TinyML Anomaly Detection and Fault Prediction for Industrial Applications

TinyML Anomaly Detection and Fault Prediction for Industrial Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article TinyML Anomaly Detection and Fault Prediction for Industrial Applications Ernest Toochukwu Samuel, Tommaso Polonelli, Michele Magno, Adedeji Esan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8379288/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) for industrial applications, in the context of this project, involves the deployment of machine learning (ML) models on the edge for structural health monitoring, to allow low- latency decision-making and proactive preventive maintenance of industrial equipment. Conventional maintenance practices are largely based on routine inspections, such as work-by-inspection (WBI) and scheduled maintenance, which are labor intensive, costly, and susceptible to diagnostic errors. This proactive approach bridges these gaps by detecting and diagnosing potential failures in structures such as bearings, bridges, pipelines, and manufacturing equipment before they result in a catastrophic failure. Recent developments in condition monitoring employ cloud-based ML algorithms; however, these ap- proaches are constrained by high latency, high operational cost, significant energy consumption, and network limitations, particularly in remote industrial environments. In this project, using cement mill bearings as a case study, TinyML was investigated as an alternative solution. A lightweight Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) was compared to other light weight models and was implemented to predict the bearing temperature of the slide shoe 45 minutes in advance. With a mean absolute error of 0.02048, the approach demonstrated early fault prediction and automated preventive actions through the water sprayer and alarm activation. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Industrial Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Structural Health Monitoring(SHM) Edge Computing TinyML Industrial IoT Preventive Maintenance Predictive Maintenance Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8379288","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":561550347,"identity":"8962874d-cec9-41fd-9bc1-9e6bc8ead783","order_by":0,"name":"Ernest Toochukwu Samuel","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5972-7775","institution":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ernest","middleName":"Toochukwu","lastName":"Samuel","suffix":""},{"id":561550348,"identity":"765c2808-642f-4201-8fcc-169a5356f095","order_by":1,"name":"Tommaso Polonelli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tommaso","middleName":"","lastName":"Polonelli","suffix":""},{"id":561550349,"identity":"bac6c2c2-05fc-465e-baef-cca8ee16388b","order_by":2,"name":"Michele Magno","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michele","middleName":"","lastName":"Magno","suffix":""},{"id":561550350,"identity":"b4c2d728-dc7f-4d37-b2d4-7491f3948fd5","order_by":3,"name":"Adedeji Esan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lafarge Africa Plc.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adedeji","middleName":"","lastName":"Esan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-16 19:13:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8379288/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8379288/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98624520,"identity":"d81bd5aa-d389-4d10-bb68-e170dc7a8bf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:29","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2650884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TinyMLAnomalyDetectionandFaultPredictionforIndustrialApplications.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/916070c9b46cc70cfba524c6.docx"},{"id":98623516,"identity":"ac47d7ca-f811-44fa-a7b7-9ed6ff5a299d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:45","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs8379288.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/462388187563d3f0409461f2.json"},{"id":98479955,"identity":"9161c089-681b-4c68-ba63-b53e1c4d9aac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149748,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs83792880enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/4ca6d4916e7fb74e93fc842d.xml"},{"id":98479944,"identity":"249fc2f7-93de-40c7-84f5-a4589280ddf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/2e41a2a78e0562d17da52220.eps"},{"id":98479957,"identity":"9dddc510-8bd6-4610-89bf-d9ddb62d8f15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/c451e34912ca1a305e971266.eps"},{"id":98479945,"identity":"99e97d98-e84b-43b3-9f92-c8475f3a7e69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/bf91a0adf0880fa329463e77.eps"},{"id":98479969,"identity":"1990f2ed-e079-484c-b014-33dfaab75f0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"eps","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/8c6b0956f2e1f114f44ac40b.eps"},{"id":98623474,"identity":"4866eaaf-9956-4c3e-b080-e44b6d8a12fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:25","extension":"eps","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/4a8df280e2bff147e97ca329.eps"},{"id":98479948,"identity":"cf9b2b44-e1b2-40a5-9ec7-f6e00d077b15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/71e0a8ee5ec1be1395c7920a.eps"},{"id":98624218,"identity":"d1d3e94d-bf0a-45cd-80ce-083773a6b6c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:10","extension":"eps","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/242775af072ec0fed31ef7a3.eps"},{"id":98624841,"identity":"886f46c1-176b-4c53-87ef-43605bde1b2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:45","extension":"eps","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/2ff26111b66b1fb8eb991d77.eps"},{"id":98623405,"identity":"0be4b4a1-fc3e-4c6b-952b-2227dc40855c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:09","