Comparative In vitro Antioxidant and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme Activities of the Leaf and Flower of Billy Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides ) L

Comparative In vitro Antioxidant and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme Activities of the Leaf and Flower of Billy Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides ) L | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative In vitro Antioxidant and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme Activities of the Leaf and Flower of Billy Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides ) L Folake L. Oyetayo, E. O. Odesanmi, O. O. Olorunsola, M. O. Josiah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6447152/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The Nigerian flora is rich in several plants composed of several phytochemical substances with diverse bioactivities including those showing natural hypoglycemic properties with minimal side effects. The high cost of synthetic drugs for the management of diabetes, a global challenge, warrants research into affordable natural alternative remedies. The Billy Goat weed ( Ageratum conyzoides ) L. plant has been recognized in folklore for its numerous medicinal values especially its hypoglycemic activities. Hence, this study aims to compare the anti-diabetic potentials of the Billy Goat weed ( Ageratum conyzoides ) L. leaf and flower, as regards their carbohydrate and phytochemical compositions, the inhibitory effects on key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and free radical scavenging activities. Results The leaf showed significant higher (p< 0.05) concentration of carbohydrates and total starch than the leaf. The glycemic indices (GI) values for both leaf and flower were low, indicating a minimal impact on blood sugar levels. The amylose contents were moderate and there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the amylose: amylopectin ratio of both the leaf and flower. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed that the leaf extract showed alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities ranging from 16.86-43.18% and 23.52-41.37%, respectively, while the flower extract demonstrated superior inhibition with ranges of 36.13-46.50% against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase 23.82-42.44%. Furthermore, the leaf extract exhibited ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values between 13.20-47.33%, and DPPH radical scavenging activity from 21.45-45.71%. In contrast, the flower extract had FRAP values ranging from 17.10-40.04% and DPPH values of 12.71-40.08%. Conclusions Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potentials of the Ageratum conyzoides plant parts especially the leaf, holding promise for the possible use of the plant as a functional component of diabetics’ diets. Ageratum conyzoides Antioxidant alpha-amylase alpha-glucosidase amylopectin Glycemic index Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1.0 Background Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels either due to insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production has and been described as a great threat to human health globally with alarming rising incidences [ 1 ]. It leads to the derangement of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms resulting in hyperglycemia with fasting blood glucose concentration equal or greater than 140mg/dl [ 2 ]. Diabetes mellitus requires continuous medical care with multifactorial risk-reduction strategies such as dietary and glycemic control. It is a rampant global epidemy of multifactorial etiology with risk predisposing factors including the increasing aging population, genetic and environmental factors, fast-evolving and increasing sedentary lifestyle and dietary changes [ 3 ]. The global estimated prevalence of the disease stands at 285 million adults (6.4%) of the world population in 2010 and it is projected to rise to 439 million (7.7%) by 2030 [ 4 ]. Recent glycemia medications have several effects on patients due to variable contraindications and interactions with other drugs, limited efficacy and limited tolerability with significant side effects arising from their complex action mechanisms [ 5 , 6 ]. Ageratum conyzoides L ., commonly referred to as Billy goat weed, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Originally native to Central and South America, this species has since spread to various tropical and subtropical regions around the globe. It is recognized not only for its aromatic properties but also for its extensive medicinal applications. Traditionally, Billy goat weed plant has been employed in diverse cultures for its therapeutic benefits, ranging from wound healing to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and infections. Its potential as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent has been reported by its ability to inhibit the growth of various fungal pathogens, including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Fusarium [ 7 ]. The plant contains a rich array of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, kaempferol and quercetin, which are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects [ 8 ] and are believed to contribute significantly to its medicinal properties. Adetuyi et al ., [ 9 ] demonstrated its potent antioxidant capacity, using assays such as DPPH and FRAP to establish its potential in combating oxidative stress-related diseases. Flowers are reproductive parts of angiosperms which function to attract pollinators. The fluffy whitish blue coloured Ageratum conyzoides closeup flower head clusters are distinctive. Although earlier reports on the leaf extracts show it as effective regulator of blood sugar in diabetic rats, the possible antidiabetic potentials of Ageratum conyzoides flowers, has not been reported. There is a current renewed interest in plant-based medication and functional foods in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. Hence, we intend to estimate and compare the hypoglycemic activities of the leaf and flower of the Ageratum conyzoides plant by elucidating the carbohydrate, phenolic and flavonoid contents assessing their inhibitory potentials on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. 2.0 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sample collection and preparation Ageratum conyzoides L. was obtained from premises of the Ekiti-State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State and was identified at the University Herbarium of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology of Ekiti-State University, Ado-Ekiti. The plant was cleaned off extraneous materials, separated into leaf and flower, air dried for about 2 weeks, then powdered with a Kenwood blender and stored in an airtight container at 4 ⸰ C in a refrigerator prior analysis. 2.2 Determination of the amylose and amylopectin content Amylose and amylopectin contents were determined utilizing the method of Juliano, [11] Amylose content was determined utilizing standard amylose. Amylopectin was determined as Amylopectin = starch value − amylose value 2.3 Estimation of glycemic index The procedure applied Brouns [12] was utilized in obtaining the estimated glycemic index of the extract. 2.4 Sugar and starch determination Starch and sugar analyses were performed utilizing the method of Onitilo [13]. The starch and total free sugar contents of the sample were determined from a glucose standard curve prepared alongside the sample. 2.5 Determination of Soluble and Insoluble Fibre The determination of soluble and insoluble fiber can be conducted using the enzymatic-gravimetric method as outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [14]. About 1 g of the plant part is weighed, and if necessary, dried to remove moisture. For soluble fiber extraction, the sample is mixed with 95% ethanol to eliminate non-fiber components, and the resulting mixture is filtered to collect the residue that contains the soluble fiber, which is then washed with ethanol and water. The remaining residue is then treated with a buffered enzyme solution containing α-amylase, protease, and amyl glucosidase to hydrolyze starch and protein, followed by boiling and filtering. The residue obtained after this process is dried to quantify the insoluble fiber. The weight of both soluble and insoluble fibers is calculated based on the original sample weight and the amounts recovered after the extraction 2.6 Phytochemical screening of the extracts The phytochemical screening of the plant extract was carried out according to the method described by Harborne [15] and Onwuka [16] for the purpose of detecting active components of the plant. 