The Impact of City Animal and Plant Raising on People's Level of Disgust towards Ants and Yellow Jackets

The Impact of City Animal and Plant Raising on People's Level of Disgust towards Ants and Yellow Jackets | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Impact of City Animal and Plant Raising on People's Level of Disgust towards Ants and Yellow Jackets Sayed Ibrahim Farkhary, Abdul Jawid Neyazi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3262906/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Studies have shown that urban life and less contact with nature can increase disgust towards insects and gardening reduces the level of disgust towards them. Since animals and plants are part of nature, our hypothesis in this research was that keeping animals and plants in the city is somehow contact with nature and has an effect on reducing disgust towards insects. To test this hypothesis, a questionnaire was distributed to 1092 people randomly in Kabul city. The level of disgust against ants and yellow jackets among those who raise animals and plants is lower than that of those who do not. The reasons for disgusting ants and yellow jackets included fear, contamination, appearance, lack of interaction, and unfamiliarity, and they were different between those who raise animals and plants and those who do not. The motivation to destroy ants and yellow jackets was higher among those who do not raise animals and plants. On the other side, there is a strong association between level of disgust and reaction against yellow jackets and ants. These findings show that raising animals and plants in the city can reduce the level of disgust against insects which supports their conservation. To reduce the disgust towards insects, we suggest encouraging the keeping of animals and plants in the city, and a decrease in the level of disgust will reduce a strong reaction (like killing) towards them. For more clarification, research is needed on the effects of different types of raising animals and plants. disgust insects ants yellow jackets rearing animals rearing plants Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Implications for insect conservation Raising animals and plants can reduce the level of disgust toward insects since the response to insects (No action, Eliminate or Escape, Kill) is closely correlated with that level of disgust. Therefore, encouraging the growth of animals and plants in cities is advised in order to preserve insects. Introduction Insects with the highest papulation are widely spread around the world (Zhang 2011 ) and play a vital role in the survival and conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity (Kellert 1993 ; Samways 1993 ; Weisser and Siemann 2008 ). Although it is clearly known how important insects are for the conservation of ecosystems, no attention is paid to them, and the efforts for their protection are much less than those of other organisms (Cardoso 2011). Additionally, a large number of people in different countries tend to destroy them by using various methods (Panagiotakopulu et al. 1995 ; Ware and Whitacre 2004 ). The most common method is the use of insecticides. In addition to killing insects, the use of insecticides causes environmental pollution and adverse effects on humans’ health (Paidi et al. 2021 ; Zhang et al. 2021 ). So, knowing the factors that reduce the aversion to insects and adapting them can be considered essential in the protection of insects for the survival of ecosystems and not using insecticides excessively and unnecessarily. Most people think that insects are fearful, invidious, hazardous, and ugly. This thought makes conservation of insects a problem, as it is shown that negative perceptions toward organisms have a negative effect on people’s support for the preservation of those organisms (Maresova and Frynta 2007 ; Martín-López et al. 2009 ; Knight 2008 ; Prokop and Fančovičová 2010; Prokop and Fančovičová 2013a, b). So, in order to increase people’s attention and support, it is necessary to reduce disgust towards insects (Shipley and Bixler 2017 ; Azil et al. 2021 ). This desire could be achieved by identifying the effective factors (increasers and decreasers of disgust). A negative attitude towards insects is interpreted as disgust (Prokop and Fančovičová 2011). Scientists have defined disgust as avoiding harm and pathogenic agents (Rozin et al. 2000 ). Studies show that the main reason for disgust towards insects is that people believe the insects transmit pathogens (Prokop and Fančovičová 2011; Stevenson et al. 2009 ). Some insects, like mosquitoes and lice, may transmit pathogens; however, groups of insects such as ants and wasps do not transmit pathogens to humans (Small 2019 ). Unfortunately, these insects have also been disgusted by humans, while they are an important part of ecosystems and are beneficial to humans (Kellert 1993 ; Samways 1993 ). This emotion might be caused by a lack of knowledge and contact with insects, which is related to urbanization (Soga et al. 2020 ; Fukano and Soga 2021 ). Some of the factors that play a role in disgust towards insects have been revealed by researchers. It has been shown that urbanization increases the level of disgust towards insects; on the contrary, experience decreases the disgust towards insects (Soga et al. 2020 ; Fukano and Soga 2021 ; Soga et al. 2016 ). There are many people in the city who rear animals (such as fish, ornamental birds, dogs, and cats) and plants (such as ornamental plants) in their houses (Akinnifesi et al. 2010 ; Sabloff 2001 ). In fact, it could be a kind of contact with nature on a small scale (Lin et al. 2018 ; Vanderstock et al. 2022 ). So, there is a possibility of the effect of rearing animals and plants, even with small skills, at home on decreasing disgust towards insects. Previous studies have shown that gardening decreases the level of disgust towards insects. Plants are part of nature; somehow dealing with plants reduces the disgust towards insects. In addition to plants, animals are part of nature (Myers and Saunders 2002 ), and raising animals may also have an effect on decreasing disgust towards insects. We believe that raising plants and animals on a small scale in the city is somehow a way of getting touched with nature and can play a role in decreasing the disgust towards insects. Therefore, in this study, using a questionnaire, we evaluated the effects of raising and maintaining plants and animals on the level of disgust towards two familiar, well-known, and visible insects (ants and wasps) in Kabul city to determine whether raising plants and animals on a small scale in the city affects the level of disgust towards these insects or not. Additionally, the reason for disgust towards insects is reported to be lack of familiarity (Sogari et al. 2023 ) and knowledge about insects (Azil et al. 2021 ), harmfulness, and transmission of diseases by them (Lorenz et al. 2014 ; Prokop et al. 2009 ). So, in the current study, the reason for disgust towards these insects has also been asked of those who rear animals and plants and those who do not rear animals and plants to determine whether there is a difference in the reasons for disgust towards ants and yellow jackets between them. If the level of disgust towards insects is lower among animals and plant raisers than among those who do not rear animals and plants, their reaction should also be smoother. Therefore, the reaction of attendants in the case of seeing ants and yellow jackets has been asked. Most studies about disgust towards insects are in western and developed East Asian countries; there are very few studies on this issue in Central and South Asian countries, and no studies on this issue have been conducted in Afghanistan. This is the first study on disgust towards insects in an Islamic and Central Asian country. Materials and Methods Participants and the method of questionnaire distribution All participants were ordinary people living in Kabul city (n = 1092). They were over 18 years old (SI 2). Since there is little internet access in Kabul city, questionnaires were printed out and then distributed to the participants. After distributing the questionnaire, its materials were carefully explained, and more than one day was given to fill out and return the questionnaire. Before