Narrative analysis of the life experience of a child of a commercial sex worker

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This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6576970/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: This study aims to explore the lived experiences of a child of a commercial sex worker, focusing on the emotional and psychological impact of his upbringing. Methods: Utilizing a single-case study design, an in-depth interview was conducted with a 17-year-old boy whose mother, a former commercial sex worker, died by suicide during his early childhood. The participant resides in a hostel supported by a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the welfare of children of commercial sex workers. The narrative data were analysed using Labov’s model of narrative analysis. Results: The participant's account revealed pervasive feelings of loneliness, loss, and identity confusion. Themes of grief, emotional pain, and social displacement emerged, along with an expressed longing for familial connection and a strong aversion toward commercial sex work. Conclusions: The findings underscore the emotional toll experienced by children of commercial sex workers and point to the need for tailored psychosocial interventions. Support systems must address issues of identity, grief, and belonging to promote resilience and emotional well-being in this vulnerable population. child commercial sex work narrative analysis emotional well-being Introduction The world challenges us with a painful but irrefutable reality. The lives of millions of children are wrecked " for no other reason than the country, the community, the gender or the circumstances into which they are born " (UNICEF, 2016 ). One such group of children who have been suffering due to the circumstances of their birth are the children of commercial sex workers. Children of sex workers are a ‘new vulnerable population’ (Maynard, 2011) and the ‘most marginalised within society’ (Islam, 2014 ). Trapped in an industry affecting their health, their lives, and their futures, the children of commercial sex workers, are deprived, vulnerable and marginalised in the society due to the profession of their parent. They are denied the opportunity to be free of their background and are deprived of an environment conducive to healthy physical and psychological development. The children suffer from nutritional deficiencies, minimal health care, non-availability of basic needs, and are social handicaps (Das, 1991 ). The life of children of commercial sex workers is shaped by inequities (UNICEF, 2016 ). In a phase of their life where the children must be associated with both parents, be provided for their needs such as food, security, healthcare and education, stay free from discrimination based on gender, race, identity, origin or other characteristics; the children of sex workers are deprived of such nourishing experiences. They are rejected by mainstream society and thus denied of opportunities to socialise with other groups of children. They experience a sense of shame about their origin, either as a consequence of their direct participation in the world of prostitution or just by association. Their identity as an individual is often restricted to them being children of sex workers. The society’s opinion on these children is such that they promote hatred for a child of a sex worker as they consider sex workers unfit to participate in civil society. Unlike the privileged children, these children do not have the social or cultural capital, and hence children of sex workers are seen as weaklings of the society (Wieringa, 2014 ). The following narrative analysis is derived from an interview with Vikas (pseudonym used to conceal identity), a boy, 17 years old who is an orphan. His mother who is no longer alive was a commercial sex worker and committed suicide when he was young. Vikas lives in a hostel and is under the care of an NGO which works for the welfare of children of commercial sex workers. Vikas has no place to go and has no knowledge about his mother’s place of birth, ancestral roots or extended family. He fails to identify himself with anyone or anything except the brothel. Vikas’s birth and the early years of his life was spent in the brothel, until a rescue team from an NGO shifted him to a hostel, provided for his needs after the death of his mother. Hence, a narrative analysis of the interview with Vikas could represent the life experiences of a child who is no longer directly associated with the business or people in commercial sex work but stands in a position of having a past association through his mother who was a commercial sex worker and an indirect association by living with his peers from the brothel in a hostel. Method Objective To understand the life experience of a child of commercial sex worker. Design A single person case study design was adopted to gather data. Procedure The participant was met individually and assent to participate in the interview was obtained and in-depth interview was conducted. Saturation of idea and data saturation indicated termination of qualitative probe. The data obtained are in the form of long narratives and pseudonym is used to conceal the identity of the participant. The interview began with inquiry of demographic details and continued towards understanding the background and other related issues as expressed by the participants. The researcher ensured to maintain high levels of sensitivity and was cautious to prevent intentional harm and avoid potential harm. Analysis Labov’s model of narrative analysis was adopted to analyse the obtained data. Analysis of the narrative using Labov’s model of narrative analysis Schank ( 1990 ) classifies narratives into 5 categories. The present story can be categorised