tiles, paving bricks and material synthesis and will continue to supply other economic sectors in the conceivable future. Nevertheless, environmental concerns consequential to coal beneficiation are pressing issues requiring transdisciplinary innovations through investigations and technological practices that encourage the elimination of toxins and hazardous compounds from coal products therefore holistically generating sustainable and renewable resource for the future. Economic sustainability Coal beneficiation Phyllosilicates Thermogravimetric coal analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 HIGHLIGHTS Botswana Coal displays greater potential to produce sustainable products. Basic thermal properties of coal and quality are enhanced through reduction of phyllosilicate minerals. Current research and innovations could eliminate ecological threats associated with coal usage. Utilization of coal by-products offers several benefits to cement manufacturers, ceramic industries etc. Botswana central district coals have high fixed carbon content and calorific value. 1. INTRODUCTION Countless researchers have done investigations on enhanced separation developments using Multi-Gravity Separator (MGS), Knelson Concentrator, Kelsey Centrifugal Jig, Altair jig, Falcon Concentrator, floatation separation, etc. Still trivial work has been commitment to coal beneficiation proposals via the semi-autogenous grinding ideologies on modelling and optimization specifically for the TANCAN [GQM] series-type roll ball mill equipment [1], [2], [3], [4] . Dedication on factors underpinning quality coal recovery strategies must be developed to reinforce the safer utilization of coal and coal byproducts. Harmful implications attributing to Morupule coal usage should be completely underlined because consumers in other institutes will gain awareness through literature on research discoveries hence will be positioned to determine the coal product that match their manufacturing line. Otherwise, new techniques on coal quality enhancement and modification should impress substantially on coal structural evaluation influenced by attribution and coal morphology to bridge existing gaps that link coal to its many applications. However, the coal consumption in Southern Africa has benefited the improvement of business activities and human life through various means consequently indorsing the environment welfare through observing the international and national coal mining and treatment standards [5], [6], [7]. Common reports on atmospheric Sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon-dioxide (CO2) etc., contamination is continually linked to the unregulated incineration of moderate to high Sulphur containing coals and the disposal of coal wastes such as the sludge from coal bottom ash residues into the environment has resulted to rough pollution of underground water sources in other regions. Trace elements found in the coal maceral such as antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chlorine, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, potassium, selenium, thorium, uranium etc., are considered hazardous air pollutants when released into the atmosphere in other processing industries [5], [7], [8]. Furthermore, advanced coal processing techniques should be implemented to counteract increasing complications associated to disposal or environmental pollution therefore solutions targeting high quality coal recovery strategies and product utility should be prioritized. Due to an increasingly high demand for coal and coal by-products in different industries such as the construction and ceramic industries, the water-affairs (wastewater treatment) department, material synthesis industry, road construction industries uses Tar and other polymetric materials for binding, metallurgical industries, catalysis manufacturers and Jewelers for artificial diamond synthesis uncontrolled disposal of coals into landfills must be restricted to discourage economic or financial losses and many environmental health threats connected to coal dumping, consider (Table 1) and (Figure 2) [9], [10], [11], [12] . Combustion coal residues produced by different incineration activities have devastating effects on the environment and should not be disregarded because an extensive amount of the total coal bulk [≈ (15−25) %] is collected in the coal ash material which maybe hazardous [8]. Through material treatment and careful stoichiometric mixing with other chemicals, aggregates in concrete are mass-produced to achieve an overall material enhancement property such as high young’s modulus, low specific density, and high fracture toughness that can survive breakage at high temperatures and pressure fluctuations (aerospace industries) [8], [13], [14]. Other benefits of pulverized coal ash involve the replacement of the Natural Fine Aggregates (NFA) in cement because of its pozzolanic reactivity, coals ash material is processed into a potential replacement of cement in other construction and civil engineering industries. Aamar Danish et al, added that from the total production of 750 million tons of coal ash liberated from coal combustion activities only about 120 million ton are utilized by manufacturing industries whereas 650 million tons of coal ash are dumped into landfills and are not utilized. Industries manufacturing pencil leads, engineered plastics and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer material (CFRP), cosmetic products, tyre-and-road manufactures, Tar material that blend the road concrete aggregates are mostly a composited amalgamation of coal, therefore because coal products have an ever-increasing demand, greater emphasis must be devoted into sample preparation strategies that yield quality coal products which are satisfactory to customer specification for different industries and to avoid coal disposal [14]. Cenosphere constitutes a fraction of coal ash inclusion, and its unique properties are perfectly adopted for the synthesis of different materials, the recovery of valuable metals and in wastewater remediation to make coal-based columnar activated carbon product, low-grade graphene inks, graphene quantum dots, graphene enhanced-cement in ceramic industry because of their inherent properties such as low-density, high-water absorption, extreme compressive strength and effective insulation qualifies [15]. Henceforth controlling the particle size distribution of coal products precisely via modelling the breakage mechanisms of the comminution activity is central to quality coal recovery that is ideal for synthesizing cenosphere [15]. Coal is a rewarding material when rightly beneficiated it promote production sustainability through environmental and economic benefits that are healthy and safer practical guide that accommodate several manufacturing companies such as pharmaceuticals, textile dyes products, food and wood preservatives and highly complex chemicals. However, thermal power-stations deploying low-grade coals as the standard energy source material, are susceptible to hazardous air pollutants like sulfur (Pb−SOx) blended compounds and controlling pollution through expensive flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) exhaust system that should be periodic maintained or replaced hence the company sustain financial fatalities, nevertheless alternatives preparation and processing beneficiation strategies must be fashioned to precisely minimize toxic components in coal prior to its usage in boilers to avail sustainability of production in the coal energy-industry [15]. Coal is an abundant resource in Botswana and find usage across many industries such as power corporations for electricity generation, metallurgical refineries, Agricultural applications for the manufacture of fertilizers, soil amelioration for deficient compounds and (pH) alignment, the production of low-grade coal-to-liquid fuels etc., see (Figure 1). Likewise, incinerated-coal byproduct is an excellent raw material for the several manufacturing companies like in construction and ceramic industries, coal bottom ash constituting high calcites, alumina and iron oxide is deployed as a supplementary compound of cement. High quality pulverized coal with (80%) passing at (−75μm) are used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical chemicals and synthesizing of syngas through the gasification process consequently coal provides an important platform of development for our economic diversification and industrialization see (Table 1). Table 1 Showing seven (7) examples of common manufacturing industries that make use of coal and its by-products revealing the benefits offered by various components comprised within coal maceral [15]. Construction industry : Cement constituent and fine aggregate replacement in concrete, cement manufacture, geopolymers production, cast concrete products such as bricks, blocks, and paving stones, structural fill materials. Alkali oxides (Na2O) and (SiO2) increase the compressive strength, microstructure, and durability in ceramic. Ceramic industries : Chemical reagents (SiO2), (Al2O3), (CaCO3), etc., and natural minerals (kaolin clay, quartz sand, calcite, pyrite etc.,) are used as additives to improve crystallization and mechanical properties of ceramics tiles. Coal ash comprises (SiO2), (Al2O3), (CaO), (Fe2O3) which are low-cost materials that directly enhance ceramic properties like lowering the density, improving texture, absorbency, porosity, and firing compression strength. Soil amelioration : Coal and coal ash enhances the soil structure, water holding capacity, buffer pH, soil nutrients, and transport micro-organisms in the soil. Can be utilized as a pH stabilizer, because coal ash has a pH range between (8.0−11.0). It is naturally used as an alternative to lime (CaCO3) to better the soil (pH) activity. In addition, major constituents of coal ash include Ca, Mg, Na, Si, K, Al, Fe, Ti, P, Cu, Zn etc., which when released into the soil can assist plants to growth and increase crop yield. Wastewater treatment : Coal shows good efficacy in inorganic and organic pollutant removal due to suitable physicochemical characteristics (porosity, water holding capacity, surface area, and a high percentage of metal oxides). Coal can effectively remove Fe (II), Mn (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II)from aqueous solutions through adsorption and hydroxide precipitation of toxic elements. Production of activated carbon, zeolite, and mesoporous materials. The synthetic materials based on coal ash play an essential role in wastewater treatment. Catalysis : Coal material holds numerous metal oxides such as Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O , which makes it an ideal catalyst. Source of alkaline metal catalyst for biomass gasification. Useful for tar cracking, methane reforming, and water-gas shift reaction which improves the production of syngas and hydrogen. A heterogeneous catalyst in photo-Fenton reaction (decomposition of yellow dye) and enhance the decolorization effectiveness (up to 91%) on the sunset yellow dye solution. Material synthesis : Coal ash and pulverized coal are used as potential feedstocks in many fields. Due to a high (Si) and (Al) Contents, coal is converted into a high concentration ash to produce zeolites and mesoporous silica. The high presence of silica element in the coal resulted in the synthesizing of various mesoporous silicates within acquired samples like the ROM, Cobbles and Nuts that were more resilient to fracture. Metals recovery : Coal and coal ash are regarded as potential sources of rear earth metal elements and other metallic compounds such as Ge, G, U, V, Se, Al, Mg etc., 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Sample Preparation Technique. The coal sample preparation procedure(s) are important because they magnify homogeneity of material acquired at various mine locations, henceforth preparation is usually accomplished through physiochemical proceedings that may entail material standardization via splitters, scrubbing, the dense media separations, floatation, air or artificial drying etc., such that fraternization of the field collected coal mass accurately reflect a sample statistics precisely representative of the bulk acquired. After collecting the coal samples from MCM with [(50kg) ×10] canvas bags, the samples were transported to a coal laboratory storage facility that was well ventilated and maintained within ambient atmospheric conditions (room temperature and pressure). Initially, prior to executing any coal chemical analysis the samples were collapsed into a feeder of an eight (8−way) rotary splitter depicted in Figure 3, to homogenize, mix and blend through-and-through the coal particle size of each (50kg) bag collected [18], [19]. The activity was repeated twice for each sample bag to ensure a maximum equivalent distribution of particles and here the coal mass from the feeder was sub-divided into (8) cylindrical containers via a rotating cone-disc (mixing wheel), such that the sample stream was divided into (18) of a fraction for each container with respect to the feeder material, therefore half of the coal sample mass was discarded while the other remained for further splitting. The (8−way) rotary splitter operates automatically and has been calibrated with high coordination for mass distribution and accuracy to ensure thorough mixing and homogeneity of the test sample, hence minimizing sample preparation errors. The splitter features a mixing wheel that revolves slowly to allow coal mass to fall gently into the containers at an angle of (45°) to the horizontal wheel shaft. About half (50%) of the material was isolated from the rotary splitter to subject the coal material into further cone-quartering division through the mixing wheel and approximately (12.5kg) of the material was discarded hence retaining only a small amount of coal mass as a representative of the bulk canvas collection, an average mass not exceeding (12.5kg) mass was reserved for sieve analysis. For all the five samples collected, sample mixing, and homogeneity were achieved using the same methodology and equipment (8−way) rotary splitter thus obtaining a specific coal mass for particle size distribution of each sample bag acquired [18], [19] . 2.2 Precautions to observe during sample preparation (ISO 13909-4). Coal sample collection, transportation and feed pre-treatment activities should be executed rapidly and with great precaution ensuring that coal oxidation is avoided at all costs. Coal samples collected must be securely stored within enclosed storage rooms aways from extreme climatic variations such as excessive temperature fluctuations, wind, rain, contaminations etc., to preserve the inherent coal moisture content[20], [21]. Prior to laboratory analysis of any kind e.g., crushing, grinding, splitting etc., it must be ensured that enough allowance or period is afforded the material to attain normal temperature and pressure (room temperature and pressure) before it can be quantified or processed to avoid coal oxidation. The coal sample containers or canvas bags must be properly sealed and strong enough to capacitate the material for a reasonable amount of time and must be factory-made from a corrosion resistant complex material. Finally, human errors and improper coal material handling must be avoided at all costs during sample preparation to evade unnecessary loss of material [18], [19] . 2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy Technique. Scanning Electron Microscopes were originally completed by Manfred Von Ardenne in (1937) and three (3) other scientists later developed their research at RCA Labs in New Jersey, USA, Dr Zworykin, Dr Hillier, and Dr Snyder steering examinations on the working principles of an (SEM) especially the techniques governing functions of the imaging various materials at different resolutions through a resolving power approximately 50nm and having magnification [×8 000] [1], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]. Kwiecińska Barbara et al, when reviewing the application of electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and (SEM) for examining of coal materials, organic – rich shales and carbonaceous compounds, described that scanning electron microscope was introduced into the commercial industries around the year (1965) via Cambridge Scientific Instruments in England, (UK) as the assembly work of Charles Oatley group project between the years (1948−1963). The scanning electron microscope depicted on Figure 4, has produced significant growth across all industries especially at active university institutes engaged with various kinds of science innovation or research investigations for many projects involving carboneceous materials, therefore, the device is largely stationed for sample imaging to observe and study the sample material at nanoscale range. Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)features a dynamic magnification exceeding [×400 000], the sample dimensions thus surface projections are imaged to analyze surface morphological evolution, material defects, stacking patterns and structural crystallinity that are affected by observed elements, compounds through lattice parameters dimension. However, potent data acquired are used to understand the chemical behavior of coal samples and the behavior that influences fragmentation within the sample [24], [25], [26], [27]. 2.4 X Ray Diffraction spectroscopic analysis. The literature review on coal maceral analysis identified a total exceeding hundred and twenty (120) different compounds that are linked to the heterogeneity of coals and mixed at diverse distributions [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]. Assorted mineral phases occur in varied orientations, sizes, and distribution in each coal type therefore information on coal ranking or classification is drawn which are the main coal material parameters that are naturally affected provenance. Additionally, nearly 33 minerals that are usually recognizable in majority of coal samples included the trace compounds of Kaolinite (Δ), Sphalerite (φ), Dolomite(ς), Feldspars (ξ), Chalcopyrite (Θ), Montmorillonite (ψ), Chlorite (Γ), Illite (Ξ), Pyrite (Π), Quartz (ϱ) etc., [31], [32], [33] . Following sample collection activities, each coal material was thoroughly homogenized by means of particle size distribution classification that was carried-out through the (8−way) rotary splitter of Figure 3. Therefore, coal sample classification isolated the material into a quantitative coal mass by means of particle dimension through sieve analysis procedure. A sample portion from each sample bag acquired were subjugated to a cone-and-quartering sampling technique prior to being fed to the planetary ball mill which was operated at (370 rpm) (revolutions per minute) and a grinding time not exceeding 1 hour was selected as the coal grinding time. Sieve analyses were accomplished accordingly for 10 minutes and the methodology for XRD testing on coal samples required a coal product size that was below (−75 μm). The quantification and phase identification were then performed using the Bruker (D8) Advance powder diffractometer equipment that made use of [Cu K−alpha] radiation with a wavelength of [1.5418] and step counts [0.02] degrees increment at durations of [0.500 sec/stem] such that the (2θ) angle ware ranged between [2θ: (8°≤θ≤80°)]. Moreover, the device was operated at (40mA) and (40kv) overnight to accommodate all the five (5) samples in our study [28], [31], [32], [33], [35]. 2.5 X Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis. Energy Dispersive X−Ray Fluorescence Spectroscope is equipment deployed to measure the amount of Inorganic matter inside coal samples and coal bottom ash samples collected under different conditions and at different locations. Figure 5 shows a real-time photograph of the coal bottom ash samples that were studied during research and the typical schematic operation principals for an X−SUPREME x-ray fluorescence which function through atomic emission technique that utilizes similar working properties to optical emission spectroscopy (OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP−MS) and neutron activation analysis in gamma spectrometry. Thus, coal samples are submerged under intense electromagnetic beam irradiation from an X-ray tube that quantitatively and qualitatively calibrate composition on mineral crystal phases illuminated inside the material while automatically detecting energy intensity refracted from the coal samples at discrete atomic layers which produce fluorescence x-rays wavelength specific to unique elemental data identified in the material and are recorded by the detector [36], [37], [38], [39]. Shimizu Ryuichi et al., recounted that majority of heterogeneous coal material extracted around the world naturally contain toxic oxides that embrace other heavy metals inclusions like Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Mercury (Hg), and Lead (Pb) etc., which get converted into airborne aggregates during incineration or diffuse into the environment by decomposition and leaching into groundwater resources which results many threats to animal health and environmental degradation issues [36], [37], [38], [39] . 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 SEM The schematic diagram of Figure 4a, reveals the trajectory of high – energy electron beam generated via the electron gun (tungsten, [LaB6] or field emission), and their interaction process with the sample (Figure 4b) during examination on various geomorphology and chemical alignments accompanying the coal material, surface consistency and constructions enlarged in the projected image on topography. The working of scanning electron microscope is in vacuum environment that allow movement of electrons at extremely low resistance therefore the test sample must tolerate vacuum atmosphere and must be electrically conductive to allow dumping of excess or collecting electrons and owing to de Broglie wavelengths properties of emitted electrons which is approximately [×100 000] shorter than visible light, resolution around (0.05nm) and [×10 000 000] magnifications can be successfully achieved to bargain great advantage when studying wide variety of samples at varying scopes [36], [37], [39], [40]. As the beam of electrons penetrates the sample under observation, energy will be absorbed and results in an incremental rise in sample temperature. The electron emissions of various characteristics are generated by having different energy spectra and radiation. In addition, the electron beam adjustment through the anode accelerate or decelerate the electrons, the condenser and objective (magnetic) lenses are responsible for scanning the sample surface in both the horizontal or vertical directions while controlling the focal point of the electron beam onto the specimen and beam scatter (broadness) is adjusted using the scan coils such that beam power is direct proportional to projected image resolution [36], [37], [39], [40] . Moreover, backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are sensed at the sample chamber and are amplified to be digitized into various kinds of image projections portraying different characteristics of the coal material hence data concerning the surface defects, surface morphology, grain structures and distribution, chemical composition, and electrical conductivity etc., and the information is translated in a computer display screen simultaneously [37], [38], [41], [42], [43]. Nuts coal collection is comparatively classified the second largest coal stockpile after cobbles and the only subgroup showing greater or high ash index, lower fixed carbon content and lower Hardgrove grindability value consequently the hardest coal sample acquired from all the coal stockpiles. The scanning electron microscope captured numerous white patches of mineral groups distributed haphazardly on the sample surface where majority of the mineral ingredients identifying as kaolinite (Δ); phyllosilicate mineral, Dolomite (ς); carbonate mineral, Feldspars (ξ); tectosilicate mineral, Illite (Ξ); mica-phyllosilicate mineral, Quartz (ϱ); silicate mineral and Sphalerite (φ); sulfide mineral. Sphalerite [(Zn, Fe)S], introduces sulfur constituents inside the coal material at inconstant amounts depending on the types of mineral phases they are assorted and could range anywhere between galena, chalcopyrite, calcite, dolomite, quartz, feldspar etc., Moreover, calcium magnesium carbonate deposit [Ca, Mg(CO 3 ) 2 ] having a trigonal-rhombohedral crystal structure are naturally embedded within coal Morupule coal nuts samples and relative abundance of such dolomite or huntite [Mg 3 Ca(CO 3 ) 4 ] mineral phases are directly influenced by sample provenance. In addition, dolomite graduate from a metastable phase that advance into a stable phase during the formation of coal from peat are normally classified as dolomitization sediments intrinsic in coal macerals and are usually identified by twin stacking patterns which are visible via SEM at magnification of about (10μm) and focus of approximately (×1,800) consider the illustration on Figure 6. Moreover, inclusions of other buried phases are also observable which also include some trace metallic elements like lead, zinc, copper, Iron, and cobalt intermingled with the dolomite structure. Generally, material defects like pores and grain flacking and surface shedding of granular structures are visible at some regions of the coal surface and a low crack density is observed relative to the other samples thus yielding the coal sample significant structural compactness and an amplified the fracture toughness property. The microstructure observed in within the coal material are unique in their development, characterized by fine grain dispersal of different mineral phases embedded in the coal maceral and large quantities of silicates, Aluminates, Calcites, and halites that contribute towards relative Ash content [9], [43], [44]. Therefore, construction and ceramic industries, Iron and Steel manufacturers working on metallurgical reduction of various Iron ore grades thus critically desire such coal types for cement, concrete and mortar manufacturing, or stabilization. Data received from the scanning electron microscope device reveals surface morphology categorized by cracking, defects such as pores, structural discontinuity and large grains randomized orientations and constantly agglomerating into a finer particle mixture of both coal maceral and mineral phases, therefore different phase shape-variations were recognized in the sample. 3.2 XRD According to Dangyu Song et al, while researching on the interaction of coal crystallite and the mineral constituents via x-ray diffraction technique, explained particularly on coal samples having x-ray diffractogram that were extreme amorphous and comprising an assorted inorganic species [45], [46], [47], [48]. Therefore, impacts on coal structural intactness, density and fracture toughness are comprehended from the plot-skewness and pattern irregularity echoed via peak-deflection intensity data or the diffraction patterns suggested large quantity of the amorphous phases being detected hence plot broadness and sloping which are not easily mapped highlighted numerous phase irregularity and orientation-variance with a short time interval [38], [49]. The step count diffraction angle (2θ) accommodates for the phase orientation of species within a small interval hence, the relative phase distribution within the scanned region is accommodated into the report for all carbonaceous stacking patterns for atomic lattice range identified. Generally, all relevant diffraction information were interpolated and simulated through the existing database of holding the mineral phase “fingerprint” implanted within OriginPro (2023) analytical software package. Cataloging of functional mineral phase parameters corresponding to the correct mineral matter which are easily recognized via the carbon stacking layers of d – spacing (d 002 ), average lateral sizes (La), and the carbon stacking height of crystallite (Lc) values are mentioned to record important structural properties for all coal samples [50], [51], [52]. Reflecting on the Figures 7 to Figure 12, illustrating the diffraction patterns of five different coal materials collected, the run-of-mine coals have numerous mineral phase constituents and the structure is largely amorphous amalgametion with the carbonecious material thus identified species incorporate high kaolinite (Δ) amount, a triclinic crystal system encompassing Aluminum (20.9%), Silicon (21.8%), Oxygen (55.8%), and Hydrogen (1.6%), quartz (SiO2) (ϱ), feldspars (ξ), chalcopyrite (Θ) and montmorillonite (ψ) [1], [50], [53], [54]. The run-of-mine samples acquired largely comprised a large mineral phase distribution which accounted for about (21.15%) of the material ash content. Great similarity of pattern deflection was substantially observed across all the samples and the graphic shape signified high level of skewness and peak-deflection inconsistence that alter within a short time-range hence lower amount of crystallinity reported in the material. Figure 8, is the x-ray diffraction scan from the cobble samples revealing an almost identical peak-deflection pattern to the ROM diffractogram but largely associated with dolomite (ς), and lower ash content (11.78%) highlighted mainly from the peak-intensity information, the material assumes the least mineral constituents' amount, crudely seven (7) crystal phases were distinguished linked to the cobble coal structure; dolomite (ς), kaolinite (Δ), feldspars (ξ), quartz (ϱ) (49.02%), chalcopyrite (Θ) and illite (Ξ) that contributes towards the material hardness and thermal stability. Quartz (ϱ), Sphalerite (φ), Feldspars (ξ), Sphalerite (Ω) and Illite (Ξ) are characteristic inclusions of fines coal subclass (Figure 11). Which constitutes the aluminum tectosilicates minerals that closely resemble plagioclase (sodium-calcium) feldspars or alkali (potassium-sodium) feldspars that are naturally deposited in the sedimentary layers of the coal seams. Additionally, potassium feldspars (K−AlSi 3 O 8 ), albite (Na−AlSi 3 O 8 ), and anorthite (Ca−Al 2 Si 2 O 8 ) compounds in alkali feldspars are potential transporters of group I and II metals in coal maceral and frequently having the trigonal or monoclinic crystal structures promote development of sharp-edged phase aggregates which are rather observable with (SEM), features of cryptoperthitic textures inside focused grains or regions of the fine coal maceral [1], [50], [53], [54]. Moreover, alumino-silicate phyllosilicate clay mineral like muscovite are also visible and represent illite component species that emerges as an altered intermediate phase of sericite amid feldspar and muscovite along some of the major grain boundaries of the fine coal material, nevertheless the appearing of the micro sized particles with an empirical formulae arrangement (K,H 3 O)(Al, Mg, Fe) 2 (Si, Al) 4 O 10 [(OH) 2 •(H 2 O)] in monoclinic system carry water molecules in the material. The heterogeneity in coal material present parameter optimization difficulties during selection of ideal fragmentation energy amount that can accurately target desirable size class with minimal loss generation thus Figure 12 shows that all coal samples are largely amorphous. The coal macerals are associated with random mixture of aliphatic, aromatic, hydro-aromatic rings intricately combined to countless varieties of inert compounds of silicates, nitrites, phosphates etc., components that have been deployed to classify coal seam samples into various types and rank from soft lignite coals to hard anthracite coals. Coals are classified into four types such as peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite according to its moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon percentage, ash content and calorific value thus the literature review of many researchers have recommended augmentation of results of different spectroscopic imaging techniques to increase accuracy of findings in the final report on coal seam characterized data [1], [50], [53], [54] . 