2.7 Determination of Total Phenolics Content This was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method [17]. 200 μl of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of Ageratum conyzoides L. extracts at varying concentrations of 15-240 μg/ml was added to test tubes comprising 2ml of NaHCO 3. 200 μl of Folin-Ciocalteu (Folin-C) reagent was added two minutes later, after which the mixtures were well mixed and incubated in the water bath for 30 minutes at 50 o C. The absorbance was read at 760nm. The standard used was Gallic acid, which was prepared in the same way the stock solution of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of Ageratum conyzoides L. was prepared. 2.8 Determination of Total Flavonoid Content Stock solutions of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of Ageratum conyzoides L. were prepared at concentrations of 15-240 μg/ml and 1ml of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of Ageratum conyzoides L. was measured into clean tubes, after which 3ml of distilled water and 0.3ml of 50% NaNO 2 were respectively added. 0.3ml of 10% AlCl 3 and 2ml of 1M NaOH were added 5 minutes later and the volume of the solution in the test tube was made up to 10ml by adding distilled water. The absorbance was read at 510nm. Quercetin was used as a reference and prepared by dissolving 4mg in 1ml of methanol [18]. 2.9 Enzyme Inhibition Assays 2.9.1 Determination of α-amylase activity The extract was assayed for amylase inhibitory activity by the CNPG3 method (2-chloro-p-nitrophenyl-D-maltotrioside) and acarbose was used as a reference standard. The assay for amylase inhibition was performed as described by Kumar [19], with minor modifications. The amylase enzyme solution was prepared by mixing 3.20 mg of amylase enzyme in 100 ml of 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.9. The positive control, acarbose, was obtained by dissolving 50 mg in 50 ml phosphate buffer and diluted appropriately to give a concentration of 2.5 g/ml with phosphate buffer. The sample was dissolved in buffer to give final concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml. Acarbose and the extract were separately mixed with 125 µl of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol-D-maltotrioside (CNPG3) and incubated at 37°C for 8 minutes. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. 2.9.2 Determination of α-Glucosidase activity The p-NPG was used as a substrate in the p-glucosidase inhibition assay performed using methods previously described by Telagari and Hullatti, [20], with minor changes. Briefly, 20 µl of sample extract (in 30% DMSO) was mixed with 20 µl of glucosidase (final concentration 0.5 U/ml) and 120 µl of buffer solution and incubated at 37 °C for 15 minutes. The reaction was then terminated by the addition of 40 µl of p-NPG and incubation for a further 15 minutes. Finally, the absorbance at 405 nm was measured using a using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Acarbose was used as the reference alpha glucosidase inhibitor. All tests were performed in triplicate. The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the following formula: 2.10 Determination of DPPH radical scavenging ability The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the tested plant extracts using ascorbic acid as a positive control were measured in terms of hydrogen donating or radical scavenging ability using the stable radical DPPH by the method describe by Neha and Dushyant,[21]. Briefly, an aliquots of 1ml 0.3mM DPPH ethanolic solution was added to 2.5ml of various concentrations of the sample and standard ascorbic acid ranging from 10, 20, 50 and 100µg/ml allowed to incubate at room temperature in dark condition, after 30 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 517nm using ethanol as blank. DPPH solution (1 ml 0.3mM) plus ethanol (2.5ml) serves as a negative control. The degree of decolorization of DPPH from purple to yellow indicated the scavenging efficiency of the tested extract. All tests were performed in duplicates and mean values were calculated. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values were also calculated. Lower absorbance of the reaction mixtures indicates higher free radical scavenging activity. The percentage inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was calculated using the following equation; where, Abs control Absorbance of the control Abs Test Absorbance of sample Abs control Absorbance of the control 2.11 Determination of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) The ability to reduce ferric ions was measured using the method described by Strain and Benzie [22]. The FRAP reagent was generated by mixing 300mM Sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 10.0mM (tripyridyl triazine) TPTZ solution and 20.0mM FeCl 3 .6H 2 O solution in a ratio of 10:1:1 in volume. Different concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100µg/ml of the sample (0.5mL) and standard ascorbic acid were mixed with 0.5mL phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and 0.5mL 0.1% potassium hexacyanoferrate, (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 ) followed by incubation at 50 o C in a water bath for 20 minutes. After incubation, 0.5ml 10% TCA was added to terminate the reaction. The upper portion of the solution (1 ml) was mixed with 1mL of distilled water and 0.1ml 0.01% FeCl 3 solution was added. The reaction mixture was left for 10 minutes at room temperature and the absorbance was measured at 700nm against appropriate blank solution. All tests were performed in duplicates (n=2). Higher absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The reducing power of the extract was linearly proportional to the concentration of the sample. Phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) was used as a blank solution. 2.12 Determination of ABTS radical scavenging ability ABTS radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined according to Re et al . [23]. The ABTS + cation radical was produced by the reaction between 5ml of 14mM. ABTS solution and 5ml of 4.9mM Potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) solution, stored in the dart at room temperature for 16 Hours. Before use, this solution was diluted with ethanol to get an absorbance of 0.700 ±0.020 at 734nm. The plant extract at various concentrations with 1ml of ABTS solution was homogenized and its absorbance was recorded at 734nm. Ethanol blanks were run in each assay, and all measurements were done after at least 6 minutes. Similarly, the reaction mixture of standard group was obtained by mixing 950µl of ABTS solution and 50µl of BHT. As for the antiradical activity, ABTS scavenging ability was expressed as IC 50 (µg/ml). The inhibition percentage of ABTS radical was calculated as follows Where, Abs control Absorbance of the control Abs test Absorbance of the sample 3.0 Results Table 1: The carbohydrate, starch, sugar and fiber composition of Ageratum conyzoides L. Plant parts (%DM) Sample CHO Total Sugar Total Starch Soluble Fiber Insoluble Fiber BGF 80.10±0.06 a 0.61±0.00 a 80.36±0.01 a 0.52±0.01 a 3.02±0.13 a BGL 85.65±0.02 b 0.77±0.01 a 84.27±0.06 b 0.95±0.00 a 1.66±0.21 a Data are expressed as Mean± SD of triplicates determination. BGL, Billy Goat Leaf, BGF, Billy Goat Flower. Table 2: Glycemic indices, Amylose, amylopectin contents (%DM) and Amylose to amylopectin ratio of Ageratum conyzoides L . Plant parts Sample Glycemic Index Amylose Amylopectin Amylose/ Amylopectin BGF 26.34±0.13 a 25.42±0.00 a 74.58±0.00 a 0.34 a BGL 29.54±0.00 b 26.43±0.13 a 73.58±0.13 a 0.36 a Data are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination, BGL, Billy Goat Leaf, BGF, Billy Goat Flower Table 3: Qualitative Phytochemical Composition of Ageratum conyzoides L. Plant parts Phytochemical BGL BGF Alkaloid +++ ++ Tannins ++ + Flavonoids + ++ Phenols +++ +++ Saponnin + ++ Glycoside + + Cardiac glycosides + - Steroids + + Terpenoids - - Reducing sugar + - BGL, Billy Goat Leaf, BGF, Billy Goat Flower Table 4: Quantitative Phytochemical Composition of Ageratum conyzoides L. Plant parts Phytochemical Leaf Flower Phenolics (mg GAE/g) 48.22±0.17 a 45.63±0.04 a Flavonoid (mg QE/g) 42.95±1.12 a 35.11±0.02 b Data are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination with superscript in each row which are significantly (p<0.05) different from one another. 