Efficiency versus sustainability: spatial mismatches between urban land-use and ecosystem services in China’s Yellow River Basin

Efficiency versus sustainability: spatial mismatches between urban land-use and ecosystem services in China’s Yellow River Basin | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Efficiency versus sustainability: spatial mismatches between urban land-use and ecosystem services in China’s Yellow River Basin Jingjing Liu, Yan Tan, Hongbo Zhao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269155/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Balancing urban land-use efficiency (ULUE) with ecosystem stability is critical for sustainable urban development. While many studies suggest that ULUE improvements enhance sustainability, few examine the spatial coordination between ULUE and the sustainable supply of ecosystem services (ESs)—a key determinant of long-term ecological viability. This study develops a ULUE evaluation framework incorporating ES considerations, applied to China’s Yellow River Basin (YRB) as a representative case. Using county-level data from 2000–2020, we assess ULUE dynamics alongside the supply and demand of five key ESs: food provision, water yield, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and flood mitigation. Spatial autocorrelation and regression analyses reveal mismatches between ULUE and ES supply-demand (ES-SD), alongside regionally heterogeneous impacts of ULUE on ES-SD. Our findings show that ULUE in the YRB remains low but is gradually improving, with higher-efficiency counties clustered around provincial capitals and urban agglomerations. ES-SD levels were highest in the less-developed upper reaches (southwest) and declined toward the urbanized lower reaches (east). Over time, all ES-SD indices except soil retention exhibited downward trends, with growing spatial disparities between ULUE and ES-SD. Crucially, ULUE’s effects on ES-SD varied significantly across subregions, necessitating tailored land-use policies. The study advances a generalizable framework for integrating ULUE and ES assessments, providing actionable insights for sustainable urban planning in the YRB and analogous regions globally. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences China’s urbanization ecological sustainability ecosystem services slack-based measure spatial distribution Yellow River Basin Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 22 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 17 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7269155","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":545520582,"identity":"d2e393a5-64c0-4f04-a6b6-ec8a15a7fc25","order_by":0,"name":"Jingjing Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingjing","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":545520583,"identity":"d662c580-0707-4f60-bae3-1cf0a3e835c2","order_by":1,"name":"Yan 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Basin\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences 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While many studies suggest that ULUE improvements enhance sustainability, few examine the spatial coordination between ULUE and the sustainable supply of ecosystem services (ESs)\u0026mdash;a key determinant of long-term ecological viability. This study develops a ULUE evaluation framework incorporating ES considerations, applied to China\u0026rsquo;s Yellow River Basin (YRB) as a representative case. Using county-level data from 2000\u0026ndash;2020, we assess ULUE dynamics alongside the supply and demand of five key ESs: food provision, water yield, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and flood mitigation. Spatial autocorrelation and regression analyses reveal mismatches between ULUE and ES supply-demand (ES-SD), alongside regionally heterogeneous impacts of ULUE on ES-SD. Our findings show that ULUE in the YRB remains low but is gradually improving, with higher-efficiency counties clustered around provincial capitals and urban agglomerations. 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