distributing the questionnaire, they were asked about their desire to answer the questions, and to ensure that they live in Kabul City, they were also asked about their residence. Personal details such as address, name, and contact number were not included in the questionnaire. Questionnaire A questionnaire was included for two famous and well-known insects (ants and yellow jackets) that everybody knows about. Due to the lack of facilities, we could not include more insects or share color pictures of insects. First of all, sex, level of study, and age were added. After that, the questions "do you keep any kind of animals?" and "do you rear any kind of plants?" were included. To measure the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants, we used a five-point scale (1 = no disgust, 2 = care about and little disgust, 3 = some disgust, 4 = disgust, and 5 = completely disgust) so that from the five choices they should select one for each of them (Fukano and Soga 2021 ). For finding the reason of disgust, from those participants who selected from 2 to 5 in the level of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets, the question What is the reason of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets was asked, and 5 choices, including fear, contamination, appearance, lack of interaction, and unfamiliarity, were shared to select. To find the reaction of participants against ants and yellow jackets, we asked the question, "What is your reaction when you see ants or yellow jackets?" from the participants and gave them three choices (no reaction, eliminate, or escape away and kill) to select (SI 1). Data analysis To evaluate the effect of animal and plant rearing on the level of disgust against ants and yellow jackets, a GLM (generalized linear model) with a Poisson distribution was used. The level of disgust was considered a response variable, and rearing animals, rearing plants, sex, level of education, and age were considered explanatory variables. To find the level of significance, the Likelihood Rate Test (LRT) was used. To clarify the differences in the reason for disgust and reaction towards ants and yellow jackets if they see them between those who keep animals and plants, a chi-square test was applied. The analysis was done in R version 4.1.3 for Microsoft Windows. To find the association between level of disgust with reason of disgust and reaction on time face ant and yellow jackets the Eta test in SPSS version 23 was used. Results The analysis of the findings shows that there is a significant effect of rearing animals and plants on the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants. However, there was no effect of age, degree, or sex (Table 1 ). The level of disgust was lower among those who rear animals and plants than among those who do not rear animals and plants towards yellow jackets and ants (Figs. 1 and 2 ). Table 1 The influence of variables on the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants Response variables Explanatory variables d. f. LR-deviance p-value Level of disgust against yellow jackets Raising plants 1 10.035 0.001536 ** Raising animals 1 7.9646 0.00477 ** Age 1 0.71492 0.3978 Degree 1 0.09779 0.7545 Sex 1 0.2354 0.6275 Level of disgust against ants Raising plants 1 6.5905 0.01025 * Raising animals 1 11.114 0.0008565 *** Age 1 1.9081 0.1672 Degree 1 2.442 0.1181 Sex 1 0.57106 0.4498 From those who responded that they have disgust towards yellow jackets and ants, the reason for the disgust was asked. The reason of disgust was significantly different between those who rear animals and plants versus those who do not rear animals and plants towards yellow jackets (Chi-square test, keeping animals vs not keeping animals: x 2 = 40.973, DF = 4, p < 0.001; rearing plants vs not rearing plants: x 2 = 32.412, DF = 4, p < 0.001, Fig. 3 ) and ants (Chi-square test, keeping animals vs not keeping animals: x 2 = 55.168, DF = 4, p < 0.001; rearing plants vs not rearing plants: x 2 = 24.333, DF = 4, p < 0.001, Fig. 4 ). The number of respondents who are afraid of ants was higher among those who are not rearing animals and plants than among those who are rearing animals and plants (keeping animals: 4%, not keeping animals: 16%, rearing plants: 10%, not rearing plants: 13%). The number of respondents to fear in the case of yellow jackets was higher than that of ants, and the rate was higher in those who rear animals and plants than in those who do not rear animals and plants (keeping animals: 61.4%, not keeping animals: 56.4%, rearing plants: 61.6%, not rearing plants: 53.7%). The number of attendants who think an ant is contaminated was higher than yellow jackets, and in ants, the rate was higher among those who are rearing animals and plants than among those who are not rearing animals and plants (keeping animals: 51%, not keeping animals: 40.8%, rearing plants: 47.1%, not rearing plants: 39.5%). In the case of yellow jackets, it was also similar to that of ants (keeping animals: 26.3%, not keeping animals: 17.9%, rearing plants: 23.4%, not rearing plants: 17.5%). The number of people who do not like the appearance of ants is higher among those who rear animals and plants than among those who do not rear animals and plants (keeping animals: 16.3%, not keeping animals: 11.8%, rearing plants: 16.1%, not rearing plants: 7.9%). In the case of yellow jackets, most of the people who are not rearing animals and plants do not like the appearance of them (keeping animals: 3.5%, not keeping animals: 7.7%, rearing plants: 5.3%, not rearing plants: 7.3%). Lack of interaction as the reason for disgust towards ants was higher among those who do not rear plants than those who rear plants, but it was almost equal between those who keep animals versus those who do not keep animals (keeping animals: 26.5%, not keeping animals: 26.3%, rearing plants: 23%, not rearing plants: 34.2%). In the case of the yellow jacket, the rate was higher among those who do not rear animals and plants than among those who rear animals and plants (keeping animals: 14.1%, not keeping animals: 8.8%, rearing plants: 9.6%, not rearing plants: 17.1%). The rate of unfamiliarity with ants was higher among those who do not rear animals and plants than among those who rear animals and plants, respectively (keeping animals: 2%, not keeping animals: 5.3%, rearing plants: 3.4%, not rearing plants: 5.3%). Towards the yellow jacket, it was also similar to that of an ant (keeping animals: 0%, not keeping animals: 3.8%, rearing plants: 1%, not rearing plants: 4.9%). The reaction towards yellow jackets was significantly different between those who keep animals versus those who do not keep animals (Chi-square test, x 2 = 8.308, DF = 2, p < 0.05) and those who rear plants versus those who do not rear plants (Chi-square test, x 2 = 8.668, DF = 2, p < 0.05). Reaction against ants was significantly different between those who keep animals versus do not keep animals and those who rear plants versus do not rear plants (Chi-square test, keeping animals vs. not keeping animals: x 2 = 20.486, DF = 2, p < 0.001; rearing plants vs. not rearing plants: x 2 = 14.72, DF = 2, p < 0.01, Figs. 5 and 6 ). Among those respondents who keep animals, 21.5% have no reaction, 47.4% escape or eliminate them, and 31.6% kill or destroy yellow jackets when they see them, while respondents who do not keep animals, 11.5% have no reaction, 52.6% eliminate or escape away, and 31.9% kill or destroy yellow jackets when they see them. Among those who rear plants, 17% have no reaction, 51.1% eliminate or escape away, and 31.9% kill or destroy yellow jackets, while among those who do not rear plants, 12.2% have no reaction, 48.8% eliminate or escape away, and 39% kill or destroy yellow jackets when they see them. In the case of ants, among those who keep animals, 18.4% have no reaction, 71.4% eliminate or escape away, and 10.2% kill or destroy; however, among those who do not keep animals, 23.7% have no reaction, 56.6% eliminate or escape away, and 19.7% kill or destroy upon seeing them. Among those who rear plants, 18.4% have no reaction, 67.8% eliminate or escape away, and 13.8% kill or destroy ants, while among those who do not rear plants, 28.9% have no reaction, 50% eliminate or escape away, and 21.1% kill or destroy ants at the time of facing