4.0 Discussion Table 1 shows the carbohydrate, starch, sugar and fiber compositions of Ageratum conyzoides L. plant parts. The leaf extract demonstrated higher carbohydrate and starch content compared to the flower however, both plant parts can serve as effective energy sources. The higher total starch level in the leaf compared to the flower indicates its potential for sustained energy release [ 7 ]. The total sugar content was low in both leaf and flower extracts compared with those reported by Ajayi [ 24 ] for the different fruit parts of the African star Apple which ranged between 21.48–28.63 g/100g. The low total sugar concentration in both leaf and flower of Ageratum conyzoides L will be beneficial for compounding diabetic diets for the maintenance low blood sugar [ 10 ]. Fibre is an important part of diet which is essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system by promoting bowel regularity and preventing constipation, the presence of soluble and insoluble fiber in both plant parts is important for the regulation of blood sugar and reduction of cholesterol levels [ 25 ]. Glycemic indices, Amylose and amylopectin contents with the Amylose and amylopectin ratios of Ageratum conyzoides L . plant parts are shown in Table 2 . Both the flower and leaf of A. conyzoides exhibit low glycemic indices, suggesting their minimal blood glucose raising impact on consumption. The glycemic indices of A. conyzoides leaf and flower fall within the range (19.89%-38.52%) reported for different parts of the ripe Citrus paradisi fruit [ 26 ]. Foods with low GI are beneficial for managing blood sugar levels, particularly for individuals with diabetes or those looking to maintain stable energy levels throughout the day. Low GI foods are digested and absorbed more slowly, leading to a gradual rise in blood glucose rather than a rapid spike [ 27 ], making them suitable diabetic diets [ 28 ]. The amylose content in both parts was relatively moderate, while amylopectin content was high. The amylose to amylopectin ratio (0.34 and 0.36 for BGF and BGL respectively) indicates a higher proportion of amylopectin, which is more easily digestible than amylose. This composition can lead to a quicker release of glucose into the bloodstream, although the overall low GI of A. conyzoides mitigates this effect. Foods with higher amylose content are associated with lower glycemic responses, making them preferable for blood sugar management [ 29 ]. Table 3 highlights the qualitative phytochemical composition of Ageratum conyzoides L. Plant parts. Both alkaloids and tannins were more distinct in the leaf than the flower while flavonoid and saponins were more prominent in the leaf, cardiac glycosides were present in the leaf but absent in the flower while terpenoids were not detected in both the leaf and flower. Overall, the diverse phytochemical profile of Ageratum conyzoides L. enhances its therapeutic potential, particularly in managing diabetes and related conditions [ 30 ]. The quantitative phytochemical composition of Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf and flower is shown on Table 4 The leaf exhibited a higher concentration of flavonoids than the flower. Flavonoids are essential for their anticancer effects, antioxidant properties and roles in plant defense mechanisms. These compounds are accumulated in response to environmental stressors [ 31 ]. This disparity may indicate a functional differentiation, with leaf focusing on protection while flowers prioritize attracting pollinators [ 32 ]. Figures 1 and 2 show the percentage inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf and flower. These are carbohydrate digesting enzymes whose inhibition delay the overall time of carbohydrate hydrolysis, leading to a reduction in glucose digestion and absorption rate after a carbohydrate rich diet [ 33 ]. The leaf extract exhibited significant in vitro inhibitory activity against both alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase compared to the flower extracts. The higher % inhibition of the carbohydrate digesting enzymes by the leaf extract may be due to its higher flavonoid concentration (Table 4 ). Flavonoids are phenolics which could enhance the peripheral glucose uptake and metabolism or stimulate insulin secretion [ 34 ]. The pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications are improved by flavonoids through the regulation of glucose metabolism and hepatic enzyme activities [ 35 ] This confirms the earlier report of Olubomehin [ 36 ] and shows the potential of Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf as a potential natural agent for managing carbohydrate metabolism, which could have important implications for the management diabetes and overall metabolic health. Figure 3 shows the FRAP radical scavenging ability of Ageratum conyzoides L . plant parts. Several previous studies have shown that the health benefits of plants and fungi with antioxidative potentials may possibly result from their activities as radical scavengers, chelating mediators of transition metals, quenchers of singlet oxygen and activators of antioxidative defense enzymes [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. There was a noticeable variation in the reducing power of the leaf and flower of Ageratum conzyoides L. The reduction of ferric (Fe 3+ ) to ferrous (Fe 2+ ) in ferricyanide complex by antioxidants resulted in the color change of test solution from yellow to blue. This change in color of the reaction mixture shows the reducing ability of Ageratum conzyoides L. extracts which is exhibited more in the flower extract compared to the leaf extract. The reducing potential of each extract increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The reducing compounds in Ageratum conzyoides L. extracts exhibited an antioxidant property in donating hydrogen atoms and hindering the free radical reaction [ 40 ]. Figure 4 shows the DPPH radical scavenging activities of the leaf and flower of Ageratum conzyoides L . Both the leaf and flower extracts displayed ability to quench DPPH free radicals as showed by the concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition. The aqueous flower extract of Ageratum conzyoides L . had a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than the leaf extracts. DPPH assays assess the power to scavenge radicals. These antioxidants present H atoms to free radicals, that converts the radicals into non-toxic species and so inhibits the propagation part of lipid oxidation. This is consistent with previous study of [ 9 ]. The ABTS radical scavenging abilities of the leaf and flower of Ageratum conzyoides L. is represented on Fig. 5 . Both the leaf and flower extracts showed an ability to scavenge ABTS radical as showed by the concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition. Notably, the leaf extract demonstrated significantly higher ABTS radical scavenging activity compared to the flower extracts. This enhanced activity suggests that the leaf of Ageratum conyzoides L . contains a greater concentration of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. These findings align with previous research [ 41 ], highlighting the potentials of Ageratum conyzoides L . as a natural source of antioxidants, which may have implications for health and medicinal applications. 5.0 Conclusion Billy goat ( Ageratum conyzoides L. ) plant extracts, particularly the leaf extract (BGL), showed significant potentials in managing diabetes and promoting health. The BGL has higher carbohydrate and fiber content, making it a suitable energy source with beneficial effects on blood sugar. Its rich phytochemical profile, including the phenolics, alkaloids and tannins, enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaf extract also exhibits strong inhibitory activity against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, suggesting its role in diabetes management. Overall, both extracts possess valuable bioactive compounds, highlighting their therapeutic potentials. However, further research is required to elucidate the toxicological potentials of each bioactive component. Declarations Authors’ contribution: The concept, design, interpretation of data, writing and critical revision of article was carried out by FLO, supervision of benchwork, collection and analysis of data by EOO, writing and statistical analysis were by OOO and MOJ. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding Acknowledgments: The Authors thank all colleagues for their technical expertise Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Consent to Participate Declaration Not applicable Consent to Publish Declaration Not applicable Clinical Trial Not Applicable Ethical Statement The study was conducted based on the guidelines of the Institutional ethical Committee. 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White amylase inhibitor administered orally reduces glycemia in type-2 diabetic rats British J Nutr . 2006 ;96:539-544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061836 Adisakwattana S, Lerdsuwankji O, Poputtachai U, Miipun A, Suparpproim C, Inhibitory activities of cinnamon bark species and their combination effect with acarbose against intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α- amylase. Plant foods Hum. Nutr. 2011; ;66:143-148. doi:10.1007/s11130-011-0226-4 AL-Ishaq RK, Abotaleb M, Kubatkar P, Kajo K, Busellberg D. Flavonoids and their Anti-diabetes Effects: Cellular mechanisms and their effects to improve blood sugar levels Biomolecules 2019; 9, 430, 1-35. ; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090430 Olubomehin OO, Adeyemi OO, Awokoya KN. Preliminary Investigation into the Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Ageratum conyzoides L. Leaf Extracts. Journal of the Chemical Society of Nigeria 2016; 41(2) 73-76 https://journals.chemsociety.org.ng/index.php/jcsn/article/view/74 Oyetayo FL, Rocha JBT. Extracts from wild and semi-cultivated tropical Plants prevent lipid peroxidation in vitro Asian J pharm Biol Res 2012; 2: 250-254 Oyetayo VO, Neito-Camacho TS, Ramirez-Apana A, Baldomero RE. Total phenol, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties and wild macrofungi collected from Akure Southwest Nigeria. Jordan J .Biolol. Sci 2013; 16:105-110 DOI: 10.12816/0000267 Oyetayo FL, Akomolafe SF , Afolabi SA, Sulaimon, FT. Antioxidant properties and carbohydrate hydrolyzing activities of aqueous extract of different parts of Costus afer (Ker Gawl) Vegetos 2025; https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-025-01189-y Oboh G, Puntel RL, Rocha JBT. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum Chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe 2+ -induced lipid peroxidation in brain–in vitro. Food chemistry 2007; 102(1), 178-185. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048 Rajput D, Saikia LR, Borkataky M, Agarwalla S. Ageratum conyzoides L. : In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical study 2022; 259-265. doi: 10.53550/EEC 2022.v28i4s.038 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6447152","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":461107399,"identity":"83a6adfb-6a4a-42a5-bccf-10bb6c67b437","order_by":0,"name":"Folake L. Oyetayo","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Folake","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Oyetayo","suffix":""},{"id":461107400,"identity":"d7e19a4b-b26d-4a94-bd23-a9b9eadded84","order_by":1,"name":"E. O. Odesanmi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"E.","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Odesanmi","suffix":""},{"id":461107401,"identity":"638c6195-4934-4bc5-aa6c-fbd631030606","order_by":2,"name":"O. O. Olorunsola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"O.","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Olorunsola","suffix":""},{"id":461107402,"identity":"3756ab50-20e0-436f-8d0d-ba63f851144b","order_by":3,"name":"M. O. Josiah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Josiah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-14 14:53:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6447152/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6447152/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83542865,"identity":"59244bff-897b-47a8-8fcc-b269fd004e0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:35:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eα-amylase inhibition activity of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Plant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6447152/v1/800ba9f7801926bd440e5c20.png"},{"id":83542867,"identity":"389f1b5f-461a-41ef-9191-b34b53933012","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:35:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33253,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eα-glucosidase inhibition activity of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Plant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6447152/v1/558935e99563f0261ad2e19a.png"},{"id":83542866,"identity":"ef609623-b0e8-4772-9b65-2f8ffeac5b9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:35:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFRAP radical scavenging ability of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6447152/v1/fe05117bccbc7339b83ffc91.png"},{"id":83542869,"identity":"65424f54-9d9e-4675-9174-5a0cbd61c33d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:35:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDPPH radical scavenging ability of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6447152/v1/766b2787a2fa87a917b2dc89.png"},{"id":83542868,"identity":"b8f7da14-6b9f-471e-8d60-a4f34a489674","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:35:16","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34249,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eABTS radical scavenging ability of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean±SD of triplicates determination\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6447152/v1/cf392ec7dbf15c7c6270875b.png"},{"id":83543968,"identity":"6174efe1-7719-429b-8172-7ca093a89c16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:43:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1282386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6447152/v1/d97e66f4-9257-4b25-b716-7e1a6dfc871c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative In vitro Antioxidant and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme Activities of the Leaf and Flower of Billy Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides ) L","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels either due to insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production has and been described as a great threat to human health globally with alarming rising incidences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It leads to the derangement of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms resulting in hyperglycemia with fasting blood glucose concentration equal or greater than 140mg/dl [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Diabetes mellitus requires continuous medical care with multifactorial risk-reduction strategies such as dietary and glycemic control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is a rampant global epidemy of multifactorial etiology with risk predisposing factors including the increasing aging population, genetic and environmental factors, fast-evolving and increasing sedentary lifestyle and dietary changes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The global estimated prevalence of the disease stands at 285\u0026nbsp;million adults (6.4%) of the world population in 2010 and it is projected to rise to 439\u0026nbsp;million (7.7%) by 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent glycemia medications have several effects on patients due to variable contraindications and interactions with other drugs, limited efficacy and limited tolerability with significant side effects arising from their complex action mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e., commonly referred to as Billy goat weed, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Originally native to Central and South America, this species has since