as “First-hand Stories: People’s own experiences”. The Labovian model of narrative analysis is a technique that focuses on analysing oral narratives. It was developed by a sociolinguist William Labov in 1972. Labov introduces the six main parts of a narrative which acts as a tool to analyse narrative patterns and to recognize recurring themes. The six main parts of Labov’s model are: abstract; orientation; complicating action; evaluation; resolution; and coda (Labov, 1997 ). Abstract The narrative is the story of a boy who doesn’t have a place to call ‘home’. He narrates, “I live in a hostel with my friend. I don't have a house to go back to. I surely miss having someone by my side whom I can call mine… I don't remember how it feels to have a mother and I don’t know how it is to have a father or siblings”. The boy lives in an under-resourced society without parental care and familial obligations. Orientation Across childhood and adolescence, several characters have played a significant role in the narrator’s life. The rescue team who shifted the narrator from the brothel to an alternative care system after the death of his mother and a nun from the NGO, the only guardian of the narrator plays a significant role in his life, “My mother died. She committed suicide. I was picked up by the rescue team and a nun from the NGO took care of me. I live in the hostel now…. My only home is the shelter next to the brothel. I used to go there until a few years ago, but I have stopped going there”. “The madam in the brothel always shouts at me. Apparently, she bought my mother for a high price because we are people from the hills and pahadis are usually fair-skinned and pretty… Since my mother committed suicide, the madam always used curse words at me because she incurred a loss... One day, my neighbour from the brothel took me to a shop to buy me a sweet and at that time she told me that shopkeeper isn't a good guy…. She told me the reason for my mother’s death... One day my mother went to buy soap from that shop and she called someone on the 1-rupee phone… I don't know who she called or what she spoke… By then, the shopkeeper informed the madam and complained about my mother...… She sent few mamas (Hindi word for uncles’) to bring my mother back… She beat my mother for making a call and locked her in a room… My mother hanged herself on the same day...”, the verbatim of the narrator indicates the other characters of importance in the narrator’s life. The neighbour from the brothel who put in the picture the details of his mother’s death, the shop keeper, the madam from the brothel, mamas who brought his mother back to the brothel and discovering the details of his mother’s death is a significant situation that has shaped the narrator’s decision on his perspective towards life. Children of sex workers perceive a lack of emotional relationship with their parents, the relationship is strained because the children’s emotional demands are not fulfilled (Adhikari, 2014 ). Being born in a red-light area as the son a commercial sex worker added to the trauma of losing his mother to become an orphan. Although most children of sex workers have their physical needs fulfilled either by their mothers or welfare organizations, the psychological needs are left unattended (Chege, Kabiru, Mbithi & Bwayo, 2002). Due to the intensive intervention by agencies working for the welfare of sex workers and their children, alternative care systems have been established to prevent children from being affected by the hazardous influences of the brothel. According to Petrowski, Cappa and Gross ( 2017 ) “…approximately 2.7 million children between the ages of 0 and 17 years are estimated to be living in residential care globally, or 120 children per 100,000”. UNICEF ( 2017 ) recognises the adverse impact of institutionalization/ alternative care system on developmental outcomes and children’s wellbeing and hence encourages children to live with their families. When living with a family is not in the best interest of the children, it is recommended that a child lives in an alternative care system that is family-based and has supervised living arrangements. The important factor in child well-being is quality of care rather than setting of care (Huynh et al., 2019 ). The poor adult to child ratio in alternative care systems set up for these kids does not allow the fulfilment of the psychological need that is essential for the development of a person. Complicating action The event of the mother’s death and the neighbour disclosing the details and cause of her death marks a life-changing point in the narrator’s life. The shelter next to the brothel was the only place where the narrator could meet his friends from the brothel, “I used to visit my friends in the shelter next to the brothel, I used to spend my summer vacation there in the shelter or with my friends in their homes”. The narrator indicates the significance of the situation in which he heard about the details and the cause of his mother’s death by saying, “Ever since I heard about the cause of my mother’s death, I don't feel like going to the brothel….”