them. There was a weak association between level of disgust and reason for disgust towards yellow jackets and ants (Eta test, Yellow jackets: η = 0.26, η 2 = 0.026, Ants: η = 0.187, η 2 = 0.035, Figs. 7 and 9 ). However, there was a strong association between level of disgust and reactions towards yellow jackets and ants (Eta test, Yellow jackets: η = 0.516, η 2 = 0.266, Ants: η = 0.522, η 2 = 0.272). The level of disgust among those who selected Kill is much higher than that of those who selected No Action and Keep Away or Escape (Figs. 8 and 10 ). Discussion The ecological and economic importance of insects is undeniable (Kellert 1993 ; Samways 1993 ; Weisser and Siemann 2008 ), but they are among the most hated creatures by humans (Lockwood 2013 ; Prokop and Randler 2018 ). This feeling of disgust is one of the big obstacles to their conservation and maintenance (Maresova and Frynta 2007 ; Martín-López et al. 2009 ; Knight 2008 ; Prokop and Fančovičová 2010; Prokop and Fančovičová 2013a,b). Recently, studies have shown that urbanization has caused an increase in disgust towards insects (Fukano and Soga 2021 ), and the experience of going to nature can have an effect on reducing the disgust towards insects (Soga et al. 2020 ). Also, a study has found that gardening can be a means of contact with nature and have significant effects on reducing insect aversion (Vanderstock et al. 2022 ). In this study, our hypothesis was that any contact with plants and dealing with animals, even on a small scale, in the city can have an effect on the level of disgust towards insects, and the reaction of those who raise plants and animals on a small scale will be smooth against insects. The findings of this research confirm these hypotheses and show that raising animals and plants on a small scale in the city can have an effect on reducing the disgust against insects. This research was conducted on two types of insects (ants and yellow jackets), which were familiar to everyone. In addition to people's awareness about them, the mentioned insects are found everywhere, and people face them every year (Lin et al. 2018 ). Since previous studies have reported that urbanization increases the level of disgust against insects (Fukano and Soga 2021 ), in this research we conducted our study on urban dwellers, and none of the participants lived outside of Kabul city. In the city of Kabul, people mostly keep ornamental birds, rabbits, and cats in their houses, and the number of those who raise dogs is very low. Among the plants, the majority of people grow ornamental flowers that are kept in pots. In this study, the type of animals and plants, whether the reduction of insect aversion among animal and plant raisers is different according to the type of animals and plants or not, has not been studied, and another issue that should be studied in the future is the effects of the mass and the number of raising animals and plants. Since previous studies show that the extent of going to nature leads to a decrease in disgust against insects, and on the contrary, increasing the level of urbanization leads to an increase in disgust against insects (Soga et al. 2020 ; Fukano and Soga 2021 ), it shows that the extent of raising animals and plants may have an effect on the level of disgust. In general, the feeling of disgust against insects has been related to disease (Lorenz et al. 2014 ), being injured by insects (Kavaliers et al. 2018 ), the shape of insects (Prokop et al. 2021 ), interacting with insects (Shipley and Bixler 2017 ; Sogari et al. 2023 ), and having information about them (Azil et al. 2021 ), and it has been found that these factors have an effect on the preservation and maintenance of insects (Lorenz et al. 2014 ; Shipley and Bixler 2017 ; Kavaliers et al. 2018 ; Azil et al. 2021 ; Prokop et al. 2021 ). The results obtained in this research also show that the mentioned factors have effects on the disgust of ants and yellow jackets, but these effects are different among those who raise animals and plants compared to those who do not raise animals and plants. The obtained results show that those who do not raise animals and plants are more afraid of these insects than those who raise animals and plants, but the number of those who think about insect contamination among animal and plant raisers is higher than that of those who do not raise animals and plants. As expected, the majority of the participants are afraid of the yellow jackets, but in the case of ants, the majority of the participants think that the ants are infected with pathogens. The number of those who do not like the appearance of the ant was higher among animals and plant raisers, but it is the opposite in the case of the yellow jackets. The number of people who are not familiar with yellow jackets and ants is higher among those who do not raise animals and plants than among those who raise animals and plants. This means that raising animals and plants has an effect on familiarity with insects, and familiarity with insects can have an effect on reducing disgust against insects. If keeping animals and growing plants has an effect on the level of disgust towards insects, the reaction should be different too, especially in the part about killing insects. The obtained results show that the number of insect destroyers is lower among those who raise animals and plants compared to those who do not raise animals and plants. This proves that the level of disgust against insects can be reduced by raising animals and plants. Some studies have shown that females hate insects more than males (Fukano and Soga 2021 ), but another study has shown that gender has no effect on the level of disgust towards insects (Vanderstock et al. 2022 ). In our study, gender had no effect on the level of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets. In addition to gender, age and type of education had no effect on the level of disgust either, while previous studies have shown that aging and having knowledge have a direct relationship with decreasing disgust towards insects (Soga et al. 2020 ; Azil et al. 2021 ). To ensure that the results are not influenced by gender, education level, or age, these three factors were also included in the analysis, and none of them had an effect on the level of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets. So, the mentioned factors have no effect on the level of disgust against insects among animal and plant raisers compared to those who do not rear animals and plants. We found that the type of reaction against yellow jackets and ants at the time is associated with the level of disgust (those who hate insects more have more severe reactions). This means that if we want to protect insects, we must reduce our level of disgust towards them. One of the solutions that our study suggests to reduce the level of hatred against insects and to protect them is to keep animals and plants. With the ever-increasing population of the planet, the need of humans for food, especially protein sources, is increasing, and humans try to use every source. One of these sources is insects, whose use is increasing day by day. In Islamic countries, some types of insects are used, but not all insects. Afghanistan itself is one of the Islamic countries, and despite the fact that Islam does not prohibit the use of insects such as locusts, the use of insects is not promoted in the culture of the Afghan people. On the other hand, with the exception of honey bees, insects are not used as pets or for rearing animals. This study is the first research on insect aversion in Afghanistan. Although there is a cultural difference between the people of Afghanistan and the countries of the world in terms of using and dealing with insects, comparative research on the difference in the level of disgust towards insects between Afghanistan and some countries of the world is suggested. In conclusion, the findings of this research show that in addition to growing plants, raising animals also has an effect on reducing the level of disgust against insects, and growing plants and animals on a small scale inside the city can have an effect on reducing the level of disgust towards insects. In order to reduce the level of disgust towards insects and their conservation, according to our findings, the development and extension of raising animals and plants in cities are suggested. It is the first study in Afghanistan, and the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants is higher among those who reacted severely. Further studies are needed to find the effects of the type, mass, and number of animals and plants raised on the level of disgust towards insects. A comparative study on disgust towards insects between Afghanistan and other countries is also suggested. Declarations Acknowledgements Thanks to Dr. Fukana Yuya for his fruitful comments and all participants for their support and kindness. Funding The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. Contributions Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Farkhary Sayed Ibrahim and Neyazi Abdul Jawid. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sayed Ibrahim Farkhary and both authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. 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Environ Int 156:106650 Zhang ZQ (2011) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148:165–191. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.2 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 05 Dec, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Nov, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Sep, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Aug, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 16 Aug, 2023 First submitted to journal 14 Aug, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3262906","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":226695951,"identity":"5f4023d9-ff45-489a-9229-8f9196b889fa","order_by":0,"name":"Sayed Ibrahim Farkhary","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZsYHDAwHDoBYIEJChggtzAZQLWwJIC08xFgD08JjAOIS1iLfzsz4ueLMHXnzGTmfX92oseBhYD98dAM+LQaHmZklz9x4ZjjnRu4265xjQIfxpKXdwKuFmf+AZMOHw4wzJHK3GeewAbVI8Jjh1SLfzMz8E6jFfoZEzjPjnH9EaGE4zMwm2XDjcCJQC/Pj3DYitAD9wmbZcOZw8gyeZ2bMuX0SPGyE/CLff5j5ZsOxw7Yz2JMff875VifHz374GH6HwYFAApsEiGYjTjkI8B9g/kC86lEwCkbBKBhJAADD0kpNRcD92AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Kabul University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sayed","middleName":"Ibrahim","lastName":"Farkhary","suffix":""},{"id":226695952,"identity":"1ee048c1-447f-47ba-909e-e69fd77370ef","order_by":1,"name":"Abdul Jawid Neyazi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kabul University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdul","middleName":"Jawid","lastName":"Neyazi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-08-14 13:44:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3262906/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3262906/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":41872470,"identity":"246ff83b-35a0-4158-97d8-712598d18274","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:40:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of disgust towards yellow jackets a: level of disgust towards yellow jackets between those who keep animals and those who do not keep animals. b: level of disgust towards yellow jackets between those who raise plants and those who do not raise plants Mean ± SD. Asterisks show the level of significance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/e145e98ba63c7dfcae8fffc1.png"},{"id":41874587,"identity":"4506b850-b1b7-42ed-b72c-5edd3d93e1ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:48:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of disgust towards ants a: level of disgust towards ants between those who keep animals and those who do not keep animals. b: level of disgust towards ants between those who raise plants and those who do not raise plants Mean ± SD. Asterisks show the level of significance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/914599f3a50e3ca2c9b01abb.png"},{"id":41872471,"identity":"68f2331f-0967-4fc3-b89b-eb90b3aad7cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:40:30","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe reason for disgust towards yellow jackets a: comparison between keeping animals and not keeping animals. b: comparison between raising plants and not raising plants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/dcb20118ed82ca89cf90511f.png"},{"id":41875509,"identity":"e3b333d9-4713-46ae-a312-88778e57ddae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:56:31","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the reason for disgust towards ants. a: comparison between keeping animals and not keeping animals. b: comparison between raising plants and not raising plants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/348fc7442687e5fb1bd90afd.png"},{"id":41872474,"identity":"7e520ad7-5bbb-476a-8631-a9d60f3bd18a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:40:31","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe reaction if the attendees see yellow jackets a. keeping animals versus not keeping animals. b: raising plants versus not raising plants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/5b94221d0dd2854f5f25f980.png"},{"id":41872476,"identity":"a1590130-7beb-4907-ba4b-5d8a90e1afae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:40:31","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the reaction if the attendees see ants. a. keeping animals versus not keeping animals. b: raising plants versus not raising plants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/da7f27d5aed3f0dd93eb022a.png"},{"id":41875510,"identity":"d4e626e5-75c8-41df-967b-27bdcd08f2f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:56:31","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the level of disgust and the reason for disgusting yellow jackets Mean ± SD.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/bcb2d9bc31874f453e83cd15.png"},{"id":41872475,"identity":"7ffafef4-129e-448d-af0a-2282fcbdbb86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:40:31","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the level of disgust and the reaction against yellow jackets on the time of facing them. Mean ± SD.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/4050964e8cc8bd994522f8aa.png"},{"id":41874589,"identity":"bba4ed86-10bb-4850-9fe1-04e98f1f44b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:48:31","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the level of disgust and the reason for disgusting ants. Mean ± SD.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/d13cd5b21582e13afbbcb5bf.png"},{"id":41876927,"identity":"d49e1d02-801f-48cf-9280-1930fcfae71c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 14:04:31","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the level of disgust and the reaction against ants on the time of facing them. Mean ± SD.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/10cf7fdfcbfbe96feda1d505.png"},{"id":41877646,"identity":"751d85d8-8eec-442d-b796-3d46b2748140","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 14:12:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":829313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/4234f3e8-95ad-4638-9394-b6c1c8d5421b.pdf"},{"id":41872480,"identity":"549b0870-d496-4cd5-a10d-bc7c3f8aec4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-21 13:40:31","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":205974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterials.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3262906/v1/f4950571fa6b875365664a20.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Impact of City Animal and Plant Raising on People's Level of Disgust towards Ants and Yellow Jackets","fulltext":[{"header":"Implications for insect conservation","content":"\u003cp\u003eRaising animals and plants can reduce the level of disgust toward insects since the response to insects (No action, Eliminate or Escape, Kill) is closely correlated with that level of disgust. Therefore, encouraging the growth of animals and plants in cities is advised in order to preserve insects.