extension":"eps","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/6df460f3e055cf34dd9c07e8.eps"},{"id":98623402,"identity":"0ba6d5dc-1f1b-4f03-b73e-a15ecceca0b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:08","extension":"eps","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b01c0846fe80a4f368b5d2e4.eps"},{"id":98479952,"identity":"562b807d-5ea5-46d5-af1b-788e133d625d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/98e6d06a0a93c9cc19b1048b.eps"},{"id":98624102,"identity":"5af509ae-3d31-4c08-b608-d4def16d7c4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:01","extension":"eps","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/3d206c9fa8c2aa4cdf4a803f.eps"},{"id":98624109,"identity":"53b86cfb-0337-42fa-89f1-01adae3e5a1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:01","extension":"eps","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/edb6f1cd89227fd3131cee4d.eps"},{"id":98479964,"identity":"53ac6a6b-ca9f-483e-9492-87fb21dbabdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"eps","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/672f6dc1fb0d393b0231aebc.eps"},{"id":98479998,"identity":"21a96cc2-708d-41aa-b502-638c3ac24dfe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"eps","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/386d534f60952d7d4287c911.eps"},{"id":98623801,"identity":"8641c4f4-6788-425b-bf99-2a408946543b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:37","extension":"eps","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/19794df29a25634b5b5c824c.eps"},{"id":98479962,"identity":"f66d9086-cd8f-4e85-b6ef-3e6a8b95be34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"eps","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/9b69a640c1851377d8ac9b7e.eps"},{"id":98479959,"identity":"39580ae4-65e0-4180-ba9e-faa3e11ec92f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/fa67fb2e288c9a6e78756060.eps"},{"id":98480009,"identity":"92e28a7b-7995-491d-9240-a4db0ffaa10b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"eps","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/26d3a562da0284d1aaed8391.eps"},{"id":98479963,"identity":"79050072-831c-4f01-b08c-9a34f18c7910","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"eps","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/406a366f68ebd4e94fc36da0.eps"},{"id":98623524,"identity":"ae699aab-6cbe-4caf-97bb-cb6ad3b75910","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:49","extension":"eps","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/882ef99b47071c246c0e4db2.eps"},{"id":98623350,"identity":"d39490f8-14dd-4671-ad39-33b0c77a305e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:05:52","extension":"eps","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41937,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage29.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/6c3d65b80805f894c2b891de.eps"},{"id":98479950,"identity":"35f71461-fef8-4f47-927a-6dd8b88633ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:49","extension":"eps","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/5902b4197695630e487db3fb.eps"},{"id":98623812,"identity":"9d845831-b22d-4cee-9f19-a93308c1300b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:38","extension":"eps","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage30.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/5849d8328f23aefe3375193f.eps"},{"id":98624609,"identity":"830025f7-6686-4ef9-874c-7368141d55e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:33","extension":"eps","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/5a8c3e55d1929131126e944a.eps"},{"id":98479960,"identity":"907f4232-d49f-4126-9c8d-512645bb4455","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"eps","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/34397150b3c68bf5902852d7.eps"},{"id":98624327,"identity":"4adfff22-3f95-490b-9fea-5e1a26ea11cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:18","extension":"eps","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/dcd065276ffaefb763fb1bcc.eps"},{"id":98624211,"identity":"8f619891-87ef-478c-a933-1ed362de3789","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:09","extension":"eps","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/c6ef5aa28d9e10db12d7497e.eps"},{"id":98480019,"identity":"75ebdc98-d50f-4829-b2ed-d57eafc9c548","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"eps","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/39b21114030516cfc1bea2f5.eps"},{"id":98624654,"identity":"a2b834a4-2b12-4ced-b2e4-76a5b91c178f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:37","extension":"eps","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage10.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b40c2e13eee39a8e8ad6d2be.eps"},{"id":98480023,"identity":"8a6c0a7f-411f-4596-95f1-50f0b2b5bd8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109443,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b274e9b5ac23e207bcd722ca.jpeg"},{"id":98480030,"identity":"468cbcc3-3505-4797-aea8-65e82384de49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/1df2d5d280fca2eac469ddcd.jpeg"},{"id":98624861,"identity":"fa821ffd-a6f8-464a-b7bb-a9cde0bf0251","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":169850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/2aafb591371f3ea63044e268.jpeg"},{"id":98479961,"identity":"7f02acc9-d670-4bd7-abb7-57e78c197542","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":257367,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/cc005fb5b45af093bf88c46d.jpeg"},{"id":98624583,"identity":"cd79eae0-f073-47f7-bd56-433f14377422","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:31","extension":"jpeg","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/4498b3c0be1cd44e797f95a5.jpeg"},{"id":98624550,"identity":"0b827c63-25b5-42b4-b9f4-827f3aedc768","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":221380,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/4e0054e34