. He has abstained himself from going there because the narrator has developed a sense of disgust towards commercial sex work. “I hate the area and people living there… No-one knows to live peacefully or love each other…. Everyone is always quarrelling….” denotes the dislike that the narrator has developed towards the brothel. The only person that the narrator had to call his own was his mother. He vividly remembers that his mother disliked the brothel and wanted to escape the manacles and the conceptualisation that power is personal and not consensual has a rigid imprint on the narrator, “My mother did not want to stay in the brothel, but she was not allowed to go out”. Parents are the primary models for children. Most of the beliefs, attitudes and values are imbibed in a child from their parents. For most children of commercial sex workers, the absence of a father figure leaves them with the only model, their mother. In the present story, the mother’s aversion towards sex work has set the tone for the narrator’s attitude towards sex work. The sense of disgust has been reinforced by understanding that sex work was the reason for his mother’s death and being unable to identify and associate himself with any person, place or community due to the stigma attached. Resolution The narrator resolves his traumatic past momentarily in two ways, “I would prefer calling myself an orphan with no place to live than letting people know that I am from the area” and “I just want a decent living where people respect each other and live peacefully”. Reconciling with past helps maintain harmony and acts as a form of release to let go of the inflicted emotional pain and regrets (Leonardi, 2013). The narrator loathes the identity and association with sex work and embraces the identity of an orphan. This indicates that the narrator wants to banish the identity of being the son of a sex worker. Stigma is a detrimental factor that affects behaviour, well-being, and health for many marginalized groups (Benoit et al., 2018 ). To overcome the stigma attached to him, the narrator chooses to be able to live life with respect amongst people in a community away from the influences of the red-light area. Evaluation The narrator has suffered intense loneliness, a lack of identity, pain, grief and displacement. The narrator expresses that he does not have a house to go back, the only home he had was the shelter next to the brothel indicates a sense of displacement and a lack of identity. “My neighbour told me that I had a lipstick mark on my forehead the day my mother died. Probably it was a goodbye kiss from my mother…. I surely miss having someone by my side whom I can call mine” indicates that the narrator experiences loneliness, pain and grief. “Society looks at me differently because of my association with the area, my friends still live in the area” reveals that the narrator experiences public stigma. In retrospection, the narrator experiences post-traumatic emotional responses to his life events. Coda In an attempt to bridge the gap between the time when the story occurred and the present, the narrator chooses to accept and rationalise that his mother is no longer alive which has severed all his associations from the brothel. He says, “Technically, I no longer belong to the area…. My mother is not alive and I don't have anyone there”. The narrator also attempts to discover a life in which he will be accepted by the society. Major Findings The narrator has suffered intense loneliness, a lack of identity, pain, grief and displacement. The narrator grieves the absence of familial bond in his life. The narrator expressed disgust towards commercial sex work. The rescue team and the nun of the NGO have an important place in the narrator’s life. Conclusion Despite his mother’s death, Vikas’s case is relevant to understand the effects of being associated with the brothel and a commercial sex worker even for a brief period of time. The life of a child born in a brothel to a commercial sex worker is often shaped by profound social stigma, marginalization and emotional hardship. With the death of his mother, this child experiences not just personal loss but also the collapse of a primary source of love, identity and security. This leaves the child in a vulnerable and instable place compounded by emotional neglect, limited access to opportunities and societal judgement. However, with the right kind of intervention and support systems encompassing compassionate caregiving, inclusive policies, educational opportunities and psychological counselling, there is hope for resilience and transformation providing every child of the brothel a chance to thrive regardless of their background. Declarations Human Ethics and Consent to Participate: This study received approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire, affiliated with Mangalore University. It was conducted in full compliance with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants (2017) enforced through institutional ethics review processes. Informed consent to participate and consent to publish were obtained from the participant and the legal guardian responsible for the child’s care under the alternative care system. Funding: No funding was received for this study. Clinical Trial Registration: Not applicable. Consent to Publish: Not applicable. Competing interest : Nil Data Availability Statement: The dataset and codebook supporting the findings of this study are available as supplementary materials. Due to the sensitive nature of the case and to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of the participant, all identifying information has been removed. The narrative was manually coded using Labov’s structural model (1972), and thematic codes were derived through qualitative analysis. The data are available in PDF formats and may be used for academic purposes with appropriate citation. Author Contribution D.V. conceptualized the study, collected and analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. M.Y.M. provided critical review, guidance and final approval of the manuscript. References Adhikari H. (2014). Development of boyhood in female sex workers’ family—A representation of their vicious cycle. World, 1 (1). Benoit C, Smith M, Jansson M, Magnus S, Flagg J, Maurice R. Sex work and three dimensions of self-esteem: Self-worth, authenticity and self-efficacy. Cult Health Sex. 2018;20(1):69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1339891 . Chege MN, Kabiru EW, Mbithi JN. Childcare practices of commercial sex workers. East Afr Med J. 2002;79(7). https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v79i7.8844 . Das D. Giving the children of prostitutes their due. ICCW News Bull. 1991;39(3–4):31. Huynh HV, Limber SP, Gray CL, Thompson MP, Wasonga AI, Vann V, Whetten K. Factors affecting the psychosocial well-being of orphan and separated children in five low- and middle-income countries: Which is more important, quality of care or care setting? PLoS ONE. 2019;14(6):e0218100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218100 . Islam T. Promoting resilience in ‘sex worker’ children: The role of residential childcare institutions in Bangladesh. Institutionalised Child Explorations Beyond. 