3.3 XRF The effective oxide analysis on ash samples and the powdered coal specimens were thoroughly examines for on all acquired coal materials thus to assess various analytes on quantity and the relative abundance on Halites (Na2O), Magnesium oxides (MgO), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Silicates (SiO 2 ), Sulfides (SiO 3 ), calcite (CaO), manganese oxide (Mn 2 O 3 ) and phosphides (P 2 O 5 ), and Iron-oxides (Fe 2 O 3 ) were relevantly acquired. Industries select coal specification for their diverse chemical reactant material by using the XRF information on ash analysis and coal compositional analysis that include both the sulfur and phosphorus relative abundance. Therefore, to minimize ethical threats on the surrounding and animal health, screening is carefully conducted to avoid disposal of toxic compounds into the environment thus promoting healthy mining strategies. Additionally, such high density ionically blended oxide compounds contribute to the total coal hardness and fracture toughness strength hence data on type and oxide quantity, aid researchers to condition coal loading parameters and precisely fabricated the whole coal grinding activity settings especially when utilizing the semi-autogenous grinding mill equipment[1], [52], [53], [55], [56], [57]. According to Ankur and Singh, coal bottom ash constituents exhibit considerable pozzolanic reactive calcites, silicates and pyrites which tend to react favorably with calcium hydroxides [Ca(OH) 2 ] and produce a suitable material for concrete and cement production [58] . Moreover, coal and its by-product provide an alternative low-cost construction material ingredient with potential to substitute cement and other fine aggregated inclusions in concrete, the geopolymer raw material, an ingredient for cast mortar for bricks, blocks, and paving stones, cracked buildings filler composite material and resulting to product longevity due to the accumulated compressive strength in all (CBA) products contemplate on the data of Table 2 , Figure 13, and Figure 14 [15], [58]. Literature review on x – ray fluorescence method application reflect the simplicity of operation of the technique and how time efficient during coal sample scanning the quantification of chemical composition are, thus (XRF)spectroscopy will identify multiple elemental analysis simultaneously within the coal matrix without unnecessary sample preparation stages such as demineralization procedure, leaching, acid digestion procedures etc., that can be neglected, due to excellently high sensitivity, high image resolution, relatively lower operating and installation costs making it easier to install in university research laboratories and small scale industries deployed in coal beneficiation, the method is well recommendable [15]. 3.4 Sulphur and Phosphorus content Standard methodology for X−Ray Fluorescence analysis on the Sulphur (S) and Phosphorus (P) content of the coal samples were followed via [ASTM D4326−11]. The XRF Technique applied to pulverized coal specimen with particle size of about (+75μm), initially coal masses of about [(10.0000±0.0001) g × 2] of each sample was prepared via an analytic balance then pressed into pellets before being exposed to the x-ray fluorescence short wavelength (high energy) which then emitted or refracted the samples characteristic wavelength at high intensity to a sensitive detector thus the Sulphur and phosphorus relative abundance in weight percentage for each coal material was quantified relatively for each coal type via the computer data-handling system, see Table 3 [59], [60]. Because of the heterogeneity of coal maceral mixing with inorganic sulphate minerals, pyritic Sulfur, and other organic Sulphur compounds the cumulative Sulphur weight percentage inherent within the acquired mcm samples were measured. The Sulphur weight percentage of the coal samples increased steadily from Cobbles with the lowest Sulphur content of (0.386 Wt%), Nuts, ROM, Fines and to the Peas samples having the highest Sulphur content of (0.744 Wt %), regards information in Figure 15 [61]. Table 3 X-SUPREME XRF results for pulverized coal samples with top size class +75µm, data revealing the HGI values, Phosphorus and Sulphur weight percentage (Wt.%). Name HGI Phosphorus Weight (%) Sulfur Weight (%) ROM 64.571 0.0062 0.669 69.1011 0.0062 0.688 COBBLES 63.7768 0.0228 0.386 65.3894 0.0249 0.399 NUTS 60.2141 0.0067 0.644 60.5252 0.0072 0.643 PEAS 70.8877 0.0103 0.71 63.8489 0.0123 0.744 FINES 66.1108 0.0099 0.719 67.8655 0.0086 0.71 Nevertheless, an increase in Sulphur content of the mcm coal samples resulted to increased grindability index (HGI) thus, rendering the sample easier to grind, however high Sulphur (Wt.%) lower the fuel value of the maceral complex due to environmental impact resulting from the undesirable Sulphur-dioxide (SO2) emission into the environment during combustion. In addition, the reverse was sustained for the Phosphorus weight composition revealing the Cobbles to have the highest weight percentage of about (0.0249 Wt%) while the Peas (0.0123 Wt.%), Fines (0.0099 Wt%), Nuts (0.0072 Wt %) and the run-of-mine coals (0.0062 Wt %) had the least phosphorus content, Figure 16. Moreover, the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) is inversely proportional to the cumulative Phosphorus content such that coal complex having higher HGI value (softer coals) resulted to a coal material with low Phosphorus weight percentage [61]. The illustrations of Figure 16 and Figure 17 give a clear contrast in the relative abundance of the phosphorus weight percentage and the Sulphur content (Wt.%) with respect to the cobble coal samples and revealing that cobble class material better class to utilization in combustion activities due to lower sulfur-oxides level and preferable for utilization in Agricultural sector for purposes that may involve improving soil fertility and pH stabilization [61], [62]. According to Hackley Paul .C. et al., when reporting on the characterization of bituminite in kimmeridge clay by confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy, highlighted that bituminite is a sediment deposit maceral characterized within the liptinite complex a mature petroleum source rock occurring naturally as black, dark brown, or reddish tinted but the response (XRF) fluorescence signals usually range from brightly fluorescent to non-fluorescent in most experimental depending on the signals on optical properties such as the surface reflectance, associated color index, and fluorescence strength (properties). Furthermore, general observable characteristics of bituminite on (XRF) spectroscopy frequently detected structural similarity and inorganic compounds inclusions present in liptinite maceral lamalginite, with fluorescent mineral groundmass (mixed trace complex of fine-grained organic and inorganic compounds), and coarse granular texture that are scanned within a single microscope field to illustrate the organic petrology [61], [62], [63], [64]. 3.5 Thermogravimetric coal Analysis. The coal fracture toughness and hardness are influenced by intrinsic compounds natural to the coal type hence prior to any haphazard grinding activity factors that emanates predominately from nature like inorganic minerals characteristic to the coal structural and properties must be identified together with the petrographic elements like the fixed carbon percentage linked to the coal type. The standardization of the coal type according to its chemistry and composition include the measurement of the sample’s moisture content and percentage, combustible, or volatile matter (%), the fixed carbon content and the ash yield in percentage that all determines the coal quality and adaptation to different industrial applications [65], [66], [67]. In our study, Thermo-gravimetric Analyzer (TGA: Q600) computer system was utilized to assess the proximate analysis geo-components on five (5) coal materials collected for the investigation on Botswana central district coal(s) therefore as part of the chemical analysis the (TGA) test was necessary [68], [69], [70], [71], [72]. For sample comparison, all principal coal properties linked to coal fracture and coal comminution behavior were central to the (TGA) chemical composition results, the coal material work index and the Hardgrove Grindability Value(s) for each coal material collected, consider the Figure 18and Table 4 [45].The coal calorific (CV), value is a figure coupled to the energy released per unit gram (1.00g) of coal material consumed under perfect aerobic incineration condition. The calorific value is measured through discrete increments of energy pulses which cumulatively result into an overall gross calorific value (GCV, MJ/ kg), thus, the CV integrate all the thermodynamic reactions occurring during the coal sample reduction-oxidation reactions (Table 4) [49], [73]. The proximate analysis information of coal samples are imperative features which associates the coal mass composition, potential energy dissipation during combustion and the grindability principals surrounding hardness or fracture toughness, the young’s modulus etc., of the coal type to the specific applications especially for industries like power station(s) and construction, steel manufactures. Table 4 The Proximate Analysis for all five (5) coal samples with associated HGI values for hardness and the Calorific value in (Mcal/ kg). Sample Name Moisture (Wt.%) Volatile M (Wt.%) Ash (Wt.%) CV (Mcal/ kg) F C (Wt.%) Hardgrove Grindability Index Bond−WorkIndex (Wi) Sulfur & Phosphorus (Wt. %) ROM 4.21 23.76 21.15 23.17 50.88 66.84 9.04 (06785, 0.0062) Cobbles 4.91 27.03 11.78 26.63 56.29 64.58 9.35 (0.3925, 0.0158) Nuts 4.78 27.73 15.98 24.83 51.51 60.37 9.97 (0.6435, 0.00695) Peas 4.94 26.19 14.51 24.89 54.35 67.37 8.98 (0.727, 0.0113) Fines 5.05 25.33 13.37 25.73 56.25 66.99 9.03 (0.7145, 0.00925) 4. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed a novel strategy that encourage coal beneficiation and utilization in understanding coal structure in the central region of Botswana and through carbonification development observed and the coal sample morphology, recommendations can be drawn that uniquely situate the material into industrial application thus promoting environmental health by reducing coal wastage and other economic sustainability that monitor quality coal utilized in various process for product manufacture [68], [69], [70], [71], [72] . Mineral gangue linked to the material such as K-feldspar, dolomite, chalcopyrite, and kaolinite need proper controlling and managing prior to any combustion activity since such complexes are naturally blended with toxic and radio-active radicals that harm the environment when disposed without care. Results showed that after pulverizing coals in a semi-autogenous grinding mill operation and subjugating the products through a series of characterization methodologies, kaolinite, feldspar, dolomite, sphalerite, montmorillonite, illite, chalcopyrite and quartz were reported in considerable amounts integrally combined with the crude ROM coal mass in a heterogeneous assortment of differing quantities across all samples. Numerous material defects have been identified to be associated to the coal materials like elongated cracks that extend across lengthy portions along grain boundaries and through the grains which facilitates stress concentration regions during loading. Crack-initiation zone for all impact, compressive loading and abrasion caused by surface roughness all nucleate at sites of disruption during comminution activities, additionally morphological illustrations observed via the SEM technology highlighted several surface deteriorations by wear, flacking, spalling and erosion from particle-particle attrition hence representing coal samples to be relatively softer materials[36], [40]. Dense population of concentrated mineral deposits of small phyllosilicate minerals aggregates were randomly dispersed within coal amalgamation with sulfide mineral phases identified as sphalerite in some of the acquired samples therefore contributing to minimalization of the average fracture toughness and material hardness. Ash species like (SiO 2 ), (3Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 ), (Zn, Fe)S, (Fe 3 O 4 ) and Mg 3 Ca(CO 3 ) 4 etc., were clearly identified which contribute toward the overall mechanical properties and because the melting entropy of Fe 2 O 3 is indirectly proportional to free enthalpy during graphitization and the systematic arrangement of molten amorphous compound, inert phases significantly affect the coal thermal properties desirable by power-station industries and in construction and ceramic activities manufacturing concrete, cement or paving bricks regard coal mineral phases and ash quality with greater interest. In addition, the quantity of inherent mineral phases in high concentration such as aluminum oxides (Al 2 O 3 ), silicates (SiO 2 ), calcites CaO and Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) types are important because they enhance the young’s modulus and the specific strength in bricks and mortar at several tenders. In comparison with other coal samples of the coal wash plant (Cobbles, Nuts and Fines), approximately six (6) phases were detectible having kaolinite {Al 2 O 3 •2SiO 2 .2H 2 O.} and the dominant phase, while Montmorillonite (ψ), Sphalerite (φ) , Chalcopyrite (Θ) were dispersed throughout the material. Montmorillonites are subclass of smectite compounds containing plates shaped aggregates with characteristic particle diameter in the range 1µm and thickness of 0.96nm visible at magnifications of about x900 and the scope of 10µm. Moreover, water of hydration reserved within coal maceral through are logged by the swelling Montmorillonites structure (Na, Ca) 0.33 ( Al, Mg) 2 (Si 4 O 10 ) 10 (OH) 2 •nH 2 O), and other substitutional elements linked with the structure intermixed with chlorite and cookeite hence it is thus for such reasons that coal seams identifying with large amounts of chalcopyrite and montmorillonite are deployed across Arable farming industries to supplement the soil structure and improve the soil remediation and drainage capacity, the formation of molding templates in foundry technology, anticaking agent in animal feed, in the cosmetics and papermaking industries. Figure 6 reveals large grayish spots of mineral deposits which are kaolinite phase blended with silicates and around the peripherals of the grains are sites where most of the trace minerals have segregated such as Dolomite (ς), Feldspars (ξ). Sulfur content in weight percentage differed for all samples such that ROM comprised (0.6785wt%), cobbles (0.3925wt%), nuts (0.6435wt%), peas (0.727wt%), and fines (0.7145wt%) which are linked to the amount of sphalerite mineral phases (Zn, Fe)S according to XRF results and data on Table 3. However, phosphorus was noticeable in small quantities through all the acquired samples and aluminum tectosilicates minerals that closely resemble plagioclase (sodium-calcium) feldspars or alkali (potassium-sodium) feldspars that are naturally deposited in the sedimentary layers of the coal seams. Furthermore, potassium feldspars (K−AlSi 3 O 8 ), albite (Na−AlSi 3 O 8 ), and anorthite (Ca−Al 2 Si 2 O 8 ) compounds in alkali feldspars are potential transporters of group I and II metals which registered phosphorus inclusions into the samples at differing weight percentage (wt.%) such that ROM recorded (0.0062wt%), cobbles (0.0158wt%), nuts (0.00695wt%), peas (0.0113wt%), and fines (0.00925wt%) in trace amounts [39]. Clay integral group minerals claimed most components in trace amounts reflected via x-ray diffraction diffractogram of the coal material in and around Palapye areas. Triclinic crystal unit structures were noticeable in clay inclusions blended with silica and alumina, kaolinite (dioctahedral phyllosilicate) clay mineral types which reported mostly as feldspar phases and mechanically clay inclusions are softer compared to with quartz phases, the chemical formular of kaolinite is {Al 2 O 3 •2SiO 2 •2H 2 O.} which find Favour in the ceramic manufacturing industries [68], [69], [70], [71], [72]. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement All authors contributed to the study conception and design strategy. The manuscript preparation and accomplishment of data analysis was largely written through the main author. Contributions on finalizing script reading and approval on the final manuscript was an input performed by all the authors involved. Declaration of competing interest Gaesenngwe Gaesenngwe: design of experiments implementation; Execution of laboratory experiments and analysis that included data interpretation, reviewing and writing was a major contribution by the main author; Wrote the paper. Professor Gwiranai Danha, Dr Tirivaviri Mamvura & Dr Prasad Ventaka Satya Raghupatruni: Supervisors conducted all the manuscript development from conceptualization, implementation, reviewing, writing, and editing. Acknowledgments The research related to coal structural evaluation and morphological development linking coal beneficiation strategies and the manufacturing industries that fashion different carbonaceous products, has been supported by the Botswana International University of Science and Technology through the Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, to promote coal beneficiation programs and economic sustainability in business approach models. 