Domestic Violence and Its Predictors Among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia, 2023. A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study

Domestic Violence and Its Predictors Among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia, 2023. 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A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study Arega Abebe Lonsako, Fekadu Yonas, Dejene Ermias, Addisalem Gizachew This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4093154/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Domestic violence is one of the major public health problems throughout the world. Poor and middle-income countries experience more severe domestic violence against pregnant women. It has a negative effect on both mothers and their offspring. However, there was limited evidence on the domestic violence among pregnant women in central Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of domestic violence and its predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 pregnant women in Durame Town. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the participants. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire, entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 26 for analysis. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed and statistical significance is declared at p < 0.05. Results The prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women was 49.0% with 95% CI: (43.3 to 54.7), Mothers who have no formal education [AOR = 3.26; 95% CI: (1.33, 7.98)], Husbands alcohol consumption [AOR = 2.96; 95% CI: (1.68, 5.24)], Housewives [AOR = 2.25; 95% CI: (1.19, 4.22)], and Husbands no formal education [AOR = 3.64; 95% CI: (1.35, 9.84)] were significant factors associated with domestic violence among pregnant women. Conclusions In this study the prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women was high. Mothers who have no formal education, housewives, husband’s alcohol consumption and husbands no formal education were factors associated with domestic violence. Domestic violence Pregnant Women Predictors Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Domestic violence is an act of gender-based violence that results in physical, sexual or psychological suffering to women and it is a significant public health and human rights issue throughout the world ( 1 ). Every country in the world engages in domestic violence against women, but the frequency differs from country to country ( 2 ). According to a World Health Organization (WHO) multi-country research the problem spans from 15% in Japan to 71% in rural Ethiopia ( 3 ). Due to women's increased physical and psychological fragility during pregnancy, it is more frequently believed that this is a crucial time that domestic violence either starts or intensifies ( 4 ). These acts of violence commonly take place at several societal levels; they may be by an individual or by members of the family ( 5 ). It is especially alarming because of how it affects both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy and it has a potential of causing miscarriages, preterm births, low birth weights, and perinatal deaths, among other pregnancy outcomes that are not favorable ( 6 – 8 ). In several studies conducted worldwide, domestic violence during pregnancy has been identified in 3 to 13% of pregnancies ( 9 ), whereas in underdeveloped nations, the prevalence increased from 4 to 29% ( 10 ). Pregnancy related head and back discomfort, hyperemesis, and all poor obstetric outcomes have been linked with domestic violence during pregnancy ( 11 ). It also have long-term physical and/or psychological effects, such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, flashbacks, nightmares, or an exaggerated startle response ( 12 ). Previous research found that, compared to women who did not experience the violence, and who experienced violence during pregnancy, those who faced violence had higher risks of ante-partum hemorrhage, intrauterine growth retardation, premature membrane rupture, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and low birth weight babies ( 6 , 13 , 14 ). It is recognized as a public health and human rights challenge in Ethiopia ( 15 ). Regardless of the Ethiopian government's extensive efforts to eradicate all forms of violence against women, evidence from recently published research literatures reveals that domestic violence against women by their husbands is still a problem in Ethiopia, varying in severity from region to region ( 16 ). Studies done in different nations throughout the world revealed that the age of the couples, the educational level of both partners, the occupations of the wife and husband, pregnancies, husband substance use, women's decision-making abilities, and the existence of supportive attitudes toward wife beating in society were factor associated with violence ( 17 ). Despite the recognized importance of the pregnancy period for maternal health and well-being, there is a lack of evidence about the factors that contribute to domestic violence during this vulnerable phase. Identifying these predictors is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems to mitigate the risk of violence and promote the overall well-being of pregnant women and their children. By identifying the predictors of domestic violence among pregnant women, this research can contribute to the existing body of evidence on domestic violence among pregnant women. Ultimately, the findings also inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and relevant stakeholders in designing targeted interventions and support services that address the specific needs and challenges faced by pregnant women in this study setting. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of domestic violence and its predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia Region. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study Design, Area and Period A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Durame Town, Kembata Zone Central Ethiopia from July 15th to August 15th, 2023. Kembata Zone is one of the six zones in the Central Ethiopia Region. Its capital city is Durame, which is 272 kilometers away from the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The zone consists of eight woreda, 7 town administrations, and 22 urban and 120 rural kebeles. It is geographically bordered with Dawuro zone in the west, Wolaita zone in the south, Hadiya zone in the north, and Halaba zone in the east. According to the Central Statistical Agency's 2007 Census, the zone had a total population of 1,080,837 individuals, of which 536,676 (49.65%) are men and 544,161 (50.35%) are women ( 18 ). Population All pregnant women living in Durame town were source population, while all selected pregnant women who living in Durame Town during the data collection period were study population. Eligibility criteria All selected pregnant women who live in the Durame Towns were included, while women who were unable to respond due to health problem were excluded from the study. Sample size determination and Sampling Procedure We calculated the sample size by using a single population proportion formula ( \(n=\frac{{\left(Z\raisebox{1ex}{$\alpha $}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.\right)}^{2}P(1-P)}{{d}^{2}}\) ) with the following assumptions; the margin of error (d) = 5%, confidence level = 95% (Zα/ 2 = ± 1.96), and 64.6% prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women from the previous study conducted in Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia ( 19 ). So, the final calculated sample size with a 10% non-response rate was 387. Since the source population (N = 1969) is less than 10,000, by using finite population correction formula: \(nf=\frac{n}{1+n/N}=300\) . There are three kebeles in Durame town and this study included all kebeles in the town in order to get representative sample. Then the calculated sample size of 300 were proportionally allocated to each kebeles. Each study participant was selected using systematic sampling technique, Lottery method was employed to select the first study participant from first to sixth woman, and then every sixth woman (k = 6) was approached for the interview, which was calculated by dividing the total number of pregnant women in each Kebele by proportionally allocated sample size (K = N/n) (Fig. 1 ). Operational Definitions Domestic violence against pregnant women : It was considered when a women experienced any of physical, psychological or sexual violence by their husband during pregnancy. It was coded as Yes = 1 (For women who experienced any of physical, psychological or sexual violence) and No = 0 (For women who didn’t experience any of the physical, psychological or sexual violence) ( 20 ). Physical violence It was considered if a woman says yes at least one of the physical violence related questions when she was asked if her husband ever abuse her in any of the following ways during pregnancy: a) slapped you or thrown something at you that could hurt you? b) Pushed you or shoved you or pulled your hair? c) hit you with his fist or with something else that could hurt you? d) Kicked you, dragged you or beat you up? e) Choked or burnt you on purpose? f) threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against you? ( 21 ). Psychological violence : It was considered if a woman says yes at least one of the psychological violence related questions when she was asked if her husband ever abuse her in any of the following ways during pregnancy: a) insulting or making a woman feel bad about herself, b) belittling or humiliating her in front of others) deliberately scaring or intimidating her, c) threatening to hurt her or others she cares about ( 19 ). Sexual violence : It was considered if a woman says yes at least one of the sexual violence related questions: a) being physically forced to have sexual intercourse when woman didn’t want to, b) having sexual intercourse because she was afraid of what her partner might do, c) being forced to do something sexual that she found humiliating or degrading ( 21 ). Data collection methods Data were collected by using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and face to face interviews among pregnant women who were selected by systematic sampling technique from randomly selected kebeles of Durame town. Data collection instruments The data collection tools were adapted from WHO research guidelines of researching on violence against women with a little modification ( 22 ). It comprises two sections: The first section composed of questions related socio demographic characteristics of the women such as age, education, working status, marital duration, women decision making power. Questions about husband characteristics such as age, education, occupation, marital controlling behaviors, habit of substance use was also included in this section. The second section of questionnaire includes items related to occurrence of physical, psychological and