spread to various tropical and subtropical regions around the globe. It is recognized not only for its aromatic properties but also for its extensive medicinal applications. Traditionally, Billy goat weed plant has been employed in diverse cultures for its therapeutic benefits, ranging from wound healing to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and infections. Its potential as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent has been reported by its ability to inhibit the growth of various fungal pathogens, including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Fusarium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant contains a rich array of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, kaempferol and quercetin, which are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and are believed to contribute significantly to its medicinal properties. Adetuyi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated its potent antioxidant capacity, using assays such as DPPH and FRAP to establish its potential in combating oxidative stress-related diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlowers are reproductive parts of angiosperms which function to attract pollinators. The fluffy whitish blue coloured \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e closeup flower head clusters are distinctive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough earlier reports on the leaf extracts show it as effective regulator of blood sugar in diabetic rats, the possible antidiabetic potentials of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e flowers, has not been reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a current renewed interest in plant-based medication and functional foods in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. Hence, we intend to estimate and compare the hypoglycemic activities of the leaf and flower of the \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e plant by elucidating the carbohydrate, phenolic and flavonoid contents assessing their inhibitory potentials on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Sample collection and preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas obtained from premises of the Ekiti-State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State and was identified at the University Herbarium of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology of Ekiti-State University, Ado-Ekiti. The plant was cleaned off extraneous materials, separated into leaf and flower, air dried for about 2 weeks, then powdered with a Kenwood blender and stored in an airtight container at 4\u003csup\u003e⸰\u003c/sup\u003eC in a refrigerator prior analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Determination of the amylose and amylopectin content\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmylose and amylopectin contents were determined utilizing the method of Juliano, [11] Amylose content was determined utilizing standard amylose. Amylopectin was determined as\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmylopectin = starch value \u0026minus; amylose value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Estimation of glycemic index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe procedure applied Brouns\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[12] was utilized in obtaining the estimated glycemic index of the extract.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Sugar and starch determination\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStarch and sugar analyses were performed utilizing the method of Onitilo [13]. The starch and total free sugar contents of the sample were determined from a glucose standard curve prepared alongside the sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Determination of Soluble and Insoluble Fibre\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe determination of soluble and insoluble fiber can be conducted using the enzymatic-gravimetric method as outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [14].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 1 g of the plant part is weighed, and if necessary, dried to remove moisture. For soluble fiber extraction, the sample is mixed with 95% ethanol to eliminate non-fiber components, and the resulting mixture is filtered to collect the residue that contains the soluble fiber, which is then washed with ethanol and water. The remaining residue is then treated with a buffered enzyme solution containing \u0026alpha;-amylase, protease, and amyl glucosidase to hydrolyze starch and protein, followed by boiling and filtering. The residue obtained after this process is dried to quantify the insoluble fiber. The weight of both soluble and insoluble fibers is calculated based on the original sample weight and the amounts recovered after the extraction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Phytochemical screening of the extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phytochemical screening of the plant extract was carried out according to the method described by Harborne [15] and Onwuka [16] for the purpose of detecting active components of the plant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7 Determination of Total Phenolics Content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method [17]. 200\u0026thinsp;\u0026mu;l of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eextracts at varying concentrations of 15-240\u0026thinsp;\u0026mu;g/ml was added to test tubes comprising 2ml of NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e200\u0026thinsp;\u0026mu;l of Folin-Ciocalteu (Folin-C) reagent was added two minutes later, after which the mixtures were well mixed and incubated in the water bath for 30 minutes at 50\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The absorbance was read at 760nm. The standard used was Gallic acid, which was prepared in the same way the stock solution of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas prepared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.8 Determination of Total Flavonoid Content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStock solutions of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere prepared at concentrations of 15-240\u0026thinsp;\u0026mu;g/ml and 1ml of aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas measured into clean tubes, after which 3ml of distilled water and 0.3ml of 50% NaNO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ewere respectively added. 0.3ml of 10% AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and 2ml of 1M NaOH were added 5 minutes later and the volume of the solution in the test tube was made up to 10ml by adding distilled water. The absorbance was read at 510nm. Quercetin was used as a reference and prepared by dissolving 4mg in 1ml of methanol [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.9 Enzyme Inhibition Assays\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.9.1 Determination of \u0026alpha;-amylase activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extract was assayed for amylase inhibitory activity by the CNPG3 method (2-chloro-p-nitrophenyl-D-maltotrioside) and acarbose was used as a reference standard. The assay for amylase inhibition was performed as described by Kumar [19], with minor modifications. The amylase enzyme solution was prepared by mixing 3.20 mg of amylase enzyme in 100 ml of 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.9. The positive control, acarbose, was obtained by dissolving 50 mg in 50 ml phosphate buffer and diluted appropriately to give a concentration of 2.5 g/ml with phosphate buffer. The sample was dissolved in buffer to give final concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 \u0026micro;g/ml. Acarbose and the extract were separately mixed with 125 \u0026micro;l of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol-D-maltotrioside (CNPG3) and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 8 minutes. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"696\" height=\"83\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.9.2 Determination of \u0026alpha;-Glucosidase activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe p-NPG was used as a substrate in the p-glucosidase inhibition assay performed using methods previously described by Telagari and Hullatti, [20], with minor changes. Briefly, 20 \u0026micro;l of sample extract (in 30% DMSO) was mixed with 20 \u0026micro;l of glucosidase (final concentration 0.5 U/ml) and 120 \u0026micro;l of buffer solution and incubated at 37 \u0026deg;C for 15 minutes. The reaction was then terminated by the addition of 40 \u0026micro;l of p-NPG and incubation for a further 15 minutes. Finally, the absorbance at 405 nm was measured using a using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Acarbose was used as the reference alpha glucosidase inhibitor. All tests were performed in triplicate. The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"699\" height=\"94\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.10 Determination of DPPH radical scavenging ability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the tested plant extracts using ascorbic acid as a positive control were measured in terms of hydrogen donating or radical scavenging ability using the stable radical DPPH by the method describe by Neha and Dushyant,[21]. Briefly, an aliquots of 1ml 0.3mM DPPH ethanolic solution was added to 2.5ml of various concentrations of the sample and standard ascorbic acid ranging from 10, 20, 50 and 100\u0026micro;g/ml allowed to incubate at room temperature in dark condition, after 30 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 517nm using ethanol as blank. DPPH solution (1 ml 0.3mM) plus ethanol (2.5ml) serves as a negative control. The degree of decolorization of DPPH from purple to yellow indicated the scavenging efficiency of the tested extract. All tests were performed in duplicates and mean values were calculated. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) values were also calculated. Lower absorbance of the reaction mixtures indicates higher free radical scavenging activity. The percentage inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was calculated using the following equation;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"746\" height=\"78\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere, Abs control Absorbance of the control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbs Test Absorbance of sample\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbs control Absorbance of the control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.11 Determination of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ability to reduce ferric ions was measured using the method described by Strain and Benzie [22]. The FRAP reagent was generated by mixing 300mM Sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 10.0mM (tripyridyl triazine) TPTZ solution and 20.0mM FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO solution in a ratio of 10:1:1 in volume. Different concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100\u0026micro;g/ml of the sample (0.5mL) and standard ascorbic acid were mixed with 0.5mL phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and 0.5mL 0.1% potassium hexacyanoferrate, (K\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eFe(CN)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) followed by incubation at 50\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in a water bath for 20 minutes. After incubation, 0.5ml 10% TCA was added to terminate the reaction. The upper portion of the solution (1 ml) was mixed with 1mL of distilled water and 0.1ml 0.01% FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution was added. The reaction mixture was left for 10 minutes at room temperature and the absorbance was measured at 700nm against appropriate blank solution. All tests were performed in duplicates (n=2). Higher absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The reducing power of the extract was linearly proportional to the concentration of the sample. Phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) was used as a blank solution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.12 Determination of ABTS radical scavenging ability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eABTS radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined according to Re \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [23]. The ABTS \u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003ecation radical was produced by the reaction between 5ml of 14mM. ABTS solution and 5ml of 4.9mM Potassium persulfate (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e) solution, stored in the dart at room temperature for 16 Hours. Before use, this solution was diluted with ethanol to get an absorbance of 0.700 \u0026plusmn;0.020 at 734nm. The plant extract at various concentrations with 1ml of ABTS solution was homogenized and its absorbance was recorded at 734nm. Ethanol blanks were run in each assay, and all measurements were done after at least 6 minutes. Similarly, the reaction mixture of standard group was obtained by mixing 950\u0026micro;l of ABTS solution and 50\u0026micro;l of BHT. As for the antiradical activity, ABTS scavenging ability was expressed as IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/ml). The inhibition percentage of ABTS radical was calculated as follows\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" height=\"80\" width=\"730\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, Abs control Absorbance of the control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbs test Absorbance of the sample\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: The carbohydrate, starch, sugar and fiber composition of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePlant parts\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(%DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"657\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Sugar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Starch\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoluble Fiber\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsoluble Fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBGF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.10\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.36\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBGL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.65\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.27\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026plusmn;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean\u0026plusmn; SD of triplicates determination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBGL, Billy Goat Leaf, BGF, Billy Goat Flower.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Glycemic indices, Amylose, amylopectin contents \u0026nbsp;(%DM) and Amylose \u0026nbsp;to amylopectin ratio of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e. Plant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"640\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlycemic Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmylose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmylopectin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmylose/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmylopectin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBGF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.34\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.42\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.58\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBGL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.54\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.43\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.58\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean\u0026plusmn;SD of triplicates determination, BGL, Billy Goat Leaf, BGF, Billy Goat Flower\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Qualitative Phytochemical Composition of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"507\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBGL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBGF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaloid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponnin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e++\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlycoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducing sugar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBGL, Billy Goat Leaf, \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;BGF, Billy Goat Flower\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Quantitative Phytochemical Composition of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 282px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlower\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 282px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenolics (mg GAE/g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.22\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.63\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 282px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoid (mg QE/g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.95\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.11\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are expressed as Mean\u0026plusmn;SD of triplicates determination with superscript in each row which are significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) different from one another.