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T. Stuhlman, K. Kumar, and S. Beyerlein, “OXIDATION KINETICS OF GRAPHITE AND COAL USING THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS,” 2019. A. Bampenrat, H. Sukkathanyawat, and T. Seangwattana, “Coal/biomass co-combustion investigation by thermogravimetric analysis,” in E3S Web of Conferences , EDP Sciences, Sep. 2021. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202130201002. J. M. Barraza-Burgos, E. A. García-Saavedra, D. Chaves-Sanchez, M. P. Trujillo-Uribe, F. J. Velasco-Charria, and J. J. Acuña-Polanco, “Thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetics of pyrolysis of coal blends,” Revista Facultad de Ingenieria , vol. 2015, no. 77, pp. 17–24, 2015, doi: 10.17533/udea.redin.n77a03. R. G. Harvey, “From diamonds to coal? Critical reflections on Botswana’s economic future.” [Online]. Available: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/ M. G. Maswabi, J. Chun, and S. Y. Chung, “Barriers to energy transition: A case of Botswana,” Energy Policy , vol. 158, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112514. M. Makoba, P. S. Agachi, and E. Muzenda, Quantitative devolatilization of Botswana coal in a pilot scale plant* . M. Makoba et al. , “A review on Botswana coal potential from a pyrolysis and gasification perspective,” Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering , vol. 65, no. 1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, pp. 80–96, 2020. doi: 10.3311/PPch.12909. M. Makoba et al. , “A review on Botswana coal potential from a pyrolysis and gasification perspective,” Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering , vol. 65, no. 1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, pp. 80–96, 2020. doi: 10.3311/PPch.12909. D. Li, N. Zhao, Y. Feng, and Z. Xie, “Thermogravimetric analysis of coal semi-char co-firing with straw in O2/CO2 mixtures,” Processes , vol. 9, no. 8, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/pr9081421. Table Table 1 is not available with this version. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files GRAPHICALABSTRACT.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 07 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 04 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 07 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 30 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3910443","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277060599,"identity":"acca2b56-cdcc-4ba1-a11b-aeffc86c907d","order_by":0,"name":"Gaesenngwe Gaesenngwe","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABlklEQVRIie2SP2vCQBjGTw7OJdH1pEW/woVCiouO/RqRgC6BbsVSiZkui6Vzoe1ncAodIy8ky3UtAQsVAtJBqCKUClp6+QNCwe6leYbjvT8/nvflOYQKFfpD6ieLkZZKBSnIz8/JYUQgmiLyqUIyhP2OlPgeQQmC9kjjDGC5enxpjUMHv3327frpkftMVw+2zUIziFdW65ggdQLKdouqri8RTXS7tVsxN8fCJ82RgJPmnbio3XpAmZj32MQzZWMVA1TOEBVGWSKOpWOVg6lHBmEq9zvjyOpOVc+nLLJ0OvFwMgsD1ZGNRUlj2s37er1LkNcZ0XZf9jBFdne2RM4/JDLMEGXLUCNFGtRCRyUOLT1COFYdbLCoF0xLDk5ciEQgRwhDLEUYneu1aw5GW3Q4Pg5Aky7lzSiAZEKdPnmhQnDFmNzzE0UTHVe63JjxcsOhXXMBVouB3ZAuMfsc2NVKaM7ppXfVrpavYbnY1uv1EALpksfacWQWNKsV9iMlnJ/LvBzp4mTbdnKzzOry7PCvKFSoUKH/qG9TkqOBnz3hkwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gaesenngwe","middleName":"","lastName":"Gaesenngwe","suffix":""},{"id":277060600,"identity":"30b004c8-5c38-4169-842b-e983def1adf0","order_by":1,"name":"Gwiranai Danha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gwiranai","middleName":"","lastName":"Danha","suffix":""},{"id":277060601,"identity":"26f4df30-0023-40de-84f5-17961fa3c836","order_by":2,"name":"PRASAD RAGHUPATRUNI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"PRASAD","middleName":"","lastName":"RAGHUPATRUNI","suffix":""},{"id":277060603,"identity":"f5e0eb62-860f-4e1f-9aca-a9c662a3011e","order_by":3,"name":"TIRIVAVIRI MAMVURA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"TIRIVAVIRI","middleName":"","lastName":"MAMVURA","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-30 11:46:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3910443/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3910443/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52455761,"identity":"c9536a6e-ea0d-4587-8df6-4b48c7b16329","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94439,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe utilization of coal product(s) in different organizations that provide various services and manufacture products based on coal like soil fertilizers and pH stabilizers, coal based columnar-activated carbon for wastewater treatment etc., [9], [10], [11], \u0026nbsp;[12]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/6887a339a987136f8e0001b0.jpg"},{"id":52455757,"identity":"da3e92d7-0250-4e79-9cb0-6453666c41cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":161512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn illustration of common coal products and coal by-products usage in other manufacturing organization. Four major (4) examples together with associated percentages consumption of industries from the cumulative coal mining world-wide these include domestic application, metallurgical sectors, power generation, civil and construction corporations and cement manufactures [15], \u0026nbsp;[16], [17].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/2eeb3babcdaefdf11ce4269e.jpg"},{"id":52455748,"identity":"04eb9793-7a1d-41a0-b2dd-74c95388e68b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":123653,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn illustration of an industrial 8-way rotary splitter deployed for coal sample preparation acquired at Morupule coal mine [18], [19]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/3c20450d157ff7149a2b2d15.jpg"},{"id":52455753,"identity":"69c0dec8-aaab-4725-9839-4799c62c3ad7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e) An illustration of the working principles of the scanning electron microscope technology having the electron gun, lens, amplifiers, detectors etc., and (b) related signals produced once a high-voltage electron beam interacts with a thin sample material [24], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/7a87ed552894b394e76c5ffb.jpg"},{"id":52455758,"identity":"573e866a-384b-412e-bd07-b39a547eeb00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReal-time photograph showing the ED XRF device deployed during the coal powdered samples and ash analysis on all coal's samples [39].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/dbdec1c0e172db32497b24e3.jpg"},{"id":52455763,"identity":"45974f83-4c71-48a3-8d21-b77c50549d7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImages acquired through the scanning electron microscopy, for five (5) MCM samples of (a) ROM, (b)Cobbles, (c) Nuts, (d) Peas and (e) Fines at different magnifications and resolutions revealing the morphological development of each coal type.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/38e395d5600f0af2d84dd9af.jpg"},{"id":52455752,"identity":"1c232928-4788-4316-a071-6dcc9ab8c30f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe x-ray diffractogram of MCM run-of-mine sample revealing the peak deflection information for five (5) phases within the material.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/6410bb8ae913d4e04ff9c24c.jpg"},{"id":52456146,"identity":"115214d6-9755-4767-82ef-f9b48af4d228","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 20:05:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn XRD scan for Cobble coals samples showing six (6) phases identified at various peak deflection or intensity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/a4c177cb90a52254e994c01d.jpg"},{"id":52455762,"identity":"a46868f6-66ea-4bc8-b7bc-65b5de577750","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe relative abundance spectrum of each phase within MCM Nut samples identified via XRD scan and reveal a total of five (5) phases inside the material.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/d28f5b821b74ac01d105d83b.jpg"},{"id":52455760,"identity":"602dcd96-dedb-4ac7-b12b-e09e39e3decb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn illustration of Peas sample XRD diffractogram highlighting a total of six (6) phases identified at different intensities.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/0840b3f8e42d5bbef153dd09.jpg"},{"id":52455751,"identity":"7810c6cd-f308-4c00-8231-ff0f0bc1156f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe x-ray diffraction data for the Fine coal sample showing a cumulative of six (6) phases identified at various intensities.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/4731d9307f5e36491c7e1741.jpg"},{"id":52456148,"identity":"feffaaf8-2b16-414a-b17d-6085927a878e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 20:05:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe overall XRD peak deflection patterns of the 5 MCM samples revealing seven (7) prevalent phases within the coal maceral.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/b4f992b81a406a7c41f845d4.jpg"},{"id":52455755,"identity":"677bc8df-1129-4976-b0da-5aa767d50efd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn EDXRF graphical presentation for major oxides linked to the coal ash analysis of five (5) samples acquired within the central district of Botswana.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/cd19a59217c366071cfe0604.jpg"},{"id":52455750,"identity":"29c01e23-82d1-4e6a-9e66-157f1982f6ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn EDXRF graphical presentation for all trace oxide phases in the coal ash analysis of five (5) coal samples utilized for the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/d17dc701aeb9fe926b2dd329.jpg"},{"id":52455754,"identity":"59a86e3e-bec0-4d80-ab41-3d0516510ccb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn EDXRF graphic-data acquired from powdered samples and revealing a characteristic average particle size below -75µm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/793a874986cc1ff9bf5c5cbc.jpg"},{"id":52455747,"identity":"3c8c0868-b800-4a5a-8843-2db74ff43686","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46509,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShowing the relationship of HGI and the associated Phosphorus content (Wt. %) with XRF scan.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/caaef74ff27bd4b768f04da2.jpg"},{"id":52455765,"identity":"90808aa7-3c98-4a18-86b0-59fbb0c50cc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShowing the relationship of the coal HGI and the associated Sulphur content (Wt. %) with XRF scan\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/5da7be091b7e7df98e771f16.jpg"},{"id":52455756,"identity":"a3e93fa5-c8aa-42b4-9f47-13dac197c701","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64379,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn overview graphic display of the coal proximate analysis based on five (5) samples collected at MCM mine and their associated Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/80b57203131e60dc6dc41531.jpg"},{"id":52456152,"identity":"35209253-36a3-440d-a57b-ce322025b56d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 20:05:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1336448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/9b99036c-116f-4154-8e91-38719398235b.pdf"},{"id":52455766,"identity":"5b6c9232-9e94-4ba6-a8b7-107da19f5f0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:57:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":78339,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GRAPHICALABSTRACT.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3910443/v1/bf83445943f6efd809e93ef6.jpg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eCoal Structure Evaluation and Morphological Properties That Affect the Coal Usage in Industries.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"HIGHLIGHTS","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBotswana Coal displays greater potential to produce sustainable products.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBasic thermal properties of coal and quality are enhanced through reduction of phyllosilicate minerals.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCurrent research and innovations could eliminate ecological threats associated with coal usage.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUtilization of coal by-products offers several benefits to cement manufacturers, ceramic industries etc.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBotswana central district coals have high fixed carbon content and calorific value.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eCountless researchers have done investigations on enhanced separation developments using Multi-Gravity Separator (MGS), Knelson Concentrator, Kelsey Centrifugal Jig, Altair jig, Falcon Concentrator, floatation separation, etc. Still trivial work has been commitment to coal beneficiation proposals via the semi-autogenous grinding ideologies on modelling and optimization specifically for the TANCAN [GQM] series-type roll ball mill equipment \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[1], [2], [3], [4]\u003c/span\u003e. Dedication on factors underpinning quality coal recovery strategies must be developed to reinforce the safer utilization of coal and coal byproducts. Harmful implications attributing to Morupule coal usage should be completely underlined because consumers in other institutes will gain awareness through literature on research discoveries hence will be positioned to determine the coal product that match their manufacturing line. Otherwise, new techniques on coal quality enhancement and modification should impress substantially on coal structural evaluation influenced by attribution and coal morphology to bridge existing gaps that link coal to its many applications. However, the coal consumption in Southern Africa has benefited the improvement of business activities and human life through various means consequently indorsing the environment welfare through observing the international and national coal mining and treatment standards\u0026nbsp;[5], [6], [7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon reports on atmospheric Sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon-dioxide (CO2) etc., contamination is continually linked to the unregulated incineration of moderate to high Sulphur containing coals and the disposal of coal wastes such as the sludge from coal bottom ash residues into the environment has resulted to rough pollution of underground water sources in other regions. Trace elements found in the coal maceral such as antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chlorine, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, potassium, selenium, thorium, uranium etc., are considered hazardous air pollutants when released into the atmosphere in other processing industries [5], [7], [8]. Furthermore, advanced coal processing techniques should be implemented to counteract increasing complications associated to disposal or environmental pollution therefore solutions targeting high quality coal recovery strategies and product utility should be prioritized.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to an increasingly high demand for coal and coal by-products in different industries such as the construction and ceramic industries, the water-affairs (wastewater treatment) department, material synthesis industry, road construction industries uses Tar and other polymetric materials for binding, metallurgical industries, catalysis manufacturers and Jewelers for artificial diamond synthesis uncontrolled disposal of coals into landfills must be restricted to discourage economic or financial losses and many environmental health threats connected to coal dumping, consider \u0026nbsp;(Table 1) and (Figure 2) \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[9], [10], [11], [12]\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCombustion coal residues produced by different incineration activities have devastating effects on the environment and should not be disregarded because an extensive amount of the total coal bulk [\u0026asymp; (15\u0026minus;25) %] is collected in the coal ash material which maybe hazardous [8].