sexual violence exerted by the husband on the women during her pregnancy. Data collectors and data collection procedures Two female health extension workers was recruited for data collection based on their qualification and previous experience in participating on surveys of related topics and fluent speaking of local language. Two male public Health Officers was recruited for supervision of data collection. Then two days intensive training was given to them on how to collect data, when and how to make an interview and about ethical issues emphasizing on the importance of safety of participants and data quality. The data collection was conducted through personal interviews with the participants by home visit using pre-tested questionnaire. After explaining the aim of the study written consent was obtained from each participant, the data collectors were started interviewing the participants using questionnaires in private settings. Data quality control After preparing the questionnaire, the questionnaire was translated into Amharic in local context and then back translated into English by another person to ensure that the originality and meaning was retained. Pre-test of the questionnaire was done in one kebeles which is not among the selected kebeles for the study to identify any ambiguity, consistency and acceptability of questionnaire. Then necessary corrections were made before the actual data collection and amended tool was used for final data collection. A pretest was conducted on 5% of the total sample size ( 15 ) in Shone Kebele before an actual data collection period to identify any ambiguity, consistency and acceptability of questionnaire. Based on the results of the pretest, adjustments were made as needed, and the amended tool was used for actual data collection. Supervisors was closely follow the data collectors and Data collectors was instructed to check the completeness of the questionnaire immediately after its completion for each participant. The principal investigator was checked all questionnaires to ensure completeness and consistency during data management, cleaning, and analysis. Data processing and analysis The collected data were cleaned, coded, and entered into EpiData version 4.6 software. Then, the data were exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was done to describe the characteristics of the study participants, and the result was described in the form of text, tables, and figures. By using a binary logistic regression model, bivariable analysis was done to identify the association between each independent variables and the outcome variable. Independent variables with p < 0.25 were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to exclude potential confounders and identify actual associations. Multi-collinearity was checked to see the linear correlation among the independent variables by using the variance inflation factor and None of the variables yield inflation factor > 5. The model fitness was checked by Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test, it was found to be insignificant (p-value = 0.67) and Omnibus test was significant (p-value = 0.000) which indicate that the model was fitted. Then, in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported, and variables with p < 0.05 were declared to be significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant women. RESULTS Socio Demographic Characteristic of the participants A total of 300 pregnant women were participated in the study with a response rate of 100% because there is no any refusal from the selected study participants. The mean age of the participants was 24.9 years with standard deviation (SD) of ± 4.1 years. More than half (53.3%) of respondents were in the age category of 18 to 24 years, and nearly two-third (65%) of the participants were followers of protestants religion, and 62% of participants were from Kembata ethnic group. Nearly half (49.7%) of the participants were housewives, and 38.3% of participants have finished secondary school and above (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Mothers in Durame Town, Kembata Zones in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n = 300). Variables Categories Frequency (n) Percent (%) Mothers age in years 18 to 24 160 53.3 25 to 30 110 36.7 31 to 35 24 8.0 36 and above 6 2.0 Religion Orthodox 50 16.7 Muslim 32 10.7 Protestant 196 65.3 Catholic 22 7.3 Ethnicity Kembata 186 62.0 Hadiya 32 10.7 Others* 82 27.3 Occupations Housewife 149 49.7 Private business 63 23.0 Government employee 88 29.3 Educational level No formal education 80 26.7 Primary education 105 35.0 Secondary education 66 22.0 College and above 49 16.3 Key: Others* = Wolaita, Amhara, Tigray and Oromia. Partners’ Socio-demographic characteristics In this study, the mean age of the husbands was 33 years with standard deviation (SD) of ± 4.6 years, while 42.7% of the husbands were in the age category of 31 to 35 years. More than two-third (68.5%) of the husbands were protestant religion followers, and majorities (71.3%) were from Kembata ethnic group. Nearly half (46.7%) of the husbands have a private business, 48.7% have a habit of alcohol consumption, 26.3% have a habit of chat chewing, and 9.3% have the habit smoking tobacco (Table 2 ). Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Husbands in Durame Town, Kembata Zones in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n = 300). Variables Categories Frequency (n) Percent (%) Husbands age in years. 