2014;1(1):33–44. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-3011.2014.00005.2 . Labov W. Some further steps in narrative analysis. J Narrative Life History. 1997;7:395–415. Leonardi L. (2013, August 10). Reconciling an irreconcilable past . HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/reconciling-an-irreconcil_b_3412949 Maynard M. (2011, February 9). The children of sex workers: A new vulnerable population . AMP Global Youth. https://ampglobalyouth.org/students/the-children-of-sex-workers-a-new-vulnerable-population/ Petrowski N, Cappa C, Gross P. Estimating the number of children in formal alternative care: Challenges and results. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;70:388–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.026 . Schank RC. Tell me a story: A new look at real and artificial memory. Charles Scribner’s Sons; 1990. UNICEF. (2016). The state of the world's children: A fair chance for every child . https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2016 UNICEF. (2017). Children in alternative care . https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/children-alternative-care/ Wieringa S. (2014). The enforcement of family in India and Indonesia. The Focus Newsletter , 62 . https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/enforcement-family-india-and-indonesia Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Indira Gandhi Government First Grade Women's College, Sagar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deepa","middleName":"","lastName":"V","suffix":""},{"id":482456840,"identity":"9b5bcbdf-7af8-4d21-898e-0fe6539d215b","order_by":1,"name":"Manjula M.Y.","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Christ (Deemed to be University)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manjula","middleName":"","lastName":"M.Y.","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-02 09:08:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6576970/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6576970/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92572088,"identity":"c7c1a3be-1c0c-452c-8818-c87021b9bc2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 07:54:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":366465,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6576970/v1/ab65da1e-fb67-429b-8e07-cfe94b880df1.pdf"},{"id":86540566,"identity":"7a0eed63-e7be-449c-a443-ba9f8360af58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 20:21:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":109284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplemetaryDataRawdatacoded.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6576970/v1/5de68877f7f0efe6c8c05583.pdf"},{"id":86540852,"identity":"e9334f23-f75c-4838-a44c-714572bceaf1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 20:37:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":132729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryDataDataCodebook.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6576970/v1/f43996e2709b5a45b56f8dbb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Narrative analysis of the life experience of a child of a commercial sex worker","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe world challenges us with a painful but irrefutable reality. The lives of millions of children are wrecked \u003cem\u003e\"\u003c/em\u003efor no other reason than the country, the community, the gender or the circumstances into which they are born\u003cem\u003e\"\u003c/em\u003e (UNICEF, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). One such group of children who have been suffering due to the circumstances of their birth are the children of commercial sex workers. Children of sex workers are a \u0026lsquo;new vulnerable population\u0026rsquo; (Maynard, 2011) and the \u0026lsquo;most marginalised within society\u0026rsquo; (Islam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrapped in an industry affecting their health, their lives, and their futures, the children of commercial sex workers, are deprived, vulnerable and marginalised in the society due to the profession of their parent. They are denied the opportunity to be free of their background and are deprived of an environment conducive to healthy physical and psychological development. The children suffer from nutritional deficiencies, minimal health care, non-availability of basic needs, and are social handicaps (Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). The life of children of commercial sex workers is shaped by inequities (UNICEF, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In a phase of their life where the children must be associated with both parents, be provided for their needs such as food, security, healthcare and education, stay free from discrimination based on gender, race, identity, origin or other characteristics; the children of sex workers are deprived of such nourishing experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey are rejected by mainstream society and thus denied