Knowledge-Driven Complex Human Activity Recognition using Ontologies: A Case for Muslim Prayer (Salah)

Knowledge-Driven Complex Human Activity Recognition using Ontologies: A Case for Muslim Prayer (Salah) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge-Driven Complex Human Activity Recognition using Ontologies: A Case for Muslim Prayer (Salah) Amna Kamran, Amna Basharat This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4225097/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this data-driven landscape, sensor-based activity recognition has transformed our understanding of human behaviour by enabling knowledge extraction from diverse sources. This study focuses on Mus- lim prayer (Salah), a ritual observed five times daily by over 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. By merging knowledge-driven methodologies with sensor-based activity recognition, this research augments the standardised modelling of Salah through the ”SemanticSalah ontology”. This formal knowledge model encapsulates all facets of Salah execution, including its sequential progression, evaluated through rule languages such as Description Logic and Semantic Web Rule Language, enabling critical inferences about Salah. The primary objective is to empower practitioners with tools for precise and complete Salah observance. The SemanticSalah ontology is evaluated through a hybrid approach combining criteria-driven, expert, and data-driven methods. Expert evaluations gauge the competency of the ontology. Data collected from 49 prayer units, captured through smartwatches worn by different users, is utilised for human activity recognition, enriching the knowledge graph that covers diverse Salah scenarios and fortifying reasoning and inference mechanisms. The SemanticSalah ontology and knowledge graph are freely accessible at https://github.com/A-Kamran/SemanticSalah . Knowledge Representation Salah Ontology SWRL DL Activity Recognition Full Text Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4225097","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499802063,"identity":"d1d3fae2-0c2c-4997-b494-48308db2c43b","order_by":0,"name":"Amna Kamran","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCA2CS8QGMw9hApBZmA5K1sEkQpYV/2tmDHxjO2EWbt589Vl3YxiDHdyOB7eEMPFokbuclSzDcSM6dcyYv7fbMNgZjyRsJ7IYb8Lnpdo6BBMMH5twZDDlmt3nbGBI3AG2RfIBHh/ztHOMfDB/qc2fwvzErBmqpJ6jF4HaOGdBhh3NnSOSYMQO1JBiAtOBzmCFQi0XCmeNALW+MpXnOSRjOPPOw3RCf9+WADrvx4Vg10GE5hp95ymzk+Y4nH3vYg8/7IJCAYIKihrGNkAZMwEa6llEwCkbBKBjOAADltE/SzotUSQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1397-4912","institution":"FAST-NU: National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amna","middleName":"","lastName":"Kamran","suffix":""},{"id":499802064,"identity":"4821839b-04e3-462f-ba36-de3a33b82034","order_by":1,"name":"Amna Basharat","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-6498","institution":"FAST-NU: National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amna","middleName":"","lastName":"Basharat","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-05 23:31:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4225097/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4225097/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89514864,"identity":"0679fd24-b943-4a27-a065-0b0d479335ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 19:26:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1905735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"KnowledgeDrivenComplexHARusingOntologiesMuslimPrayer.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4225097/v1_covered_3412f22a-5935-46c2-8bf4-0151f7d0724a.pdf"},{"id":89514238,"identity":"afce2287-4e09-4cbe-83b5-8a8977d92c4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 19:18:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":119841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4225097/v1/483ed20b86157ca35199835e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Knowledge-Driven Complex Human Activity Recognition using Ontologies: A Case for Muslim Prayer (Salah)","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"soft-computing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"soco","sideBox":"Learn more about [Soft Computing](https://www.springer.com/journal/500)","snPcode":"500","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/500/3","title":"Soft Computing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Knowledge Representation, Salah, Ontology, SWRL, DL, Activity Recognition","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4225097/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4225097/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this data-driven landscape, sensor-based activity recognition has transformed our understanding of human behaviour by enabling knowledge extraction from diverse sources. 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