25 to 30 90 30.0 31 to 35 128 42.7 36 to 40 58 19.3 41 and above 24 8.0 Ethnicity Kembata 214 71.3 Hadiya 38 12.7 Others* 48 16.0 Occupations Farmer 48 16.0 Private business 140 46.7 Gov’t employee 112 37.3 Educational level No formal education 46 15.3 Primary education 61 20.3 Secondary education 89 29.7 College and above 104 34.7 Alcohol consumption Yes 146 48.7 No 154 51.3 Habit of chat chewing Yes 79 26.3 No 221 73.7 Habit of smoking tobacco Yes 28 9.3 No 272 90.7 Key: Others* = Wolaita, Amhara, Tigray and Oromia. Household information of participants. Among the study participants, more than two-thirds (72%) were used the earned money jointly with their husbands, while 71.0% decided about their own healthcare jointly with their husbands. Three-fourth (75.0%) of the study participants were decided about their number of children jointly with their husbands. More than two-thirds (69.0%) of respondents were decided about their family visits jointly with their husbands (Table 3 ). Table 3 Household Related Information of Pregnant Mothers in Durame Town, Kembata Zones in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n = 300). Variables Response Frequency (n) Percent (%) How to use the money earned by her or her partner. Women alone 72 24.0 Jointly with husband 216 72.0 Husband alone 12 4.0 Decision on her own health care Women alone 72 24.0 Jointly with husband 213 71.0 Husband alone 15 5.0 Decision on household purchases Women alone 58 19.0 Jointly with husband 225 75.0 Husband alone 17 5.7 Decisions on how many children to have. Women alone 49 16.0 Jointly with husband 225 75.0 Husband alone 26 8.7 Decisions to visits the family, friends or Relatives Women alone 63 21.0 Jointly with husband 207 69.0 Husband alone 30 10.0 Decisions on whether the women should work outside the home Women alone 64 21.3 Jointly with husband 183 61.0 Husband alone 53 17.0 Tries to keep you from seeing your friends Yes 102 34.0 No 198 66.0 Insists on knowing where you are at all times? Yes 105 35.0 No 195 65.0 Gets angry if you speak with another man? Yes 215 71.5 No 85 28.3 Prevalence of Domestic Violence among Pregnant Women. Out of 300 eligible pregnant women participated in this study, nearly half, 147 (49.0%) of them were experienced domestic violence during pregnancy with 95% CI: (43.3 to 54.7), From the overall 147 (49%) of women that experience domestic violence, 43.3% of them were experienced psychological violence with 95 CI: (37.7 to 49.0), 26.3% were experience physical violence with 95% CI (21.3 to 31.7) and 12.7% of them were experienced sexual violence during pregnancy with 95% CI: (9.0 to 16.0) (Fig. 2 ). Factors associated with domestic violence among pregnant women. In the bivariable logistic regression analysis, mother’s occupations, mother’s educational status, decision on the number of children, husband’s educational status, husband’s occupations, husband’s alcohol drinking, husbands chat chawing, and husbands smoking tobacco were factors significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant women at 95% confidence level with p < 0.25, and included in multivariable logistic regression analysis. However, on the multivariable logistic regression analysis, mother’s occupations, mother’s educational status, husband’s educational status, and husband’s alcohol consumption were factors significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant women at 95% confidence level with p < 0.05. Mothers who have no formal education were about 3.2 times more likely to be violated than mothers whose education levels were college and above [AOR = 3.26; 95% CI: (1.33, 7.98)]. Similarly, the odds of domestic violence were 2.9 times higher among those pregnant women having a husband who consumes alcohol than those whose husband did not consume alcohol drinks [AOR = 2.96; 95% CI: (1.68, 5.24)]. The odds of domestic violence during pregnancy were 2.2 times higher among housewives when compared with mothers who were government employee [AOR = 2.25; 95% CI: (1.19, 4.22)]. The odds domestic violence among pregnant women were 3.6 times higher among pregnant women whose husbands have no formal education when compared with those whose husbands have educational status college and above [AOR = 3.64; 95% CI: (1.35, 9.84)] (Table 4 ). Table 4 Factors Associated with Domestic Violence Among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Kembata Zone, Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n = 300). Variables Domestic Violence COR(95%CI) AOR(95%CI) p -value Yes (n = 147) No(n = 153) Mothers occupations Housewife 91 58 2.74(1.59,4.73) 2.25(1.19, 4.22)* 0.012 Private business 24 39 1.07(0.55, 2.10) 1.52(0.67, 3.42) 0.31 Gov’t employee 32 56 Ref Ref Mothers educational status No formal edu n 59 21 4.43(2.07, 9.49) 3.26(1.33, 7.98)* 0.010 Primary school 49 56 1.38(0.69, 1.75) 1.90(0.83, 4.35) 0.125 Secondary school 20 46 0.68(0.31, 1.49) 0.17(0.47, 2.92) 0.728 College and above 19 30 Ref Ref Decision on the number of children Husband alone 118 107 1.76(0.76, 4.05) 1.30(0.51, 3.28) 0.571 Women alone 19 30 1.01(0.38, 2.69) 0.70(0.23, 2.08) 0.528 Jointly with husband 10 16 Ref Ref Husband Occupations Farmer 29 19 1.76(0.88, 3.50) 0.75(0.30, 1.87) 0.546 Private business 66 74 1.02(0.62, 1.69) 0.65(0.32, 1.31) 0.230 Gov’t employee 52 60 Ref Ref Husbands Educational Status No formal edu n 35 11 4.88(2.23, 10.70) 3.64(1.35, 9.84)* 0.011 Primary school 41 20 3.15(1.62, 6.11) 2.15(0.85, 2.45) 0.104 Secondary school 30 59 0.78(0.43, 1.40) 0.68(0.32, 1.31) 0.230 College and above 41 63 Ref Ref Husband drinking