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the carbohydrate, starch, sugar and fiber compositions of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e plant parts. The leaf extract demonstrated higher carbohydrate and starch content compared to the flower however, both plant parts can serve as effective energy sources. The higher total starch level in the leaf compared to the flower indicates its potential for sustained energy release [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The total sugar content was low in both leaf and flower extracts compared with those reported by Ajayi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] for the different fruit parts of the African star Apple which ranged between 21.48\u0026ndash;28.63 g/100g. The low total sugar concentration in both leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e will be beneficial for compounding diabetic diets for the maintenance low blood sugar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Fibre is an important part of diet which is essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system by promoting bowel regularity and preventing constipation, the presence of soluble and insoluble fiber in both plant parts is important for the regulation of blood sugar and reduction of cholesterol levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycemic indices, Amylose and amylopectin contents with the Amylose and amylopectin ratios of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e. plant parts are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Both the flower and leaf of \u003cem\u003eA. conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e exhibit low glycemic indices, suggesting their minimal blood glucose raising impact on consumption. The glycemic indices of \u003cem\u003eA. conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e leaf and flower fall within the range (19.89%-38.52%) reported for different parts of the ripe \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/em\u003e fruit [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Foods with low GI are beneficial for managing blood sugar levels, particularly for individuals with diabetes or those looking to maintain stable energy levels throughout the day. Low GI foods are digested and absorbed more slowly, leading to a gradual rise in blood glucose rather than a rapid spike [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], making them suitable diabetic diets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The amylose content in both parts was relatively moderate, while amylopectin content was high. The amylose to amylopectin ratio (0.34 and 0.36 for BGF and BGL respectively) indicates a higher proportion of amylopectin, which is more easily digestible than amylose. This composition can lead to a quicker release of glucose into the bloodstream, although the overall low GI of \u003cem\u003eA. conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e mitigates this effect. Foods with higher amylose content are associated with lower glycemic responses, making them preferable for blood sugar management [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e highlights the qualitative phytochemical composition of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e Plant parts. Both alkaloids and tannins were more distinct in the leaf than the flower while flavonoid and saponins were more prominent in the leaf, cardiac glycosides were present in the leaf but absent in the flower while terpenoids were not detected in both the leaf and flower. Overall, the diverse phytochemical profile of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e enhances its therapeutic potential, particularly in managing diabetes and related conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative phytochemical composition of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e leaf and flower is shown on Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e The leaf exhibited a higher concentration of flavonoids than the flower. Flavonoids are essential for their anticancer effects, antioxidant properties and roles in plant defense mechanisms. These compounds are accumulated in response to environmental stressors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. This disparity may indicate a functional differentiation, with leaf focusing on protection while flowers prioritize attracting pollinators [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show the percentage inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e leaf and flower. These are carbohydrate digesting enzymes whose inhibition delay the overall time of carbohydrate hydrolysis, leading to a reduction in glucose digestion and absorption rate after a carbohydrate rich diet [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The leaf extract exhibited significant \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e inhibitory activity against both alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase compared to the flower extracts. The higher % inhibition of the carbohydrate digesting enzymes by the leaf extract may be due to its higher flavonoid concentration (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Flavonoids are phenolics which could enhance the peripheral glucose uptake and metabolism or stimulate insulin secretion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications are improved by flavonoids through the regulation of glucose metabolism and hepatic enzyme activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] This confirms the earlier report of Olubomehin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] and shows the potential of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e L. leaf as a potential natural agent for managing carbohydrate metabolism, which could have important implications for the management diabetes and overall metabolic health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the FRAP radical scavenging ability of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e. plant parts. Several previous studies have shown that the health benefits of plants and fungi with antioxidative potentials may possibly result from their activities as radical scavengers, chelating mediators of transition metals, quenchers of singlet oxygen and activators of antioxidative defense enzymes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. There was a noticeable variation in the reducing power of the leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conzyoides L.\u003c/em\u003e The reduction of ferric (Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e) to ferrous (Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e) in ferricyanide complex by antioxidants resulted in the color change of test solution from yellow to blue. This change in color of the reaction mixture shows the reducing ability of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conzyoides L.\u003c/em\u003e extracts which is exhibited more in the flower extract compared to the leaf extract. The reducing potential of each extract increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The reducing compounds in \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conzyoides L.