Birefringence changes induced by thermal cycling in lithium niobate

Birefringence changes induced by thermal cycling in lithium niobate | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Birefringence changes induced by thermal cycling in lithium niobate Dieter Jundt, Matthew Whittaker This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165694/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lithium niobate exhibits slow refractive index drift after temperature excursions typical in device manufacturing. Such drift can degrade performance in certain devices. We analyze the birefringence changes in a range of temperatures to measure the magnitude and rate of change. Experiments were conducted by first annealing congruently grown, magnesium doped, and lithium-enriched crystals at a temperatures between 95oC and 215oC. Subsequent optical evaluation was performed between 95oC and 122oC using a table-top apparatus. The sample was illuminated with incandescent polarized light and transmitted light was collected with a compact spectrometer after passing through an analyzer so fringes could be recorded. Careful fringe analysis allows a precise estimate of birefringence changes at a reference wavelength with precision < 10 −6 . The observed birefringence changes can be explained by assuming that existing lithium vacancies re-arrange around positively charged point defects via lithium vacancy migration. Computer simulations for a simple model reproduce the major observations such as magnitude of change, activation energy for relaxation and the stretched exponential nature of the change. Similar effects are expected in lithium tantalate and the results suggest ways to minimize the influence on device operation. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 22 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 03 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 25 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4165694","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":284158743,"identity":"0fec966e-30f7-4a12-bde4-2624e66d18e8","order_by":0,"name":"Dieter Jundt","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dieter","middleName":"","lastName":"Jundt","suffix":""},{"id":284158746,"identity":"0726b5dd-a3e0-40e1-8500-c3713569ddaf","order_by":1,"name":"Matthew Whittaker","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matthew","middleName":"","lastName":"Whittaker","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-25 21:44:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165694/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165694/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53760267,"identity":"a5fa9e57-43c5-46c2-9760-c1387f749183","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 19:58:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":723909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SubmissionJundtWhittaker.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4165694/v1_covered_f835705f-c997-432f-b880-24e078970f8f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBirefringence changes induced by thermal cycling in lithium niobate\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-physics-b","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aphb","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Physics B](http://link.springer.com/journal/340)","snPcode":"340","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/340/3","title":"Applied Physics B","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165694/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165694/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLithium niobate exhibits slow refractive index drift after temperature excursions typical in device manufacturing. Such drift can degrade performance in certain devices. We analyze the birefringence changes in a range of temperatures to measure the magnitude and rate of change. Experiments were conducted by first annealing congruently grown, magnesium doped, and lithium-enriched crystals at a temperatures between 95oC and 215oC. Subsequent optical evaluation was performed between 95oC and 122oC using a table-top apparatus. The sample was illuminated with incandescent polarized light and transmitted light was collected with a compact spectrometer after passing through an analyzer so fringes could be recorded. Careful fringe analysis allows a precise estimate of birefringence changes at a reference wavelength with precision \u0026lt; 10\u003csup\u003e−6\u003c/sup\u003e. The observed birefringence changes can be explained by assuming that existing lithium vacancies re-arrange around positively charged point defects via lithium vacancy migration. Computer simulations for a simple model reproduce the major observations such as magnitude of change, activation energy for relaxation and the stretched exponential nature of the change. 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