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eInsects with the highest papulation are widely spread around the world (Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and play a vital role in the survival and conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity (Kellert \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Samways \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Weisser and Siemann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Although it is clearly known how important insects are for the conservation of ecosystems, no attention is paid to them, and the efforts for their protection are much less than those of other organisms (Cardoso 2011). Additionally, a large number of people in different countries tend to destroy them by using various methods (Panagiotakopulu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Ware and Whitacre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The most common method is the use of insecticides. In addition to killing insects, the use of insecticides causes environmental pollution and adverse effects on humans\u0026rsquo; health (Paidi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). So, knowing the factors that reduce the aversion to insects and adapting them can be considered essential in the protection of insects for the survival of ecosystems and not using insecticides excessively and unnecessarily.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost people think that insects are fearful, invidious, hazardous, and ugly. This thought makes conservation of insects a problem, as it is shown that negative perceptions toward organisms have a negative effect on people\u0026rsquo;s support for the preservation of those organisms (Maresova and Frynta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;n-L\u0026oacute;pez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Knight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Prokop and Fančovičov\u0026aacute; 2010; Prokop and Fančovičov\u0026aacute; 2013a, b). So, in order to increase people\u0026rsquo;s attention and support, it is necessary to reduce disgust towards insects (Shipley and Bixler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Azil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This desire could be achieved by identifying the effective factors (increasers and decreasers of disgust).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA negative attitude towards insects is interpreted as disgust (Prokop and Fančovičov\u0026aacute; 2011). Scientists have defined disgust as avoiding harm and pathogenic agents (Rozin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Studies show that the main reason for disgust towards insects is that people believe the insects transmit pathogens (Prokop and Fančovičov\u0026aacute; 2011; Stevenson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Some insects, like mosquitoes and lice, may transmit pathogens; however, groups of insects such as ants and wasps do not transmit pathogens to humans (Small \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Unfortunately, these insects have also been disgusted by humans, while they are an important part of ecosystems and are beneficial to humans (Kellert \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Samways \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). This emotion might be caused by a lack of knowledge and contact with insects, which is related to urbanization (Soga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of the factors that play a role in disgust towards insects have been revealed by researchers. It has been shown that urbanization increases the level of disgust towards insects; on the contrary, experience decreases the disgust towards insects (Soga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Soga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). There are many people in the city who rear animals (such as fish, ornamental birds, dogs, and cats) and plants (such as ornamental plants) in their houses (Akinnifesi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Sabloff \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, it could be a kind of contact with nature on a small scale (Lin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Vanderstock et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). So, there is a possibility of the effect of rearing animals and plants, even with small skills, at home on decreasing disgust towards insects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have shown that gardening decreases the level of disgust towards insects. Plants are part of nature; somehow dealing with plants reduces the disgust towards insects. In addition to plants, animals are part of nature (Myers and Saunders \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), and raising animals may also have an effect on decreasing disgust towards insects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe believe that raising plants and animals on a small scale in the city is somehow a way of getting touched with nature and can play a role in decreasing the disgust towards insects. Therefore, in this study, using a questionnaire, we evaluated the effects of raising and maintaining plants and animals on the level of disgust towards two familiar, well-known, and visible insects (ants and wasps) in Kabul city to determine whether raising plants and animals on a small scale in the city affects the level of disgust towards these insects or not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the reason for disgust towards insects is reported to be lack of familiarity (Sogari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and knowledge about insects (Azil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), harmfulness, and transmission of diseases by them (Lorenz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Prokop et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). So, in the current study, the reason for disgust towards these insects has also been asked of those who rear animals and plants and those who do not rear animals and plants to determine whether there is a difference in the reasons for disgust towards ants and yellow jackets between them. If the level of disgust towards insects is lower among animals and plant raisers than among those who do not rear animals and plants, their reaction should also be smoother. Therefore, the reaction of attendants in the case of seeing ants and yellow jackets has been asked.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost studies about disgust towards insects are in western and developed East Asian countries; there are very few studies on this issue in Central and South Asian countries, and no studies on this issue have been conducted in Afghanistan. This is the first study on disgust towards insects in an Islamic and Central Asian country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants and the method of questionnaire distribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants were ordinary people living in Kabul city (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1092). They were over 18 years old (SI 2). Since there is little internet access in Kabul city, questionnaires were printed out and then distributed to the participants. After distributing the questionnaire, its materials were carefully explained, and more than one day was given to fill out and return the questionnaire. Before distributing the questionnaire, they were asked about their desire to answer the questions, and to ensure that they live in Kabul City, they were also asked about their residence. Personal details such as address, name, and contact number were not included in the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA questionnaire was included for two famous and well-known insects (ants and yellow jackets) that everybody knows about. Due to the lack of facilities, we could not include more insects or share color pictures of insects. First of all, sex, level of study, and age were added. After that, the questions \"do you keep any kind of animals?\" and \"do you rear any kind of plants?