Barbell-Shaped Reflective Metasurface for Broadband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion in K, Ka, and V Bands

Barbell-Shaped Reflective Metasurface for Broadband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion in K, Ka, and V Bands | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Barbell-Shaped Reflective Metasurface for Broadband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion in K, Ka, and V Bands Harish Raizada, Nitesh Kashyap This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670197/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this work, a novel barbell-shaped reflective Polarization Conversion Meta-Surfaces (PCMS) is designed and comprehensively analyzed for ultra-wideband and linear-to-circular polarization conversion (LCPC) with excellent efficiency. The proposed PCMS works in reflection mode and meets the 3-dB Axial Ratio criterion within a very wide frequency range from 15 GHz to 50 GHz, thus giving an exceptionally large fractional bandwidth of 89.67%. Several resonant modes determine the polarization conversion mechanism; at 19.7 GHz, 31.8 GHz, and 44.3 GHz, the PCR approaches 100%. The metasurface consists of compact unit-cell dimensions with lateral sizes of 0.2λ₀ × 0.2λ₀ (4 mm × 4 mm) and a substrate thickness of 0.4333λ₀, where λ₀ represents wavelength in free space at the lowest frequency of operation. The proposed PCMS has a very low insertion loss (< 0.3 dB) and maintains stable Axial Ratio and phase response for the incidence angles up to 20°, confirming strong angular stability and robust polarization conversion performance. Owing to its compact geometry, fabrication simplicity, and superior broadband characteristics, For K, Ka, and V bands millimeter-wave antenna systems, the suggested barbell-shaped PCMS is a viable option. Metasurface Polarization Conversion Fractional Bandwidth Polarization Conversion Ratio (PCR) Axial Ratio (A.R) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 23 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 22 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8670197","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":594107820,"identity":"3a2fad78-31ca-42d0-8fa7-68834055e24a","order_by":0,"name":"Harish Raizada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harish","middleName":"","lastName":"Raizada","suffix":""},{"id":594107821,"identity":"02d3cf9c-3ee0-47e5-9fac-fe3cb0aeb5f0","order_by":1,"name":"Nitesh Kashyap","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYGNjCDn4GxAcRjYGAmVotkA2NjA2laDA6ArCEGSLYff/aYp+ZOnvHt5vYHFgx28gzsvAfwapHmyTE35jn2rNjszkGQw5ING5j5EvBqkWPIYZPmYTucuO1GIkgLcwIDM48Bfi38z59J8/w7nLh5BlhLPWEt0hIJZtK8bYcTN0iAtRwmrEVyxhszybl9zxJnAB02Q8LguGEbIS0S59OfSbz5diexf0b6g88SFdXy/Pxn8GsBASYehgNgBrOEASyaCADGH1AtjB+IUT4KRsEoGAUjDgAAy05BPyvA9rAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nitesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kashyap","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-22 13:25:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670197/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670197/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104397416,"identity":"1dc72b15-9361-40ce-91a9-bcf8252b6dd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 11:47:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1228943,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnQ.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8670197/v1_covered_06fd6816-1426-4f60-89f9-4b698783a48e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Barbell-Shaped Reflective Metasurface for Broadband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion in K, Ka, and V Bands","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Metasurface, Polarization Conversion, Fractional Bandwidth, Polarization Conversion Ratio (PCR), Axial Ratio (A.R)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670197/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670197/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, a novel barbell-shaped reflective Polarization Conversion Meta-Surfaces (PCMS) is designed and comprehensively analyzed for ultra-wideband and linear-to-circular polarization conversion (LCPC) with excellent efficiency. The proposed PCMS works in reflection mode and meets the 3-dB Axial Ratio criterion within a very wide frequency range from 15 GHz to 50 GHz, thus giving an exceptionally large fractional bandwidth of 89.67%. Several resonant modes determine the polarization conversion mechanism; at 19.7 GHz, 31.8 GHz, and 44.3 GHz, the PCR approaches 100%. The metasurface consists of compact unit-cell dimensions with lateral sizes of 0.2λ₀ \u0026times; 0.2λ₀ (4 mm \u0026times; 4 mm) and a substrate thickness of 0.4333λ₀, where λ₀ represents wavelength in free space at the lowest frequency of operation. The proposed PCMS has a very low insertion loss (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3 dB) and maintains stable Axial Ratio and phase response for the incidence angles up to 20\u0026deg;, confirming strong angular stability and robust polarization conversion performance. Owing to its compact geometry, fabrication simplicity, and superior broadband characteristics, For K, Ka, and V bands millimeter-wave antenna systems, the suggested barbell-shaped PCMS is a viable option.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Barbell-Shaped Reflective Metasurface for Broadband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion in K, Ka, and V Bands","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-23 04:15:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670197/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-25T11:06:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-24T14:58:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-23T04:22:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"26618126000293212780488178984006309330","date":"2026-02-19T20:44:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43721998524875166943493813717740447118","date":"2026-02-17T15:38:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"189512498818643200219347488532174992869","date":"2026-02-17T13:09:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-17T11:09:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-23T16:33:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-23T15:32:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2026-01-22T12:38:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0933c1e9-1363-48ef-a432-a22365c5b0bb","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-25T18:53:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-23 04:15:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8670197","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8670197","identity":"rs-8670197","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}