Prevalence and risk factors of perceived stress on COVID-19 among health care providers in Dilla Town Health institutions, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

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Understanding the mental health response after a public health emergency might help health care providers and communities to prepare for a population's response to a disaster. Objective: This study aimed to assess the magnitude of perceived stress and risk factors of coronaviruses disease 2019 among healthcare providers in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 244 samples selected with systematic random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out with validated perceived stress scale adapted from the World health organization. Data were coded and entered into Epi-info Version 7 and was exported and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Crude and adjusted OR were analyzed using logistic regression and the level of significance of association was determined at P-value <0.05. Result: The magnitude of perceived stress of coronavirus disease 2019 among participants was 126 (51.6%). Being at the age range of 25-31 years (AOR=2.5, 95%CI, 1.07, 5.90), nurse professionals (AOR= 7.8, 95%CI 2.15, 27.98) and pharmacist professionals (AOR=4.15, 95%CI, 1.01, 17.06) were variables found to have a strongly statistically significant association with perceived stress of Coronaviruses disease. Conclusion: this indicates that early prevention, early identification and intervention of perceived stress of coronaviruses disease among healthcare providers. Particularly, more stress for the frontline healthcare worker nurses, pharmacists and age ranges of 25-31 years. Health Policy Infectious Diseases Psychology perceived stress healthcare providers Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is a mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by a coronavirus (genus Beta coronavirus), is transmitted chiefly by contact with infectious material (such as respiratory droplets), and is characterized especially by fever, cough, and shortness of breath and may progress to pneumonia and respiratory failure(1, 2). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a new strain that was first discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, China and has not been previously identified in humans(3, 4)It is distinct from other SARS, MERS, and influenza(5, 6). In the past two decades more than 10, 000 cumulative cases, with mortality rates of 10% for SARS-CoV and 37% for MERS-CoV happened worldwide (7-10). After WHO declared the current novel coronavirus as an epidemic of a Public Health Emergency of International concern On Jan 30, 2020, more than 1 million infections and more than 70,000 deaths worldwide recorded due to COVID-19 pandemics(11-13). The first COVID-19 case has been confirmed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on March 31, 2020.the recently COVID-19 cases are around 43 and are reported 2 deaths(12, 14). With the widespread disruptive effects of COVID-19, different countries have been taking different prevention and control measure like quarantining, closing and suspension of transportations, avoiding public gatherings and even holding different public service works including education. Because of the above-mentioned measures students, workers, tourists and others have been now prevented from accessing their training institutions, workplaces, and homes(15-17). Psychological symptoms like anxiety/stress, panic buying, fear and paranoia about attending community events; and reduced autonomy and concerns about income, job, security, and so on have already been observed on a population. Such as being at home can place children at increased risk of, or increased exposure to, child protection incidents or make them witness to interpersonal violence if their home is not a safe place(18). Coronavirus pandemic fears prompt Government to activate emergency response and extend travel ban(18). In addition to the community members, health care providers are also at risk of higher psychological distress due to longer working hours and high risk of exposure to the virus. This may also lead to stress, anxiety, burnout, depressive symptoms, and the need for sick or stress leave, which would harm the capacity of the health system to provide services during the crisis(19). Even though the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic must be recognized alongside the physical symptoms, the global response is a simple public health strategy such as hand washing, quarantine and social distancing(12, 20). If left untreated, these psychological symptoms may have long-term health effects health workers and require treatment adding to the cost burden of managing the illness(18, 21). To date, the Ethiopian government's focus has been on managing the medical needs of people during the pandemic, rather than providing resources to meet short- and long-term mental health implications. So this paper aims to assess the psychological burdens of COVID-19 and recommended possible mitigating strategies. Therefore, it is vital to assess the magnitude of perceived stress and risk factors of coronaviruses disease 2019 among healthcare providers in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020. Methods and materials Study setup The study was conducted in Dilla Town which is found in Gedeo Zone on the main road from Addis Ababa to Kenya 360km South of Addis Ababa, 90km South of Hawassa (capital of SNNPR) and has a longitude and latitude of 6 0 24¢30²N 38°18¢30²E with an elevation of 1570 meters above sea level. There are four governmental health institutions in the study area and one of which is Dilla University referral hospital while the others are health centres. There about five hundred fifty health care providers. Study design and period This was an institutional-based cross-sectional study design conducted among health care providers in Dilla Town governmental health institutions from March to April 2020 Population Source population : All health care providers living in Dilla Town Gedeo Zone during the study period Study population: selected Health care providers with systematic random sampling technique were included. Sample size and sampling technique Sample size : The required sample size was calculated using a single proportion formula to obtain sample size needed to estimate the prevalence perceived stress among health care providers. The prevalence of perceived stress was unknown. Therefore proportion 50%, confidence interval = 95% and margin of error (d) = 5% was taken. Hence, the required sample size was 384. Since the source population is less than 10,000, the reduction formula was employed giving a sample size of 244 with a 10% non-response rate. The sample was obtained with the proportion allocation system among each health centres and one referral hospital based on the total number of health care providers in each institution. Data Collection