of opportunities to socialise with other groups of children. They experience a sense of shame about their origin, either as a consequence of their direct participation in the world of prostitution or just by association. Their identity as an individual is often restricted to them being children of sex workers. The society\u0026rsquo;s opinion on these children is such that they promote hatred for a child of a sex worker as they consider sex workers unfit to participate in civil society. Unlike the privileged children, these children do not have the social or cultural capital, and hence children of sex workers are seen as weaklings of the society (Wieringa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following narrative analysis is derived from an interview with Vikas (pseudonym used to conceal identity), a boy, 17 years old who is an orphan. His mother who is no longer alive was a commercial sex worker and committed suicide when he was young. Vikas lives in a hostel and is under the care of an NGO which works for the welfare of children of commercial sex workers. Vikas has no place to go and has no knowledge about his mother\u0026rsquo;s place of birth, ancestral roots or extended family. He fails to identify himself with anyone or anything except the brothel. Vikas\u0026rsquo;s birth and the early years of his life was spent in the brothel, until a rescue team from an NGO shifted him to a hostel, provided for his needs after the death of his mother. Hence, a narrative analysis of the interview with Vikas could represent the life experiences of a child who is no longer directly associated with the business or people in commercial sex work but stands in a position of having a past association through his mother who was a commercial sex worker and an indirect association by living with his peers from the brothel in a hostel.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand the life experience of a child of commercial sex worker.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDesign\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA single person case study design was adopted to gather data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The participant was met individually and assent to participate in the interview was obtained and in-depth interview was conducted. Saturation of idea and data saturation indicated termination of qualitative probe. The data obtained are in the form of long narratives and pseudonym is used to conceal the identity of the participant. The interview began with inquiry of demographic details and continued towards understanding the background and other related issues as expressed by the participants. The researcher ensured to maintain high levels of sensitivity and was cautious to prevent intentional harm and avoid potential harm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLabov\u0026rsquo;s model of narrative analysis was adopted to analyse the obtained data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalysis of the narrative using Labov’s model of narrative analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSchank (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) classifies narratives into 5 categories. The present story can be categorised as \u0026ldquo;First-hand Stories: People\u0026rsquo;s own experiences\u0026rdquo;. The Labovian model of narrative analysis is a technique that focuses on analysing oral narratives. It was developed by a sociolinguist William Labov in 1972. Labov introduces the six main parts of a narrative which acts as a tool to analyse narrative patterns and to recognize recurring themes. The six main parts of Labov\u0026rsquo;s model are: abstract; orientation; complicating action; evaluation; resolution; and coda (Labov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbstract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe narrative is the story of a boy who doesn\u0026rsquo;t have a place to call \u0026lsquo;home\u0026rsquo;. He narrates, \u0026ldquo;I live in a hostel with my friend. I don't have a house to go back to. I surely miss having someone by my side whom I can call mine\u0026hellip; I don't remember how it feels to have a mother and I don\u0026rsquo;t know how it is to have a father or siblings\u0026rdquo;. The boy lives in an under-resourced society without parental care and familial obligations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOrientation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross childhood and adolescence, several characters have played a significant role in the narrator\u0026rsquo;s life. The rescue team who shifted the narrator from the brothel to an alternative care system after the death of his mother and a nun from the NGO, the only guardian of the narrator plays a significant role in his life, \u0026ldquo;My mother died. She committed suicide. I was picked up by the rescue team and a nun from the NGO took care of me. I live in the hostel now\u0026hellip;. My only home is the shelter next to the brothel. I used to go there until a few years ago, but I have stopped going there\u0026rdquo;. \u0026ldquo;The madam in the brothel always shouts at me. Apparently, she bought my mother for a high price because we are people from the hills and \u003cem\u003epahadis\u003c/em\u003e are usually fair-skinned and pretty\u0026hellip; Since my mother committed suicide, the madam always used curse words at me because she incurred a loss... One day, my neighbour from the brothel took me to a shop to buy me a sweet and at that time she told me that shopkeeper isn't a good guy\u0026hellip;. She told me the reason for my mother\u0026rsquo;s death... One day my mother went to buy soap from that shop and she called someone on the 1-rupee phone\u0026hellip; I don't know who she called or what she spoke\u0026hellip; By then, the shopkeeper informed the madam and complained about my mother...