\" were included. To measure the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants, we used a five-point scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no disgust, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;care about and little disgust, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;some disgust, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disgust, and 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;completely disgust) so that from the five choices they should select one for each of them (Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor finding the reason of disgust, from those participants who selected from 2 to 5 in the level of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets, the question What is the reason of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets was asked, and 5 choices, including fear, contamination, appearance, lack of interaction, and unfamiliarity, were shared to select.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo find the reaction of participants against ants and yellow jackets, we asked the question, \"What is your reaction when you see ants or yellow jackets?\" from the participants and gave them three choices (no reaction, eliminate, or escape away and kill) to select (SI 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the effect of animal and plant rearing on the level of disgust against ants and yellow jackets, a GLM (generalized linear model) with a Poisson distribution was used. The level of disgust was considered a response variable, and rearing animals, rearing plants, sex, level of education, and age were considered explanatory variables. To find the level of significance, the Likelihood Rate Test (LRT) was used. To clarify the differences in the reason for disgust and reaction towards ants and yellow jackets if they see them between those who keep animals and plants, a chi-square test was applied. The analysis was done in R version 4.1.3 for Microsoft Windows.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo find the association between level of disgust with reason of disgust and reaction on time face ant and yellow jackets the Eta test in SPSS version 23 was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the findings shows that there is a significant effect of rearing animals and plants on the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants. However, there was no effect of age, degree, or sex (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The level of disgust was lower among those who rear animals and plants than among those who do not rear animals and plants towards yellow jackets and ants (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of variables on the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExplanatory variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLR-deviance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of disgust against yellow jackets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRaising plants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.035\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001536 **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRaising animals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.9646\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00477 **\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of disgust against ants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRaising plants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.5905\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01025 *\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRaising animals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.114\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0008565 ***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom those who responded that they have disgust towards yellow jackets and ants, the reason for the disgust was asked. The reason of disgust was significantly different between those who rear animals and plants versus those who do not rear animals and plants towards yellow jackets (Chi-square test, keeping animals vs not keeping animals: x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.973, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; rearing plants vs not rearing plants: x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.412, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and ants (Chi-square test, keeping animals vs not keeping animals: x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.168, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; rearing plants vs not rearing plants: x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.333, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe number of respondents who are afraid of ants was higher among those who are not rearing animals and plants than among those who are rearing animals and plants (keeping animals: 4%, not keeping animals: 16%, rearing plants: 10%, not rearing plants: 13%). The number of respondents to fear in the case of yellow jackets was higher than that of ants, and the rate was higher in those who rear animals and plants than in those who do not rear animals and plants (keeping animals: 61.4%, not keeping animals: 56.4%, rearing plants: 61.6%, not rearing plants: 53.7%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of attendants who think an ant is contaminated was higher than yellow jackets, and in ants, the rate was higher among those who are rearing animals and plants than among those who are not rearing animals and plants (keeping animals: 51%, not keeping animals: 40.8%, rearing plants: 47.1%, not rearing plants: 39.5%). In the case of yellow jackets, it was also similar to that of ants (keeping animals: 26.3%, not keeping animals: 17.9%, rearing plants: 23.4%, not rearing plants: 17.5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of people who do not like the appearance of ants is higher among those who rear animals and plants than among those who do not rear animals and plants (keeping animals: 16.3%, not keeping animals: 11.8%, rearing plants: 16.1%, not rearing plants: 7.9%). In the case of yellow jackets, most of the people who are not rearing animals and plants do not like the appearance of them (keeping animals: 3.5%, not keeping animals: 7.7%, rearing plants: 5.3%, not rearing plants: 7.3%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of interaction as the reason for disgust towards ants was higher among those who do not rear plants than those who rear plants, but it was almost equal between those who keep animals versus those who do not keep animals (keeping animals: 26.5%, not keeping animals: 26.3%, rearing plants: 23%, not rearing plants: 34.2%). In the case of the yellow jacket, the rate was higher among those who do not rear animals and plants than among those who rear animals and plants (keeping animals: 14.1%, not keeping animals: 8.8%, rearing plants: 9.6%, not rearing plants: 17.1%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate of unfamiliarity with ants was higher among those who do not rear animals and plants than among those who rear animals and plants, respectively (keeping animals: 2%, not keeping animals: 5.3%, rearing plants: 3.4%, not rearing plants: 5.3%). Towards the yellow jacket, it was also similar to that of an ant (keeping animals: 0%, not keeping animals: 3.8%, rearing plants: 1%, not rearing plants: 4.9%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction towards yellow jackets was significantly different between those who keep animals versus those who do not keep animals (Chi-square test, x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.308, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and those who rear plants versus those who do not rear plants (Chi-square test, x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.668, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Reaction against ants was significantly different between those who keep animals versus do not keep animals and those who rear plants versus do not rear plants (Chi-square test, keeping animals vs. not keeping animals: x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.486, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; rearing plants vs. not rearing plants: x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.72, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong those respondents who keep animals, 21.5% have no reaction, 47.4% escape or eliminate them, and 31.6% kill or destroy yellow jackets when they see them, while respondents who do not keep animals, 11.5% have no reaction, 52.6% eliminate or escape away, and 31.9% kill or destroy yellow jackets when they see them. Among those who rear plants, 17% have no reaction, 51.1% eliminate