Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Reinforced ZIF-67-Based PDMS Hydrophobic Sponge for Efficient and Rapid Oil-Water Separation

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Reinforced ZIF-67-Based PDMS Hydrophobic Sponge for Efficient and Rapid Oil-Water Separation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Reinforced ZIF-67-Based PDMS Hydrophobic Sponge for Efficient and Rapid Oil-Water Separation Guangqin Fu, Dejun Chen, Mengqi Zhao, Cheng Zeng, Yunchi Yang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7764910/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To address the hydrophobicity and insufficient adsorption capacity for oily substances of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponges, this study designed and prepared an SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite sponge. First, ZIF-67 particles were incorporated into the PDMS matrix using a soft template method to construct a hydrophobic skeleton with a micro-nano rough structure. Subsequently, surface functionalization was performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the grafted long carbon chains further significantly enhanced the material's lipophilicity. Finally, a high oil-absorption SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite sponge was successfully prepared. The results demonstrated that the composite sponge exhibited excellent adsorption capacity (12.42 g/g) for various oils and reached saturation in just 6 minutes. The sponge achieved a separation efficiency of up to 96% for various oil-water mixtures and demonstrated good cycling performance. These findings indicate that the SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS sponge has significant potential for application in oily wastewater treatment. Oil-Water separation Polymers Composite materials Sodium dodecyl sulfate Metal-organic framework Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction The rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization has resulted in substantial production of oily wastewater within the petrochemical industry, contributing to significant environmental pollution (Xue et al., 2022; Li et al., 2023). Oily wastewater contains numerous toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms that can enter the human body through dermal contact, ingestion of contaminated water, or the food chain (Elgarahy et al., 2021). Prolonged exposure is not only linked to acute illnesses such as cholera and dysentery but may also elevate long-term health risks, including cancer and cardiovascular disease (Yi et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2022). Consequently, the effective treatment of oily wastewater to safeguard ecological systems and human health has become an urgent challenge. In this context, various oil-water separation technologies have been developed. Traditional methods, such as gravity separation, biodegradation, and combustion, remain widely employed (Bullock et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2024). However, these approaches exhibit inherent limitations, including poor separation selectivity, high secondary pollution risks, and low treatment efficiency, which significantly restrict their practical applicability (Piao et al., 2023). Therefore, the development of novel and efficient separation materials has become a research focus. Among various materials, three-dimensional porous sponge materials based on adsorption separation have attracted significant attention due to their advantages, including simple operation and reusability. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is considered an ideal substrate material for fabricating three-dimensional sponges because of its environmental friendliness, low cost, and excellent hydrophobicity (Pham et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2019; Yao et al., 2022). Its superior material properties stem from its unique molecular structure, which consists of a Si-O-Si main chain with attached organic groups. This hybrid structure, combining an inorganic skeleton with organic flexibility, provides PDMS molecular chains with large bond lengths and angles, facilitating deformation and thereby imparting the material with favorable elasticity and hydrophobic properties. However, the hydrophobicity and adsorption capacity of pure PDMS sponges are often insufficient, limiting their separation efficiency. Consequently, effectively modifying PDMS sponges to synergistically enhance their hydrophobicity and oleophilicity has become crucial for advancing their practical applications. This study designed a collaborative modification strategy. First, ZIF-67 particles were doped into a PDMS matrix using the soft template method, and the nanostructure of ZIF-67 was utilized to construct micro-nano roughness to enhance the hydrophobicity of the sponge (Li et al., 2022; Miao et al., 2022; Raggam et al., 2023). Subsequently, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to functionalize the sponge with long carbon chains, aiming to significantly enhance the lipophilicity of the material surface through the grafting of long carbon chains. Through these two modification steps, an SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite sponge with both high hydrophobicity and high oleophilicity was prepared. Performance tests demonstrated that, compared to unmodified PDMS sponge, this composite sponge exhibits significantly enhanced adsorption capacity for various oily substances. Separation experiments confirmed its high efficiency in separating oil-water mixtures. These results demonstrate the promising application prospects of this sponge in the field of oily wastewater treatment. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Materials Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., polydimethylsiloxane was purchased from Dow DuPont in the United States, and sodium dodecyl sulfate was purchased from Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and petroleum ether were all purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Diesel engine oil and gasoline were purchased from Sinopec. 2.2 Preparation and Characterization of SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS Sponge (1) Weigh 6.0 g of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer, 0.6 g of curing agent, and 0.4 g of ZIF-67 powder, and transfer them to a beaker. Stir the mixture until homogeneous to form a viscous slurry. Subsequently, while maintaining continuous stirring, slowly add 3.0 g of anhydrous ethanol dropwise using a dropper. After complete dispersion of the ethanol, gradually add 4.2 mL of deionized water. Continue stirring for 10 minutes to obtain a uniform emulsion. Transfer the resulting emulsion to a sand core funnel and cure it in a drying oven at 120°C for 2 hours. After curing, allow the sample to cool naturally to room temperature to obtain the ZIF-67/PDMS sponge. (2) Dissolve 0.231 g of SDS powder in 30 mL of anhydrous ethanol with stirring until complete dissolution. Immerse the prepared ZIF-67/PDMS sponge fully in the SDS ethanol solution and soak at room temperature for 30 minutes. After soaking, remove the sponge and rinse it three times with anhydrous ethanol to eliminate physically adsorbed SDS from the surface. Finally, dry the sponge in an oven at 60°C to obtain the final SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite material (Fig. 1 ). The morphology and composition of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Evaluate the hydrophobicity of sponge samples by measuring the contact angle. The static adsorption method of organic pollutants is used to determine the adsorption capacity of the sample. The separation efficiency of samples was evaluated by dynamic adsorption test of water in oil lotion. For detailed information, please refer to the supplementary materials. 2.3 Adsorption Capacity, Separation Efficiency To evaluate the adsorption capacity, a certain mass of the material was first immersed in an organic solvent and weighed after reaching mass absorption equilibrium. The measurement was repeated three times and the average value was taken. The adsorption capacity Q of the material was calculated according to Formula (1). $$\:\text{Q}=\frac{({\text{M}}_{1}-{\text{M}}_{0})}{{\text{M}}_{0}}$$ 1 Where Q (g/g) is the adsorption capacity based on mass, M 1 (g) is the mass of the sponge after adsorption, and M 0 (g) is the mass of the sponge before adsorption. The oil-water separation efficiency, R, of the sponge was calculated according to Formula (2). $$\:\text{R=}\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{C}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100%}$$ 2 where R (%) is the oil-water separation efficiency, Vc (mL) is the volume of the original solvent or oil collected after separation and V 0 (mL) is the volume of the original solvent or oil before separation. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Characterization of composite materials Figure 2 demonstrates that the surface of the unmodified PDMS sponge is smooth, exhibiting few pores and no particle loading. In contrast, the SEM image of the PDMS sponge loaded with ZIF-67 reveals significant changes, as a substantial number of ZIF-67 particles are observed adhering to the surface of the PDMS sponge skeleton and filling its pores. This results in the ZIF-67/PDMS sponge developing a rough surface and forming a more abundant and complex pore structure. This morphological transformation arises from the nanoscale dimensions of the ZIF-67 particles themselves, as well as their uneven dispersion and aggregation within the PDMS matrix. The resulting rough and porous morphology not only substantially enhances the material's hydrophobicity but also provides additional sites and channels for oil adsorption, thereby significantly improving its oil absorption performance (Xu et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2022). Figure 3 a presents the X-ray diffraction pattern of the synthesized ZIF-67. The observed characteristic diffraction peaks exhibit high consistency with the standard spectrum of ZIF-67, confirming the successful synthesis of ZIF-67 (Lin and Chang 2015). Figure 3 b displays the FT-IR spectra of various PDMS sponges. The absorption bands at 2961 cm − 1 and approximately 2905 cm − 1 correspond to the asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching vibrations of the methyl (-CH 3 ) group, respectively, while the strong absorption band near 1064 cm − 1 is attributed to the symmetric stretching vibration of the siloxane (Si-O-Si) backbone. These features are characteristic of typical PDMS spectra (Zhang et al. 2023). The successful incorporation of ZIF-67 was verified by the appearance of two new peaks in the ZIF-67/PDMS composite spectrum at 1572 cm − 1 and 1465 cm − 1 , which correspond to the C = N and C-N stretching vibrations of the imidazole ring, respectively (Amidi et al. 2023). Furthermore, compared to the ZIF-67/PDMS spectrum, the SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite spectrum exhibits the following modifications: (1) the peak intensities near 2917 cm − 1 (asymmetric -CH 2 stretching vibration) and 2849 cm − 1 (symmetric -CH₂ stretching vibration) are significantly enhanced, indicating successful grafting of dodecyl chains; and (2) a new peak emerges at approximately 1109 cm − 1 , assigned to the symmetric S = O stretching vibration of sulfate ions (-SO 4 2− ). These observations collectively confirm the successful grafting of SDS. 3.2 WCA and adsorption performance test of composite sponge The water contact angle (WCA) is a key indicator for measuring the hydrophobicity of materials. According to the Cassie-Baxter model, the surface