Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Indian Seaweeds through Multivariate Analysis

Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Indian Seaweeds through Multivariate Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Indian Seaweeds through Multivariate Analysis Priyanka Verma, Dharmendra Kumar, Girish Mishra, Dinabandhu Sahoo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6689981/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Seaweed is an important natural resource with wide-ranging applications in the food and health industries, due to its bioactive properties. In this study, 30 types of seaweed collected from the Indian coast were analyzed for their antioxidant potential, focusing on total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and their ability to scavenge free radicals, such as DPPH and hydrogen peroxide. The results revealed considerable variation in these properties among the species. Padina tetrastromatica exhibited the highest TPC at 52.39 ± 0.51 mg GAE g⁻¹, while Champia sp. showed the lowest at 8.08 ± 1.85 mg GAE g⁻¹. For flavonoid content, Spatoglossum asperum had the highest value at 49.68 ± 1.4 mg QE g⁻¹, and Padina gymnospora the lowest at 14.84 ± 1.25 mg QE g⁻¹. In ferrous ion chelating ability, Turbinaria sp. exhibited the highest at 48.94 ± 2.31%, while Sciania fasciularis recorded the lowest at 14.77 ± 0.35%. Caulerpa vervelansis demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity at 74.86 ± 0.45%, and Sciania hatei showed the lowest at 24.98 ± 2.33%. The highest hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity was found in Ulva reticulata at 34.55 ± 0.56%, while Sciania hatei exhibited the lowest at 10.16 ± 1.81%. The study also examined the mineral composition of these seaweeds, revealing a wide range of mineral content. Potassium content varied from 7.37% in Turbinaria sp. to 1.22% in Hypnea musciformis , sodium content ranged from 4.75% in Gelidiella acerosa to 2.85% in Sargassum linearifolium , and calcium content ranged from 8.41% in Boodlea composita to 1.06% in Rhodymenia dissecta . Magnesium levels were highest in Gelidium micropertum at 1.866% and lowest in Portieria hornemannii at 0.764%. Iron content peaked at 1.42% in Gelidiella acerosa and was lowest at 0.07% in Grateloupia indica . Cobalt content ranged from 0.06‰ in Acrosiphonia orientalis to 0.01‰ in Sciania fasciularis , while zinc content ranged from 1.796‰ in Gelidium micropertum to 1.087‰ in Boodlea composita . Manganese content varied from 0.053‰ in Padina tetrastromatica and Sciania fasciularis to 0.005‰ in species like Spatoglossum asperum . Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed strong positive correlations between TPC, FC, and antioxidant activities, emphasizing the bioactive potential of these seaweed species. These findings highlight the significant nutritional and antioxidant properties of seaweed, confirming its value as a promising resource for industrial applications in various fields. Seaweed total phenolic content flavonoid contents Principal Component Analysis antioxidant properties Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Highlights • Flavonoid, total phenolic and Antioxidant properties i.e. DPPH, HO scavenging, ferrous ion chelating ability of thirty seaweeds from Indian seacoasts reported. • Certain brown and green algae have significantly higher antioxidant activities. • PCA of antioxidant properties manifest chemotaxonomic relationship. Introduction Algae represent a diverse and specialized group of photosynthetic organisms, varying from microscopic blue-green algae to giant kelps that can grow several meters long. Among these, seaweeds or marine macroalgae are crucial components of the marine ecosystem and are classified into three main groups: Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), and Rhodophyta (red algae). These seaweeds are commercially valuable, serving as renewable marine resources. In many Asian countries, seaweeds have long been an integral part of the diet, owing to their exceptional nutritional and health benefits. Seaweeds are a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals, which make them vital in the diet of many coastal populations. Moreover, seaweeds are known for their high mineral content, which can vary depending on both exogenous factors (such as ocean salinity and temperature) and endogenous factors (like the specific species and growth stage) [1]. In addition to primary metabolites, seaweeds also contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phycobilins, phlorotannins, phycocyanins, sterols, terpenes, tocopherols, and xanthophylls [2]. These bioactive compounds have attracted significant attention due to their potential health-promoting properties. Seaweeds are subjected to various environmental stressors, such as high salinity, fluctuating temperatures, and varying light conditions, which can induce oxidative stress. This oxidative stress can cause damage to cellular structures and metabolic pathways, but antioxidants found in seaweeds help to mitigate such damage by protecting the organisms against oxidation [3]. Antioxidants play a key role in reducing oxidative damage, and various seaweed species, including red, brown, and green algae, are known to possess potent antioxidant properties, which contribute to their therapeutic value [4][5]. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential of seaweeds as sources of novel pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and other health-promoting properties. The exploration of seaweeds for their medicinal benefits has led to the identification of a wide range of biologically active substances with potential applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods [6]. Given their wide array of bioactive compounds, seaweeds have become a focus of research aimed at discovering natural antioxidant compounds that can be utilized for human health benefits. The present study was designed to evaluate the mineral content, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and antioxidant properties of various seaweed species collected from the Indian coastline. The seaweeds were subjected to multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to better understand the relationship between TPC, FC, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the antioxidant potential of seaweeds and their bioactive properties, offering insights into their potential as valuable resources for industrial applications, particularly in the development of functional foods and natural therapeutics. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of a wide range of seaweed species from the Indian coast, employing PCA to elucidate the relationships among their bioactive properties, which has not been extensively explored in previous studies. Material and methods Collection of seaweeds Seaweeds (30) were collected from various regions of Indian seacoast (Table 1 ), during low tide. Harvested seaweed was cleaned with seawater and shade dried on site of collection and transported to laboratory for further analyses. Table 1 Antioxidant potential of various seaweeds. Values are mean ± Standard deviation (n = 3). For each individual experiment variable means with the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Collection Site* i.e. PO (Port Okha, Gujarat, India), M (Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India), S (Shrivardhan, Maharashtra, India). S. No. Seaweed (Collection Site*) Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE g -1 ) Flavonoid Content (mg QE g -1 ) Ferrous Ion Chelating Ability (%) DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging activity (%) 1 Ulva lactuca (PO) 41.59 ± 1.75 mn 34 ± 1.02 g 46.45 ± 0.15 hi 56.09 ± 2.17 jk 23.47 ± 0.76 ij 2 Ulva reticulate (M) 45.59 ± 1.16 o 25.55 ± 0.72 e 48.59 ± 0.26 ij 61.04 ± 2.35 lm 34.55 ± 0.56 m 3 Acrosiphonia orientalis (PO) 37.04 ± 0.5 kl 43.66 ± 2.79 i 35.79 ± 0.22 ef 41.16 ± 2.55 e 15.39 ± 1.44 d 4 Boodlea composite (PO) 33.92 ± 1.6 j 15.12 ± 1.23 abc 24.59 ± 1.19 c 37.1 ± 4.25 d 15.49 ± 0.11 d 5 Valonia utricularis (PO) 12.88 ± 0.72 c 11.57 ± 1.08 a 18.69 ± 2.6 b 29.57 ± 2.06 c 12.23 ± 1.1 c 6 Caulerpa vervelansis (M) 48.92 ± 0.15 p 37.8 ± 2.47 gh 44.75 ± 0.31 gh 74.86 ± 0.45 n 27.54 ± 0.81 l 7 Dictyopteris australis (PO) 33.52 ± 0.75 j 37 ± 3.57 gh 23.75 ± 2.53 c 35.23 ± 0.25 d 15.32 ± 0.5 d 8 Dictyota dicotoma (PO) 38.08 ± 1.79 kl 34.78 ± 1.98 gh 38.02 ± 1.12 f 42.57 ± 2.38 ef 16.9 ± 0.66 e 9 Lobophora variegate (M) 35.94 ± 1.86 jk 37.77 ± 0.84 gh 37.62 ± 0.76 f 45.62 ± 0.55 fg 17.9 ± 0.68 e 10 Padina gymnospora (PO) 30.59 ± 0.75 i 14.84 ± 1.25 abc 38.42 ± 0.45 f 53.42 ± 2.7 ij 21.24 ± 0.31 gh 11 Padina tetrastromatica (M) 52.39 ± 0.51 q 14.81 ± 3.31 abc 43.45 ± 0.76 g 60.78 ± 3.78 lm 25.66 ± 1.25 k 12 Spatoglossum asperum (PO) 50.46 ± 0.36 pq 49.68 ± 1.4 j 49.38 ± 1.84 j 53.3 ± 2.75 ij 20.65 ± 0.42 g 13 Stoechospermum marginatum (PO) 41.65 ± 2.41 mn 16.29 ± 1.48 bcd 33.67 ± 1.21 e 53.9 ± 0.35 ijk 20.16 ± 1.34 fg 14 Iyengaria stellata (PO) 34.41 ± 1.92 j 27.34 ± 3.29 ef 38.33 ± 0.66 f 48.07 ± 1.89 gh 19.26 ± 0.05 f 15 Sargassum linearifolium (PO) 22.38 ± 0.14 g 29.53 ± 4.39 f 33.53 ± 1.12 e 57.65 ± 3.19 kl 22.37 ± 0.07 hi 16 Turbinaria sp. (M) 48.64 ± 0.45 p 18.45 ± 4.59 cd 48.94 ± 2.31 ij 62.95 ± 2.17 m 24.27 ± 0.12 j 17 Porphyra sp. (S) 33.7 ± 1.72 j 38.11 ± 1.72 h 47.32 ± 1.18 hij 63.02 ± 2.72 m 24.27 ± 0.08 j 18 Sciania fasciularis (PO) 15.84 ± 1.75 d 16.91 ± 0.3 bcd 14.77 ± 0.35 a 26.97 ± 2.06 bc 12.13 ± 0.09 c 19 Sciania hatei (PO) 17.63 ± 0.5 de 16.23 ± 1.13 bcd 18.09 ± 0.13 b 24.98 ± 2.33 b 10.16 ± 1.81 b 20 Gelidium micropertum (M) 28.45 ± 1.98 hi 28.29 ± 2.14 ef 28.9 ± 3.26 d 27.42 ± 1.93 bc 12.35 ± 0.01 c 21 Gelidiella acerosa (PO) 12.72 ± 0.39 c 16.72 ± 1.08 bcd 34.61 ± 1.19 e 62.52 ± 2.14 m 24.2 ± 0.21 j 22 Grateloupia indica (PO) 42.85 ± 1.91 n 30.55 ± 1.47 f 36.07 ± 2.23 ef 51 ± 1.85 hi 20.26 ± 0.09 f 23 Halymenia venusta (M) 27.57 ± 0.77 h 16.97 ± 1.39 bcd 23.06 ± 2.28 c 35.63 ± 1.15 d 15.17 ± 0.12 d 24 Hypnea valentine (M) 19.57 ± 1.97 ef 34.31 ± 1.5 gh 25.72 ± 0.4 c 29.37 ± 2.17 c 12.27 ± 0.96 c 25 Hypnea musciformis (PO) 21.85 ± 0.35 fg 36.29 ± 1.96 gh 28.43 ± 0.53 d 29.32 ± 0.35 c 12.33 ± 0.86 c 26 Champia sp. (M) 8.08 ± 1.85 a 11.97 ± 0.43 a 25.45 ± 2.26 c 33.56 ± 1.81 d 15.13 ± 0.98 d 27 Botryocladia leptopoda (PO) 37.11 ± 0.53 kl 18.29 ± 1.59 cd 23.98 ± 2.42 c 28.75 ± 0.35 bc 12.28 ± 0.68 c 28 Rhodymenia dissecta (PO) 39.51 ± 2.82 lm 13.6 ± 0.44 ab 28.77 ± 1.1 d 28.52 ± 2.25 bc 12.57 ± 0.19 c 29 Haloplegma duperreyi (PO) 9.62 ± 0.39 ab 25.61 ± 1.26 e 16.17 ± 2.05 ab 15.68 ± 2.45 a 8.43 ± 0.01 a 30 Portieria hornemannii (M) 11.12 ± 2.36 bc 19.68 ± 2.52 d 23.12 ± 2.53 c 35.86 ± 2.3 d 15.17 ± 0.02 d Preparation of seaweeds extract Extract of 5g dried seaweed were prepared as per [7]. The extractions were done using methanol 10:1 (v/w), chloroform and methanol 1:1 (v/v) and finally with chloroform so that lower polar, polar and non-polar components of each sample, were represented. Three extracts (representing lower polar, polar, and non-polar components) from each sample were pooled and evaporated under decreased pressure using a rotary flash evaporator. The crude extract of each sample was weighed to calculate yield and then dissolved in 90% aqueous methanol. The yields (%) were calculated as followed; Yield (%) = weight of extract (g) /weight of dry biomass (g) × 100 Total Phenolic Estimation Phenolic contents of metabolically enriched extract were estimated by the method of Folin Ciocalteu reagent according to a procedure described by [8]. The absorbance was recorded at 650 nm and TPC was expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalents per gram (mg GAE g -1 ). Flavonoid estimation Metabolically enriched extract seaweed sample was used for the determination of total flavonoid content using aluminium chloride colorimetric method described by [9]. Quercetin was used as standard used for construction of calibration curve and absorbance was recorded at 415 nm for standard curve. The concentration of total FC was given as mg Quercetin equivalents per gram of extract (mg QE g -1 ). Ferrous ion-chelating ability assay (Fe II-CA) Fe II-CA of seaweed extracts (1 mg extract dissolved in 1 mL methanol) was determined according to [10]. Absorbance at 562 nm was recorded for standard curve of ascorbic acid. The percentage inhibition of the ferrous ion was calculated by comparing the results of test with that L-ascorbic acid of the control. To calculate the Fe II-CA following formula is used: Fe II-CA % = [A control -(A sample - A blank )]/ A control X 100. Where A control = absorbance of control, A sample = absorbance of sample or standard and A blank = absorbance of blank. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH-SA) Scavenging activity of Metabolically enriched seaweed extract (2.0 ml) was done by the method of [11]. For activity 2.0 ml of 0.16 mM DPPH solution was added to the 2.0 ml aliquot of sample in test tube. After 30 min in the dark at Room temperature absorbance was measured at 517 nm. DPPH-SA (%) was determined by equation; DPPH-SA (%) = [1 - (A sample - A sample blank ) /A control ] x 100 A control = absorbance of control, A sample = absorbance of the sample, and A sample blank = absorbance of the sample without DPPH solution Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Activity (H 2 O 2 - SA) Seaweed extracts were used to determine hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (H 2 O 2 - SA) according to the method by [12]. For scavenging activity test samples were added to the H 2 O 2 solution and incubated for 10 min. absorbance was measured at 230 nm and phosphate buffer used as blank. The calculations were done by using formula; H 2 O 2 – SA % = [(A control – A sample )/ A control ] x 100 A control = absorbance of the control and A sample =absorbance in the presence of the seaweed extracts. Estimation of Elements and Minerals Mineral elements were analyzed by [13] method using 0.2 g oven dried seaweed samples and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The calculations were done by following equation; X (µg/g) = c(ppm) × Volume of solution × D.F. / Weight of sample (g) X = Element, C = Concentration and, D.F. = Dilution Factor Multivariate Analysis Principal component analysis of data set was performed using XLSTAT. The score plot was used to display the distribution of samples of the data set and the loading plot to explain importance and interactions of the variables with possible grouping of samples. Statistical Analysis Data were expressed as M ± SD (n = 3) and were analyzed using ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) by SPSS 16 and for significant difference Duncan multiple range post hoc test was used. Results and Discussion TPC and FC along with antioxidant activity (i.e. DPPH-SA, H 2 O 2 – SA, Fe II-CA), of seaweed bioresource from different parts of Indian sea coast are shown in Table 1 to 3 . Table 2 Composition of microelements and macroelements of various seaweeds. Values are mean ± Standard deviation (n = 3). For each individual experiment variable means with the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05). S. no Seaweed Potassium content (% dw) Sodium content (% dw) Calcium content (% dw) Magnesium content (% dw) Iron content (% dw) Cobalt content (‰ dw) Zinc content (‰ dw) Manganese (‰ dw) 1 Ulva lactuca 3.46 ± 0.11f 3.48 ± 0.07bc 4.72 ± 0.14ef 1.841 ± 0.012fg 0.32 ± 0.02bcdefg 0.018 ± 0.000abcde 1.38 ± 0.038bcdefg 0.012 ± 0.001a 2 Ulva reticulata 2.46 ± 0.11d 3.65 ± 0.11bcde 4.52 ± 0.27e 0.921 ± 0.05bcd 0.15 ± 0.011ab 0.037 ± 0.003abdef 1.684 ± 0.029hi 0.007 ± 0.002a 3 Acrosiphonia orientalis 5.58 ± 0.01hi 4.35 ± 0.29fgh 6.69 ± 0.25h 1.848 ± 0.023fg 0.17 ± 0.01ab 0.06 ± 0.003f 1.532 ± 0.025fgh 0.016 ± 0.003a 4 Boodlea composita 4.47 ± 0.17 4.4 ± 0.33gh 8.41 ± 0.24j 0.898 ± 0.019abcd 0.28 ± 0.01abcdef 0.023 ± 0.002abcde 1.087 ± 0.015a 0.014 ± 0.003a 5 Valonia utricularis 2.69 ± 0.11de 3.47 ± 0.08b 6.53 ± 0.38h 0.851 ± 0.06abc 0.24 ± 0.03abcde 0.032 ± 0.002abcdef 1.624 ± 0.018gh 0.035 ± 0.002b 6 Caulerpa vervelansis 1.48 ± 0.03abc 3.59 ± 0.03bce 1.5 ± 0.23b 0.818 ± 0.058abc 0.26 ± 0.05abcef 0.032 ± 0.030abdef 1.186 ± 0.030abc 0.017 ± 0.003a 7 Dictyopteris australis 6.76 ± 0.15j 4.1 ± 0.08f 1.34 ± 0.28ab 1.811 ± 0.065fg 0.58 ± 0.1hi 0.013 ± 0.001abcd 1.15 ± 0.031abc 0.014 ± 0.002a 8 Dictyota dicotoma 2.46 ± 0.11d 3.79 ± 0.1de 2.4 ± 0.25c 0.767 ± 0.05a 0.42 ± 0.07cdefghi 0.029 ± 0.000abde 1.32 ± 0.08abcdef 0.006 ± 0.002a 9 Lobophora variegata 3.46 ± 0.18f 3.8 ± 0.03de 4.92 ± 0.08f 1.736 ± 0.082f 0.63 ± 0.031ijkl 0.016 ± 0.0013abcde 1.308 ± 0.0162abcdef 0.006 ± 0.001a 10 Padina gymnospora 1.41 ± 0.25ab 3.58 ± 0.11bcd 1.53 ± 0.12b 0.834 ± 0.009abc 0.36 ± 0.021bcdefgh 0.012 ± 0.001abcd 1.223 ± 0.091abcde 0.007 ± 0.002a 11 Padina tetrastromatica 1.37 ± 0.25ab 3.58 ± 0.11bcd 1.53 ± 0.12b 0.771 ± 0.05a 0.14 ± 0.02ab 0.041 ± 0.005cdef 1.475 ± 0.025efgh 0.053 ± 0.005c 12 Spatoglossum asperum 2.69 ± 0.11de 4.34 ± 0.07fgh 5.54 ± 0.29g 0.922 ± 0.118bcd 0.17 ± 0.05ab 0.037 ± 0.0021abcdef 1.189 ± 0.009abcd 0.005 ± 0.002a 13 Stoechospermum marginatum 2.69 ± 0.11de 3.73 ± 0.14cde 7.65 ± 0.21i 0.948 ± 0.127cde 0.21 ± 0.06abcd 0.017 ± 0.002abcde 1.288 ± 0.084abcdef 0.005 ± 0.002a 14 Iyengaria stellata 2.79 ± 0e 4.31 ± 0.24fg 5.31 ± 0.21g 1.055 ± 0.212e 0.76 ± 0.08l 0.011 ± 0.001abc 1.226 ± 0.073abcde 0.008 ± 0.002a 15 Sargassum linearifolium 3.37 ± 0.16f 2.85 ± 0.04a 6.55 ± 0.35h 0.989 ± 0.162de 0.46 ± 0.03efghij 0.012 ± 0.000abcd 1.325 ± 0.041abcdef 0.009 ± 0.001a 16 Turbinaria sp. 7.37 ± 0.16k 3.85 ± 0.04e 1.22 ± 0.18ab 0.871 ± 0.055abcd 0.37 ± 0.15bcdefgh 0.042 ± 0.001cdef 1.34 ± 0.05abcdef 0.01 ± 0.001a 17 Porphyra sp. 1.71 ± 0.25c 3.82 ± 0.14de 1.47 ± 0.08b 0.852 ± 0.029abc 0.25 ± 0.02abcdef 0.023 ± 0.0019abcde 1.308 ± 0.018abcdef 0.006 ± 0.002a 18 Sciania fasciularis 5.79 ± 0.1i 4.27 ± 0.09fg 1.53 ± 0.12b 0.827 ± 0.052abc 0.52 ± 0.04ghi 0.01 ± 0.001ab 1.185 ± 0.018abc 0.053 ± 0.005c 19 Sciania hatei 2.69 ± 0.11de 4.31 ± 0.03fg 6.55 ± 0.37h 0.853 ± 0.003abc 0.49 ± 0.024fghij 0.019 ± 0.001abcde 1.134 ± 0.012ab 0.006 ± 0.002a 20 Gelidium micropertum 2.7 ± 0.16de 3.58 ± 0.13bcd 2.55 ± 0.27c 1.866 ± 0.075g 0.45 ± 0.012efghij 0.033 ± 0.003abcdef 1.796 ± 0.092i 0.007 ± 0.003a 21 Gelidiella acerosa 2.69 ± 0.11de 4.75 ± 0.16i 1.53 ± 0.12b 0.821 ± 0.005abc 1.42 ± 0.032m 0.018 ± 0.001abcde 1.402 ± 0.236cdefg 0.037 ± 0.002b 22 Grateloupia indica 1.45 ± 0.28abc 3.72 ± 0.22cde 1.5 ± 0.32b 0.838 ± 0.002abc 0.07 ± 0.01a 0.011 ± 0.001abc 1.223 ± 0.091abcde 0.008 ± 0.001a 23 Halymenia venusta 1.35 ± 0.27ab 3.73 ± 0.05cde 3.74 ± 0.08d 0.832 ± 0.008abc 0.33 ± 0bcdefg 0.024 ± 0.002abcde 1.449 ± 0.043defgh 0.006 ± 0.002a 24 Hypnea valentine 1.37 ± 0.25ab 4.26 ± 0.12fg 1.56 ± 0.19b 0.819 ± 0.006abc 0.64 ± 0.016ijkl 0.016 ± 0.0013abcde 1.17 ± 0.012abc 0.048 ± 0.004bc 25 Hypnea musciformis 1.22 ± 0.01a 4.57 ± 0.2hi 6.45 ± 0.27h 0.803 ± 0.011ab 0.23 ± 0.1abcde 0.04 ± 0.0039bcdef 1.127 ± 0.003ab 0.01 ± 0.001a 26 Champia sp. 1.72 ± 0.06c 3.73 ± 0.05cde 1.07 ± 0.13a 0.832 ± 0.016abc 0.2 ± 0.03abc 0.026 ± 0.003abcde 1.344 ± 0.0102abcdef 0.007 ± 0.001a 27 Botryocladia leptopoda 1.31 ± 0.07ab 4.16 ± 0.13fg 1.53 ± 0.12b 0.815 ± 0.003abc 0.68 ± 0.06jkl 0.045 ± 0.0019ef 1.493 ± 0.0403fgh 0.006 ± 0.001a 28 Rhodymenia dissecta 1.54 ± 0.35bc 4.24 ± 0.16fg 1.06 ± 0.09a 0.844 ± 0.001abc 0.47 ± 0.08efghij 0.017 ± 0.001abcde 1.302 ± 0.0144abcdef 0.006 ± 0.001a 29 Haloplegma duperreyi 5.38 ± 0.06h 4.22 ± 0.09fg 3.67 ± 0.1d 0.818 ± 0.026abc 0.37 ± 0.07bcdefgh 0.043 ± 0.002def 1.233 ± 0.099abcde 0.043 ± 0.004bc 30 Portieria hornemannii 3.46 ± 0.18f 3.46 ± 0.04b 1.53 ± 0.12b 0.764 ± 0.029a 0.73 ± 0.02kl 0.023 ± 0.0019abcde 1.116 ± 0.005a 0.007 ± 0.002a Table 3 Pearson’s correlation analysis. TPC TF DPPH-RSA H2O2-SA Fe II – CA TPC 1 TF 0.343498 1 DPPH-RSA 0.605645 0.226987 1 H2O2-SA 0.592906 0.162333 0.93943 1 Fe II – CA 0.760204 0.441801 0.866752 0.850268 1 Values in bold are different from 0 with a significance level alpha = 0.05 Extraction yield of metabolically enriched extract The yields of the extracts from thirty different seaweeds were found to have significant (p < 0.05) difference (Fig. 1 ). Extraction yield of extract (on dry weight basis) ranged 19.54 ± 0.43 to 1.07 ± 0.03%. The highest extraction yield was recorded in D. dicotoma from Phaeophyceae and minimum was found in H. duperreyi form Rhodophyceae. Maximum yield of extract was recorded in Phaeophyceae (i.e. 19.54 ± 0.43% to 4.21 ± 0.14%) which was followed by Rhodophyceae (i.e. 16.59 ± 0.91% to 1.07 ± 0.03%) and Chlorophyceae (i.e. 12.69 ± 0.21% to 7.57 ± 0.66%). Extract was used in present study as it had shown highest antioxidant activity with TPC previously in many seaweed species [14]. Total Phenolic and flavonoid contents Seaweeds are rich in naturally occurring phenolic compounds with hydroxyl groups bond directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phenolic compounds require two OH groups (o-diphenol) to chelate metal ions [14, 15]. Their ability to react with radicals correlates with the number of phenolic rings and catecholic structures [16]. Earlier reports showed bioactivities in seaweed extracts, mainly due to polyphenols which have antioxidant activity[17]. In the present study TPC and FC metabolically enriched extracts of thirty different marine seaweeds showed significant (p < 0.05) differences and are given in Table 1 . TPC in seaweeds varied from 52.39 ± 0.51 mg GAE g − 1 ( P. tetrastromatica ) to 8.08 ± 1.85 mg GAE g − 1 ( Champia sp.). Maximum amount of TPC was recorded in Phaeophyceae (i.e. 52.39 ± 0.51–22.38 ± 0.14 mg GAE g − 1 ) followed by Chlorophyceae (48.92 ± 0.15 to 12.88 ± 0.72 mg GAE g − 1 ) and Rhodophyceae (i.e. 39.51 ± 2.82 to 8.08 ± 1.85 mg GAE g − 1 ). Earlier reports also show high TPC contents in brown seaweeds. Brown seaweeds were reported to have high polyphenolic components, phlorotannins [18, 19]. Amongst phenolic compounds, flavonoids are the largest category, reported to possess antioxidant as well as free radical scavenging properties [20]. Significant (p < 0.05) differences in TF (total flavonoid content) were also observed in different seaweeds extracts, where it ranged from 49.68 ± 1.4 -11.57 ± 1.08 mg QE g − 1 (Table 1 ). Maximum amount of TF was observed in Spatoglossum asperum belonging to Phaeophyceae while minimum was observed in Valonia utricularis from Chlorophyceae. TF in seaweed extracts was maximum among Phaeophyceae (49.68 ± 1.4 to 14.81 ± 3.31 mg QE g − 1 ) followed by Chlorophyceae (43.66 ± 2.79 to 11.57 ± 1.08 mg QE g − 1 ) and Rhodophyceae (38.11 ± 1.72 to 11.97 ± 0.43 mg QE g − 1 ). In previous study of flavonoids distribution in seaweeds from Indian sea coast also reported high amount of TF in brown seaweeds in compare to green and red seaweeds [21]. Brown seaweeds generally have high polyphenol secondary metabolites compared to red and green algae [18]. These polyphenolic compounds exhibit the chemical characteristics of tannins and are likely to be bound to proteins and carbohydrates [22]. Phlorotannins are a group of highly bioactive marine polyphenols found exclusively in brown algae (Phaeophyceae). These phlorotannins are efficient antioxidants and have potential as multifunctional natural antioxidants. Previous works have observed relationship linking TPC of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and antioxidant activity [23]. These phenolic components also possess a wide range of health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and antitumor activities. In particular, seaweed polyphenols have strong antioxidant capacity, which endow them good anticancer effect [24]. Several polyphenolic compounds also isolated from brown seaweeds and explore their role in preventing degenerative diseases such as [25]. Seaweeds contain a wide range of bioactive components like sulfated polysaccharides, peptides, amino acids, and polyphenols, all exhibiting multiple antioxidant properties [26]. For exploring these antioxidant properties of seaweeds, utilization of solitary method is inadequate so for identification of all antioxidant activities different procedures were involved. Thus, different in vitro antioxidant assays, Fe II-CA, DPPH-SA, and H 2 O 2 -SA were selected to evaluate the antioxidant activities of seaweed species. Ferrous Ion Chelating Ability (Fe II - CA) Amongst, the mechanisms of antioxidant activity, metal ion chelating capability are reported as most important assay. Ferrous ions are the utmost significant pro-oxidants to transition metals within food structure [27]. Metal ion chelating capability of seaweed extracts were analyzed using ferrous ions and showed in Table 1 . A Significant (p < 0.05) difference was seen in metal ion chelating capability of seaweed extracts. Highest chelating ability was observed in Spatoglossum asperum (49.38 ± 1.84% of methanolic extract) which belongs to Phaeophyceae and minimum was observed in Sciania fasciularis (14.77 ± 0.35%) of Rhodophyceae. Metal chelating activity in seaweed extracts in Phaeophyceae ranged from 49.38 ± 1.84% to 23.75 ± 2.53% which was followed by Chlorophyceae, 48.59 ± 0.26% to 18.69 ± 2.6% and Rhodophyceae range of metal chelating activity was 47.32 ± 1.18% to 14.77 ± 0.35%. According to [28], Phenolic acids as important antioxidant agents have demonstrated DPPH scavenging activity and have exhibited Fe 2+ chelating potential as well as reducing agents and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. These seaweeds with high radical scavenging activity have found utilization as natural resource for antioxidants in cosmetic industries, food industries as well as in medicine. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH-SA) 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl had largely been used for detection of free radical scavenging activities of compounds[29]. DPPH-SA is a quick, simple, stable and replicable procedure which has been utilized to preview new antioxidants and to determine radical scavenging activity from organic or natural bioresource [30]. Methanol extract from Caulerpa vervelansis showed high, significant (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activity (i.e. i.e. 74.86 ± 0.45%) followed by Porphyra sp. (63.02 ± 2.72%), Turbinaria sp. (62.95 ± 2.17%) and Gelidiella acerosa (62.52 ± 2.14%) (Table 1 ). Among the thirty seaweeds DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-SA) of Chlorophyceae ranged from 74.86 ± 0.45% to 29.57 ± 2.06%, while Phaeophyceae ranged from 62.95 ± 2.17% to 35.23 ± 0.25%. Among Rhodophyceae DPPH radical scavenging activity of seaweed samples ranged from 63.02 ± 2.72% to 15.68 ± 2.45% activity. The DPPH-SA radical scavenging activities (%) were consistently higher in Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae (Table 1 ). The present study showed correlation that seaweeds having high TPC in addition showed high DPPH-SA as well. Hence, indicating that antiradical activity among seaweeds is primarily due to the presence of algal polyphenols. Other antioxidant components like fucoxanthin which simultaneously extracted in some amount may have contribution to the overall activities. Similar tendency of DPPH-SA in seaweeds extract was observed by [18]. Phenolic compound Phloroglucinol found in brown seaweeds has significant total antioxidant potential as well as DPPH and superoxide scavenging activities and metal chelating properties [31]. Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (H 2 O 2 - SA) H 2 O 2 -SA of extracts from thirty seaweeds, exhibits significant (p < 0.05) difference (Table 1 ). H 2 O 2 - SA ranged from 34.55 ± 0.56–8.43 ± 0.01%, found in Ulva reticulate and Haloplegma duperreyi respectively. H 2 O 2 - radical scavenging activity was exhibited among Chlorophyceae (i.e. 34.55 ± 0.56% to 12.23 ± 1.1%) followed by Phaeophyceae (i.e. 25.66 ± 1.25% to 15.32 ± 0.5%). Among Rhodophyceae, it ranged from (i.e. 24.27 ± 0.08% to 8.43 ± 0.01%). All species of red, brown and green seaweeds showed varied range of significant antioxidant activities. Carotenoids, phlorotannins, and sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) are amongst the most important and significant antioxidants which can be derived from algae. Amongst these three, bioactive marine polyphenol known as phlorotannins are an important antioxidant with potential as a natural antioxidant and contributing up to 25% of the DW in brown algal species [32]. Another antioxidant from brown algae is Fucoidans, which consist of sulfated groups attached to the fucose residues found in the cell wall. Phlorotannins and Fucoidans possess in vitro antioxidant activity such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, iron-chelating ability, including superoxide and reducing power [33, 34]. On the other hand, in the red, green, and brown algae carotenoids, provide protection against photooxidative processes by scavenging peroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen[35]. Prior studies correlated the carotenoid contents and antioxidant activity of different algae [4]. Fucoxanthin, a xanthophyll is most abundant and efficient quenchers of singlet oxygen. Fucus vesiculosus a brown alga contained 1 µg/mg DW fucoxanthin and 0.2 µg/mg dry weight (DW) β-carotene [36]. Tocopherol is another antioxidant of carotenoid family and is widely used in the food industry because of its widely efficient radical scavenging activity in the extracts [37]. Antioxidant activities in seaweeds from coastal region are due to fluctuating environmental conditions in the intertidal zone [38], acclimation strategies to salinity and desiccation stress in seaweeds [39] air exposure during low spring tides, intense UV radiation, and other factors that may contribute to oxidative stress. antioxidant potential may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds that absorb UV radiation and increase antioxidants mainly in brown seaweeds [40]. Mineral Composition Seaweeds are good source of minerals, compared to meat, spinach [41] and most land plants [42]. As per Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), the recommended daily intake of (~ 25g) can be fulfilled by a minute amount of seaweeds [43]. Significant amount of minerals in seaweeds provides benefit to human health like, treatment of thyroid goiter as well as also benefits vegetarians and vegans [44]. In the present study, total potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron content of macro elements ranged from 7.37% − 1.31% dw, 4.57% − 2.85% dw, 8.41–1.06% dw, 1.866% − 0.764% dw and 1.42% − 0.07% dw respectively (Table 2 ). Phaeophyceae had highest potassium content on the other hand Chlorophyceae had highest calcium content. Sodium content, magnesium content and iron content along with microelements like cobalt content, Zinc content and manganese were highest in Rhodophyceae. Seaweeds possess elevated amounts of mineral elements such as calcium and magnesium, which are known for their nutritional value such as Ulva sp. which can have up to 3.25 g of calcium per kg of dry weight [45]. Calcium content of seaweeds has better prospects of being utilized as nutraceuticals compared to calcium content of cow’s milk which can be attributed to high content and easy ingestion in calcium carbonate form from seaweed, rather than calcium phosphate form of cow’s milk [44]. Like calcium, magnesium participates in cementing of bones and teeth whereas iron is an important constituent of hemoglobin specific to 15 mg/day for female and 10–12 mg/day for male [43]. Not only macronutrient but also micronutrients (cobalt, manganese, and zinc) play various important roles in metabolism. Variations of element accumulation in seaweeds are mainly affected by physicochemical conditions of water, topology, stage of plant development, seasonality, and nearby anthropological activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) PCA of TPC, FC and Antioxidant activity Relatively little work about the systematic antioxidant properties of seaweeds were done. Although there are many publications on the antioxidant activity of numerous seaweeds from Indian seacoast, there are very few reports on systematic analysis of antioxidant properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for TPC, FC, and antioxidant properties of thirty seaweeds of Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The results of PCA for TPC, FC and different antioxidant activity were depicted on plot graphs (Fig. 2 ). Principal components first (PC1) and second (PC2) explained 88.16% of total variance (PC1 accounts 69.22% and PC2 accounts 18.93%) present in data set. In the present study PCA help in understanding and visualization of complex and large data set, and antioxidant activity among thirty seaweeds. Analysis shows that TPC, FC and all antioxidant activity assays i.e. DPPH – SA, H 2 O 2 – SA and Fe II – CA were closely loaded and grouped together on PC1, which suggests, a positive correlation among grouped variables. PC1 showed high correlation with TPC, FC, DPPH –SA, H 2 O 2 – SA and Fe II – CA. seaweeds belongs to Phaeophyceae except Dictyopteris australis and Chlorophyceae except Boodlea composite , Valonia utricularis are grouped at right side along PC1. Accordingly, Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae seaweed member’s shows highest correlation with TPC, FC, and these three antioxidant properties were positioned at right side on PC1. Seaweed species Gelidiella acerosa, Grateloupia indica and Porphyra spp. belongs to Rhodophyceae also loaded on positive side along PC1 and suggest that these species also have high antioxidant properties. Seaweeds belongs to Rhodophyceae except Gelidiella acerosa, Grateloupia indica and Porphyra sp. are loaded in negative side along PC1 indicating these seaweeds have comparatively less TPC, FC, and antioxidant properties. PC2 mainly differentiate the seaweeds have high TPC, FC and Fe II – CA. PCA of antioxidant components for chemotaxonomy and to investigate interrelation between biochemical components were also carried by some researchers [18, 46]. Pearson’s correlation analysis also supports the results, Table 3 revealed a positive correlation in between the TPC, FC and all antioxidant activity assays i.e. DPPH –SA, H 2 O 2 – SA and Fe II – CA also show a positive correlation (Table 3 ). Previous studies revealed that phenolic compounds are the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of various seaweeds. A positive correlation has been documented between TPC and antioxidant activity of different seaweed extracts by many researchers[18, 47]. Similar results of PCA were also presented by [46] in tropical seaweeds from Saurashtra coast of India. In present study, PCA biplot of antioxidant properties of seaweeds also shows chemotaxonomic relationship. Conclusion The present screening study indicated that seaweeds from different parts of Indian sea coast was found to contain varied range of significant antioxidant activities with TPC and FC. PCA indicates that seaweeds have positive and highly significant relationships between TPC and antioxidant properties i.e. DPPH –SA, H 2 O 2 – SA and Fe II – CA. Accordingly on the basis of antioxidant properties, PCA discriminates three classes of seaweeds in three closely loading groups according to their taxonomic positions which manifest chemotaxonomic relationship antioxidant properties and other nutraceutical components present in these seaweeds increase their potential health benefits if used as alternative food source. Seaweeds may be utilized as a source of natural antioxidant components in food, pharmaceuticals and various other enterprises. Today seaweeds have become economically as well as ecologically significant bioresource of the world. Therefore, constant exploration is the need of hour to facilitate the useful and valuable information from this diverse and fascinating group of organisms. Abbreviations DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyi; DPPH-SA, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity; Dw, Dry weight; FC, Flavonoid contents; Fe II-CA, Ferrous ion-chelating ability assay; GAE g -1 , Gallic acid equivalents per gram; H 2 O 2 –SA, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity; IA, Index of Atherogenicity; PC1, Principal component first; PC2, Principal component second; PCA, Principal Component Analysis; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; QE g -1 , Quercetin equivalents per gram of extract; TPC, Total phenolic content; UI, Unsaturation Index Declarations Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to acknowledge University Grant Commission, MHRD, India and Research and Development grant, University of Delhi for financial support. Declaration of authors' contributions PV, DK, GM and DS have role in design of the study, performed experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and all authors contributed to manuscript writing and approved the final manuscript. Declarations of conflict of interest No conflicts, informed consent, human or animal rights applicable. Ethics, Consent to Participate, and Consent to Publish declarations: Not applicable. Financial conflicts of interest No financial conflicts of Interest or any other interest. Clinical trial number : Not applicable. Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available upon request. References Rupérez, P., Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds. Food chemistry, 2002. 79 (1): p. 23-26. De Almeida, C.L.F., et al., Bioactivities from marine algae of the genus Gracilaria. International journal of molecular sciences, 2011. 12 (7): p. 4550-4573. 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Photosynthesis and UV-B tolerance of the marine alga Fucus vesiculosus at different sea water salinities . in Eighteenth International Seaweed Symposium: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Seaweed Symposium, held in Bergen, Norway, 20–25 June 2004 . 2007. Springer. Farvin, K.S. and C. Jacobsen, Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of selected species of seaweeds from Danish coast. Food chemistry, 2013. 138 (2-3): p. 1670-1681. Bischof, K., et al., Physiological acclimation to gradients of solar irradiance within mats of the filamentous green macroalga Chaetomorpha linum from southern Spain. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2006. 306 : p. 165-175. Kumar, M., et al., Salinity and desiccation induced oxidative stress acclimation in seaweeds , in Advances in botanical research . 2014, Elsevier. p. 91-123. Amsler, C.D. and V.A. Fairhead, Defensive and sensory chemical ecology of brown algae. Advances in botanical research, 2005. 43 : p. 1-91. 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Kumar, M., et al., Minerals, PUFAs and antioxidant properties of some tropical seaweeds from Saurashtra coast of India. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011. 23 : p. 797-810. Athukorala, Y., K.-N. Kim, and Y.-J. Jeon, Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydrolysate from brown alga, Ecklonia cava. Food and chemical toxicology, 2006. 44 (7): p. 1065-1074. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6689981","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":464445189,"identity":"771ac8ac-43c0-493b-8b34-93f6af53bb60","order_by":0,"name":"Priyanka Verma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Delhi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priyanka","middleName":"","lastName":"Verma","suffix":""},{"id":464445191,"identity":"64e7f307-3128-4431-a7c1-30f6cce59342","order_by":1,"name":"Dharmendra Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Delhi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dharmendra","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":464445192,"identity":"2ab91296-0f5f-44f0-a5ce-c38ce6dcd639","order_by":2,"name":"Girish Mishra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Delhi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Girish","middleName":"","lastName":"Mishra","suffix":""},{"id":464445193,"identity":"750f108b-acc3-44df-ae38-1cc03930ac58","order_by":3,"name":"Dinabandhu Sahoo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQhlYN/e//ABkMHDR7QWA54zzAYgLWzEa5HIYQOzCWqRn9387NONGjtjc4bcY5Vfc+xk2BiYHz66gUeLwZ1jxrNzjiWbWTacS7stuy0Z6DA2Y+McfFokEoyZc9gO2DAcbDC7LbmNGaiFh00anxb5GemfmXP+AbUcZjArltxWT1gLw40cY+bctgNmBsd4zBg/bjtMWIvBjZxi5ty+ZGPJHrZkacZtx3nYmAn4Beiwzcw53+wM++UfH/z4c1u1PT9788PHeB2GDJh5wCSxykGA8QcpqkfBKBgFo2DEAABL5kR82d4YOgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Delhi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dinabandhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahoo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-18 06:08:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6689981/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6689981/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83781118,"identity":"b26f52b1-869d-4af9-816a-666612c6d972","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 15:26:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMethanolic yield of seaweeds. Values are mean ± Standard deviation (n = 3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6689981/v1/f635fea6c05686658435743d.png"},{"id":83780428,"identity":"88e043ec-45b7-4371-9a43-fb4c7841a8aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 15:18:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis (PCA): Bi plot\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eshows Principal component analysis (PC1 and PC2) of Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and Antioxidant properties i.e. DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-SA), Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e – SA) and Ferrous Ion Chelating Ability (Fe II - CA) of 30 different seaweeds from Indian Sea coast.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6689981/v1/875d94deb7c329d25dd4ef87.png"},{"id":83781923,"identity":"397a1dfa-d4f7-4a6c-a54b-28a8e171e72f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 15:42:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1696897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6689981/v1/80df1715-11c3-4855-ac6f-8cc70650417b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Indian Seaweeds through Multivariate Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Flavonoid, total phenolic and Antioxidant properties i.e. DPPH, HO scavenging, ferrous ion chelating ability of thirty seaweeds from Indian seacoasts reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Certain brown and green algae have significantly higher antioxidant activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; PCA of antioxidant properties manifest chemotaxonomic relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlgae represent a diverse and specialized group of photosynthetic organisms, varying from microscopic blue-green algae to giant kelps that can grow several meters long. Among these, seaweeds or marine macroalgae are crucial components of the marine ecosystem and are classified into three main groups: Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), and Rhodophyta (red algae). These seaweeds are commercially valuable, serving as renewable marine resources. In many Asian countries, seaweeds have long been an integral part of the diet, owing to their exceptional nutritional and health benefits. Seaweeds are a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals, which make them vital in the diet of many coastal populations. Moreover, seaweeds are known for their high mineral content, which can vary depending on both exogenous factors (such as ocean salinity and temperature) and endogenous factors (like the specific species and growth stage) [1]. In addition to primary metabolites, seaweeds also contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phycobilins, phlorotannins, phycocyanins, sterols, terpenes, tocopherols, and xanthophylls [2]. These bioactive compounds have attracted significant attention due to their potential health-promoting properties. Seaweeds are subjected to various environmental stressors, such as high salinity, fluctuating temperatures, and varying light conditions, which can induce oxidative stress. This oxidative stress can cause damage to cellular structures and metabolic pathways, but antioxidants found in seaweeds help to mitigate such damage by protecting the organisms against oxidation [3]. Antioxidants play a key role in reducing oxidative damage, and various seaweed species, including red, brown, and green algae, are known to possess potent antioxidant properties, which contribute to their therapeutic value [4][5]. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential of seaweeds as sources of novel pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and other health-promoting properties. The exploration of seaweeds for their medicinal benefits has led to the identification of a wide range of biologically active substances with potential applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods [6]. Given their wide array of bioactive compounds, seaweeds have become a focus of research aimed at discovering natural antioxidant compounds that can be utilized for human health benefits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study was designed to evaluate the mineral content, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and antioxidant properties of various seaweed species collected from the Indian coastline. The seaweeds were subjected to multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to better understand the relationship between TPC, FC, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the antioxidant potential of seaweeds and their bioactive properties, offering insights into their potential as valuable resources for industrial applications, particularly in the development of functional foods and natural therapeutics. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of a wide range of seaweed species from the Indian coast, employing PCA to elucidate the relationships among their bioactive properties, which has not been extensively explored in previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollection of seaweeds\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweeds (30) were collected from various regions of Indian seacoast (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), during low tide. Harvested seaweed was cleaned with seawater and shade dried on site of collection and transported to laboratory for further analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant potential of various seaweeds. Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). For each individual experiment variable means with the same letter are not significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Collection Site* i.e. PO (Port Okha, Gujarat, India), M (Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India), S (Shrivardhan, Maharashtra, India).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Collection Site*)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Phenolic Content (mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoid Content (mg QE g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerrous Ion Chelating Ability (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging activity (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUlva lactuca\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75 \u003csup\u003emn\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17\u003csup\u003ejk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003eij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUlva reticulate\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.35\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003em\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrosiphonia orientalis\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ekl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoodlea composite\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.25\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eValonia utricularis\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaulerpa vervelansis\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ep\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.47\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDictyopteris australis\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.57\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDictyota dicotoma\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79\u003csup\u003ekl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLobophora variegate\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003ejk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePadina gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003csup\u003eij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePadina tetrastromatica\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.31\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.78\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpatoglossum asperum\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003epq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003csup\u003eij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStoechospermum marginatum\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.41\u003csup\u003emn\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003eijk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIyengaria stellata\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSargassum linearifolium\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.19\u003csup\u003ekl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurbinaria\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;sp. (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003ep\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.59\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003csup\u003eij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17\u003csup\u003em\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePorphyra\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;sp. (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003ehij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.72\u003csup\u003em\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSciania fasciularis\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSciania hatei\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGelidium micropertum\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003csup\u003em\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrateloupia indica\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalymenia venusta\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypnea valentine\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypnea musciformis\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChampia\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u0026nbsp;(M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotryocladia leptopoda\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ekl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.42\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodymenia dissecta\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.25\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaloplegma duperreyi\u003c/em\u003e (PO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePortieria hornemannii\u003c/em\u003e (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePreparation of seaweeds extract\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtract of 5g dried seaweed were prepared as per [7]. The extractions were done using methanol 10:1 (v/w), chloroform and methanol 1:1 (v/v) and finally with chloroform so that lower polar, polar and non-polar components of each sample, were represented. Three extracts (representing lower polar, polar, and non-polar components) from each sample were pooled and evaporated under decreased pressure using a rotary flash evaporator. The crude extract of each sample was weighed to calculate yield and then dissolved in 90% aqueous methanol. The yields (%) were calculated as followed;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weight of extract (g) /weight of dry biomass (g) \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTotal Phenolic Estimation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenolic contents of metabolically enriched extract were estimated by the method of Folin Ciocalteu reagent according to a procedure described by [8]. The absorbance was recorded at 650 nm and TPC was expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalents per gram (mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFlavonoid estimation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetabolically enriched extract seaweed sample was used for the determination of total flavonoid content using aluminium chloride colorimetric method described by [9]. Quercetin was used as standard used for construction of calibration curve and absorbance was recorded at 415 nm for standard curve. The concentration of total FC was given as mg Quercetin equivalents per gram of extract (mg QE g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFerrous ion-chelating ability assay\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Fe II-CA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe II-CA of seaweed extracts (1 mg extract dissolved in 1 mL methanol) was determined according to [10]. Absorbance at 562 nm was recorded for standard curve of ascorbic acid. The percentage inhibition of the ferrous ion was calculated by comparing the results of test with that L-ascorbic acid of the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo calculate the Fe II-CA following formula is used:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe II-CA % = [A\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e -(A \u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e - A \u003csub\u003eblank\u003c/sub\u003e)]/ A\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e X 100. Where\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of control,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA \u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of sample or standard and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA \u003csub\u003eblank\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of blank.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(DPPH-SA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScavenging activity of Metabolically enriched seaweed extract (2.0 ml) was done by the method of [11]. For activity 2.0 ml of 0.16 mM DPPH solution was added to the 2.0 ml aliquot of sample in test tube. After 30 min in the dark at Room temperature absorbance was measured at 517 nm. DPPH-SA (%) was determined by equation;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH-SA (%) = [1 - (A\u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e - A\u003csub\u003esample blank\u003c/sub\u003e) /A\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e] x 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of control,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of the sample, and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003esample blank\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of the sample without DPPH solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(H\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e- SA)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweed extracts were used to determine hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - SA) according to the method by [12]. For scavenging activity test samples were added to the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solution and incubated for 10 min. absorbance was measured at 230 nm and phosphate buffer used as blank. The calculations were done by using formula;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; SA % = [(A\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; A\u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e)/ A\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e] x 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e = absorbance of the control and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e =absorbance in the presence of the seaweed extracts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEstimation of Elements and Minerals\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMineral elements were analyzed by [13] method using 0.2 g oven dried seaweed samples and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The calculations were done by following equation;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eX (\u0026micro;g/g)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;c(ppm) \u0026times; Volume of solution \u0026times; D.F. / Weight of sample (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Element,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Concentration and,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.F. = Dilution Factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis of data set was performed using XLSTAT. The score plot was used to display the distribution of samples of the data set and the loading plot to explain importance and interactions of the variables with possible grouping of samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were expressed as M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) and were analyzed using ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) by SPSS 16 and for significant difference Duncan multiple range post hoc test was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTPC and FC along with antioxidant activity (i.e. DPPH-SA, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; SA, Fe II-CA), of seaweed bioresource from different parts of Indian sea coast are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of microelements and macroelements of various seaweeds. Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). For each individual experiment variable means with the same letter are not significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium content (% dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium content (% dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium content (% dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium content (% dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron content (% dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobalt content (\u0026permil; dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc content (\u0026permil; dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese (\u0026permil; dw)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUlva lactuca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.841\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.000abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.038bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUlva reticulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.921\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003abdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.684\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrosiphonia orientalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.848\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.023fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.532\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.025fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoodlea composita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.898\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.087\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eValonia utricularis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.851\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.624\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaulerpa vervelansis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03bce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.818\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.058abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05abcef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030abdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.186\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDictyopteris australis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.811\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.065fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.031abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDictyota dicotoma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.767\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07cdefghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.000abde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLobophora variegata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.736\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.082f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.031ijkl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0013abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.308\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0162abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePadina gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.834\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021bcdefgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.223\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.091abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePadina tetrastromatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.771\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.475\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.025efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpatoglossum asperum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.922\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.118bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0021abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.189\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStoechospermum marginatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.948\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.127cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.288\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIyengaria stellata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.055\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.212e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.226\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.073abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSargassum linearifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.162de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03efghij\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.000abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.325\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurbinaria\u0026nbsp;sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.871\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.055abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15bcdefgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePorphyra\u0026nbsp;sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0019abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.308\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSciania fasciularis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.052abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.185\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSciania hatei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024fghij\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.134\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGelidium micropertum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.866\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012efghij\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.796\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.092i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.032m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.236cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrateloupia indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.223\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.091abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalymenia venusta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.449\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.043defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypnea valentine\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016ijkl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0013abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypnea musciformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.803\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0039bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.127\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChampia sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.344\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0102abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotryocladia leptopoda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.815\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06jkl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0019ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.493\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0403fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhodymenia dissecta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.844\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08efghij\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.302\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0144abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaloplegma duperreyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.818\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07bcdefgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.233\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.099abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePortieria hornemannii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.764\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02kl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0019abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.116\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDPPH-RSA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH2O2-SA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFe II \u0026ndash; CA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.343498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH-RSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2O2-SA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.592906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe II \u0026ndash; CA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.760204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.866752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eValues in bold are different from 0 with a significance level alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtraction yield of metabolically enriched extract\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe yields of the extracts from thirty different seaweeds were found to have significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) difference (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Extraction yield of extract (on dry weight basis) ranged 19.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 to 1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03%. The highest extraction yield was recorded in \u003cem\u003eD. dicotoma\u003c/em\u003e from Phaeophyceae and minimum was found in \u003cem\u003eH. duperreyi\u003c/em\u003e form Rhodophyceae. Maximum yield of extract was recorded in Phaeophyceae (i.e. 19.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43% to 4.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14%) which was followed by Rhodophyceae (i.e. 16.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91% to 1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03%) and Chlorophyceae (i.e. 12.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21% to 7.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66%). Extract was used in present study as it had shown highest antioxidant activity with TPC previously in many seaweed species [14].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTotal Phenolic and flavonoid contents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweeds are rich in naturally occurring phenolic compounds with hydroxyl groups bond directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phenolic compounds require two OH groups (o-diphenol) to chelate metal ions [14, 15]. Their ability to react with radicals correlates with the number of phenolic rings and catecholic structures [16]. Earlier reports showed bioactivities in seaweed extracts, mainly due to polyphenols which have antioxidant activity[17]. In the present study TPC and FC metabolically enriched extracts of thirty different marine seaweeds showed significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) differences and are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. TPC in seaweeds varied from 52.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51 mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP. tetrastromatica\u003c/em\u003e) to 8.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85 mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003eChampia\u003c/em\u003e sp.). Maximum amount of TPC was recorded in Phaeophyceae (i.e. 52.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u0026ndash;22.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by Chlorophyceae (48.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15 to 12.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72 mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and Rhodophyceae (i.e. 39.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82 to 8.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85 mg GAE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Earlier reports also show high TPC contents in brown seaweeds. Brown seaweeds were reported to have high polyphenolic components, phlorotannins [18, 19]. Amongst phenolic compounds, flavonoids are the largest category, reported to possess antioxidant as well as free radical scavenging properties [20]. Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) differences in TF (total flavonoid content) were also observed in different seaweeds extracts, where it ranged from 49.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 -11.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08 mg QE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum amount of TF was observed in \u003cem\u003eSpatoglossum asperum\u003c/em\u003e belonging to Phaeophyceae while minimum was observed in \u003cem\u003eValonia utricularis\u003c/em\u003e from Chlorophyceae. TF in seaweed extracts was maximum among Phaeophyceae (49.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 to 14.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.31 mg QE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by Chlorophyceae (43.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79 to 11.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08 mg QE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and Rhodophyceae (38.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72 to 11.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 mg QE g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). In previous study of flavonoids distribution in seaweeds from Indian sea coast also reported high amount of TF in brown seaweeds in compare to green and red seaweeds [21]. Brown seaweeds generally have high polyphenol secondary metabolites compared to red and green algae [18]. These polyphenolic compounds exhibit the chemical characteristics of tannins and are likely to be bound to proteins and carbohydrates [22]. Phlorotannins are a group of highly bioactive marine polyphenols found exclusively in brown algae (Phaeophyceae). These phlorotannins are efficient antioxidants and have potential as multifunctional natural antioxidants. Previous works have observed relationship linking TPC of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and antioxidant activity [23]. These phenolic components also possess a wide range of health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and antitumor activities. In particular, seaweed polyphenols have strong antioxidant capacity, which endow them good anticancer effect [24]. Several polyphenolic compounds also isolated from brown seaweeds and explore their role in preventing degenerative diseases such as [25]. Seaweeds contain a wide range of bioactive components like sulfated polysaccharides, peptides, amino acids, and polyphenols, all exhibiting multiple antioxidant properties [26]. For exploring these antioxidant properties of seaweeds, utilization of solitary method is inadequate so for identification of all antioxidant activities different procedures were involved. Thus, different \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant assays, Fe II-CA, DPPH-SA, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-SA were selected to evaluate the antioxidant activities of seaweed species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFerrous Ion Chelating Ability (Fe II - CA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmongst, the mechanisms of antioxidant activity, metal ion chelating capability are reported as most important assay. Ferrous ions are the utmost significant pro-oxidants to transition metals within food structure [27]. Metal ion chelating capability of seaweed extracts were analyzed using ferrous ions and showed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A Significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) difference was seen in metal ion chelating capability of seaweed extracts. Highest chelating ability was observed in \u003cem\u003eSpatoglossum asperum\u003c/em\u003e (49.