procedures and instrument A structured questionnaire adapted from WHO validated for perceived stress was used to collect the information. We included in the questionnaire the following: socio-demographic data (age, sex, profession, qualification, income, religion, marital status, ethnicity and work experience); perceived stress was evaluated with 10 item version of perceived stress scale (PSS) which has a wide range of applications, of which the scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 & 4 = 0) to the four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, & 8) and then summing across all scale items. A short 4 item scale can be made from questions 2, 4, 5 and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale. A 5-point Likert scale is employed to evaluate each item (e.g.0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly Often 4 = Very Often), yielding a totally original score ranging from 0 to 50.A total score of >20 points was considered as the cut off for experiencing perceived stress on COVID-19. Data Quality Assurance The pretest was done on 5% of the sample size. Data collectors and supervisors were trained on each item included in the study tools, objective, relevant of study. During data collection, regular supervision and follow up were made. Investigator cross-checked for completeness and consistency of data daily. Statistical analysis and processing After completeness of the data was crosschecked manually, it was entered into epi info version 7 computer programs and transported to SPSS version 22-computer program for further analysis and cleaning. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize tables and figures and statistical summary measures were used for presentation. Association of perceived stress-related variables and demographic characteristics were analyzed using chi-square, fisher’s exact teste and binary logistic regression with odds ratio and 95% CI in the univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of the combination of risk factors for the development of perceived stress. All variables with a p < 0.20 in the univariate analysis were entered in the logistic regression model. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were then calculated. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents A total of 244 participants were included in the study with a response rate of 100%. Among the respondents, the majority were males 161(66 %) while the majority of respondents were in the age range of 25-31 years 162 (66.4%). Of the total participants, 124(50.8%) of them were protestant religion follower, and 76 (31.1%) were Amhara in their ethnicity. The majority of the participants were single 140 (57.4%) The qualification of participants indicated that 158(64.8%) of them were degree level while regarding their profession, 100(41.0%) of the participants were Nurses. The majority of respondents 130(53.3) had working experiences of in the range of 1-5 years and the majority of respondents 96 (39.3%) monthly income was ranging from 3000-5000 Ethiopian birr (Table 1) . Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents in Dilla Town Government Health Institutions, Dilla, Southern Ethiopia, 2020 Variables Categories Frequency Percentage (%) sex Female 83 34.00 Male 161 66.00 Age 18-24 48 19.7 25-31 162 66.4 >31 34 13.9 Marital status Single 140 57.4 Married 90 36.9 Divorced/widowed 14 5.7 Religion Orthodox 100 41.0 Muslim 16 6.6 Protestant 124 50.8 Catholic 4 1.6 Ethnicity Gedeo 72 29.5 Oromo 36 14.5 Amhara 76 31.1 Gurage 20 8.2 others** 40 16.4 Monthly income 7000 48 19.7 Qualification Diploma 66 27.0 Degree 158 64.8 Masters and Above 20 8.2 Profession Medical doctor 27 11.1 Nurse 100 41.0 Health officer 15 6.1 Anaesthetist 10 4.1 Midwifery 24 9.8 Psychiatry 9 3.7 Laboratory technology 24 9.8 Pharmacist 23 9.4 Others** 12 4.9 Work experience 5 years 64 26.2 Perceived stress of the respondents The majority of respondents were very annoyed by things that happened outside very often while some others felt well fairly often. On the other hand, the majority of respondents were able to complete the important events in their life properly while others couldn’t cope with all the things happened outside (Table 2). Table 2: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) among Health care providers in Dilla Town in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020. Items Never Almost Never Sometimes Fairly often Very Often Total Something unexpectedly 52 32 70 54 36 244 Unable to control the important things in life 62 40 66 56 20 244 Felt nervous and stressed 46 42 68 58 30 244 Felt confident about your ability to handle your problems 44 42 72 58 28 244 Felt that things were going your way 34 30 76 76 28 244 Could not cope with all the things 44 56 74 52 18 244 Able to control irritations in life 38 28 68 72 38 244 Felt on top of things 32 42 54 88 28 244 Angered things on outside 32 42 70 58 42 244 Felt difficulties and not overcome 48 44 64 62 26 244 Perceived stress, among Health care providers, was very high. The highest perceived stress score was observed among Nurses, sixty-eight from hundred while the smallest was seen among anaesthetist and other health care providers (three from ten and three from twelve) respectively (Figure 1). The magnitude of perceived stress on COVID-19 among Health care providers in Dilla Town in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020. The prevalence of perceived stress on COVID-19 among participants was found to be 126 (51.6%) with of the respondents in their life of the last month. Risk factors of perceived stress on COVID-19 among Health care providers in Dilla Town In bivariate binary logistic analysis variables; sex, age, marital status, monthly income, qualification, profession, and work experiences were found to have a p-value less than 0.25. These variables full-filled minimum requirements for further multivariate binary logistic regression. From multivariate binary logistic regression, only variables; age in the range of 25-31 years, being nurse, and being pharmacist were statistically significant with perceived stress on COVID-19 at p-value less than 0.05. The odds of having perceived stress on COVID-19 among respondents who were in the age range of 25-31 years was almost 3 times higher as compared to in the age range of 18-24 years of respondents (AOR=2.5, 95%CI, 1.07, 5.90).In this study participants who are nurses in their profession were almost 8 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who are doctors (AOR= 7.8, 95%CI 2.15, 27.98). Participants who are pharmacists were also another factor associated with perceived stress on COVID-19. Participants who were pharmacist in their profession were 4 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who are Medical doctors (AOR=4.15, 95%CI, 1.01, 17.06). Table 3 : Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with perceived stress on COVID-19 among Healthcare providers in Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia 2020. Variables Perceived Stress COR (CI) AOR(CI) Yes No Sex of participants Female 44 39 1.09 (0.64 - 1.85) 0.92 ( 0.48-1.77) Male 82 79 1 1 Age of participants 18-24 16 32 1 1 25-31 91 71 2.56 (1.3- 5.04) 2.51(1.070 - 5.90)* >31 19 15 2.53(1.023- 6.26) 1.7 (0.53 - 5.4) Marital status of participants Single 68 72 1 1 Married 48 42 1.21(0 .71 - 2.06) 0.9 (0.5 - 2.0) Divorced/widowed 10 4 2.65(0 .79- 8.84) 3.2 (0.7 - 14.1) Monthly income of participants 7000 22 26 1 1 Profession of participants Medical doctor 10 17 1 1 Nurses 68 32 3.61 (1.488 - 8.77) 7.75 (2.15-27.98)** Health officer 8 7 1.94 (0.540 - 6.99) 2.61 (0.57-11.98) Anesthetist 3 7 0.73 (0.153 -3.47) 1.06 (0.15-7.39) Midwifery 12 12 1.70 (0.55 - 5.20) 2.76 (0.65-11.67) Psychiatry 4 5 1.36 (0.295-6.28) 0.91 (0.14-5.78) Laboratory 4 20 0.34 (0.09 - 1.28) 0.36 (0.08-1.74) Pharmacist 14 9 2.64(0 .84 - 8.31) 4.15 (1.01-17.06)* Others** 3 9 0.57(0.12 - 2.60) 0.71 (.11-4.59) Work experienceof participants 5 years 39 25 1 1 *P-value is significant at P<0.05 **P-value is significant at P<0.01 Discussion This cross-sectional study had tried to determine the magnitude of perceived stress and associated risk factors among health care providers of Gedeo Zone governmental Health institutions on COVID-19 using perceived stress scale (PSS). The majority of health care providers were predominantly males 161(66.0%). The overall prevalence of Perceived stress among health care providers of Gedeo Zone governmental Health institutions was found to be 51.6%. The finding of this study was in line with the study conducted in China by Wang C, et al (53.8%) (24). On the other hand, a study done in china Wuhan by Dai Y, et al was lower as compared to this study(39.1% vs 51.6%) (25). The possible explanation might be due to sampling size, sampling technique (convenience sampling) and different tool where they used general Health questionnaire (GHQ-12). In this study, the majority of respondents were males 161(66.0%), in the age range of 25-31 years 162 (66.4%) and single 140 (57.4%). On the contrary, a study conducted in China revealed that the majority of respondents were female (67.3%), in the age range of 21.4 to 30.8 years (53.1%) and married (76.4%) (24). The possible explanation for this difference might be due to the development of the country, the developed country involved women and marriage at a proper age due to their economical status of their people. This study revealed that the majority of respondents were nurses 100(41.0%). This finding was consistent with other studies conducted in China 2,343(53.8%) (25) and 764(60.8%) (26). However, this study showed that the majority of health care providers’ work experience was one to five years 130 (53.3%) unlike a study conducted in Chine which was six to ten years1960(45%) (25). This discrepancy might be due to differences in the educational development system, economical status, sample size and work experience rubrics. The study revealed that age and profession were independent predictors of perceived stress. The odds of having perceived stress on COVID-19 among respondents who were in the age range of 25-31 years were 3 times more likely as compared to in the age range of 18-24 years of respondents. On the other hand, this study showed that participants who were nurses in their profession were 8 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared to respondents who were doctors. This finding is in line with a study conducted in China on perceived stress on COVID-19 among health care workers (25). The possible explanation might be due to nurses are frontline healthcare workers, directly engaged in diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with COVID-19 and they are many as compared with other professions. Participants who are pharmacists were also another factor associated with perceived stress on COVID-19. Participants who were pharmacist in their profession were 4 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who were doctors. The pharmacist is also involved directly to provide drugs for patients with COVID-19 and they are at high risk. Limitations The study was limited to assess barriers of preexisting mental illness and chronic medical condition and also the new occurrence of mental and physical illness of healthcare workers. Cross-sectional nature of the study design might not show the cause and effect relationships psychological impact and other variables Conclusions The magnitude of perceived stress on COVID-19 is half in the study among healthcare providers. Being at the age range of 25-31 years, nurse professionals and pharmacist professionals were variables found to have a strongly statistically significant association with perceived stress on COVID-19. Particularly, of great concern should be given for healthcare workers because they are risk of developing psychological impact and need supporting and interventions. Abbreviations AOR; Adjust Odd Ration; CI: Confidence Interval; COVID-19; Coronaviruses Disease 19; COR: Crude Odd Ratio; DU; Dilla University, EPI INFO; Epidemiological Information; GHQ: General Health Questionnaire; HCWs: Health Care Worker; MERS: the Middle East respiratory syndrome; SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; SNNPR: Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional; SPSS; Statistical Package for Social Science, PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; WHO; World Health Organization Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dilla University. Written consent was obtained from each participant during data collection. All participants were well informed about the aims and purpose of the study, those participants were informed that as the right is given to the study participants to refuse and stop or withdraw from participation at any time during data collection without loss of any entitlement. Consent to publication Not applicable Availability of the Data and Materials The data will be available on request Competing of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest Funding Not applicable Authors’ Contribution YA and SM conceived the research question, data collection, analysis, interpretation and critically reviewed the manuscript. SY and BM participated during the proposal development, analysis, interpretation of the data and contributed for manuscript preparation. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgement It is great thanks towards the study participants for investing their fruitful time to participate in the study. References Merriam-Webster I. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms: Merriam-Webster; 1984. Staff M-W. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Merriam-Webster; 2004. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. 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Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists. 1994;10. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. Dai Y, Hu G, Xiong H, Qiu H, Yuan X. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. medRxiv. 2020. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to Coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open. 2020;3(3):e203976-e. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-23476","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522565,"identity":"ea4169f4-08e3-43e5-ba66-037ea09bc1e6","order_by":1,"name":"Yigrem Ali Chekole","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdgaGAyCaH0QkFBCjhRmqRbIBpMWASC1gYADWSIwW/mYew4Nf99hEG59fnfjhgQGDPL/YAfxaJA7zGByWeZaWu+3G280SQIcZzpydQMAakBaJA4eBWs5uAGlJMLhNQIs8RMv/3M0zzm7+QZQWA6CWgx8OHMjdwN+7jThbDA+zFRxmOJCcO+MG7zaLBAMJwn6RO968+eOPA3a5/f1nN9/8UWEjzy9NQAsDA4cBMw+IlgCrlCCkHATYHzD+ANH8B4hRPQpGwSgYBSMRAACZzUsNKyaWHAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-5416","institution":"Dilla University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yigrem","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Chekole","suffix":""},{"id":522566,"identity":"caa4973a-82d4-4f16-8299-687c00531cba","order_by":2,"name":"Solomon Yimer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dilla University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solomon","middleName":"","lastName":"Yimer","suffix":""},{"id":522567,"identity":"3e83b46b-c6a9-46f4-ae26-bd462f2ba0dd","order_by":3,"name":"Birhanie Mekuriaw","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dilla University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Birhanie","middleName":"","lastName":"Mekuriaw","suffix":""},{"id":522568,"identity":"be5d2981-fd69-4e44-8ba6-239a520d104e","order_by":4,"name":"Semagn Mekonnen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dilla University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Semagn","middleName":"","lastName":"Mekonnen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-04-17 10:31:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-23476/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-23476/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1005806,"identity":"cbb5823e-a33a-4308-8c8e-a1d89c4ce274","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-04-30 23:36:34","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":449692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The schematic presentation of the sampling procedure employed to select participants in Dilla Town, 2020.","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-23476/v1/1.png"},{"id":1005807,"identity":"6f83ca90-c3e6-4b79-9d30-2a8ea85f5908","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-04-30 23:36:34","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":408617,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Perceived stress among health care providers of Dilla Town governmental health institutions, southern Ethiopia, 2020.","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-23476/v1/2.png"},{"id":13501612,"identity":"e8904abe-1f81-4033-a48d-2095b9f878b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 23:11:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1271137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-23476/v1/b41e1b3c-9664-42b4-8c44-f1489bc1459f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Prevalence and risk factors of perceived stress on COVID-19 among health care providers in Dilla Town Health institutions, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is a mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by a coronavirus (genus Beta coronavirus), is transmitted chiefly by contact with infectious material (such as respiratory droplets), and is characterized especially by fever, cough, and shortness of breath and may progress to pneumonia and respiratory failure(1, 2). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a new strain that was first discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, China and has not been previously identified in humans(3, 4)It is distinct from other SARS, MERS, and influenza(5, 6). In the past two decades more than 10, 000 cumulative cases, with mortality rates of 10% for SARS-CoV and 37% for MERS-CoV happened worldwide (7-10).\nAfter WHO declared the current novel coronavirus as an epidemic of a Public Health Emergency of International concern On Jan 30, 2020, more than 1 million infections and more than 70,000 deaths worldwide recorded due to COVID-19 pandemics(11-13).\nThe first COVID-19 case has been confirmed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on March 31, 2020.the recently COVID-19 cases are around 43 and are reported 2 deaths(12, 14). \nWith the widespread disruptive effects of COVID-19, different countries have been taking different prevention and control measure like quarantining, closing and suspension of transportations, avoiding public gatherings and even holding different public service works including education. Because of the above-mentioned measures students, workers, tourists and others have been now prevented from accessing their training institutions, workplaces, and homes(15-17). \nPsychological symptoms like anxiety/stress, panic buying, fear and paranoia about attending community events; and reduced autonomy and concerns about income, job, security, and so on have already been observed on a population. Such as being at home can place children at increased risk of, or increased exposure to, child protection incidents or make them witness to interpersonal violence if their home is not a safe place(18). Coronavirus pandemic fears prompt Government to activate emergency response and extend travel ban(18). \nIn addition to the community members, health care providers are also at risk of higher psychological distress due to longer working hours and high risk of exposure to the virus. This may also lead to stress, anxiety, burnout, depressive symptoms, and the need for sick or stress leave, which would harm the capacity of the health system to provide services during the crisis(19). Even though the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic must be recognized alongside the physical symptoms, the global response is a simple public health strategy such as hand washing, quarantine and social distancing(12, 20).\nIf left untreated, these psychological symptoms may have long-term health effects health workers and require treatment adding to the cost burden of managing the illness(18, 21). \n\nTo date, the Ethiopian government's focus has been on managing the medical needs of people during the pandemic, rather than providing resources to meet short- and long-term mental health implications. So this paper aims to assess the psychological burdens of COVID-19 and recommended possible mitigating strategies. Therefore, it is vital to assess the magnitude of perceived stress and risk factors of coronaviruses disease 2019 among healthcare providers in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020.