Experimental analysis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite with calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) as filler for automobile body panel application using multi-objective optimization

Experimental analysis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite with calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) as filler for automobile body panel application using multi-objective optimization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental analysis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite with calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) as filler for automobile body panel application using multi-objective optimization Hailemariam Nigus, Negasa Bekuma This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7906116/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Discover Materials → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Currently, composite materials made from glass fiber and polymer matrix composites are highly applicable in the automotive manufacturing sector. A composite material was developed using the hand layup method, incorporating glass fiber reinforcement, epoxy as the matrix, and calcium carbonate as the filler. The output parameters were tensile strength, compressive strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize the input parameters. designed weight percent of calcium carbonate powder is added to the weight percent of epoxy resin and thoroughly mixed by a laboratory stirrer machine. It appeared that the specimens made with 6wt% calcium carbonate resulted in the highest strength value of 130.58MPa. Maximum compressive strength was obtained as sample 10wt% of calcium carbonate, which is 47.54MPa, and the maximum impact strength was obtained at 6wt% of calcium carbonate, 12.96 Kj/m 2 . Based on the observations regarding the responses resulting from variations in the input parameters, it is evident that multi-objective optimization should be employed. Based on the result of the grey relation grade, input parameters 10 (%) of filler, and 0µm particle size of calcium carbonate bring a maximum value of GRG of 0.780. Composite material Hand lay-up Calcium carbonate Mechanical property Glass fiber multi-response optimization Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Discover Materials → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 24 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 17 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7906116","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":551656535,"identity":"ba2680bd-c985-4595-9b8d-9ecd72f8f22b","order_by":0,"name":"Hailemariam 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optimization\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dime","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/43939)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover 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A composite material was developed using the hand layup method, incorporating glass fiber reinforcement, epoxy as the matrix, and calcium carbonate as the filler. The output parameters were tensile strength, compressive strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize the input parameters. designed weight percent of calcium carbonate powder is added to the weight percent of epoxy resin and thoroughly mixed by a laboratory stirrer machine. It appeared that the specimens made with 6wt% calcium carbonate resulted in the highest strength value of 130.58MPa. Maximum compressive strength was obtained as sample 10wt% of calcium carbonate, which is 47.54MPa, and the maximum impact strength was obtained at 6wt% of calcium carbonate, 12.96 Kj/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Based on the observations regarding the responses resulting from variations in the input parameters, it is evident that multi-objective optimization should be employed. Based on the result of the grey relation grade, input parameters 10 (%) of filler, and 0\u0026micro;m particle size of calcium carbonate bring a maximum value of GRG of 0.780.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental analysis of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite with calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) as filler for automobile body panel application using multi-objective optimization","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-01 10:19:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7906116/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-14T07:01:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-11T04:59:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-03T09:11:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95270693816995050369168085222910040777","date":"2025-12-03T02:49:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T13:58:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"338251293943198401757014704223868819661","date":"2025-11-27T09:42:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"286027155675887386962606062167059618339","date":"2025-11-27T03:02:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227404232289274029451117381584968228986","date":"2025-11-25T09:28:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T09:11:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T08:46:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T05:01:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T06:26:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Materials","date":"2025-11-07T06:23:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dime","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/43939)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"11839bcd-e804-470c-a492-4fe27f55e635","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T16:03:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7906116","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-026-00568-9","journal":{"identity":"discover-materials","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Materials"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-05 15:57:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 5th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-01 10:19:30","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43939-026-00568-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-026-00568-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7906116","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7906116","identity":"rs-7906116","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}