alcohol Yes 94 52 3.44(2.14, 5.53) 2.96(1.68, 5.24)* 0.001 No 53 101 Ref Ref Husband Chat chawing Yes 47 32 1.77(1.05, 1.99) 0.85(0.40, 1.77) 0.657 No 100 121 Ref Ref Husband smoking tobacco Yes 19 9 2.37(1.03, 5.43) 0.93(0.30, 2.83) 0.800 No 128 144 Ref Ref Key : * = p < 0.05 (significance), Ref = reference category, COR : Crude Odd Ratio, AOR : Adjusted Odd Ratio, CI : Confidence Interval. DISCUSSION This study aimed at determining the prevalence of domestic violence and its predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia Region. The finding revealed that, the prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women in this study setting was 49.0% with 95% CI: (43.3, 54.7). This finding was consistent with studies conducted among native Americans (52.5%) ( 23 ), in Lima, Peru (45.1%) ( 24 ), in Portuguese health institutions (43.4%) ( 25 ) and in Pakistan (51%) ( 26 ). However, this finding was higher than the result of studies conducted in Kisumu district hospital, Kenya (37%) ( 27 ), Rwanda (35.1%) ( 28 ), Sao Paulo, Brazil (34.6%) ( 29 ), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (31%) ( 30 ), Mulago Hospital, Uganda (27.7%) ( 14 ), and Hull Maternity Hospital, UK (17%) ( 31 ). This discrepancy might be due to differences in socio-demographic characteristics (especially educational level of husband and wife) between study populations, differences in the study setting, sample size, and sampling techniques to recruit study participants. While this finding was lower than the result of studies conducted in Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia (58.7%) ( 32 ), in Awi zone, North Western Ethiopia (78.0%) ( 33 ), in Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia (64.6%) ( 34 ), in southern Appalachia (81%) ( 35 ), in Tehran o (59%) ( 36 ), and in Bahrain (59%) ( 37 ). The possible explanation for this variation might be due to socio cultural and societal perspectives about the wife beating and contexts of the population under study that differ between the nations. The odds of domestic violence were higher among mothers who have no formal education when compared with mothers whose education levels were college and above, this finding was consistent with previous studies done in Yirgalem town, South Ethiopia ( 38 ), in Nicaraguan ( 39 ), and in Northwest Ethiopia ( 40 ). This might be due to the fact that uneducated pregnant women may not have the ability to have a discussion with their partners to resolve any disagreement. Evidence revealed that low levels of education and lack of decision-making power increase women’s likelihood of experiencing domestic violence during pregnancy ( 41 ). Pregnant women whose husbands drink alcohol had higher odds of domestic violence than pregnant women whose husbands do not drink. These findings were consistent with research conducted in the Awi zone ( 33 ), University of Gondar Referral Hospital ( 32 ), Kisumu district hospital ( 27 ), and Sao Paulo, Brazil ( 29 ). This might be because alcohol consumption directly affects the cognitive (ability to perceive, integrate and process information) and physical functions of consumers. This distortion of thinking can cause users to behave aggressively in relationships, increase feelings of power and control, leading to power and control over partners. Domestic violence during pregnancy were higher among housewives when compared with mothers who were government employee. This finding was supported by the result of previous study done in University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia ( 42 ), A possible explanation could be that most housewives stay at home and do household chores, so they are more dependent on their husbands. While the husband is the source of the family and the economy, housewives are more vulnerable, less independent, and more financially dependent on their husbands, which leads to disagreements and various forms of violence. Pregnant women whose husbands have no formal education have higher odds of domestic violence during pregnancy than pregnant women whose husbands have completed college or above. This finding was in line with previous studies conducted in Pakistan, as evidenced by the Pakistan Demography and Health Survey ( 43 ), poorly educated husbands might not learn about gender equality, sharing home duties, and making equal decisions with their wives, which could lead to arguments within the family. Strength and limitation of the study The study was conducted at community level which give us as more representative finding than facility based studies. In the other hand, the completeness of the data may have been limited by the fact that the data collection technique was not qualitative, which was one of its limitations. Conclusion The finding of this study revealed that the prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant woman at Durame Town was high. Being housewife, mother’s no formal education, husband’s no formal education, and husband’s alcohol consumption were factors significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant woman. Recommendations Based on the finding of this study, the following recommendations were forwarded For Zonal Health Office. Training for health professionals on screening, and management of victim of abuse. Health facilities should have to integrate the work of identifying and responding to Domestic Violence with another routine health service. For Durame Town Health Extension Workers and Stakeholders. Health extension workers should provide