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84% of methanolic extract) which belongs to Phaeophyceae and minimum was observed in \u003cem\u003eSciania fasciularis\u003c/em\u003e (14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35%) of Rhodophyceae. Metal chelating activity in seaweed extracts in Phaeophyceae ranged from 49.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84% to 23.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.53% which was followed by Chlorophyceae, 48.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26% to 18.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6% and Rhodophyceae range of metal chelating activity was 47.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18% to 14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35%. According to [28], Phenolic acids as important antioxidant agents have demonstrated DPPH scavenging activity and have exhibited Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e chelating potential as well as reducing agents and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. These seaweeds with high radical scavenging activity have found utilization as natural resource for antioxidants in cosmetic industries, food industries as well as in medicine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH-SA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl had largely been used for detection of free radical scavenging activities of compounds[29]. DPPH-SA is a quick, simple, stable and replicable procedure which has been utilized to preview new antioxidants and to determine radical scavenging activity from organic or natural bioresource [30]. Methanol extract from \u003cem\u003eCaulerpa vervelansis\u003c/em\u003e showed high, significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) radical scavenging activity (i.e. i.e. 74.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45%) followed by \u003cem\u003ePorphyra\u003c/em\u003e sp. (63.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.72%), \u003cem\u003eTurbinaria\u003c/em\u003e sp. (62.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17%) and \u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa\u003c/em\u003e (62.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Among the thirty seaweeds DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-SA) of Chlorophyceae ranged from 74.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45% to 29.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06%, while Phaeophyceae ranged from 62.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17% to 35.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25%. Among Rhodophyceae DPPH radical scavenging activity of seaweed samples ranged from 63.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.72% to 15.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45% activity. The DPPH-SA radical scavenging activities (%) were consistently higher in Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The present study showed correlation that seaweeds having high TPC in addition showed high DPPH-SA as well. Hence, indicating that antiradical activity among seaweeds is primarily due to the presence of algal polyphenols. Other antioxidant components like fucoxanthin which simultaneously extracted in some amount may have contribution to the overall activities. Similar tendency of DPPH-SA in seaweeds extract was observed by [18]. Phenolic compound Phloroglucinol found in brown seaweeds has significant total antioxidant potential as well as DPPH and superoxide scavenging activities and metal chelating properties [31].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - SA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -SA of extracts from thirty seaweeds, exhibits significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) difference (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e- SA ranged from 34.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u0026ndash;8.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01%, found in \u003cem\u003eUlva reticulate\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHaloplegma duperreyi\u003c/em\u003e respectively. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - radical scavenging activity was exhibited among Chlorophyceae (i.e. 34.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56% to 12.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1%) followed by Phaeophyceae (i.e. 25.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25% to 15.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5%). Among Rhodophyceae, it ranged from (i.e. 24.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08% to 8.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll species of red, brown and green seaweeds showed varied range of significant antioxidant activities. Carotenoids, phlorotannins, and sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) are amongst the most important and significant antioxidants which can be derived from algae. Amongst these three, bioactive marine polyphenol known as phlorotannins are an important antioxidant with potential as a natural antioxidant and contributing up to 25% of the DW in brown algal species [32]. Another antioxidant from brown algae is Fucoidans, which consist of sulfated groups attached to the fucose residues found in the cell wall. Phlorotannins and Fucoidans possess \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant activity such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, iron-chelating ability, including superoxide and reducing power [33, 34]. On the other hand, in the red, green, and brown algae carotenoids, provide protection against photooxidative processes by scavenging peroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen[35]. Prior studies correlated the carotenoid contents and antioxidant activity of different algae [4]. Fucoxanthin, a xanthophyll is most abundant and efficient quenchers of singlet oxygen. \u003cem\u003eFucus vesiculosus\u003c/em\u003e a brown alga contained 1 \u0026micro;g/mg DW fucoxanthin and 0.2 \u0026micro;g/mg dry weight (DW) β-carotene [36]. Tocopherol is another antioxidant of carotenoid family and is widely used in the food industry because of its widely efficient radical scavenging activity in the extracts [37]. Antioxidant activities in seaweeds from coastal region are due to fluctuating environmental conditions in the intertidal zone [38], acclimation strategies to salinity and desiccation stress in seaweeds [39] air exposure during low spring tides, intense UV radiation, and other factors that may contribute to oxidative stress. antioxidant potential may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds that absorb UV radiation and increase antioxidants mainly in brown seaweeds [40].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMineral Composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweeds are good source of minerals, compared to meat, spinach [41] and most land plants [42]. As per Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), the recommended daily intake of (~\u0026thinsp;25g) can be fulfilled by a minute amount of seaweeds [43]. Significant amount of minerals in seaweeds provides benefit to human health like, treatment of thyroid goiter as well as also benefits vegetarians and vegans [44]. In the present study, total potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron content of macro elements ranged from 7.37% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.31% dw, 4.57% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.85% dw, 8.41\u0026ndash;1.06% dw, 1.866% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.764% dw and 1.42% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.07% dw respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Phaeophyceae had highest potassium content on the other hand Chlorophyceae had highest calcium content. Sodium content, magnesium content and iron content along with microelements like cobalt content, Zinc content and manganese were highest in Rhodophyceae.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeaweeds possess elevated amounts of mineral elements such as calcium and magnesium, which are known for their nutritional value such as \u003cem\u003eUlva\u003c/em\u003e sp. which can have up to 3.25 g of calcium per kg of dry weight [45]. Calcium content of seaweeds has better prospects of being utilized as nutraceuticals compared to calcium content of cow\u0026rsquo;s milk which can be attributed to high content and easy ingestion in calcium carbonate form from seaweed, rather than calcium phosphate form of cow\u0026rsquo;s milk [44]. Like calcium, magnesium participates in cementing of bones and teeth whereas iron is an important constituent of hemoglobin specific to 15 mg/day for female and 10\u0026ndash;12 mg/day for male [43]. Not only macronutrient but also micronutrients (cobalt, manganese, and zinc) play various important roles in metabolism. Variations of element accumulation in seaweeds are mainly affected by physicochemical conditions of water, topology, stage of plant development, seasonality, and nearby anthropological activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrincipal component analysis (PCA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePCA of TPC, FC and Antioxidant activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatively little work about the systematic antioxidant properties of seaweeds were done. Although there are many publications on the antioxidant activity of numerous seaweeds from Indian seacoast, there are very few reports on systematic analysis of antioxidant properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for TPC, FC, and antioxidant properties of thirty seaweeds of Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The results of PCA for TPC, FC and different antioxidant activity were depicted on plot graphs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrincipal components first (PC1) and second (PC2) explained 88.16% of total variance (PC1 accounts 69.22% and PC2 accounts 18.93%) present in data set. In the present study PCA help in understanding and visualization of complex and large data set, and antioxidant activity among thirty seaweeds. Analysis shows that TPC, FC and all antioxidant activity assays i.e. DPPH \u0026ndash; SA, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; SA and Fe II \u0026ndash; CA were closely loaded and grouped together on PC1, which suggests, a positive correlation among grouped variables. PC1 showed high correlation with TPC, FC, DPPH \u0026ndash;SA, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; SA and Fe II \u0026ndash; CA. seaweeds belongs to Phaeophyceae except \u003cem\u003eDictyopteris australis\u003c/em\u003e and Chlorophyceae except \u003cem\u003eBoodlea composite\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eValonia utricularis\u003c/em\u003e are grouped at right side along PC1. Accordingly, Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae seaweed member\u0026rsquo;s shows highest correlation with TPC, FC, and these three antioxidant properties were positioned at right side on PC1. Seaweed species \u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa, Grateloupia indica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePorphyra\u003c/em\u003e spp. belongs to Rhodophyceae also loaded on positive side along PC1 and suggest that these species also have high antioxidant properties. Seaweeds belongs to Rhodophyceae except \u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa, Grateloupia indica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePorphyra\u003c/em\u003e sp. are loaded in negative side along PC1 indicating these seaweeds have comparatively less TPC, FC, and antioxidant properties. PC2 mainly differentiate the seaweeds have high TPC, FC and Fe II \u0026ndash; CA. PCA of antioxidant components for chemotaxonomy and to investigate interrelation between biochemical components were also carried by some researchers [18, 46]. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis also supports the results, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e revealed a positive correlation in between the TPC, FC and all antioxidant activity assays i.e. DPPH \u0026ndash;SA, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; SA and Fe II \u0026ndash; CA also show a positive correlation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies revealed that phenolic compounds are the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of various seaweeds. A positive correlation has been documented between TPC and antioxidant activity of different seaweed extracts by many researchers[18, 47]. Similar results of PCA were also presented by [46] in tropical seaweeds from Saurashtra coast of India. In present study, PCA biplot of antioxidant properties of seaweeds also shows chemotaxonomic relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present screening study indicated that seaweeds from different parts of Indian sea coast was found to contain varied range of significant antioxidant activities with TPC and FC. PCA indicates that seaweeds have positive and highly significant relationships between TPC and antioxidant properties i.e. DPPH \u0026ndash;SA, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; SA and Fe II \u0026ndash; CA. Accordingly on the basis of antioxidant properties, PCA discriminates three classes of seaweeds in three closely loading groups according to their taxonomic positions which manifest chemotaxonomic relationship antioxidant properties and other nutraceutical components present in these seaweeds increase their potential health benefits if used as alternative food source. Seaweeds may be utilized as a source of natural antioxidant components in food, pharmaceuticals and various other enterprises. Today seaweeds have become economically as well as ecologically significant bioresource of the world. Therefore, constant exploration is the need of hour to facilitate the useful and valuable information from this diverse and fascinating group of organisms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyi; DPPH-SA, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity; Dw, Dry weight; FC, Flavonoid contents; Fe II-CA, Ferrous ion-chelating ability assay; GAE g \u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, Gallic acid equivalents per gram; H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash;SA, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity; IA, Index of Atherogenicity; PC1, Principal component first; PC2, Principal component second; PCA, Principal Component Analysis; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; QE g \u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, Quercetin equivalents per gram of extract; TPC, Total phenolic content; UI, Unsaturation Index\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to acknowledge University Grant Commission, MHRD, India and Research and Development grant, University of Delhi for financial support.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of authors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePV, DK, GM and DS have role in design of the study, performed experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and all authors contributed to manuscript writing and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations of conflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflicts, informed consent, human or animal rights applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics, Consent to Participate, and Consent to Publish declarations: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial conflicts of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo financial conflicts of Interest or any other interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRup\u0026eacute;rez, P., \u003cem\u003eMineral content of edible marine seaweeds.\u003c/em\u003e Food chemistry, 2002. \u003cstrong\u003e79\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 23-26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Almeida, C.L.F., et al., \u003cem\u003eBioactivities from marine algae of the genus Gracilaria.\u003c/em\u003e International journal of molecular sciences, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 4550-4573.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartins, C.D.L., et al., \u003cem\u003eAntioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of some tropical seaweeds of the Brazilian coast.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of applied phycology, 2013. \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 1179-1187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlaza, M., A. 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Thomas, \u003cem\u003eHome and Garden Bulletin 72: Nutritive Value of Foods.\u003c/em\u003e 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMendis, E. and S.-K. Kim, \u003cem\u003ePresent and future prospects of seaweeds in developing functional foods.\u003c/em\u003e Advances in food and nutrition research, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e64\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFleurence, J., et al., \u003cem\u003eWhat are the prospects for using seaweed in human nutrition and for marine animals raised through aquaculture?\u003c/em\u003e Trends in food science \u0026amp; technology, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 57-61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eMinerals, PUFAs and antioxidant properties of some tropical seaweeds from Saurashtra coast of India.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 797-810.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAthukorala, Y., K.-N. Kim, and Y.-J. Jeon, \u003cem\u003eAntiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydrolysate from brown alga, Ecklonia cava.\u003c/em\u003e Food and chemical toxicology, 2006. \u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 1065-1074.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-oceans","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Oceans](https://www.springer.com/journal/44289)","snPcode":"44289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44289","title":"Discover Oceans","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Seaweed, total phenolic content, flavonoid contents, Principal Component Analysis, antioxidant properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6689981/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6689981/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSeaweed is an important natural resource with wide-ranging applications in the food and health industries, due to its bioactive properties. In this study, 30 types of seaweed collected from the Indian coast were analyzed for their antioxidant potential, focusing on total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and their ability to scavenge free radicals, such as DPPH and hydrogen peroxide. The results revealed considerable variation in these properties among the species. \u003cem\u003ePadina tetrastromatica\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the highest TPC at 52.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1;, while \u003cem\u003eChampia\u003c/em\u003e sp. showed the lowest at 8.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1;. For flavonoid content, \u003cem\u003eSpatoglossum asperum\u003c/em\u003e had the highest value at 49.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 mg QE g⁻\u0026sup1;, and \u003cem\u003ePadina gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e the lowest at 14.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25 mg QE g⁻\u0026sup1;. In ferrous ion chelating ability, \u003cem\u003eTurbinaria\u003c/em\u003e sp. exhibited the highest at 48.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31%, while \u003cem\u003eSciania fasciularis\u003c/em\u003e recorded the lowest at 14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35%. \u003cem\u003eCaulerpa vervelansis\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity at 74.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45%, and \u003cem\u003eSciania hatei\u003c/em\u003e showed the lowest at 24.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33%. The highest hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity was found in \u003cem\u003eUlva reticulata\u003c/em\u003e at 34.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56%, while \u003cem\u003eSciania hatei\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the lowest at 10.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81%. The study also examined the mineral composition of these seaweeds, revealing a wide range of mineral content. Potassium content varied from 7.37% in \u003cem\u003eTurbinaria\u003c/em\u003e sp. to 1.22% in \u003cem\u003eHypnea musciformis\u003c/em\u003e, sodium content ranged from 4.75% in \u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa\u003c/em\u003e to 2.85% in \u003cem\u003eSargassum linearifolium\u003c/em\u003e, and calcium content ranged from 8.41% in \u003cem\u003eBoodlea composita\u003c/em\u003e to 1.06% in \u003cem\u003eRhodymenia dissecta\u003c/em\u003e. Magnesium levels were highest in \u003cem\u003eGelidium micropertum\u003c/em\u003e at 1.866% and lowest in \u003cem\u003ePortieria hornemannii\u003c/em\u003e at 0.764%. Iron content peaked at 1.42% in \u003cem\u003eGelidiella acerosa\u003c/em\u003e and was lowest at 0.07% in \u003cem\u003eGrateloupia indica\u003c/em\u003e. Cobalt content ranged from 0.06\u0026permil; in \u003cem\u003eAcrosiphonia orientalis\u003c/em\u003e to 0.01\u0026permil; in \u003cem\u003eSciania fasciularis\u003c/em\u003e, while zinc content ranged from 1.796\u0026permil; in \u003cem\u003eGelidium micropertum\u003c/em\u003e to 1.087\u0026permil; in \u003cem\u003eBoodlea composita\u003c/em\u003e. Manganese content varied from 0.053\u0026permil; in \u003cem\u003ePadina tetrastromatica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSciania fasciularis\u003c/em\u003e to 0.005\u0026permil; in species like \u003cem\u003eSpatoglossum asperum\u003c/em\u003e. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed strong positive correlations between TPC, FC, and antioxidant activities, emphasizing the bioactive potential of these seaweed species. These findings highlight the significant nutritional and antioxidant properties of seaweed, confirming its value as a promising resource for industrial applications in various fields.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Indian Seaweeds through Multivariate Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-02 15:18:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6689981/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-08T06:56:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T08:29:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"273072049712980501478197508332223784803","date":"2025-08-02T09:17:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"168229335353636801634611708030567099040","date":"2025-07-30T13:33:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"156056742755551430681424210679169067725","date":"2025-07-30T13:33:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"322517041056215734502116586365186280912","date":"2025-06-16T10:40:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-04T12:49:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"103074521228623229205209225817436398116","date":"2025-05-30T10:46:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T10:29:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T10:27:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T09:28:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-27T16:00:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Oceans","date":"2025-05-27T15:59:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-oceans","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Oceans](https://www.springer.com/journal/44289)","snPcode":"44289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44289","title":"Discover Oceans","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fc4d27dd-cf24-414e-8cdb-a8d7feb52f0b","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-19T06:38:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-02 15:18:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6689981","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6689981","identity":"rs-6689981","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}