\u0026hellip; She sent few \u003cem\u003emamas\u003c/em\u003e (Hindi word for uncles\u0026rsquo;) to bring my mother back\u0026hellip; She beat my mother for making a call and locked her in a room\u0026hellip; My mother hanged herself on the same day...\u0026rdquo;, the verbatim of the narrator indicates the other characters of importance in the narrator\u0026rsquo;s life. The neighbour from the brothel who put in the picture the details of his mother\u0026rsquo;s death, the shop keeper, the madam from the brothel, mamas who brought his mother back to the brothel and discovering the details of his mother\u0026rsquo;s death is a significant situation that has shaped the narrator\u0026rsquo;s decision on his perspective towards life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren of sex workers perceive a lack of emotional relationship with their parents, the relationship is strained because the children\u0026rsquo;s emotional demands are not fulfilled (Adhikari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Being born in a red-light area as the son a commercial sex worker added to the trauma of losing his mother to become an orphan. Although most children of sex workers have their physical needs fulfilled either by their mothers or welfare organizations, the psychological needs are left unattended (Chege, Kabiru, Mbithi \u0026amp; Bwayo, 2002). Due to the intensive intervention by agencies working for the welfare of sex workers and their children, alternative care systems have been established to prevent children from being affected by the hazardous influences of the brothel. According to Petrowski, Cappa and Gross (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;approximately 2.7\u0026nbsp;million children between the ages of 0 and 17 years are estimated to be living in residential care globally, or 120 children per 100,000\u0026rdquo;. UNICEF (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) recognises the adverse impact of institutionalization/ alternative care system on developmental outcomes and children\u0026rsquo;s wellbeing and hence encourages children to live with their families. When living with a family is not in the best interest of the children, it is recommended that a child lives in an alternative care system that is family-based and has supervised living arrangements. The important factor in child well-being is quality of care rather than setting of care (Huynh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The poor adult to child ratio in alternative care systems set up for these kids does not allow the fulfilment of the psychological need that is essential for the development of a person.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eComplicating action\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe event of the mother\u0026rsquo;s death and the neighbour disclosing the details and cause of her death marks a life-changing point in the narrator\u0026rsquo;s life. The shelter next to the brothel was the only place where the narrator could meet his friends from the brothel, \u0026ldquo;I used to visit my friends in the shelter next to the brothel, I used to spend my summer vacation there in the shelter or with my friends in their homes\u0026rdquo;. The narrator indicates the significance of the situation in which he heard about the details and the cause of his mother\u0026rsquo;s death by saying, \u0026ldquo;Ever since I heard about the cause of my mother\u0026rsquo;s death, I don't feel like going to the brothel\u0026hellip;.\u0026rdquo;. He has abstained himself from going there because the narrator has developed a sense of disgust towards commercial sex work. \u0026ldquo;I hate the area and people living there\u0026hellip; No-one knows to live peacefully or love each other\u0026hellip;. Everyone is always quarrelling\u0026hellip;.\u0026rdquo; denotes the dislike that the narrator has developed towards the brothel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe only person that the narrator had to call his own was his mother. He vividly remembers that his mother disliked the brothel and wanted to escape the manacles and the conceptualisation that power is personal and not consensual has a rigid imprint on the narrator, \u0026ldquo;My mother did not want to stay in the brothel, but she was not allowed to go out\u0026rdquo;. Parents are the primary models for children. Most of the beliefs, attitudes and values are imbibed in a child from their parents. For most children of commercial sex workers, the absence of a father figure leaves them with the only model, their mother. In the present story, the mother\u0026rsquo;s aversion towards sex work has set the tone for the narrator\u0026rsquo;s attitude towards sex work. The sense of disgust has been reinforced by understanding that sex work was the reason for his mother\u0026rsquo;s death and being unable to identify and associate himself with any person, place or community due to the stigma attached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResolution\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe narrator resolves his traumatic past momentarily in two ways, \u0026ldquo;I would prefer calling myself an orphan with no place to live than letting people know that I am from the area\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I just want a decent living where people respect each other and live peacefully\u0026rdquo;. Reconciling with past helps maintain harmony and acts as a form of release to let go of the inflicted emotional pain and regrets (Leonardi, 2013). The narrator loathes the identity and association with sex work and embraces the identity of an orphan. This indicates that the narrator wants to banish the