roughness of materials is an important factor affecting their hydrophobicity. As shown in Fig. 4 a, the unmodified PDMS sponge exhibits a water contact angle of 114°, while the addition of ZIF-67 increases the WCA to 139° due to the micro-nano composite rough structure it constructs. After SDS treatment, which grafts linear dodecyl chains and hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups, the WCA decreases to 135°. The slight decrease in WCA can be attributed to the introduction of hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups (-SO 4 2− ) at the terminus of SDS molecules. Although the hydrophobicity is only slightly reduced, the long hydrophobic tail chain of SDS plays a dominant role at the oil-water interface, significantly enhancing the oleophilicity. Ultimately, the increase in adsorption capacity demonstrates that the oleophilic gain from SDS modification far exceeds the slight decrease in hydrophobicity caused by the introduction of hydrophilic groups. Figure 4 b presents the quantitative determination results of the adsorption capacity of different PDMS sponges for various oils. The test results demonstrate that after modification with ZIF-67 and the ZIF-67/SDS composite, the adsorption capacity of the sponge significantly increased compared to the unmodified sample. Using cyclohexane as an example, the incorporation of ZIF-67 enhanced its adsorption capacity by approximately 70% relative to the original sponge, primarily due to the surface roughness and porous structure introduced by ZIF-67, which increased the attachment sites for oil droplets. Further modification with SDS increased the adsorption capacity of ZIF-67/PDMS by an additional 25%, resulting in a cumulative improvement of 120% compared to pure PDMS. Notably, this enhancement trend was consistent across all tested oils, confirming both the universality of the modification effect and the success of the synergistic modification strategy involving ZIF-67 and SDS. 3.3 The cyclic stability of composite sponge We assessed the stability of the composite sponge through fifteen consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. In each cycle, the sponge was immersed in cyclohexane until reaching adsorption saturation, weighed to calculate its adsorption capacity, and then dried for regeneration. As shown in Fig. 5 , the adsorption capacity of the material remained highly stable with increasing cycle numbers. Even after 15 cycles, the adsorption capacity exhibited only a slight decrease. This excellent stability can be attributed to two main factors: first, the firm loading of ZIF-67 onto the PDMS skeleton, and second, the inherent insolubility and non-melting properties of the PDMS skeleton under environmental conditions (Shin et al., 2019). 3.4 Oil water separation performance of composite sponge The oil-water separation device is illustrated in Fig. 6 . SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS is inserted into the middle section of the left pipe, and the oil-water mixture is poured into the wide-mouth collection container on the right side. The oil-water mixture rapidly permeates through SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS and flows into the collection container positioned in the lower left corner, while deionized water is retained at the upper surface of SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS. This process ultimately achieves successful separation of the oil-water mixture. Figure 7 a-e illustrates the separation efficiency of the composite sponge for various oil-in-water emulsions. The results demonstrate that the material can rapidly and effectively separate cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and gasoline emulsions, with a separation efficiency exceeding 96%. However, for high-viscosity diesel emulsions, the separation efficiency decreases significantly to 74%. This reduction is primarily attributed to the high viscosity of diesel, which substantially diminishes the wettability and flowability of the oil phase within the PDMS porous network, thereby increasing fluid resistance considerably. As illustrated in Fig. 8 a and 8 b, the separation performance of the sponge was evaluated under various aqueous conditions. The material effectively separated cyclohexane from the water surface and dichloromethane from underwater (both dyed with Sudan III), demonstrating its adaptability to diverse practical applications. Furthermore, when immersed in water, the air entrapped within the sponge's rough micro-nanostructure forms a stable air film, creating a pronounced "silver mirror effect" on the surface. 4. Conclusion In summary, the incorporation of ZIF-67 constructed micro nano rough structures on the sponge surface and provided a high specific surface area, which significantly enhanced the hydrophobicity and oil droplet capture ability of the material; At the same time, the long alkyl chain of SDS effectively enhances its lipophilicity, and the synergistic effect of the two significantly improves the adsorption capacity and hydrophobicity of the sponge. The experimental results show that under the drive of peristaltic pump, SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS. The sponge can effectively separate various oil in water lotion, and the efficiency can reach more than 96%. In addition, after 15 cycles of adsorption desorption, the adsorption capacity of the sponge did not show a significant decrease, demonstrating excellent reusability. These results indicate that the composite sponge has broad application prospects in the field of oil-water separation. Declarations Consent for publication All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not Applicable. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Data Availability Data will be made available on request. Funding This research were funded by the Provincial Natural Science Foundations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2023D01C34) and the Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2024B01011-1). Author contributions Guangqin Fu: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. 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16:18:06","extension":"xml","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"3c63fa0fbf104c309c1e762b39ccec241structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/1646cd9f9275113049e0669a.xml"},{"id":95624536,"identity":"3f5c2a50-1dbe-498f-8abe-23bee36118ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:20:25","extension":"html","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/2c7f654447324eb4ef410536.html"},{"id":95624513,"identity":"a26c4d4a-a11a-4140-b4c6-9174c9035574","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81377,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSDS-ZIF-67/PDMS Sponge preparation process diagram.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/4ef2c304581fe5b6e01faa40.png"},{"id":95624511,"identity":"8ce985a9-e14d-4f98-ac5e-4f559c5ea8eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":133420,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Scanning electron microscopy image of PDMS sponge; (b) ZIF-67/PDMS Scanning electron microscopy image of sponge.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/d51a6a976fdcda80a39f2d34.png"},{"id":95624512,"identity":"4b0bc635-5cb5-4b47-a8f6-d1fc180255f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82973,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) XRD pattern of ZIF-67; (b) FTIR spectra of PDMS sponge, ZIF-67/PDMS sponge, and SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS sponge.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/1b4ff4dd32af564ef146778d.png"},{"id":95657506,"identity":"2e01c267-f0a7-48aa-9635-a56e1cd72534","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:21:00","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eshows the hydrophobic angle and adsorption capacity of composite PDMS sponge. (a) Water contact angle; (b) Adsorption capacity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/f847d2b624bb5f42d614de61.png"},{"id":95624518,"identity":"c5d059d0-8ad2-4719-914f-193d78c99486","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSDS-ZIF-67/PDMS adsorption desorption cycle experiment.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/e8cd418197c6bcdc7aa685a6.png"},{"id":95656163,"identity":"44924b55-1015-467e-930b-1c666baf9416","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:17:55","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSeparation process of water in an oil-water mixture\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/9e4547ab6230c958a21c1532.png"},{"id":95657806,"identity":"92dd5c03-efae-4de6-b34a-f906a4e5e210","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:22:00","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOil-in-water Emulsion Separation Efficiency: (a) Cyclohexane; (b) Dichloromethane; (c) Gasoline; (d) Diesel Engine Oil; (e) Separation Performance of SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS Sponge on Different Oil-in-water Emulsions.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/0c8953c9f7619cf53edd0c84.png"},{"id":95624534,"identity":"8471bf07-bbb7-4067-9dba-e72dc3939b23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 10:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":213184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Underwater adsorption of dichloromethane; (b) Surface adsorption of cyclohexane.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/4cffbd96df31f747ad99eb42.png"},{"id":97141581,"identity":"38b98d5b-1ffa-4e36-a73f-06a8348af7c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:06:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1425595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/ff8164ad-4117-4900-94fb-3930f4841b2a.pdf"},{"id":95657508,"identity":"386e10c8-22d3-49cd-8f77-9707d688ea3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:21:01","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":77487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7764910/v1/43526b403bc96e7da9ae981f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Reinforced ZIF-67-Based PDMS Hydrophobic Sponge for Efficient and Rapid Oil-Water Separation","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization has resulted in substantial production of oily wastewater within the petrochemical industry, contributing to significant environmental pollution (Xue et al., 2022; Li et al., 2023). Oily wastewater contains numerous toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms that can enter the human body through dermal contact, ingestion of contaminated water, or the food chain (Elgarahy et al., 2021). Prolonged exposure is not only linked to acute illnesses such as cholera and dysentery but may also elevate long-term health risks, including cancer and cardiovascular disease (Yi et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2022). Consequently, the effective treatment of oily wastewater to safeguard ecological systems and human health has become an urgent challenge. In this context, various oil-water separation technologies have been developed. Traditional methods, such as gravity separation, biodegradation, and combustion, remain widely employed (Bullock et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2024). However, these approaches exhibit inherent limitations, including poor separation selectivity, high secondary pollution risks, and low treatment efficiency, which significantly restrict their practical applicability (Piao et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the development of novel and efficient separation materials has become a research focus. Among various materials, three-dimensional porous sponge materials based on adsorption separation have attracted significant attention due to their advantages, including simple operation and reusability. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is considered an ideal substrate material for fabricating three-dimensional sponges because of its environmental friendliness, low cost, and excellent hydrophobicity (Pham et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2019; Yao et al., 2022). Its superior material properties stem from its unique molecular structure, which consists of a Si-O-Si main chain with attached organic groups. This hybrid structure, combining an inorganic skeleton with organic flexibility, provides PDMS molecular chains with large bond lengths and angles, facilitating deformation and thereby imparting the material with favorable elasticity and hydrophobic properties. However, the hydrophobicity and adsorption capacity of pure PDMS sponges are often insufficient, limiting their separation efficiency. Consequently, effectively modifying PDMS sponges to synergistically enhance their hydrophobicity and oleophilicity has become crucial for advancing their practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study designed a collaborative modification strategy. First, ZIF-67 particles were doped into a PDMS matrix using the soft template method, and the nanostructure of ZIF-67 was utilized to construct micro-nano roughness to enhance the hydrophobicity of the sponge (Li et al., 2022; Miao et al., 2022; Raggam et al., 2023). Subsequently, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to functionalize the sponge with long carbon chains, aiming to significantly enhance the lipophilicity of the material surface through the grafting of long carbon chains. Through these two modification steps, an SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite sponge with both high hydrophobicity and high oleophilicity was prepared. Performance tests demonstrated that, compared to unmodified PDMS sponge, this composite sponge exhibits significantly enhanced adsorption capacity for various oily substances. Separation experiments confirmed its high efficiency in separating oil-water mixtures. These results demonstrate the promising application prospects of this sponge in the field of oily wastewater treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCobalt nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., polydimethylsiloxane was purchased from Dow DuPont in the United States, and sodium dodecyl sulfate was purchased from Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and petroleum ether were all purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Diesel engine oil and gasoline were purchased from Sinopec.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation and Characterization of SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS Sponge\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1) Weigh 6.0 g of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer, 0.6 g of curing agent, and 0.4 g of ZIF-67 powder, and transfer them to a beaker. Stir the mixture until homogeneous to form a viscous slurry. Subsequently, while maintaining continuous stirring, slowly add 3.0 g of anhydrous ethanol dropwise using a dropper. After complete dispersion of the ethanol, gradually add 4.2 mL of deionized water. Continue stirring for 10 minutes to obtain a uniform emulsion. Transfer the resulting emulsion to a sand core funnel and cure it in a drying oven at 120\u0026deg;C for 2 hours. After curing, allow the sample to cool naturally to room temperature to obtain the ZIF-67/PDMS sponge.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Dissolve 0.231 g of SDS powder in 30 mL of anhydrous ethanol with stirring until complete dissolution. Immerse the prepared ZIF-67/PDMS sponge fully in the SDS ethanol solution and soak at room temperature for 30 minutes. After soaking, remove the sponge and rinse it three times with anhydrous ethanol to eliminate physically adsorbed SDS from the surface. Finally, dry the sponge in an oven at 60\u0026deg;C to obtain the final SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite material (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe morphology and composition of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Evaluate the hydrophobicity of sponge samples by measuring the contact angle. The static adsorption method of organic pollutants is used to determine the adsorption capacity of the sample. The separation efficiency of samples was evaluated by dynamic adsorption test of water in oil lotion. For detailed information, please refer to the supplementary materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Adsorption Capacity, Separation Efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the adsorption capacity, a certain mass of the material was first immersed in an organic solvent and weighed after reaching mass absorption equilibrium. The measurement was repeated three times and the average value was taken. The adsorption capacity Q of the material was calculated according to Formula (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\text{Q}=\\frac{({\\text{M}}_{1}-{\\text{M}}_{0})}{{\\text{M}}_{0}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere Q (g/g) is the adsorption capacity based on mass, M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (g) is the mass of the sponge after adsorption, and M\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (g) is the mass of the sponge before adsorption.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe oil-water separation efficiency, R, of the sponge was calculated according to Formula (2).