141e4441720dcd2.jpeg"},{"id":98479966,"identity":"29237339-5ed5-4012-92bf-739db70961d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":315022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/1b6f80b1d4c2950f13eee8a6.jpeg"},{"id":98479990,"identity":"89477ce3-dba9-4e85-9c20-83d78188eed3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":314483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/ea8e5759f17a2185a6dbd7ba.jpeg"},{"id":98479971,"identity":"4f69998f-d274-4ac2-b051-48ac600c74a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/029805893c8bc2046735dcfb.jpeg"},{"id":98623534,"identity":"0133f30b-12b3-4497-b90f-85c64e702a2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/d3957b73995553cc0710d817.jpeg"},{"id":98480025,"identity":"593253c8-97ae-4daa-bfe4-020acde8f964","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":239945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/1bb940d951a313d27f75f9f7.jpeg"},{"id":98480016,"identity":"2321c68e-f98f-4cbe-bb29-1c9e4924484c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":173492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/d4beda28a79734edbb03bcbe.jpeg"},{"id":98623551,"identity":"26b5506b-a2d5-4e3f-aa16-f7848cb1d1b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":298792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/eded5128a51e5fd3ee4cd393.jpeg"},{"id":98479992,"identity":"ac546dbb-d419-47f0-8d4b-69e1f43996f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":243314,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage21.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/1c4e545b66051c3eaeaf31c2.jpeg"},{"id":98623697,"identity":"3d071310-d6e3-48d2-a473-cb8ce8d5de14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":232399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage22.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/fb38662339114b326447ed41.jpeg"},{"id":98624173,"identity":"6a991327-7e62-4d15-8d8e-dcc7a7bb4c29","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:07","extension":"jpeg","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":367447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage23.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b76a976ef97c41c4ebf43a19.jpeg"},{"id":98623435,"identity":"d1227a91-6d23-4db6-956d-f1c3dbd23453","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":220534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage24.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b1b4bb0caa932f1a037c2dda.jpeg"},{"id":98479980,"identity":"6a2abf62-34fc-4eac-adc3-1aeed0a8247d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":272660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage25.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/a92cc32f01acc379b35f8bef.jpeg"},{"id":98479976,"identity":"41dcd65e-98ef-4759-b948-b588436fe4f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":331770,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage26.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/761545e95289b038dfced1a4.jpeg"},{"id":98623250,"identity":"90451450-085b-4d8f-a029-34c6580f2e3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:05:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":526060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage27.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/05afb288fcc16ebf2c149016.jpeg"},{"id":98479979,"identity":"17c3fb6c-2bb8-45f1-9ea3-a6f2fd519b69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":504568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage28.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/8a5d168a6eb85de0d16a6bf1.jpeg"},{"id":98480028,"identity":"def3187d-8029-4630-9339-2aeedd380778","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":600109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage29.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/87132bb7a1bc41547909de54.jpeg"},{"id":98480001,"identity":"269d82bf-0341-4484-9f31-f909c18f0f25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":246661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/e7447736f8f4894198add080.jpeg"},{"id":98623711,"identity":"f4fdb2d2-def3-401d-b272-29be40619753","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage30.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/560fa651efe26b2d9b593131.jpeg"},{"id":98624148,"identity":"2eb67855-ca84-424b-8a41-0f32eb60a230","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3933,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage31.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/280e3b3334944fac1e4771df.jpeg"},{"id":98479981,"identity":"6cbc5e1d-c9f2-4cfb-840f-121aa96599d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40829,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage32.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/828b6c104c8363409afdb89a.jpeg"},{"id":98479988,"identity":"4fc14d10-f162-47d9-9c78-7d1387cf6462","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage33.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/e504db541e8c5fb687e0c720.jpeg"},{"id":98479968,"identity":"4ccb6c7b-ca1f-4402-8009-4f9fc81ff4fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage34.