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough material treatment and careful stoichiometric mixing with other chemicals, aggregates in concrete are mass-produced to achieve an overall material enhancement property such as high young\u0026rsquo;s modulus, low specific density, and high fracture toughness that can survive breakage at high temperatures and pressure fluctuations (aerospace industries) [8], [13], [14]. Other benefits of pulverized coal ash involve the replacement of the Natural Fine Aggregates (NFA) in cement because of its pozzolanic reactivity, coals ash material is processed into a potential replacement of cement in other construction and civil engineering industries. Aamar Danish et al, added that from the total production of 750 million tons of coal ash liberated from coal combustion activities only about 120 million ton are utilized by manufacturing industries whereas 650 million tons of coal ash are dumped into landfills and are not utilized. Industries manufacturing pencil leads, engineered plastics and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer material (CFRP), cosmetic products, tyre-and-road manufactures, Tar material that blend the road concrete aggregates are mostly a composited amalgamation of coal, therefore because coal products have an ever-increasing demand, greater emphasis must be devoted into sample preparation strategies that yield quality coal products which are satisfactory to customer specification for different industries and to avoid coal disposal [14]. Cenosphere constitutes a fraction of coal ash inclusion, and its unique properties are perfectly adopted for the synthesis of different materials, the recovery of valuable metals and in wastewater remediation to make coal-based columnar activated carbon product, low-grade graphene inks, graphene quantum dots, graphene enhanced-cement in ceramic industry because of their inherent properties such as low-density, high-water absorption, extreme compressive strength and effective insulation qualifies [15]. Henceforth controlling the particle size distribution of coal products precisely via modelling the breakage mechanisms of the comminution activity is central to quality coal recovery that is ideal for synthesizing cenosphere [15]. Coal is a rewarding material when rightly beneficiated it promote production sustainability through environmental and economic benefits that are healthy and safer practical guide that accommodate several manufacturing companies such as pharmaceuticals, textile dyes products, food and wood preservatives and highly complex chemicals. However, thermal power-stations deploying low-grade coals as the standard energy source material, are susceptible to hazardous air pollutants like sulfur (Pb\u0026minus;SOx) blended compounds and controlling pollution through expensive flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) exhaust system that should be periodic maintained or replaced hence the company sustain financial fatalities, nevertheless alternatives preparation and processing beneficiation strategies must be fashioned to precisely minimize toxic components in coal prior to its usage in boilers to avail sustainability of production in the coal energy-industry [15].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoal is an abundant resource in Botswana and find usage across many industries such as power corporations for electricity generation, metallurgical refineries, Agricultural applications for the manufacture of fertilizers, soil amelioration for deficient compounds and (pH) alignment, the production of low-grade coal-to-liquid fuels etc., see (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, incinerated-coal byproduct is an excellent raw material for the several manufacturing companies like in construction and ceramic industries, coal bottom ash constituting high calcites, alumina and iron oxide is deployed as a supplementary compound of cement. High quality pulverized coal with (80%) passing at (\u0026minus;75\u0026mu;m) are used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical chemicals and synthesizing of syngas through the gasification process consequently coal provides an important platform of development for our economic diversification and industrialization see (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Showing seven (7) examples of common manufacturing industries that make use of coal and its by-products revealing the benefits offered by various components comprised within coal maceral\u0026nbsp;[15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.220913107511045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstruction industry\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCement constituent and fine aggregate replacement in concrete, cement manufacture, geopolymers production, cast concrete products such as bricks, blocks, and paving stones, structural fill materials. Alkali oxides\u0026nbsp;(Na2O)\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;(SiO2)\u0026nbsp;increase the compressive strength, microstructure, and durability in ceramic.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.779086892488955%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCeramic industries\u003c/strong\u003e: Chemical reagents\u0026nbsp;(SiO2),\u0026nbsp;(Al2O3),\u0026nbsp;(CaCO3), etc., and natural minerals (kaolin clay, quartz sand, calcite, pyrite etc.,) are used as additives to improve crystallization and mechanical properties of ceramics tiles. Coal ash comprises\u0026nbsp;(SiO2),\u0026nbsp;(Al2O3),\u0026nbsp;(CaO),\u0026nbsp;(Fe2O3)\u0026nbsp;which are low-cost materials that directly enhance ceramic properties like lowering the density, improving texture, absorbency, porosity, and firing compression strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.220913107511045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil amelioration\u003c/strong\u003e: Coal and coal ash enhances the soil structure, water holding capacity, buffer pH, soil nutrients, and transport micro-organisms in the soil. Can be utilized as a pH stabilizer, because coal ash has a pH range between (8.0\u0026minus;11.0). It is naturally used as an alternative to lime\u0026nbsp;(CaCO3)\u0026nbsp;to better the soil\u0026nbsp;(pH)\u0026nbsp;activity. In addition, major constituents of coal ash include Ca,\u0026nbsp;Mg,\u0026nbsp;Na,\u0026nbsp;Si,\u0026nbsp;K,\u0026nbsp;Al,\u0026nbsp;Fe,\u0026nbsp;Ti, P,\u0026nbsp;Cu,\u0026nbsp;Zn\u0026nbsp;etc., which when released into the soil can assist plants to growth and increase crop yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.779086892488955%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWastewater treatment\u003c/strong\u003e: Coal shows good efficacy in inorganic and organic pollutant removal due to suitable physicochemical characteristics (porosity, water holding capacity, surface area, and a high percentage of metal oxides). Coal can effectively remove\u0026nbsp;Fe (II),\u0026nbsp;Mn (II),\u0026nbsp;Cu (II), and\u0026nbsp;Zn (II)from aqueous solutions through adsorption and hydroxide precipitation of toxic elements. Production of activated carbon, zeolite, and mesoporous materials. The synthetic materials based on coal ash play an essential role in wastewater treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.220913107511045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCatalysis\u003c/strong\u003e: Coal material holds numerous metal oxides such as\u0026nbsp;Al2O3,\u0026nbsp;Fe2O3,\u0026nbsp;CaO,\u0026nbsp;MgO,\u0026nbsp;Na2O, and\u0026nbsp;K2O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e, which makes it an ideal catalyst. Source of alkaline metal catalyst for biomass gasification. Useful for tar cracking, methane reforming, and water-gas shift reaction which improves the production of syngas and hydrogen. A heterogeneous catalyst in photo-Fenton reaction (decomposition of yellow dye) and enhance the decolorization effectiveness\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(up to 91%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eon the sunset yellow dye solution.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.779086892488955%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial synthesis\u003c/strong\u003e: Coal ash and pulverized coal are used as potential feedstocks in many fields. Due to a high\u0026nbsp;(Si)\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;(Al)\u0026nbsp;Contents, coal is converted into a high concentration ash to produce zeolites and mesoporous silica. The high presence of silica element in the coal resulted in the synthesizing of various mesoporous silicates within acquired samples like the\u0026nbsp;ROM,\u0026nbsp;Cobbles\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Nuts\u0026nbsp;that were more resilient to fracture.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetals recovery\u003c/strong\u003e: Coal and coal ash are regarded as potential sources of rear earth metal elements and other metallic compounds such as Ge, G, U, V, Se, Al, Mg etc.,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1 Sample Preparation Technique.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coal sample preparation procedure(s) are important because they magnify homogeneity of material acquired at various mine locations, henceforth preparation is usually accomplished through physiochemical proceedings that may entail material standardization via splitters, scrubbing, the dense media separations, floatation, air or artificial drying etc., such that fraternization of the field collected coal mass accurately reflect a sample statistics precisely representative of the bulk acquired.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter collecting the coal samples from MCM with\u0026nbsp;[(50kg) \u0026times;10]\u0026nbsp;canvas bags, the samples were transported to a coal laboratory storage facility that was well ventilated and maintained within ambient atmospheric conditions (room temperature and pressure). Initially, prior to executing any coal chemical analysis the samples were collapsed into a feeder of an eight\u0026nbsp;(8\u0026minus;way)\u0026nbsp;rotary splitter depicted in\u0026nbsp;Figure 3, to homogenize, mix and blend through-and-through the coal particle size of each\u0026nbsp;(50kg)\u0026nbsp;bag collected\u0026nbsp;[18], [19].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe activity was repeated twice for each sample bag to ensure a maximum equivalent distribution of particles and here the coal mass from the feeder was sub-divided into (8) cylindrical containers via a rotating cone-disc (mixing wheel), such that the sample stream was divided into (18) of a fraction for each container with respect to the feeder material, therefore half of the coal sample mass was discarded while the other remained for further splitting. The (8\u0026minus;way) rotary splitter operates automatically and has been calibrated with high coordination for mass distribution and accuracy to ensure thorough mixing and homogeneity of the test sample, hence minimizing sample preparation errors. The splitter features a mixing wheel that revolves slowly to allow coal mass to fall gently into the containers at an angle of (45\u0026deg;) to the horizontal wheel shaft. About half (50%) of the material was isolated from the rotary splitter to subject the coal material into further cone-quartering division through the mixing wheel and approximately (12.5kg) of the material was discarded hence retaining only a small amount of coal mass as a representative of the bulk canvas collection, an average mass not exceeding (12.5kg) mass was reserved for sieve analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor all the five samples collected, sample mixing, and homogeneity were achieved using the same methodology and equipment (8\u0026minus;way) rotary splitter thus obtaining a specific coal mass for particle size distribution of each sample bag acquired \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[18], [19]\u003c/span\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Precautions to observe during sample preparation (ISO 13909-4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCoal sample collection, transportation and feed pre-treatment activities should be executed rapidly and with great precaution ensuring that coal oxidation is avoided at all costs.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCoal samples collected must be securely stored within enclosed storage rooms aways from extreme climatic variations such as excessive temperature fluctuations, wind, rain, contaminations etc., to preserve the inherent coal moisture content[20], [21].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp; Prior to laboratory analysis of any kind e.g., crushing, grinding, splitting etc., it must be ensured that enough allowance or period is afforded the material to attain normal temperature and pressure (room temperature and pressure) before it can be quantified or processed to avoid coal oxidation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe coal sample containers or canvas bags must be properly sealed and strong enough to capacitate the material for a reasonable amount of time and must be factory-made from a corrosion resistant complex material.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFinally, human errors and improper coal material handling must be avoided at all costs during sample preparation to evade unnecessary loss of material \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[18], [19]\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy Technique.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScanning Electron Microscopes were originally completed by Manfred Von Ardenne in (1937) and three (3) other scientists later developed their research at RCA Labs in New Jersey, USA, Dr Zworykin, Dr Hillier, and Dr Snyder steering examinations on the working principles of an (SEM) especially the techniques governing functions of the imaging various materials at different resolutions through a resolving power approximately 50nm and having magnification [\u0026times;8 000] [1], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]. \u0026nbsp;Kwiecińska Barbara et al, when reviewing the application of electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and (SEM) for examining of coal materials, organic \u0026ndash; rich shales and carbonaceous compounds, described that scanning electron microscope was introduced into the commercial industries around the year (1965) via Cambridge Scientific Instruments in England, (UK) as the assembly work of Charles Oatley group project between the years (1948\u0026minus;1963). The scanning electron microscope depicted on Figure 4, has produced significant growth across all industries especially at active university institutes engaged with various kinds of science innovation or research investigations for many projects involving carboneceous materials, therefore, the device is largely stationed for sample imaging to observe and study the sample material at nanoscale range. Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)features a dynamic magnification exceeding [\u0026times;400 000], the sample dimensions thus surface projections are imaged to analyze surface morphological evolution, material defects, stacking patterns and structural crystallinity that are affected by observed elements, compounds through lattice parameters dimension. However, potent data acquired are used to understand the chemical behavior of coal samples and the behavior that influences fragmentation within the sample [24], [25], [26], [27].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4 X Ray Diffraction spectroscopic analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe literature review on coal maceral analysis identified a total exceeding hundred and twenty\u0026nbsp;(120)\u0026nbsp;different compounds that are linked to the heterogeneity of coals and mixed at diverse distributions\u0026nbsp;[30], [31], [32], [33], [34].\u0026nbsp;Assorted mineral phases occur in varied orientations, sizes, and distribution in each coal type therefore information on coal ranking or classification is drawn which are the main coal material parameters that are naturally affected provenance. Additionally, nearly 33 minerals that are usually recognizable in majority of coal samples included the trace compounds of Kaolinite (\u0026Delta;), Sphalerite (\u0026phi;), Dolomite(\u0026sigmaf;), Feldspars (\u0026xi;), Chalcopyrite (\u0026Theta;), Montmorillonite (\u0026psi;), Chlorite (\u0026Gamma;), Illite (\u0026Xi;), Pyrite (\u0026Pi;), Quartz (ϱ) etc.,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[31], [32], [33]\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing sample collection activities, each coal material was thoroughly homogenized by means of particle size distribution classification that was carried-out through the (8\u0026minus;way) rotary splitter of Figure 3. Therefore, coal sample classification isolated the material into a quantitative coal mass by means of particle dimension through sieve analysis procedure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA sample portion from each sample bag acquired were subjugated to a cone-and-quartering sampling technique prior to being fed to the planetary ball mill which was operated at (370 rpm) (revolutions per minute) and a grinding time not exceeding 1 hour was selected as the coal grinding time. Sieve analyses were accomplished accordingly for 10 minutes and the methodology for XRD testing on coal samples required a coal product size that was below (\u0026minus;75 \u0026mu;m).