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\text{R=}\\frac{{\\text{V}}_{\\text{C}}}{{\\text{V}}_{\\text{0}}}\\text{\u0026times;100%}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere R (%) is the oil-water separation efficiency, Vc (mL) is the volume of the original solvent or oil collected after separation and V\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (mL) is the volume of the original solvent or oil before separation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Characterization of composite materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates that the surface of the unmodified PDMS sponge is smooth, exhibiting few pores and no particle loading. In contrast, the SEM image of the PDMS sponge loaded with ZIF-67 reveals significant changes, as a substantial number of ZIF-67 particles are observed adhering to the surface of the PDMS sponge skeleton and filling its pores. This results in the ZIF-67/PDMS sponge developing a rough surface and forming a more abundant and complex pore structure. This morphological transformation arises from the nanoscale dimensions of the ZIF-67 particles themselves, as well as their uneven dispersion and aggregation within the PDMS matrix. The resulting rough and porous morphology not only substantially enhances the material's hydrophobicity but also provides additional sites and channels for oil adsorption, thereby significantly improving its oil absorption performance (Xu et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea presents the X-ray diffraction pattern of the synthesized ZIF-67. The observed characteristic diffraction peaks exhibit high consistency with the standard spectrum of ZIF-67, confirming the successful synthesis of ZIF-67 (Lin and Chang 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb displays the FT-IR spectra of various PDMS sponges. The absorption bands at 2961 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and approximately 2905 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e correspond to the asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching vibrations of the methyl (-CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) group, respectively, while the strong absorption band near 1064 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is attributed to the symmetric stretching vibration of the siloxane (Si-O-Si) backbone. These features are characteristic of typical PDMS spectra (Zhang et al. 2023). The successful incorporation of ZIF-67 was verified by the appearance of two new peaks in the ZIF-67/PDMS composite spectrum at 1572 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1465 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which correspond to the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N and C-N stretching vibrations of the imidazole ring, respectively (Amidi et al. 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, compared to the ZIF-67/PDMS spectrum, the SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite spectrum exhibits the following modifications: (1) the peak intensities near 2917 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (asymmetric -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e stretching vibration) and 2849 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (symmetric -CH₂ stretching vibration) are significantly enhanced, indicating successful grafting of dodecyl chains; and (2) a new peak emerges at approximately 1109 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, assigned to the symmetric S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching vibration of sulfate ions (-SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e). These observations collectively confirm the successful grafting of SDS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 WCA and adsorption performance test of composite sponge\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe water contact angle (WCA) is a key indicator for measuring the hydrophobicity of materials. According to the Cassie-Baxter model, the surface roughness of materials is an important factor affecting their hydrophobicity. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, the unmodified PDMS sponge exhibits a water contact angle of 114\u0026deg;, while the addition of ZIF-67 increases the WCA to 139\u0026deg; due to the micro-nano composite rough structure it constructs. After SDS treatment, which grafts linear dodecyl chains and hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups, the WCA decreases to 135\u0026deg;. The slight decrease in WCA can be attributed to the introduction of hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups (-SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) at the terminus of SDS molecules. Although the hydrophobicity is only slightly reduced, the long hydrophobic tail chain of SDS plays a dominant role at the oil-water interface, significantly enhancing the oleophilicity. Ultimately, the increase in adsorption capacity demonstrates that the oleophilic gain from SDS modification far exceeds the slight decrease in hydrophobicity caused by the introduction of hydrophilic groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb presents the quantitative determination results of the adsorption capacity of different PDMS sponges for various oils. The test results demonstrate that after modification with ZIF-67 and the ZIF-67/SDS composite, the adsorption capacity of the sponge significantly increased compared to the unmodified sample. Using cyclohexane as an example, the incorporation of ZIF-67 enhanced its adsorption capacity by approximately 70% relative to the original sponge, primarily due to the surface roughness and porous structure introduced by ZIF-67, which increased the attachment sites for oil droplets. Further modification with SDS increased the adsorption capacity of ZIF-67/PDMS by an additional 25%, resulting in a cumulative improvement of 120% compared to pure PDMS. Notably, this enhancement trend was consistent across all tested oils, confirming both the universality of the modification effect and the success of the synergistic modification strategy involving ZIF-67 and SDS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 The cyclic stability of composite sponge\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe assessed the stability of the composite sponge through fifteen consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. In each cycle, the sponge was immersed in cyclohexane until reaching adsorption saturation, weighed to calculate its adsorption capacity, and then dried for regeneration. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the adsorption capacity of the material remained highly stable with increasing cycle numbers. Even after 15 cycles, the adsorption capacity exhibited only a slight decrease. This excellent stability can be attributed to two main factors: first, the firm loading of ZIF-67 onto the PDMS skeleton, and second, the inherent insolubility and non-melting properties of the PDMS skeleton under environmental conditions (Shin et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Oil water separation performance of composite sponge\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe oil-water separation device is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS is inserted into the middle section of the left pipe, and the oil-water mixture is poured into the wide-mouth collection container on the right side. The oil-water mixture rapidly permeates through SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS and flows into the collection container positioned in the lower left corner, while deionized water is retained at the upper surface of SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS. This process ultimately achieves successful separation of the oil-water mixture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea-e illustrates the separation efficiency of the composite sponge for various oil-in-water emulsions. The results demonstrate that the material can rapidly and effectively separate cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and gasoline emulsions, with a separation efficiency exceeding 96%. However, for high-viscosity diesel emulsions, the separation efficiency decreases significantly to 74%. This reduction is primarily attributed to the high viscosity of diesel, which substantially diminishes the wettability and flowability of the oil phase within the PDMS porous network, thereby increasing fluid resistance considerably.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb, the separation performance of the sponge was evaluated under various aqueous conditions. The material effectively separated cyclohexane from the water surface and dichloromethane from underwater (both dyed with Sudan III), demonstrating its adaptability to diverse practical applications. Furthermore, when immersed in water, the air entrapped within the sponge's rough micro-nanostructure forms a stable air film, creating a pronounced \"silver mirror effect\" on the surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the incorporation of ZIF-67 constructed micro nano rough structures on the sponge surface and provided a high specific surface area, which significantly enhanced the hydrophobicity and oil droplet capture ability of the material; At the same time, the long alkyl chain of SDS effectively enhances its lipophilicity, and the synergistic effect of the two significantly improves the adsorption capacity and hydrophobicity of the sponge. The experimental results show that under the drive of peristaltic pump, SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS. The sponge can effectively separate various oil in water lotion, and the efficiency can reach more than 96%. In addition, after 15 cycles of adsorption desorption, the adsorption capacity of the sponge did not show a significant decrease, demonstrating excellent reusability. These results indicate that the composite sponge has broad application prospects in the field of oil-water separation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research were funded by the Provincial Natural Science Foundations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2023D01C34) and the Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2024B01011-1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGuangqin Fu: Writing - original draft, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing. Dejun Chen: Investigation. Mengqi Zhao: Supervision. Cheng Zeng: Formal analysis, Data curation. Yunchi Yang: Investigation. Yinnian Liao: Methodology. Xindong Li: Conceptualization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXue, B. W., Lin, H., Chai, G. Q., Wang, C. K., Yang, H. Y., \u0026amp; Lu, H. L. (2022). Micro-arc oxidation enhances the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of oil\u0026ndash;water separating mesh. Journal of Materials Science, 57, 18370\u0026ndash;18384.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, B. F., Qi, B., Guo, Z. Y., Wang, D. X., \u0026amp; Jiao, T. F. (2023). Recent developments in the application of membrane separation technology and its challenges in oil-water separation: A review. Chemosphere, 327, 138528.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eElgarahy, A. M., Elwakeel, K. Z., Mohammad, S. H., \u0026amp; Elshoubaky, G. A. (2021). A critical review of biosorption of dyes, heavy metals and metalloids from wastewater as an efficient and green process. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 4, 100209.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYi, S., Li, F., Wu, C., Wei, M., Tian, J., \u0026amp; Ge, F. (2022). Synergistic leaching of heavy metal-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in co-contaminated soil by hydroxamate siderophore: Role of cation-\u0026pi; and chelation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424, 127514.