\n"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Dilla Town which is found in Gedeo Zone on the main road from Addis Ababa to Kenya 360km South of Addis Ababa, 90km South of Hawassa (capital of SNNPR) and has a longitude and latitude of 6\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e24\u0026cent;30\u0026sup2;N 38\u0026deg;18\u0026cent;30\u0026sup2;E with an elevation of 1570 meters above sea level. There are four governmental health institutions in the study area and one of which is Dilla University referral hospital while the others are health centres. There about five hundred fifty health care providers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design and period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was an institutional-based cross-sectional study design conducted among health care providers in Dilla Town governmental health institutions from March to April 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource population\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c/strong\u003eAll health care providers living in Dilla Town Gedeo Zone during the study period\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy population: selected Health care providers with systematic random sampling technique were included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size and sampling technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c/strong\u003eThe required sample size was calculated using a single proportion formula to obtain sample size needed to estimate the prevalence perceived stress among health care providers. The prevalence of perceived stress was unknown. Therefore proportion 50%, confidence interval = 95% and margin of error (d) = 5% was taken. Hence, the required sample size was 384. Since the source population is less than 10,000, the reduction formula was employed giving a sample size of 244 with a 10% non-response rate. The sample was obtained with the proportion allocation system among each health centres and one referral hospital based on the total number of health care providers in each institution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection procedures and instrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA structured questionnaire adapted from WHO validated for perceived stress was used to collect the information. We included in the questionnaire the following: socio-demographic data (age, sex, profession, qualification, income, religion, marital status, ethnicity and work experience); perceived stress was evaluated with 10 item version of perceived stress scale (PSS) which has a wide range of applications, of which the scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 \u0026amp; 4 = 0) to the four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, \u0026amp; 8) and then summing across all scale items. A short 4 item scale can be made from questions 2, 4, 5 and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale. A 5-point Likert scale is employed to evaluate each item (e.g.0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly Often 4 = Very Often), yielding a totally original score ranging from 0 to 50.A total score of \u0026gt;20 points was considered as the cut off for experiencing perceived stress on COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Quality Assurance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pretest was done on 5% of the sample size. Data collectors and supervisors were trained on each item included in the study tools, objective, relevant of study. During data collection, regular supervision and follow up were made. Investigator cross-checked for completeness and consistency of data daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis and processing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter completeness of the data was crosschecked manually, it was entered into epi info version 7 computer programs and transported to SPSS version 22-computer program for further analysis and cleaning. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize tables and figures and statistical summary measures were used for presentation. Association of perceived stress-related variables and demographic characteristics were analyzed using chi-square, fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact teste and binary logistic regression with odds ratio and 95% CI in the univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of the combination of risk factors for the development of perceived stress. All variables with a p \u0026lt; 0.20 in the univariate analysis were entered in the logistic regression model. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were then calculated. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 244 participants were included in the study with a response rate of 100%. Among the respondents, the majority were males 161(66 %) while the majority of respondents were in the age range of 25-31 years 162 (66.4%). Of the total participants, 124(50.8%) of them were protestant religion follower, and 76 (31.1%) were Amhara in their ethnicity. The majority of the participants were single 140 (57.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe qualification of participants indicated that 158(64.8%) of them were degree level while regarding their profession, 100(41.0%) of the participants were Nurses. The majority of respondents 130(53.3) had working experiences of in the range of 1-5 years and the majority of respondents 96 (39.3%) monthly income was ranging from 3000-5000 Ethiopian birr (Table 1)\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents in Dilla Town Government Health Institutions, Dilla, Southern Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"306\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables Categories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18-24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25-31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDivorced/widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGedeo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOromo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmhara\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGurage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eothers**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3000-5000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5000-7000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;7000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQualification\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMasters and Above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProfession\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealth officer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnaesthetist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMidwifery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychiatry\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLaboratory technology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePharmacist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWork experience\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"187\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerceived stress of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of respondents were very annoyed by things that happened outside very often while some others felt well fairly often. On the other hand, the majority of respondents were able to complete the important events in their life properly while others couldn\u0026rsquo;t cope with all the things happened outside (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) among Health care providers in Dilla Town in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"654\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlmost Never\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFairly often\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery Often\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSomething unexpectedly\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnable to control the important things in life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelt nervous and stressed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelt confident about your ability to handle your problems\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelt that things were going your way\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCould not cope with all the things\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAble to control irritations in life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelt on top of things\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAngered things on outside\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelt difficulties and not overcome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerceived stress, among Health care providers, was very high. The highest perceived stress score was observed among Nurses, sixty-eight from hundred while the smallest was seen among anaesthetist and other health care providers (three from ten and three from twelve) respectively (Figure 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe magnitude of perceived stress on COVID-19 among Health care providers in Dilla Town in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of perceived stress on COVID-19 among participants was found to be 126 (51.6%) with of the respondents in their life of the last month.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisk factors of perceived stress on COVID-19 among Health care providers in Dilla Town\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn bivariate binary logistic analysis variables; sex, age, marital status, monthly income, qualification, profession, and work experiences were found to have a p-value less than 0.25. These variables full-filled minimum requirements for further multivariate binary logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom multivariate binary logistic regression, only variables; age in the range of 25-31 years, being nurse, and being pharmacist were statistically significant with perceived stress on COVID-19 at p-value less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe odds of having perceived stress on COVID-19 among respondents who were in the age range of 25-31 years was almost 3 times higher as compared to in the age range of 18-24 years of respondents (AOR=2.5, 95%CI, 1.07, 5.90).In this study participants who are nurses in their profession were almost 8 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who are doctors (AOR= 7.8, 95%CI 2.15, 27.98).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants who are pharmacists were also another factor associated with perceived stress on COVID-19. Participants who were pharmacist in their profession were 4 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who are Medical doctors (AOR=4.15, 95%CI, 1.01, 17.06).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e: Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with perceived stress on COVID-19 among Healthcare providers in Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"678\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"278\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerceived Stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR(CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex of participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.64 - 1.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92 ( 0.48-1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge of participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18-24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25-31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.56 (1.3- 5.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.51(1.070 - 5.90)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.53(1.023- 6.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.53 - 5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status of participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarried\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21(0 .71 - 2.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.5 - 2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDivorced/widowed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.65(0 .79- 8.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 (0.7 - 14.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income of participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;3000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93( 0.42-2.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.12 - 1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3000-5000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.59(0.79 - 3.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.35 - 3.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5000-7000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.39(0.627- 3.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.33 - 3.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;7000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfession of participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical doctor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNurses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.61 (1.488 - 8.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.75 (2.15-27.98)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth officer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.94 (0.540 - 6.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.61 (0.57-11.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnesthetist\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73 (0.153 -3.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.15-7.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMidwifery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.70 (0.55 - 5.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.76 (0.65-11.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePsychiatry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.295-6.