or escape away, and 31.9% kill or destroy yellow jackets, while among those who do not rear plants, 12.2% have no reaction, 48.8% eliminate or escape away, and 39% kill or destroy yellow jackets when they see them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the case of ants, among those who keep animals, 18.4% have no reaction, 71.4% eliminate or escape away, and 10.2% kill or destroy; however, among those who do not keep animals, 23.7% have no reaction, 56.6% eliminate or escape away, and 19.7% kill or destroy upon seeing them. Among those who rear plants, 18.4% have no reaction, 67.8% eliminate or escape away, and 13.8% kill or destroy ants, while among those who do not rear plants, 28.9% have no reaction, 50% eliminate or escape away, and 21.1% kill or destroy ants at the time of facing them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a weak association between level of disgust and reason for disgust towards yellow jackets and ants (Eta test, Yellow jackets: η\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26, η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026, Ants: η\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.187, η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). However, there was a strong association between level of disgust and reactions towards yellow jackets and ants (Eta test, Yellow jackets: η\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.516, η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.266, Ants: η\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.522, η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.272). The level of disgust among those who selected Kill is much higher than that of those who selected No Action and Keep Away or Escape (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ecological and economic importance of insects is undeniable (Kellert \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Samways \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Weisser and Siemann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), but they are among the most hated creatures by humans (Lockwood \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Prokop and Randler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). This feeling of disgust is one of the big obstacles to their conservation and maintenance (Maresova and Frynta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;n-L\u0026oacute;pez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Knight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Prokop and Fančovičov\u0026aacute; 2010; Prokop and Fančovičov\u0026aacute; 2013a,b). Recently, studies have shown that urbanization has caused an increase in disgust towards insects (Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and the experience of going to nature can have an effect on reducing the disgust towards insects (Soga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Also, a study has found that gardening can be a means of contact with nature and have significant effects on reducing insect aversion (Vanderstock et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, our hypothesis was that any contact with plants and dealing with animals, even on a small scale, in the city can have an effect on the level of disgust towards insects, and the reaction of those who raise plants and animals on a small scale will be smooth against insects. The findings of this research confirm these hypotheses and show that raising animals and plants on a small scale in the city can have an effect on reducing the disgust against insects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted on two types of insects (ants and yellow jackets), which were familiar to everyone. In addition to people's awareness about them, the mentioned insects are found everywhere, and people face them every year (Lin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Since previous studies have reported that urbanization increases the level of disgust against insects (Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), in this research we conducted our study on urban dwellers, and none of the participants lived outside of Kabul city. In the city of Kabul, people mostly keep ornamental birds, rabbits, and cats in their houses, and the number of those who raise dogs is very low. Among the plants, the majority of people grow ornamental flowers that are kept in pots. In this study, the type of animals and plants, whether the reduction of insect aversion among animal and plant raisers is different according to the type of animals and plants or not, has not been studied, and another issue that should be studied in the future is the effects of the mass and the number of raising animals and plants. Since previous studies show that the extent of going to nature leads to a decrease in disgust against insects, and on the contrary, increasing the level of urbanization leads to an increase in disgust against insects (Soga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), it shows that the extent of raising animals and plants may have an effect on the level of disgust.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the feeling of disgust against insects has been related to disease (Lorenz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), being injured by insects (Kavaliers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the shape of insects (Prokop et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), interacting with insects (Shipley and Bixler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Sogari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and having information about them (Azil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and it has been found that these factors have an effect on the preservation and maintenance of insects (Lorenz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Shipley and Bixler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kavaliers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Azil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Prokop et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The results obtained in this research also show that the mentioned factors have effects on the disgust of ants and yellow jackets, but these effects are different among those who raise animals and plants compared to those who do not raise animals and plants. The obtained results show that those who do not raise animals and plants are more afraid of these insects than those who raise animals and plants, but the number of those who think about insect contamination among animal and plant raisers is higher than that of those who do not raise animals and plants. As expected, the majority of the participants are afraid of the yellow jackets, but in the case of ants, the majority of the participants think that the ants are infected with pathogens. The number of those who do not like the appearance of the ant was higher among animals and plant raisers, but it is the opposite in the case of the yellow jackets. The number of people who are not familiar with yellow jackets and ants is higher among those who do not raise animals and plants than among those who raise animals and plants. This means that raising animals and plants has an effect on familiarity with insects, and familiarity with insects can have an effect on reducing disgust against insects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf keeping animals and growing plants has an effect on the level of disgust towards insects, the reaction should be different too, especially in the part about killing insects. The obtained results show that the number of insect destroyers is lower among those who raise animals and plants compared to those who do not raise animals and plants. This proves that the level of disgust against insects can be reduced by raising animals and plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome studies have shown that females hate insects more than males (Fukano and Soga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), but another study has shown that gender has no effect on the level of disgust towards insects (Vanderstock et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, gender had no effect on the level of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets. In