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXie, X. L., Wang, Y. L., Hao, M., Yan, P. J., Liang, J. S., Wang, D. X., Li, H., \u0026amp; Wang, F. (2022). A WS₂/sepiolite composite with highly dispersed WS₂ nanosheets for photocatalytic wastewater treatment. Applied Clay Science, 228, 106576.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBullock, R. J., Perkins, R. A., \u0026amp; Aggarwal, S. (2019). In-situ burning with chemical herders for Arctic oil spill response: Meta-analysis and review. Science of The Total Environment, 675, 705-716.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChen, H., Nie, L., Li, D., Xia, M., Long, S., Huang, Y., \u0026amp; Li, X. (2024). Robust, antifouling, and hydrophilic particle-based double network hydrogel-PVDF interpenetrating microfiltration membrane. Nano Letters, 24, 16000-16007.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePiao, J., Lu, M., Ren, J., Wang, Y., Feng, T., Wang, Y., Jiao, C., Chen, X., \u0026amp; Kuang, S. (2023). MOF-derived LDH modified flame-retardant polyurethane sponge for high-performance oil-water separation: Interface engineering design based on bioinspiration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 444, 130398.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePham, A. D., Tao, Q. B., \u0026amp; Nam, P. C. (2023). Optimizing the superhydrophobicity of the composite PDMS/PUA film produced by a R2R system. Industrial \u0026amp; Engineering Chemistry Research, 62, 2469-2477.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhao, X. J., Luo, Y. Y., Tan, P. X., Liu, M. X., \u0026amp; Zhou, C. R. (2019). Hydrophobically modified chitin/halloysite nanotubes composite sponges for high efficiency oil-water separation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 406-415.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYao, Y., Wang, C., Na, J., Hossain, M. S. A., Yan, X., Zhang, H., Amin, M. A., Qi, J., Yamauchi, Y., \u0026amp; Li, J. (2022). Macroscopic MOF architectures: Effective strategies for practical application in water treatment. Small, 18(8), 2104387.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, X., Wu, D., Hu, T., Lan, X., Han, S., Cheng, J., Du, K., Hu, Y., \u0026amp; Chen, Y. (2022). Micro/macrostructure and multicomponent design of catalysts by MOF-derived strategy: Opportunities for the application of nanomaterials-based advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 804, 150096.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiao, Q., Jiang, L., Yang, J., Hu, T., Shan, S., Su, H., \u0026amp; Wu, F. (2022). 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A., \u0026amp; Chang, H.-A. (2015). Ultra-high adsorption capacity of zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) for removal of malachite green from water. Chemosphere, 139, 624\u0026ndash;631.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, Y.-Q., An, Q.-D., Xiao, Z.-Y., Zhu, K.-R., Dong, X.-L., \u0026amp; Zhai, S.-R. (2023). PDMS/magnetic lignin sponge for oil/water separation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 253, 127368.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmidi, D. M., Akhbari, K., \u0026amp; Soltani, S. (2023). Loading of ZIF-67 on silk with sustained release of iodine as biocompatible antibacterial fibers. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 37(1), e6913.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShin, J. H., Heo, J.-H., Jeon, S., Park, J. H., Kim, S., \u0026amp; Kang, H.-W. (2019). Bio-inspired hollow PDMS sponge for enhanced oil\u0026ndash;water separation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 365, 494\u0026ndash;501.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Oil-Water separation, Polymers, Composite materials, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Metal-organic framework","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7764910/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7764910/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo address the hydrophobicity and insufficient adsorption capacity for oily substances of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponges, this study designed and prepared an SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite sponge. First, ZIF-67 particles were incorporated into the PDMS matrix using a soft template method to construct a hydrophobic skeleton with a micro-nano rough structure. Subsequently, surface functionalization was performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the grafted long carbon chains further significantly enhanced the material's lipophilicity. Finally, a high oil-absorption SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS composite sponge was successfully prepared. The results demonstrated that the composite sponge exhibited excellent adsorption capacity (12.42 g/g) for various oils and reached saturation in just 6 minutes. The sponge achieved a separation efficiency of up to 96% for various oil-water mixtures and demonstrated good cycling performance. These findings indicate that the SDS-ZIF-67/PDMS sponge has significant potential for application in oily wastewater treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Reinforced ZIF-67-Based PDMS Hydrophobic Sponge for Efficient and Rapid Oil-Water Separation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-11 10:20:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7764910/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"02117567-fa73-4b7c-9f71-26fc28dbc460","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-30T02:23:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-11 10:20:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7764910","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7764910","identity":"rs-7764910","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}