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quantification and phase identification were then performed using the\u0026nbsp;Bruker\u0026nbsp;(D8)\u0026nbsp;Advance powder diffractometer\u0026nbsp;equipment that made use of [Cu K\u0026minus;alpha] radiation with a wavelength of [1.5418] and step counts [0.02] degrees increment at durations of [0.500 sec/stem] such that the (2\u0026theta;) angle ware ranged between [2\u0026theta;: (8\u0026deg;\u0026le;\u0026theta;\u0026le;80\u0026deg;)]. Moreover, the device was operated at (40mA) and (40kv) overnight to accommodate all the five (5) samples in our study\u0026nbsp;[28], [31], [32], [33], [35].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5 X Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnergy Dispersive X\u0026minus;Ray Fluorescence Spectroscope is equipment deployed to measure the amount of Inorganic matter inside coal samples and coal bottom ash samples collected under different conditions and at different locations. Figure 5 shows a real-time photograph of the coal bottom ash samples that were studied during research and the typical schematic operation principals for an X\u0026minus;SUPREME x-ray fluorescence which function through atomic emission technique that utilizes similar working properties to optical emission spectroscopy (OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP\u0026minus;MS) and neutron activation analysis in gamma spectrometry. Thus, coal samples are submerged under intense electromagnetic beam irradiation from an X-ray tube that quantitatively and qualitatively calibrate composition on mineral crystal phases illuminated inside the material while automatically detecting energy intensity refracted from the coal samples at discrete atomic layers which produce fluorescence x-rays wavelength specific to unique elemental data identified in the material and are recorded by the detector\u0026nbsp;[36], [37], [38], [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShimizu Ryuichi et al., recounted that majority of\u0026nbsp;heterogeneous coal material extracted around the world naturally contain toxic oxides that embrace other heavy metals inclusions like Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Mercury (Hg), and Lead (Pb)\u0026nbsp;etc., which get converted into airborne aggregates during incineration or diffuse into the environment by decomposition and leaching into groundwater resources which results many threats to animal health and environmental degradation issues\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[36], [37], [38], [39]\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":" 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 SEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe schematic diagram of Figure 4a, reveals the trajectory of high \u0026ndash; energy electron beam generated via the electron gun (tungsten, [LaB6] or field emission), and their interaction process with the sample (Figure 4b) during examination on various geomorphology and chemical alignments accompanying the coal material, surface consistency and constructions enlarged in the projected image on topography. The working of scanning electron microscope is in vacuum environment that allow movement of electrons at extremely low resistance therefore the test sample must tolerate vacuum atmosphere and must be electrically conductive to allow dumping of excess or collecting electrons and owing to de Broglie wavelengths properties of emitted electrons which is approximately [\u0026times;100 000] shorter than visible light, resolution around (0.05nm) and [\u0026times;10 000 000] magnifications can be successfully achieved to bargain great advantage when studying wide variety of samples at varying scopes [36], [37], [39], [40].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the beam of electrons penetrates the sample under observation, energy will be absorbed and results in an incremental rise in sample temperature. The electron emissions of various characteristics are generated by having different energy spectra and radiation. In addition, the electron beam adjustment through the anode accelerate or decelerate the electrons, the condenser and objective (magnetic) lenses are responsible for scanning the sample surface in both the horizontal or vertical directions while controlling the focal point of the electron beam onto the specimen and beam scatter (broadness) is adjusted using the scan coils such that beam power is direct proportional to projected image resolution\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[36], [37], [39], [40]\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are sensed at the sample chamber and are amplified to be digitized into various kinds of image projections portraying different characteristics of the coal material hence data concerning the surface defects, surface morphology, grain structures and distribution, chemical composition, and electrical conductivity etc., and the information is translated in a computer display screen simultaneously\u0026nbsp;[37], [38], [41], [42], [43].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNuts coal collection is comparatively classified the second largest coal stockpile after cobbles and the only subgroup showing greater or high ash index, lower fixed carbon content and lower Hardgrove grindability value consequently the hardest coal sample acquired from all the coal stockpiles. The scanning electron microscope captured numerous white patches of mineral groups distributed haphazardly on the sample surface where majority of the mineral ingredients identifying as kaolinite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026Delta;); phyllosilicate mineral, Dolomite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026sigmaf;); carbonate mineral, Feldspars\u0026nbsp;(\u0026xi;); tectosilicate mineral, Illite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026Xi;); mica-phyllosilicate mineral, Quartz\u0026nbsp;(ϱ); silicate mineral and Sphalerite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026phi;); sulfide mineral. Sphalerite\u0026nbsp;[(Zn, Fe)S], introduces sulfur constituents inside the coal material at inconstant amounts depending on the types of mineral phases they are assorted and could range anywhere between galena, chalcopyrite, calcite, dolomite, quartz, feldspar etc., Moreover, calcium magnesium carbonate deposit\u0026nbsp;[Ca, Mg(CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e]\u0026nbsp;having a trigonal-rhombohedral crystal structure are naturally embedded within coal Morupule coal nuts samples and relative abundance of such dolomite or huntite\u0026nbsp;[Mg\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCa(CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e] mineral phases are directly influenced by sample provenance. In addition, dolomite graduate from a metastable phase that advance into a stable phase during the formation of coal from peat are normally classified as dolomitization sediments intrinsic in coal macerals and are usually identified by twin stacking patterns which are visible via SEM at magnification of about (10\u0026mu;m) and focus of approximately (\u0026times;1,800) consider the illustration on Figure 6. Moreover, inclusions of other buried phases are also observable which also include some trace metallic elements like lead, zinc, copper, Iron, and cobalt intermingled with the dolomite structure. Generally, material defects like pores and grain flacking and surface shedding of granular structures are visible at some regions of the coal surface and a low crack density is observed relative to the other samples thus yielding the coal sample significant structural compactness and an amplified the fracture toughness property. The microstructure observed in within the coal material are unique in their development, characterized by fine grain dispersal of different mineral phases embedded in the coal maceral and large quantities of silicates, Aluminates, Calcites, and halites that contribute towards relative Ash content [9], [43], [44].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, construction and ceramic industries, Iron and Steel manufacturers working on metallurgical reduction of various Iron ore grades thus critically desire such coal types for cement, concrete and mortar manufacturing, or stabilization. Data received from the scanning electron microscope device reveals surface morphology categorized by cracking, defects such as pores, structural discontinuity and large grains randomized orientations and constantly agglomerating into a finer particle mixture of both coal maceral and mineral phases, therefore different phase shape-variations were recognized in the sample. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 XRD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Dangyu Song et al, while researching on the interaction of coal crystallite and the mineral constituents via x-ray diffraction technique, explained particularly on coal samples having x-ray diffractogram that were extreme amorphous and comprising an assorted inorganic species [45], [46], [47], [48]. Therefore, impacts on coal structural intactness, density and fracture toughness are comprehended from the plot-skewness and pattern irregularity echoed via peak-deflection intensity data or the diffraction patterns suggested large quantity of the amorphous phases being detected hence plot broadness and sloping which are not easily mapped highlighted numerous phase irregularity and orientation-variance with a short time interval [38], [49].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe step count diffraction angle\u0026nbsp;(2\u0026theta;)\u0026nbsp;accommodates for the phase orientation of species within a small interval hence, the relative phase distribution within the scanned region is accommodated into the report for all carbonaceous stacking patterns for atomic lattice range identified. Generally, all relevant diffraction information were interpolated and simulated through the existing database of holding the mineral phase \u0026ldquo;fingerprint\u0026rdquo; implanted within OriginPro\u0026nbsp;(2023)\u0026nbsp;analytical software package. Cataloging of functional mineral phase parameters corresponding to the correct mineral matter which are easily recognized via the carbon stacking layers of d \u0026ndash; spacing\u0026nbsp;(d\u003csub\u003e002\u003c/sub\u003e), average lateral sizes (La), and the carbon stacking height of crystallite (Lc) values are mentioned to record important structural properties for all coal samples [50], [51], [52].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReflecting on the Figures 7\u0026nbsp;to Figure 12, illustrating the diffraction patterns of five different coal materials collected, the run-of-mine coals have numerous mineral phase constituents and the structure is largely amorphous amalgametion with the carbonecious material thus identified species incorporate high kaolinite (\u0026Delta;)\u0026nbsp;amount, a triclinic crystal system encompassing Aluminum (20.9%), Silicon (21.8%), Oxygen (55.8%), and Hydrogen (1.6%), quartz (SiO2) (ϱ), feldspars (\u0026xi;), chalcopyrite (\u0026Theta;)\u0026nbsp;and montmorillonite (\u0026psi;) [1], [50], [53], [54]. The\u0026nbsp;run-of-mine samples acquired largely comprised a large mineral phase distribution which accounted for about (21.15%)\u0026nbsp;of the material ash content. Great similarity of pattern deflection was substantially observed across all the samples and the graphic shape signified high level of skewness and peak-deflection inconsistence that alter within a short time-range hence lower amount of crystallinity reported in the material. Figure 8, is the x-ray diffraction scan from the cobble samples revealing an almost identical peak-deflection pattern to the ROM diffractogram but largely associated with dolomite (\u0026sigmaf;), and lower ash content (11.78%)\u0026nbsp;highlighted mainly from the peak-intensity information, the material assumes the least mineral constituents\u0026apos; amount, crudely seven (7)\u0026nbsp;crystal phases were distinguished linked to the cobble coal structure; dolomite (\u0026sigmaf;),\u0026nbsp;kaolinite (\u0026Delta;),\u0026nbsp;feldspars (\u0026xi;), quartz (ϱ) (49.02%), chalcopyrite (\u0026Theta;)\u0026nbsp;and illite (\u0026Xi;)\u0026nbsp;that\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003econtributes towards the material hardness and thermal stability.\u0026nbsp;Quartz (ϱ), Sphalerite (\u0026phi;), Feldspars (\u0026xi;), Sphalerite (\u0026Omega;)\u0026nbsp;and Illite (\u0026Xi;)\u0026nbsp;are characteristic inclusions of fines coal subclass (Figure 11). Which constitutes the aluminum tectosilicates minerals that closely resemble plagioclase (sodium-calcium) feldspars or alkali (potassium-sodium) feldspars that are naturally deposited in the sedimentary layers of the coal seams. Additionally, potassium feldspars (K\u0026minus;AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), albite (Na\u0026minus;AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), and anorthite (Ca\u0026minus;Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e) compounds in alkali feldspars are potential transporters of group I and II metals in coal maceral and frequently having the trigonal or monoclinic crystal structures promote development of sharp-edged phase aggregates which are rather observable with (SEM), features of cryptoperthitic textures inside focused grains or regions of the fine coal maceral\u0026nbsp;[1], [50], [53], [54]. Moreover, alumino-silicate phyllosilicate clay mineral like muscovite are also visible and represent illite component species that emerges as an altered intermediate phase of sericite amid feldspar and muscovite along some of the major grain boundaries of the fine coal material, nevertheless the appearing of the micro sized particles with an empirical formulae arrangement (K,H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO)(Al, Mg, Fe)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(Si, Al)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e[(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)] in monoclinic system carry water molecules in the material. The heterogeneity in coal material present parameter optimization difficulties during selection of ideal fragmentation energy amount that can accurately target desirable size class with minimal loss generation thus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 12 shows that all coal samples are largely amorphous. The coal macerals are associated with random mixture of aliphatic, aromatic, hydro-aromatic rings intricately combined to countless varieties of inert compounds of silicates, nitrites, phosphates etc., components that have been deployed to classify coal seam samples into various types and rank from soft lignite coals to hard anthracite coals. Coals are classified into four types such as peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite according to its moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon percentage, ash content and calorific value thus the literature review of many researchers have recommended augmentation of results of different spectroscopic imaging techniques to increase accuracy of findings in the final report on coal seam characterized data \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[1], [50], [53], [54]\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 XRF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effective oxide analysis on ash samples and the powdered coal specimens were thoroughly examines for on all acquired coal materials thus to assess various analytes on quantity and the relative abundance on Halites (Na2O), Magnesium oxides (MgO), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Silicates (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), Sulfides (SiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), calcite (CaO), manganese oxide (Mn\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) and phosphides (P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e), and Iron-oxides (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) were relevantly acquired. Industries select coal specification for their diverse chemical reactant material by using the XRF information on ash analysis and coal compositional analysis that include both the sulfur and phosphorus relative abundance. Therefore, to minimize ethical threats on the surrounding and animal health, screening is carefully conducted to avoid disposal of toxic compounds into the environment thus promoting healthy mining strategies. Additionally, such high density ionically blended oxide compounds contribute to the total coal hardness and fracture toughness strength hence data on type and oxide quantity, aid researchers to condition coal loading parameters and precisely fabricated the whole coal grinding activity settings especially when utilizing the semi-autogenous grinding mill equipment[1], [52], [53], [55], [56], [57].