\u003c/em\u003e extracts exhibited an antioxidant property in donating hydrogen atoms and hindering the free radical reaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the DPPH radical scavenging activities of the leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conzyoides L\u003c/em\u003e. Both the leaf and flower extracts displayed ability to quench DPPH free radicals as showed by the concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition. The aqueous flower extract of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conzyoides L\u003c/em\u003e. had a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than the leaf extracts. DPPH assays assess the power to scavenge radicals. These antioxidants present H atoms to free radicals, that converts the radicals into non-toxic species and so inhibits the propagation part of lipid oxidation. This is consistent with previous study of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ABTS radical scavenging abilities of the leaf and flower of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conzyoides L.\u003c/em\u003e is represented on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Both the leaf and flower extracts showed an ability to scavenge ABTS radical as showed by the concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition. Notably, the leaf extract demonstrated significantly higher ABTS radical scavenging activity compared to the flower extracts. This enhanced activity suggests that the leaf of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e. contains a greater concentration of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. These findings align with previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], highlighting the potentials of \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L\u003c/em\u003e. as a natural source of antioxidants, which may have implications for health and medicinal applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.0 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBilly goat (\u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e) plant extracts, particularly the leaf extract (BGL), showed significant potentials in managing diabetes and promoting health. The BGL has higher carbohydrate and fiber content, making it a suitable energy source with beneficial effects on blood sugar. Its rich phytochemical profile, including the phenolics, alkaloids and tannins, enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaf extract also exhibits strong inhibitory activity against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, suggesting its role in diabetes management. Overall, both extracts possess valuable bioactive compounds, highlighting their therapeutic potentials. However, further research is required to elucidate the toxicological potentials of each bioactive component.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept, design, interpretation of data, writing and critical revision of article was carried out by FLO, supervision of benchwork, collection and analysis of data by EOO, writing and statistical analysis were by OOO and MOJ.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Authors thank all colleagues for their technical expertise\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate Declaration \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish Declaration \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted based on the guidelines of the Institutional ethical Committee. Studies involving the use of animals was with code number ORDI/EKSU/EAC/25/268 \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors thank all colleagues in the laboratory for their technical expertise\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGregg EW, Bukely J, Ali MK, Davies J, Flood , Mehta R, Griffitis B, Lim LL. Mane-Goehler, J., Pearson-Stuttard, J., Tandon, N. 2023; Improving health outcomes of people with diabetes: target setting for the WHO global diabetes compact. The Lancet 401 (10384) 1302-1312 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00001-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization Classification of Diabetes mellitus. Geneva: Licence: 2019; CC BY-NC-SA 3.0IGO \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdullah N, Murad NAA, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Kamaruddin MA, Jalal NA, Ismail N, Jama R, Scott R, Holliday EG. 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Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum Chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e-induced lipid peroxidation in brain\u0026ndash;in vitro. \u003cem\u003eFood chemistry\u003c/em\u003e 2007; 102(1), 178-185. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajput D, Saikia LR, Borkataky M, Agarwalla S. \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides L.\u003c/em\u003e: In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical study 2022; 259-265. doi: 10.53550/EEC 2022.v28i4s.038\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ageratum conyzoides, Antioxidant, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, amylopectin, Glycemic index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6447152/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6447152/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground \u003c/strong\u003eThe Nigerian flora is rich in several plants composed of several phytochemical substances with diverse bioactivities including those showing natural hypoglycemic properties with minimal side effects. The high cost of synthetic drugs for the management of diabetes, a global challenge, warrants research into affordable natural alternative remedies. The Billy Goat weed (\u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eL. plant has been recognized in folklore for its numerous medicinal values especially its hypoglycemic activities. Hence, this study aims to compare the anti-diabetic potentials of the Billy Goat weed (\u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eL. leaf and flower, as regards their carbohydrate and phytochemical compositions, the inhibitory effects on key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and free radical scavenging activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eThe leaf showed significant higher (p\u0026lt; 0.05) concentration of carbohydrates and total starch than the leaf. The glycemic indices (GI) values for both leaf and flower were low, indicating a minimal impact on blood sugar levels. The amylose contents were moderate and there were no significant differences (p\u0026gt;0.05) in the amylose: amylopectin ratio of both the leaf and flower. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed that the leaf extract showed alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities ranging from 16.86-43.18% and 23.52-41.37%, respectively, while the flower extract demonstrated superior inhibition with ranges of 36.13-46.50% against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase 23.82-42.44%. Furthermore, the leaf extract exhibited ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values between 13.20-47.33%, and DPPH radical scavenging activity from 21.45-45.71%. In contrast, the flower extract had FRAP values ranging from 17.10-40.04% and DPPH values of 12.71-40.08%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions \u003c/strong\u003eOverall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potentials of the \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e plant parts especially the leaf, holding promise for the possible use of the plant as a functional component of diabetics’ diets.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative In vitro Antioxidant and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme Activities of the Leaf and Flower of Billy Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides ) L","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-28 08:35:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6447152/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f3e7600c-06f9-435a-963f-3f0d8c744abb","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-28T08:35:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-28 08:35:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6447152","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6447152","identity":"rs-6447152","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}