addition to gender, age and type of education had no effect on the level of disgust either, while previous studies have shown that aging and having knowledge have a direct relationship with decreasing disgust towards insects (Soga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Azil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To ensure that the results are not influenced by gender, education level, or age, these three factors were also included in the analysis, and none of them had an effect on the level of disgust towards ants and yellow jackets. So, the mentioned factors have no effect on the level of disgust against insects among animal and plant raisers compared to those who do not rear animals and plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that the type of reaction against yellow jackets and ants at the time is associated with the level of disgust (those who hate insects more have more severe reactions). This means that if we want to protect insects, we must reduce our level of disgust towards them. One of the solutions that our study suggests to reduce the level of hatred against insects and to protect them is to keep animals and plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the ever-increasing population of the planet, the need of humans for food, especially protein sources, is increasing, and humans try to use every source. One of these sources is insects, whose use is increasing day by day. In Islamic countries, some types of insects are used, but not all insects. Afghanistan itself is one of the Islamic countries, and despite the fact that Islam does not prohibit the use of insects such as locusts, the use of insects is not promoted in the culture of the Afghan people. On the other hand, with the exception of honey bees, insects are not used as pets or for rearing animals. This study is the first research on insect aversion in Afghanistan. Although there is a cultural difference between the people of Afghanistan and the countries of the world in terms of using and dealing with insects, comparative research on the difference in the level of disgust towards insects between Afghanistan and some countries of the world is suggested.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the findings of this research show that in addition to growing plants, raising animals also has an effect on reducing the level of disgust against insects, and growing plants and animals on a small scale inside the city can have an effect on reducing the level of disgust towards insects. In order to reduce the level of disgust towards insects and their conservation, according to our findings, the development and extension of raising animals and plants in cities are suggested. It is the first study in Afghanistan, and the level of disgust towards yellow jackets and ants is higher among those who reacted severely. Further studies are needed to find the effects of the type, mass, and number of animals and plants raised on the level of disgust towards insects. A comparative study on disgust towards insects between Afghanistan and other countries is also suggested.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThanks to Dr. Fukana Yuya for his fruitful comments and all participants for their support and kindness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Farkhary Sayed Ibrahim and Neyazi Abdul Jawid. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sayed Ibrahim Farkhary and both authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they adhere to the ethical standards required by the journal as well as the guidelines for good scientific conduct. Before distributing the questionnaire, consent from every participant has been obtained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkinnifesi FK, Sileshi GW, Ajayi OC, Akinnifesi AI, De Moura EG, Linhares JF, Rodrigues I (2010) Biodiversity of the urban homegardens of S\u0026atilde;o Lu\u0026iacute;s city, Northeastern Brazil. Urban Ecosyst 13:129\u0026ndash;146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzil AH, Yakub MA, Hassan N, Sharip S (2021) Fear towards insects and other arthropods: A cross-sectional study in a Malaysian university GEOGRAFIA Malays. J Soc Space 17:69\u0026ndash;80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCardoso P, Erwin TL, Borges PAV, New TR (2011) The seven impediments to invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. 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Zootaxa 3148:165\u0026ndash;191. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-insect-conservation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jico","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Insect Conservation](http://link.springer.com/journal/10841)","snPcode":"10841","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10841/3","title":"Journal of Insect Conservation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"disgust, insects, ants, yellow jackets, rearing animals, rearing plants","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3262906/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3262906/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that urban life and less contact with nature can increase disgust towards insects and gardening reduces the level of disgust towards them. Since animals and plants are part of nature, our hypothesis in this research was that keeping animals and plants in the city is somehow contact with nature and has an effect on reducing disgust towards insects. To test this hypothesis, a questionnaire was distributed to 1092 people randomly in Kabul city. The level of disgust against ants and yellow jackets among those who raise animals and plants is lower than that of those who do not. The reasons for disgusting ants and yellow jackets included fear, contamination, appearance, lack of interaction, and unfamiliarity, and they were different between those who raise animals and plants and those who do not. The motivation to destroy ants and yellow jackets was higher among those who do not raise animals and plants. On the other side, there is a strong association between level of disgust and reaction against yellow jackets and ants. These findings show that raising animals and plants in the city can reduce the level of disgust against insects which supports their conservation. To reduce the disgust towards insects, we suggest encouraging the keeping of animals and plants in the city, and a decrease in the level of disgust will reduce a strong reaction (like killing) towards them. For more clarification, research is needed on the effects of different types of raising animals and plants.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of City Animal and Plant Raising on People's Level of Disgust towards Ants and Yellow Jackets","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-08-21 13:40:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3262906/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-02-13T12:09:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-12-05T22:53:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90cca7ee-b7a9-465a-8d2f-49557c4b5d33","date":"2023-11-30T19:47:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-09-11T16:22:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-08-16T07:06:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-08-16T07:06:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Insect Conservation","date":"2023-08-14T13:34:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-insect-conservation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jico","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Insect Conservation](http://link.springer.com/journal/10841)","snPcode":"10841","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10841/3","title":"Journal of Insect Conservation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"58f53ebd-b14f-419c-956e-9cb91f67247e","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 21st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-23T10:40:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-08-21 13:40:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3262906","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3262906","identity":"rs-3262906","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}