Experimental Investigation of an Improved Biogas Injera Baking Stove Using Conical Burner

BThis study presents the development, performance evaluation, and environmental impact assessment of an opti-mized biogas-powered injera baking stove designed to enhance energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emis-sions in rural Ethiopia. The system integrates a 45° conical burner, insulation, and optimized air-fuel mixing to achieve a thermal efficiency of 36%—more than double that of traditional three-stone biomass stoves. Experimental results show a 40% reduction in energy consumption per injera, with combustion characterized by stable blue flames and uniform heat distribution. Analytical and empirical evaluations indicate that widespread adoption of this stove by 5 million rural households could reduce national CO₂ emissions by 3.8 million tons annually and yield energy savings of 23,160 TJ (6.43 TWh). In parallel, injera quality—measured by porosity, texture, and flexibility—was consistently high and culturally ac-ceptable. The findings demonstrate that the biogas stove offers a sustainable, efficient, and appropriate alternative to wood fired mass stoves, with significant implications for clean energy transitions and climate change mitigation. Keywords: Biogas Stove ; Injera; thermal efficiency; CO2 emission reduction; Energy Saving