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Ankur and Singh, coal bottom ash constituents exhibit considerable pozzolanic reactive calcites, silicates and pyrites which tend to react favorably with calcium hydroxides [Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e] and produce a suitable material for concrete and cement production \u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[58]\u003c/span\u003e. Moreover, coal and its by-product provide an alternative low-cost construction material ingredient with potential to substitute cement and other fine aggregated inclusions in concrete, the geopolymer raw material, an ingredient for cast mortar for bricks, blocks, and paving stones, cracked buildings filler composite material and resulting to product longevity due to the accumulated compressive strength in all (CBA) products \u0026nbsp; contemplate on the data of Table 2 , Figure 13, and Figure 14 [15], [58].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiterature review on x \u0026ndash; ray fluorescence method application reflect the simplicity of operation of the technique and how time efficient during coal sample scanning the quantification of chemical composition are, thus\u0026nbsp;(XRF)spectroscopy will identify multiple elemental analysis simultaneously within the coal matrix without unnecessary sample preparation stages such as demineralization procedure, leaching, acid digestion procedures etc., that can be neglected, due to excellently high sensitivity, high image resolution, relatively lower operating and installation costs making it easier to install in university research laboratories and small scale industries deployed in coal beneficiation, the method is well recommendable\u0026nbsp;[15].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Sulphur and Phosphorus content \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandard methodology for X\u0026minus;Ray Fluorescence analysis on the\u0026nbsp;Sulphur (S) and Phosphorus (P) content of the coal samples were followed via [ASTM D4326\u0026minus;11].\u0026nbsp;The XRF Technique applied to pulverized coal specimen with particle size of about (+75\u0026mu;m), initially coal masses of about [(10.0000\u0026plusmn;0.0001) g \u0026times; 2]\u0026nbsp;of each sample was prepared via an analytic balance then pressed into pellets before being exposed to the x-ray fluorescence short wavelength (high energy) which then emitted or refracted the samples characteristic wavelength at high intensity to a sensitive detector thus the Sulphur and phosphorus relative abundance in weight percentage for each coal material was quantified relatively for each coal type via the computer data-handling system, see Table 3\u0026nbsp;[59], [60].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause of the heterogeneity of coal maceral mixing with inorganic sulphate minerals, pyritic Sulfur, and other organic Sulphur compounds the cumulative Sulphur weight percentage inherent within the acquired mcm samples were measured. The Sulphur weight percentage of the coal samples increased steadily from Cobbles with the lowest Sulphur content of (0.386 Wt%), Nuts, ROM, Fines and to the Peas samples having the highest Sulphur content of (0.744 Wt %), regards information in Figure 15 [61].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 X-SUPREME XRF results for pulverized coal samples with top size class +75\u0026micro;m, data revealing the HGI values, Phosphorus and Sulphur weight percentage (Wt.%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.08695652173913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.401337792642142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHGI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42809364548495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphorus Weight (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.08361204013378%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSulfur Weight (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.08695652173913%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eROM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.401337792642142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42809364548495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.08361204013378%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.601809954751133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.1011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.93665158371041%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.08695652173913%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOBBLES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.401337792642142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42809364548495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.08361204013378%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.601809954751133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.93665158371041%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.08695652173913%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNUTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.401337792642142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.2141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42809364548495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.08361204013378%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.601809954751133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.93665158371041%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.08695652173913%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.401337792642142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42809364548495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.08361204013378%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.601809954751133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.8489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.93665158371041%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.08695652173913%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFINES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.401337792642142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.1108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.42809364548495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.08361204013378%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.601809954751133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.93665158371041%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, an increase in Sulphur content of the mcm coal samples resulted to increased grindability index (HGI) thus, rendering the sample easier to grind, however high Sulphur (Wt.%) lower the fuel value of the maceral complex due to environmental impact resulting from the undesirable Sulphur-dioxide (SO2) emission into the environment during combustion. In addition, the reverse was sustained for the Phosphorus weight composition revealing the Cobbles to have the highest weight percentage of about (0.0249 Wt%) while the Peas (0.0123 Wt.%), Fines (0.0099 Wt%), Nuts (0.0072 Wt %) and the run-of-mine coals (0.0062 Wt %) had the least phosphorus content, Figure 16. Moreover, the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) is inversely proportional to the cumulative Phosphorus content such that coal complex having higher HGI value (softer coals) resulted to a coal material with low Phosphorus weight percentage [61]. The illustrations of Figure 16 and Figure 17 give a clear contrast in the relative abundance of the phosphorus weight percentage and the Sulphur content (Wt.%) with respect to the cobble coal samples and revealing that cobble class material better class to utilization in combustion activities due to lower sulfur-oxides level and preferable for utilization in Agricultural sector for purposes that may involve improving soil fertility and pH stabilization [61], [62]. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hackley Paul .C. et al., when reporting on the characterization of bituminite in kimmeridge clay by confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy, highlighted that\u0026nbsp;bituminite is a sediment deposit maceral characterized within the liptinite complex a mature petroleum source rock occurring naturally as black, dark brown, or reddish tinted but the response\u0026nbsp;(XRF)\u0026nbsp;fluorescence signals usually range from brightly fluorescent to non-fluorescent in most experimental depending on the signals on optical properties such as the surface reflectance, associated color index, and fluorescence strength (properties). Furthermore, general observable characteristics of\u0026nbsp;bituminite\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;(XRF)\u0026nbsp;spectroscopy frequently detected structural similarity and inorganic compounds inclusions present in liptinite maceral lamalginite, with fluorescent mineral groundmass (mixed trace complex of fine-grained organic and inorganic compounds), and coarse granular texture that are scanned within a single microscope field to illustrate the organic petrology\u0026nbsp;[61], [62], [63], [64].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5 Thermogravimetric coal Analysis. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coal fracture toughness and hardness are influenced by intrinsic compounds natural to the coal type hence prior to any haphazard grinding activity factors that emanates predominately from nature like inorganic minerals characteristic to the coal structural and properties must be identified together with the petrographic elements like the fixed carbon percentage linked to the coal type. The standardization of the coal type according to its chemistry and composition include the measurement of the sample\u0026rsquo;s moisture content and percentage, combustible, or volatile matter (%), the fixed carbon content and the ash yield in percentage that all determines the coal quality and adaptation to different industrial applications [65], [66], [67].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, Thermo-gravimetric Analyzer (TGA: Q600) computer system was utilized to assess the proximate analysis geo-components on five (5) coal materials collected for the investigation on Botswana central district coal(s) therefore as part of the chemical analysis the (TGA) test was necessary [68], [69], [70], [71], [72]. For sample comparison, all principal coal properties linked to coal fracture and coal comminution behavior were central to the (TGA) chemical composition results, the coal material work index and the Hardgrove Grindability Value(s) for each coal material collected, consider the Figure 18and Table 4 [45].The coal calorific (CV), value is a figure coupled to the energy released per unit gram (1.00g) of coal material consumed under perfect aerobic incineration condition. The calorific value is measured through discrete increments of energy pulses which cumulatively result into an overall gross calorific value (GCV, MJ/ kg), thus, the CV integrate all the thermodynamic reactions occurring during the coal sample reduction-oxidation reactions (Table 4) [49], [73]. The proximate analysis information of coal samples are imperative features which associates the coal mass composition, potential energy dissipation during combustion and the grindability principals surrounding hardness or fracture toughness, the young\u0026rsquo;s modulus etc., of the coal type to the specific applications especially for industries like power station(s) and construction, steel manufactures. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.95pt;margin-bottom:.15pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.5pt;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:107%;\"\u003eTable 4 The Proximate Analysis for all\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003efive (5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:107%;\"\u003ecoal samples with associated HGI values for hardness and the Calorific value in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e(Mcal/ kg).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.5pt;border-width: 1pt;border-style: none;border-color: black black rgb(127, 127, 127);border-image: initial;background: rgb(251, 228, 213);padding: 0in 5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eName \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.95pt;margin-bottom:.15pt;margin-left:.5pt;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:103%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.4pt;border-top: 1pt none black;border-bottom: 1pt none rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: 1pt none black;border-left-style: none;background: rgb(251, 228, 213);padding: 0in 5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMoisture (Wt.%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.95pt;margin-bottom:.15pt;margin-left:.5pt;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:103%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45.65pt;border-top: 1pt none black;border-bottom: 1pt none rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: 1pt none black;border-left-style: none;background: rgb(251, 228, 213);padding: 0in 5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eVolatile M\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e(Wt.%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.95pt;margin-bottom:.15pt;margin-left:.5pt;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:103%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43.65pt;border-top: 1pt none black;border-bottom: 1pt none rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: 1pt none black;border-left-style: none;background: rgb(251, 228, 213);padding: 0in 5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n 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kg)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.95pt;margin-bottom:.15pt;margin-left:.5pt;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:103%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.65pt;border-top: 1pt none black;border-bottom: 1pt none rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: 1pt none black;border-left-style: none;background: rgb(251, 228, 213);padding: 0in 5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eF 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5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eBond\u0026minus;WorkIndex (Wi)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.95pt;margin-bottom:.15pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:103%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.45pt;border-top: 1pt none black;border-bottom: 1pt none rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: 1pt none black;border-left-style: none;background: rgb(251, 228, 213);padding: 0in 5.25pt;height: 12.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSulfur\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePhosphorus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp 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\" style=\"width: 553px; height: 191.95px;\" width=\"553\" height=\"191.95\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.\tCONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study proposed a novel strategy that encourage coal beneficiation and utilization in understanding coal structure in the central region of Botswana and through carbonification development observed and the coal sample morphology, recommendations can be drawn that uniquely situate the material into industrial application thus promoting environmental health by reducing coal wastage and other economic sustainability that monitor quality coal utilized in various process for product manufacture\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e[68], [69], [70], [71], [72]\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMineral gangue linked to the material such as K-feldspar, dolomite, chalcopyrite, and kaolinite need proper controlling and managing prior to any combustion activity since such complexes are naturally blended with toxic and radio-active radicals that harm the environment when disposed without care. Results showed that after pulverizing coals in a semi-autogenous grinding mill operation and subjugating the products through a series of characterization methodologies, kaolinite, feldspar, dolomite, sphalerite, montmorillonite,\u0026nbsp;illite, chalcopyrite and quartz were reported in considerable amounts integrally combined with the crude ROM coal mass in a heterogeneous assortment of differing quantities across all samples. Numerous material defects have been identified to be associated to the coal materials like elongated cracks that extend across lengthy portions along grain boundaries and through the grains which facilitates stress concentration regions during loading. Crack-initiation zone for all impact, compressive loading and abrasion caused by surface roughness all nucleate at sites of disruption during comminution activities, additionally morphological illustrations observed via the SEM technology highlighted several surface deteriorations by wear, flacking, spalling and erosion from particle-particle attrition hence representing coal samples to be relatively softer materials[36], [40]. Dense population of concentrated mineral deposits of small phyllosilicate minerals aggregates were randomly dispersed within coal amalgamation with sulfide mineral phases identified as sphalerite in some of the\u0026nbsp;acquired samples therefore contributing to minimalization of the average fracture toughness and material hardness. Ash species like\u0026nbsp;(SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e),\u0026nbsp;(3Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.2SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e),\u0026nbsp;(Zn, Fe)S, (Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and\u0026nbsp;Mg\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCa(CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e etc., were clearly identified which contribute toward the overall mechanical properties and because the melting entropy of Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is indirectly proportional to free enthalpy during graphitization and the systematic arrangement of molten amorphous compound, inert phases significantly affect the coal thermal properties desirable by power-station industries and in construction and ceramic activities manufacturing concrete, cement or paving bricks regard coal mineral phases and ash quality with greater interest. In addition, the quantity of inherent mineral phases in high concentration such as aluminum oxides\u0026nbsp;(Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), silicates\u0026nbsp;(SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), calcites\u0026nbsp;CaO\u0026nbsp;and Iron oxide\u0026nbsp;(Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;types are important because they enhance the young\u0026rsquo;s modulus and the specific strength in bricks and mortar at several tenders. In comparison with other coal samples of the coal wash plant (Cobbles, Nuts and Fines), approximately six (6) phases were detectible having kaolinite\u0026nbsp;{Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;2SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO.}\u0026nbsp;and the dominant phase, while Montmorillonite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026psi;), Sphalerite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026phi;)\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eChalcopyrite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026Theta;)\u0026nbsp;were dispersed throughout the material. Montmorillonites are subclass of smectite compounds containing plates shaped aggregates with characteristic particle diameter in the range 1\u0026micro;m and thickness of 0.96nm visible at magnifications of about x900 and the scope of 10\u0026micro;m. Moreover, water of hydration reserved within coal maceral through are logged by the swelling Montmorillonites structure \u0026nbsp;(Na, Ca)\u003csub\u003e0.33\u003c/sub\u003e( Al, Mg)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(Si\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;nH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), and \u0026nbsp;other substitutional elements linked with the structure intermixed with chlorite and\u0026nbsp;cookeite\u0026nbsp;hence it is thus for such reasons that coal seams identifying with large amounts of chalcopyrite and montmorillonite are deployed across Arable farming industries to supplement the soil structure and improve the soil remediation and drainage capacity, the formation of molding templates in foundry technology, anticaking agent in animal feed, in the cosmetics and papermaking industries. Figure 6 reveals large grayish spots of mineral deposits which are kaolinite phase blended with silicates and around the peripherals of the grains are sites where most of the trace minerals have segregated such as Dolomite\u0026nbsp;(\u0026sigmaf;), Feldspars\u0026nbsp;(\u0026xi;). Sulfur content in weight percentage differed for all samples such that ROM comprised\u0026nbsp;(0.6785wt%), cobbles\u0026nbsp;(0.3925wt%), nuts\u0026nbsp;(0.6435wt%), peas\u0026nbsp;(0.727wt%), and fines\u0026nbsp;(0.7145wt%)\u0026nbsp;which are linked to the amount of sphalerite mineral phases\u0026nbsp;(Zn, Fe)S\u0026nbsp;according to XRF results and data on Table 3. However, phosphorus was noticeable in small quantities through all the acquired samples and aluminum tectosilicates minerals that closely resemble plagioclase (sodium-calcium) feldspars or alkali (potassium-sodium) feldspars that are naturally deposited in the sedimentary layers of the coal seams. Furthermore, potassium feldspars\u0026nbsp;(K\u0026minus;AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), albite\u0026nbsp;(Na\u0026minus;AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), and anorthite\u0026nbsp;(Ca\u0026minus;Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;compounds in alkali feldspars are potential transporters of group I and II metals which registered phosphorus inclusions into the samples at differing weight percentage\u0026nbsp;(wt.%)\u0026nbsp;such that ROM recorded\u0026nbsp;(0.0062wt%), cobbles\u0026nbsp;(0.0158wt%), nuts\u0026nbsp;(0.00695wt%), peas\u0026nbsp;(0.0113wt%), and fines\u0026nbsp;(0.00925wt%)\u0026nbsp;in trace amounts [39]. Clay integral group minerals claimed most components in trace amounts reflected via x-ray diffraction diffractogram of the coal material in and around Palapye areas. Triclinic crystal unit structures were noticeable in clay inclusions blended with silica and alumina, kaolinite (dioctahedral phyllosilicate) clay mineral types which reported mostly as feldspar phases and mechanically clay inclusions are softer compared to with quartz phases, the chemical formular of kaolinite is\u0026nbsp;{Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;2SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO.} which find Favour in the ceramic manufacturing industries [68], [69], [70], [71], [72].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design strategy. The manuscript preparation and accomplishment of data analysis was largely written through the main author. Contributions on finalizing script reading and approval on the final manuscript was an input performed by all the authors involved.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGaesenngwe Gaesenngwe: design of experiments implementation; Execution of laboratory experiments and analysis that included data interpretation, reviewing and writing was a major contribution by the main author; Wrote the paper. Professor Gwiranai Danha, Dr Tirivaviri Mamvura \u0026amp; Dr Prasad Ventaka Satya Raghupatruni: Supervisors conducted all the manuscript development from conceptualization, implementation, reviewing, writing, and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research related to coal structural evaluation and morphological development linking coal beneficiation strategies and the manufacturing industries that fashion different carbonaceous products, has been supported by the Botswana International University of Science and Technology through the Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, to promote coal beneficiation programs and economic sustainability in business approach models. I am appreciative of all the opportunity and assistance offered by technical members from all institutions that were engaged with our research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. O\u0026rsquo;Brien, B. Jenkins, P. Ofori, and K. Ferguson, \u0026ldquo;Semi-automated petrographic assessment of coal by coal grain analysis,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eMiner Eng\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 428\u0026ndash;434, Apr. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2006.11.006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. D. Le Roux, A. Steinboeck, A. Kugi, and I. K. Craig, \u0026ldquo;An EKF observer to estimate semi-autogenous grinding mill hold-ups $.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. 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Acu\u0026ntilde;a-Polanco, \u0026ldquo;Thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetics of pyrolysis of coal blends,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRevista Facultad de Ingenieria\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 2015, no. 77, pp. 17\u0026ndash;24, 2015, doi: 10.17533/udea.redin.n77a03.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR. G. Harvey, \u0026ldquo;From diamonds to coal? Critical reflections on Botswana\u0026rsquo;s economic future.\u0026rdquo; [Online]. Available: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. G. Maswabi, J. Chun, and S. Y. Chung, \u0026ldquo;Barriers to energy transition: A case of Botswana,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEnergy Policy\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 158, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112514.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Makoba, P. S. Agachi, and E. Muzenda, \u003cem\u003eQuantitative devolatilization of Botswana coal in a pilot scale plant*\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Makoba \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;A review on Botswana coal potential from a pyrolysis and gasification perspective,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePeriodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 65, no. 1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, pp. 80\u0026ndash;96, 2020. doi: 10.3311/PPch.12909.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Makoba \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;A review on Botswana coal potential from a pyrolysis and gasification perspective,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePeriodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 65, no. 1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, pp. 80\u0026ndash;96, 2020. doi: 10.3311/PPch.12909.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. Li, N. Zhao, Y. Feng, and Z. Xie, \u0026ldquo;Thermogravimetric analysis of coal semi-char co-firing with straw in O2/CO2 mixtures,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eProcesses\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 9, no. 8, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/pr9081421.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Economic sustainability, Coal beneficiation, Phyllosilicates, Thermogravimetric coal analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3910443/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3910443/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe contemporary research article is central to understanding coal structure evaluation and the morphological development impacting its utilization in different applications. Through Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) designs high content phyllosilicates minerals and swelling clay minerals were rationalized to provides a novel insight into enhanced coal beneficiation and the benefits of coal by-product re-utilization progressions that encourage safer environments and economic sustainability. This work commences with collection of five (5) different coal samples from the central district mine in Botswana and chemical characterization via Thermogravimetric coal analysis, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and the Hardgrove Grindability Index testing that quantify coal material hardness and fracture toughness. The results showed sulfur and phosphorus inclusions in all samples complemented through sphalerite mineral phases (Zn, Fe)S and the coal morphology stimulated the material fracture toughness and hardness properties by influential mineral amalgams intrinsic to the Botswana central district coal maceral such as aluminum oxides (Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), silicate (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), calcites (CaO), Iron oxide (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), potassium feldspars (K−AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), albite (Na−AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), and anorthite (Ca−Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e) compounds in alkali feldspars which are predominantly group I and II carriers were perceived in substantial quantities. The coal industry has attracted much industrial attention by supply of high energy potent coal material and coal-by products to manufacturing foundations producing cement, ceramic tiles, paving bricks and material synthesis and will continue to supply other economic sectors in the conceivable future. Nevertheless, environmental concerns consequential to coal beneficiation are pressing issues requiring transdisciplinary innovations through investigations and technological practices that encourage the elimination of toxins and hazardous compounds from coal products therefore holistically generating sustainable and renewable resource for the future.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Coal Structure Evaluation and Morphological Properties That Affect the Coal Usage in Industries.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-11 19:57:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3910443/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-10T14:00:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-07T08:17:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-02T08:31:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"326473090666522474454109275839535526892","date":"2024-04-27T07:38:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"139450319184346265831800165031032173245","date":"2024-04-26T17:46:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-04T13:49:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"f7be94a6-f352-4647-9575-4c1d95322baf","date":"2024-03-25T15:53:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"da2d5dee-d9a7-4351-bfdc-f10ec4a412fd","date":"2024-03-24T19:43:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-21T16:40:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T16:08:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T16:06:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2024-01-30T11:34:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5cace31a-0751-479f-a477-fce5931b43b6","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-08T10:55:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 19:57:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3910443","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3910443","identity":"rs-3910443","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}