On-chip programmable optical routing using nonvolatile Sb2Se3 phase-change metasurfaces

On-chip programmable optical routing using nonvolatile Sb2Se3 phase-change metasurfaces | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article On-chip programmable optical routing using nonvolatile Sb 2 Se 3 phase-change metasurfaces Sanaz Zarei This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3958831/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Interferometer meshes are underpinning many new technologies for fully programmable optical circuits; however, their large footprint restricts their scalability. Our investigations demonstrated a new approach for on-chip programmable optical routing based on integrated one-dimensional Sb 2 Se 3 phase change metasurfaces on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. In the presented scheme, silicon functions as the light guide and Sb 2 Se 3 provides the means for reconfigurability. Reconfiguration is achieved by the dynamic control over the refractive index of Sb 2 Se 3 by selectively adjusting the crystalline phase of Sb 2 Se 3 . With a device footprint of 28µmx50μm, the proposed router is more compact than Mach-Zehnder interferometer meshes, while providing a foundry compatible, nonvolatile and broadband reconfigurable paradigm for programmable optical flow control. Photonics/optics Optical Materials and Devices Electrical Engineering Programmable optical circuits On-chip programmable optical router Metasurface Phase Change Material Sb2Se3 Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3958831","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":273032839,"identity":"40b48e21-493c-4b5f-a863-4cf0480c2a46","order_by":0,"name":"Sanaz Zarei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACAxsGAyB1oIKBgbGBSC1pEC1niNfCcBishYEoLfL9h599+FBw3t6c/ezDAwcYbGQ3HCDkpAPHjGfOMLiduLMn3QCoJc2YsBbGBmNmHoPbCQYH0hgOf2A4nEhQi3wz+2fmPwbn7A3OP2MA2vKfsBaGYzzGzEDnMW64kQbScoCwFoMzPMWMPQbJiRtugGwxSDaeSdBh/cc3M/z4Ywd0WBrzhwMVdrJ9BB2GZilpykfBKBgFo2AU4AAAZtVJSWaOPiAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sharif University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sanaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Zarei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-15 13:52:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3958831/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3958831/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2026.101507","type":"published","date":"2026-01-28T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102230606,"identity":"ba29932a-425c-4685-bee8-d29fdf5e04b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 15:26:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1231726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EditedVersion.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3958831/v1_covered_941991e5-bf90-42d3-8b16-4f3a48f9b8c1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOn-chip programmable optical routing using nonvolatile Sb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e phase-change metasurfaces\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"da5d7047-6082-4495-b9a8-f6369e21c331","identifier":"10.13039/501100018981","name":"Iran Science Elites Federation","awardNumber":"401478","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"Sharif University of Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Programmable optical circuits, On-chip programmable optical router, Metasurface, Phase Change Material, Sb2Se3 ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3958831/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3958831/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInterferometer meshes are underpinning many new technologies for fully programmable optical circuits; however, their large footprint restricts their scalability. Our investigations demonstrated a new approach for on-chip programmable optical routing based on integrated one-dimensional Sb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e phase change metasurfaces on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. In the presented scheme, silicon functions as the light guide and Sb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e provides the means for reconfigurability. Reconfiguration is achieved by the dynamic control over the refractive index of Sb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e by selectively adjusting the crystalline phase of Sb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. With a device footprint of 28µmx50μm, the proposed router is more compact than Mach-Zehnder interferometer meshes, while providing a foundry compatible, nonvolatile and broadband reconfigurable paradigm for programmable optical flow control.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"On-chip programmable optical routing using nonvolatile Sb2Se3 phase-change metasurfaces","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-16 03:17:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3958831/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d317235e-fc02-48f5-b560-80cbfa08a6a8","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":28782338,"name":"Photonics/optics"},{"id":28782339,"name":"Optical Materials and Devices"},{"id":28782340,"name":"Electrical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T15:25:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3958831","link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2026.101507","journal":{"identity":"photonics-and-nanostructures-fundamentals-and-applications","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-28 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 28th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-16 03:17:57","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2026.101507","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2026.101507","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3958831","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3958831","identity":"rs-3958831","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}