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/1e10cb840a52f5f377614a5e.jpeg"},{"id":98480037,"identity":"e8a928b5-54f7-4e44-9750-a0cbe6db4b38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/dfd6b6833091c6afb26d85a2.jpeg"},{"id":98479978,"identity":"de013ea9-010b-4212-a1e1-9c42fdf9e2fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b9bc0f0aa1199f93141ca34e.jpeg"},{"id":98479982,"identity":"59bed80b-9df9-4cf9-9d3d-aea65f6f3a75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/180a8cc42bbe8da4e7968a9b.jpeg"},{"id":98624134,"identity":"e32957a1-7894-4bdc-8445-1f6421a5537e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":469533,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/cef3d49196d40c5135d0961c.jpeg"},{"id":98479987,"identity":"b2cc43ce-46d2-4042-b128-ab4b92899e7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":555302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/0f4a31631290b5c5898e5745.jpeg"},{"id":98624014,"identity":"8756590b-b846-4b16-9c86-03fa009a1825","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":211212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/a10f7f52e3cd62d7302c61fd.jpeg"},{"id":98624796,"identity":"5d5ca56e-da0a-4df4-9657-322ab3671e77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":705542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/447969037369bf1800d67b21.jpeg"},{"id":98480040,"identity":"fc91d117-d258-4530-872b-e11cfcee31cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"png","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/8b546480da7dd59d00f7f994.png"},{"id":98623578,"identity":"5de94810-934b-42ff-9739-03c63c2f3dd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:59","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/7345d49ec06ae377ce77df62.png"},{"id":98623750,"identity":"1b7db293-fc47-4c65-a308-88b4fedeb527","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:28","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/07697a3206dd75c8e4436b73.png"},{"id":98479985,"identity":"0dc99e0f-991f-4d99-ba1e-cae9f61c880d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:50","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50949,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/9d837fadd5104ccc402dcdb5.png"},{"id":98623751,"identity":"9935ebda-d10b-4788-8506-883027cdab36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:28","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/66bbc92ba518614ff530cb25.png"},{"id":98479994,"identity":"84787199-b17f-4a59-9b1e-58df4c4272fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/76675e407f6b82117bea4477.png"},{"id":98624024,"identity":"fbe28d9f-a1ff-4335-b3cf-f6494bfb250f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:54","extension":"png","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/320e6f593137f30b1b86efbe.png"},{"id":98624821,"identity":"b8675bd7-006f-4536-8c37-33530b6f6353","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:43","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/43a59355012ffa9991598fc7.png"},{"id":98480012,"identity":"abff568a-3a3c-4d06-b8df-247eaf998579","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/48ca423976c349f1d4eabb3c.png"},{"id":98624547,"identity":"902d01b2-7255-4404-ac38-942d4d7cbc3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/7fa1707f0ff60b420637aa0c.png"},{"id":98624227,"identity":"fbe1d0cd-103a-4bd4-b18f-aab14c3448ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:10","extension":"png","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/11fe441f9c280f5dce5572d7.png"},{"id":98480032,"identity":"ce2e0cd5-a33e-4499-9408-7c7d2b58bf39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"png","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37758,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/599ed2c0a391e1337c00d7e1.png"},{"id":98480007,"identity":"e04663f9-db8c-4d07-a960-a85094847e3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/6639682a748acca7d18fb42e.png"},{"id":98480026,"identity":"74b1e4c7-737a-4697-a51c-d71b76f8d4cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b4476ae474262b892cb39e55.png"},{"id":98624051,"identity":"5a9613d3-c0a8-4e3f-9697-e7578da11dc8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:57","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45675,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/f16bfc5ff19d6367e024e581.png"},{"id":98480003,"identity":"02bc7669-b4f8-4572-96fb-efa03f63bfeb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/39cec501b9b9f392795dd26d.png"},{"id":98479996,"identity":"9f87f5f5-31be-4f22-9ab8-4a479e6d3de0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/de7799adf52569cef0ef033b.png"},{"id":98480005,"identity":"ee8b4094-c56a-4813-9758-d10b0b6ecea4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/106e5bca5c6e4c07d90e74c7.png"},{"id":98624862,"identity":"2776f914-513b-4975-a255-66d0c3329d5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:46","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/ebb7f3ce5288d8d98062a47b.png"},{"id":98480035,"identity":"1bb1ecdb-ef60-4afa-afbe-294e56ff6870","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":193373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/b0209329ce7d511e2d2b594e.png"},{"id":98623774,"identity":"650ebebc-1454-46d4-9a0a-97f6ee8b201a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:33","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":179979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/eda239e07a6467654dd7cae9.png"},{"id":98624632,"identity":"c760815d-8d25-403e-9cc9-938f2005ee1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":228624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/84c3c8f9893ea92d8bf0493e.png"},{"id":98479999,"identity":"359ff8b8-a88c-4fd1-887d-7c42e2f0d1a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49318,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/063859cf9932d3b10ac34473.png"},{"id":98623652,"identity":"bb9798ad-f393-461d-bb78-8808e71d1c3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:11","extension":"png","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/9e8164f44e25a0323e7acb1a.png"},{"id":98623237,"identity":"cc9a6ce2-8291-424f-8729-dd744de32010","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:05:24","extension":"png","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/1496f760bd5f0a072371a2c6.png"},{"id":98623835,"identity":"446f40b3-1d8f-4cca-ae30-8c6f64a543e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:40","extension":"png","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/0640a4396a0a8dcf4e85306a.png"},{"id":98480010,"identity":"ae9dcf16-48fc-48ab-8fb6-324e3f47f94b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/59e994ff931b504bbc205475.png"},{"id":98480018