identity of being the son of a sex worker. Stigma is a detrimental factor that affects behaviour, well-being, and health for many marginalized groups (Benoit et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). To overcome the stigma attached to him, the narrator chooses to be able to live life with respect amongst people in a community away from the influences of the red-light area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEvaluation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe narrator has suffered intense loneliness, a lack of identity, pain, grief and displacement. The narrator expresses that he does not have a house to go back, the only home he had was the shelter next to the brothel indicates a sense of displacement and a lack of identity. \u0026ldquo;My neighbour told me that I had a lipstick mark on my forehead the day my mother died. Probably it was a goodbye kiss from my mother\u0026hellip;. I surely miss having someone by my side whom I can call mine\u0026rdquo; indicates that the narrator experiences loneliness, pain and grief. \u0026ldquo;Society looks at me differently because of my association with the area, my friends still live in the area\u0026rdquo; reveals that the narrator experiences public stigma. In retrospection, the narrator experiences post-traumatic emotional responses to his life events.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCoda\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn an attempt to bridge the gap between the time when the story occurred and the present, the narrator chooses to accept and rationalise that his mother is no longer alive which has severed all his associations from the brothel. He says, \u0026ldquo;Technically, I no longer belong to the area\u0026hellip;. My mother is not alive and I don't have anyone there\u0026rdquo;. The narrator also attempts to discover a life in which he will be accepted by the society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMajor Findings\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe narrator has suffered intense loneliness, a lack of identity, pain, grief and displacement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe narrator grieves the absence of familial bond in his life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe narrator expressed disgust towards commercial sex work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rescue team and the nun of the NGO have an important place in the narrator\u0026rsquo;s life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite his mother\u0026rsquo;s death, Vikas\u0026rsquo;s case is relevant to understand the effects of being associated with the brothel and a commercial sex worker even for a brief period of time. The life of a child born in a brothel to a commercial sex worker is often shaped by profound social stigma, marginalization and emotional hardship. With the death of his mother, this child experiences not just personal loss but also the collapse of a primary source of love, identity and security. This leaves the child in a vulnerable and instable place compounded by emotional neglect, limited access to opportunities and societal judgement. However, with the right kind of intervention and support systems encompassing compassionate caregiving, inclusive policies, educational opportunities and psychological counselling, there is hope for resilience and transformation providing every child of the brothel a chance to thrive regardless of their background.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate:\u003c/em\u003e This study received approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire, affiliated with Mangalore University. It was conducted in full compliance with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants (2017) enforced through institutional ethics review processes. Informed consent to participate and consent to publish were obtained from the participant and the legal guardian responsible for the child’s care under the alternative care system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding:\u003c/em\u003e No funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Trial Registration:\u003c/em\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent to Publish:\u003c/em\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/em\u003e: Nil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe dataset and codebook supporting the findings of this study are available as supplementary materials. Due to the sensitive nature of the case and to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of the participant, all identifying information has been removed. The narrative was manually coded using Labov’s structural model (1972), and thematic codes were derived through qualitative analysis. The data are available in PDF formats and may be used for academic purposes with appropriate citation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eD.V. conceptualized the study, collected and analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. M.Y.M. provided critical review, guidance and final approval of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdhikari H. (2014). Development of boyhood in female sex workers\u0026rsquo; family\u0026mdash;A representation of their vicious cycle. World, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBenoit C, Smith M, Jansson M, Magnus S, Flagg J, Maurice R. Sex work and three dimensions of self-esteem: Self-worth, authenticity and self-efficacy. Cult Health Sex. 2018;20(1):69\u0026ndash;83. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1339891\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/13691058.2017.1339891\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChege MN, Kabiru EW, Mbithi JN. Childcare practices of commercial sex workers. East Afr Med J. 2002;79(7). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v79i7.8844\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4314/eamj.v79i7.8844\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDas D. Giving the children of prostitutes their due. ICCW News Bull. 1991;39(3\u0026ndash;4):31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuynh HV, Limber SP, Gray CL, Thompson MP, Wasonga AI, Vann V, Whetten K. Factors affecting the psychosocial well-being of orphan and separated children in five low- and middle-income countries: Which is more important, quality of care or care setting? PLoS ONE. 2019;14(6):e0218100. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218100\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0218100\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIslam T. Promoting resilience in \u0026lsquo;sex worker\u0026rsquo; children: The role of residential childcare institutions in Bangladesh. Institutionalised Child Explorations Beyond. 2014;1(1):33\u0026ndash;44. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5958/2349-3011.2014.00005.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5958/2349-3011.2014.00005.2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLabov W. Some further steps in narrative analysis. J Narrative Life History. 1997;7:395\u0026ndash;415.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeonardi L. (2013, August 10). \u003cem\u003eReconciling an irreconcilable past\u003c/em\u003e. HuffPost. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.huffpost.com/entry/reconciling-an-irreconcil_b_3412949\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/reconciling-an-irreconcil_b_3412949\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaynard M. (2011, February 9). \u003cem\u003eThe children of sex workers: A new vulnerable population\u003c/em\u003e. AMP Global Youth. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ampglobalyouth.org/students/the-children-of-sex-workers-a-new-vulnerable-population/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ampglobalyouth.org/students/the-children-of-sex-workers-a-new-vulnerable-population/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePetrowski N, Cappa C, Gross P. Estimating the number of children in formal alternative care: Challenges and results. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;70:388\u0026ndash;98. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.026\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.026\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchank RC. Tell me a story: A new look at real and artificial memory. Charles Scribner\u0026rsquo;s Sons; 1990.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNICEF. (2016). \u003cem\u003eThe state of the world's children: A fair chance for every child\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2016\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNICEF. (2017). \u003cem\u003eChildren in alternative care\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/children-alternative-care/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/children-alternative-care/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWieringa S. (2014). The enforcement of family in India and Indonesia. \u003cem\u003eThe Focus Newsletter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e62\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/enforcement-family-india-and-indonesia\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/enforcement-family-india-and-indonesia\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"child, commercial sex work, narrative analysis, emotional well-being","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6576970/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6576970/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e This study aims to explore the lived experiences of a child of a commercial sex worker, focusing on the emotional and psychological impact of his upbringing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Utilizing a single-case study design, an in-depth interview was conducted with a 17-year-old boy whose mother, a former commercial sex worker, died by suicide during his early childhood. The participant resides in a hostel supported by a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the welfare of children of commercial sex workers. The narrative data were analysed using Labov’s model of narrative analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The participant's account revealed pervasive feelings of loneliness, loss, and identity confusion. Themes of grief, emotional pain, and social displacement emerged, along with an expressed longing for familial connection and a strong aversion toward commercial sex work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e The findings underscore the emotional toll experienced by children of commercial sex workers and point to the need for tailored psychosocial interventions. Support systems must address issues of identity, grief, and belonging to promote resilience and emotional well-being in this vulnerable population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Narrative analysis of the life experience of a child of a commercial sex worker","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-11 20:21:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6576970/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0ca86803-c2c4-42cf-a73f-f27297219079","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-01T07:54:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-11 20:21:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6576970","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6576970","identity":"rs-6576970","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}