Genes and their role in human brain development -- current knowledge and future perspectives

Different genomes of various organisms imply the creation of anatomical and physiological differences within their nervous systems, which translates into diverse cognitive or broader mental abilities among different species. These changes are largely based on structural mutations, such as duplications or inversions, though smaller changes like single deletions can also occur. The genes affected by these changes are associated with various functions and ultimately lead to different brain development, its structure and function. This work presents the most important type of genes and their changes that may affect the formation of the human brain. In this aspect, we review and discuss genes contribution to brain structures, as well as summarize recent knowledge regarding their involvement in various disorders.