,"identity":"4b00fee8-2cab-4721-bc4f-3baa110ca05d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:51","extension":"png","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/ad98081771ae86215616e5da.png"},{"id":98480046,"identity":"3686cb68-5958-484c-b552-fc21dbb0ff0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"png","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/c59ad146545ad3e309ffb8cc.png"},{"id":98624245,"identity":"fd3307d0-f623-465e-87c8-85c9c5a6e799","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:12","extension":"png","order_by":97,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/753db5dfa881d7624c9999f7.png"},{"id":98623810,"identity":"0f398aca-33b2-469b-bfba-4393bea973fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:38","extension":"png","order_by":98,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89020,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/7718bfe8b660d5509e4a159f.png"},{"id":98624877,"identity":"cab40894-a0dd-4260-b8ba-a7b18495d729","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:47","extension":"png","order_by":99,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":159743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/e0e856775378a6af43322794.png"},{"id":98480044,"identity":"b0aedcab-722c-4202-b9df-0982d6212097","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"png","order_by":100,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/ca53e32499173bd5e08e84a8.png"},{"id":98623769,"identity":"d1afca42-6de1-4766-8559-d06ba0ba3d4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:07:32","extension":"png","order_by":101,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":190030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/d3adfe6c0af87a50acb266eb.png"},{"id":98480049,"identity":"d6962d33-22dc-4eff-821b-34d58033cbda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 04:47:52","extension":"png","order_by":102,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149816,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/4fe77a80efccaa850b3b4b1f.png"},{"id":98623440,"identity":"8503f4f4-816b-4b75-b490-5cbdaf4b2829","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:06:20","extension":"xml","order_by":103,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs83792880structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/15181ff569f63d9f0a067e34.xml"},{"id":98624815,"identity":"9cffdbd9-c76a-44a2-925b-01f2a173e751","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:43","extension":"html","order_by":104,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1/f54eea404e9c6459e4e42b36.html"},{"id":98631812,"identity":"876d6867-6cb8-46c9-858c-635654f34a0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:20:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1500883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TinyMLAnomalyDetectionandFaultPredictionforIndustrialApplications.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8379288/v1_covered_d522510b-22f8-4ba1-b8dd-f61a9cd5ad93.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eTinyML Anomaly Detection and Fault Prediction for Industrial Applications\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"ETH Zurich","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Structural Health Monitoring(SHM), Edge Computing, TinyML, Industrial IoT, Preventive Maintenance, Predictive Maintenance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8379288/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8379288/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTiny Machine Learning (TinyML) for industrial applications, in the context of this project, involves the deployment of machine learning (ML) models on the edge for structural health monitoring, to allow low- latency decision-making and proactive preventive maintenance of industrial equipment. Conventional maintenance practices are largely based on routine inspections, such as work-by-inspection (WBI) and scheduled maintenance, which are labor intensive, costly, and susceptible to diagnostic errors. This proactive approach bridges these gaps by detecting and diagnosing potential failures in structures such as bearings, bridges, pipelines, and manufacturing equipment before they result in a catastrophic failure. Recent developments in condition monitoring employ cloud-based ML algorithms; however, these ap- proaches are constrained by high latency, high operational cost, significant energy consumption, and network limitations, particularly in remote industrial environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this project, using cement mill bearings as a case study, TinyML was investigated as an alternative solution. A lightweight Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) was compared to other light weight models and was implemented to predict the bearing temperature of the slide shoe 45 minutes in advance. With a mean absolute error of 0.02048, the approach demonstrated early fault prediction and automated preventive actions through the water sprayer and alarm activation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"TinyML Anomaly Detection and Fault Prediction for Industrial Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 04:47:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8379288/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e82a8246-2adc-4330-9093-d7c8a98addab","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59790491,"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning"},{"id":59790492,"name":"Industrial Engineering"},{"id":59790493,"name":"Electrical Engineering"},{"id":59790494,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-18T04:47:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 04:47:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8379288","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8379288","identity":"rs-8379288","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}