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.14-5.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaboratory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34 (0.09 - 1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.36 (0.08-1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePharmacist\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.64(0 .84 - 8.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.15 (1.01-17.06)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOthers**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57(0.12 - 2.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71 (.11-4.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork experienceof participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;1 year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.43(0.20 - 0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.34-3.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68 (0.37 - 1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.33-1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gt;5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*P-value is significant at P\u0026lt;0.05 **P-value is significant at P\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study had tried to determine the magnitude of perceived stress and associated risk factors among health care providers of Gedeo Zone governmental Health institutions on COVID-19 using perceived stress scale (PSS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of health care providers were predominantly males 161(66.0%). The overall prevalence of Perceived stress among health care providers of Gedeo Zone governmental Health institutions was found to be 51.6%. The finding of this study was in line with the study conducted in China by Wang C, et al (53.8%) (24). On the other hand, a study done in china Wuhan by Dai Y, et al was lower as compared to this study(39.1% vs 51.6%) (25). The possible explanation might be due to sampling size, sampling technique (convenience sampling) and different tool where they used general Health questionnaire (GHQ-12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the majority of respondents were males 161(66.0%), in the age range of 25-31 years 162 (66.4%) and single 140 (57.4%). On the contrary, a study conducted in China revealed that the majority of respondents were female (67.3%), in the age range of 21.4 to 30.8 years (53.1%) and married (76.4%) (24). The possible explanation for this difference might be due to the development of the country, the developed country involved women and marriage at a proper age due to their economical status of their people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that the majority of respondents were nurses 100(41.0%). This finding was consistent with other studies conducted in China 2,343(53.8%) (25) and 764(60.8%) (26). \u0026nbsp;However, this study showed that the majority of health care providers\u0026rsquo; work experience was one to five years 130 (53.3%) unlike a study conducted in Chine which was six to ten years1960(45%) (25). This discrepancy might be due to differences in the educational development system, economical status, sample size and work experience rubrics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that age and profession were independent predictors of perceived stress. The odds of having perceived stress on COVID-19 among respondents who were in the age range of 25-31 years were 3 times more likely as compared to in the age range of 18-24 years of respondents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, this study showed that participants who were nurses in their profession were 8 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared to respondents who were doctors. This finding is in line with a study conducted in China on perceived stress on COVID-19 among health care workers (25). The possible explanation might be due to nurses are frontline healthcare workers, directly engaged in diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with COVID-19 and they are many as compared with other professions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants who are pharmacists were also another factor associated with perceived stress on COVID-19. Participants who were pharmacist in their profession were 4 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who were doctors. The pharmacist is also involved directly to provide drugs for patients with COVID-19 and they are at high risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was limited to assess barriers of preexisting mental illness and chronic medical condition and also the new occurrence of mental and physical illness of healthcare workers. Cross-sectional nature of the study design might not show the cause and effect relationships psychological impact and other variables\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe magnitude of perceived stress on COVID-19 is half in the study among healthcare providers. Being at the age range of 25-31 years, nurse professionals and pharmacist professionals were variables found to have a strongly statistically significant association with perceived stress on COVID-19. Particularly, of great concern should be given for healthcare workers because they are risk of developing psychological impact and need supporting and interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAOR; Adjust Odd Ration; CI: Confidence Interval; COVID-19; Coronaviruses Disease 19; COR: Crude Odd Ratio; DU; Dilla University, EPI INFO; Epidemiological Information; GHQ: General Health Questionnaire; HCWs: Health Care Worker; MERS: the Middle East respiratory syndrome; SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; SNNPR: Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional; SPSS; Statistical Package for Social Science, PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; WHO; World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dilla University. Written consent was obtained from each participant during data collection. All participants were well informed about the aims and purpose of the study, those participants were informed that as the right is given to the study participants to refuse and stop or withdraw from participation at any time during data collection without loss of any entitlement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of the Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data will be available on request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that he has no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYA and SM conceived the research question, data collection, analysis, interpretation and critically reviewed the manuscript. SY and BM participated during the proposal development, analysis, interpretation of the data and contributed for manuscript preparation. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is great thanks towards the study participants for investing their fruitful time to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMerriam-Webster I. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms: Merriam-Webster; 1984.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStaff M-W. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary: Merriam-Webster; 2004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020:105924.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang I-C, Bailey CC, Weyer JL, Radoshitzky SR, Becker MM, Chiang JJ, et al. Distinct patterns of IFITM-mediated restriction of filoviruses, SARS coronavirus, and influenza A virus. PLoS pathogens. 2011;7(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKern MJ. Global Epidemics, Pandemics, Terrorism: Risk Assessment and European Responses. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSHIQIN H. VIRAL RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN SINGAPORE 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNicholson F. Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Healthcare Professional. Clinical Forensic Medicine: Springer; 2020. p. 343-92.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang L-F, Anderson DE. Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans. Current opinion in virology. 2019;34:79-89.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization WH. Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19: interim guidance, 22 March 2020. World Health Organization, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGilbert M, Pullano G, Pinotti F, Valdano E, Poletto C, Bo\u0026euml;lle P-Y, et al. Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10227):871-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGilbert M, Pullano G, Pinotti F, Valdano E, Poletto C, Boelle P-Y, et al. Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against introductions of 2019-nCoV. medRxiv. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization WH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 67. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLebanon\u0026rsquo;s I. Rapid.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarua S. Understanding Coronanomics: The economic implications of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan N, Faisal S. Epidemiology of Corona Virus in the World and Its Effects on the China Economy. Available at SSRN 3548292. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, Bambling M, Edirippulige S, Bai X, et al. The Role of Telehealth in Reducing the Mental Health Burden from COVID-19. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith EM. Ethnic minorities: Life stress, social support, and mental health issues. The Counseling Psychologist. 1985;13(4):537-79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThienemann F, Pinto F, Grobbee DE, Boehm M, Bazargani N, Ge J, et al. World Heart Federation Briefing on Prevention: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in low-income countries. World Heart Journal. 2020;15(1):23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHome O, Series IS, Plan S. Bridging Science and Service: A Report by the National Advisory Mental Health Council\u0026rsquo;s Clinical Treatment and Services Research Workgroup. 1999.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePopulation EOot, Commission HC. Summary and statistical report of the 2007 population and housing census: population size by age and sex: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Population Census Commission; 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. Perceived stress scale. Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists. 1994;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDai Y, Hu G, Xiong H, Qiu H, Yuan X. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. medRxiv. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to Coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open. 2020;3(3):e203976-e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"perceived stress, healthcare providers, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-23476/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-23476/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe Coronavirus belongs to large groups of viruses that cause serious health problems including the mental health of the society particularly the health care providers. Understanding the mental health response after a public health emergency might help health care providers and communities to prepare for a population's response to a disaster.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective:\u003c/strong\u003e This study aimed to assess the magnitude of perceived stress and risk factors of coronaviruses disease 2019 among healthcare providers in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e This cross-sectional study was conducted among 244 samples selected with systematic random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out with validated perceived stress scale adapted from the World health organization. Data were coded and entered into Epi-info Version 7 and was exported and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Crude and adjusted OR were analyzed using logistic regression and the level of significance of association was determined at P-value \u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult: \u003c/strong\u003eThe magnitude of perceived stress of coronavirus disease 2019 among participants was 126 (51.6%). Being at the age range of 25-31 years (AOR=2.5, 95%CI, 1.07, 5.90), nurse professionals (AOR= 7.8, 95%CI 2.15, 27.98) and pharmacist professionals (AOR=4.15, 95%CI, 1.01, 17.06) were variables found to have a strongly statistically significant association with perceived stress of Coronaviruses disease.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;this indicates that early prevention, early identification and intervention of perceived stress of coronaviruses disease among healthcare providers. Particularly, more stress for the frontline healthcare worker nurses, pharmacists and age ranges of 25-31 years.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and risk factors of perceived stress on COVID-19 among health care providers in Dilla Town Health institutions, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-04-30 23:36:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-23476/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":3}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cd7f3760-2b83-4460-97aa-81cd12f57058","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 30th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":92241,"name":"Health Policy"},{"id":92242,"name":"Infectious Diseases"},{"id":92243,"name":"Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-05-08T13:20:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-04-30 23:36:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-23476","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-23476","identity":"rs-23476","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}