health education to the community about the health effects of using substances such as alcohol consumption because it increases the possibility of domestic violence. The stakeholders should also work closely with other social sectors like district education office and district justice office to challenge the intergenerational transmission of violence and social norms that advance spousal right to control women’s behavior. Health extension workers should provide information about the negative effect of domestic violence on the mothers and on their fetus. For Future Researchers. Additional studies are necessary to confirm the current findings, and they ought to take caregiver-related characteristics into account when evaluating the perceived obstacles to domestic violence screening among pregnant women. Acronyms /Abbreviations CSA: Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, DC: Data Collector, DV: Domestic Violence, EDHS: Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey, FDRE: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, KZ: Kembata Zone, STDs: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, WHO: World Health Organization. Declarations Ethical considerations Following a review to ensure study participants would not suffer any damage, an ethical approval letter was acquired from the Wachemo University, Durame campus, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences. A cooperation letter was written to study area. Each participant was made aware of the purpose and possible advantages of the study prior to their participation. After explaining the study, voluntary written and signed informed consent was obtained from each study participant who agrees to participate in the study before starting the data collection. The research subjects were apprised of their entitlement to decline involvement, pose inquiries, or withdraw from the study at any point in time without experiencing undue inconvenience. In case they had any additional queries or concerns, they were also given the address of the institutional research ethics committee and the lead investigator. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge Wachemo University for ethical clearance. And also, we are thankful to data collectors and study participants for their willingness to participate in the study and we would also like to thank the Durame Town Health officers for giving us information and the support during data collection. Authors, contributions. FY, AG, DE and AAL were involved in the conception, design, analysis, interpretation, report and manuscript writing. FY, AG, DE and AAL were involved in the analysis, interpretation, report and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding There is no financial support for this study. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Conflict of Interest The authors report no conflict of interest in this work. Consent for publication Not applicable. References Organization WH. 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Researching violence against women: practical guidelines for researchers and activists: World Health Organization; 2005. Fairchild DG, Fairchild MW, Stoner S. Prevalence of adult domestic violence among women seeking routine care in a Native American health care facility. American Journal of Public Health. 1998;88(10):1515-7. Perales MT, Cripe SM, Lam N, Sanchez SE, Sanchez E, Williams MA. Prevalence, types, and pattern of intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Lima, Peru. Violence against women. 2009;15(2):224-50. Coutinho E, Almeida F, Duarte J, Chaves C, Nelas P, Amaral O. Factors related to domestic violence in pregnant women. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;171:1280-7. Karmaliani R, Irfan F, Bann CM, Mcclure EM, Moss N, Pasha O, et al. Domestic violence prior to and during pregnancy among Pakistani women. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(11):1194-201. Makayoto LA, Omolo J, Kamweya AM, Harder VS, Mutai J. Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital, Kenya. Maternal and child health journal. 2013;17:441-7. Ntaganira J, Muula AS, Masaisa F, Dusabeyezu F, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Rwanda. BMC women's health. 2008;8(1):1-7. Okada MM, Hoga LAK, Borges ALV, Albuquerque RSd, Belli MA. Domestic violence against pregnant women. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2015;28:270-4. Hoque ME, Hoque M, Kader SB. Prevalence and experience of domestic violence among rural pregnant women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection. 2009;24(4):34-7. Johnson J, Haider F, Ellis K, Hay D, Lindow S. The prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant women. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2003;110(3):272-5. Fekadu E, Yigzaw G, Gelaye KA, Ayele TA, Minwuye T, Geneta T, et al. Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC women's health. 2018;18:1-8. Semahegn A, Belachew T, Abdulahi M. Domestic violence and its predictors among married women in reproductive age in Fagitalekoma Woreda, Awi zone, Amhara regional state, North Western Ethiopia. Reproductive health. 2013;10(1):1-9. Yohannes K, Abebe L, Kisi T, Demeke W, Yimer S, Feyiso M, et al. The prevalence and predictors of domestic violence among pregnant women in Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):37. Bailey BA, Daugherty RA. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: incidence and associated health behaviors in a rural population. Maternal and child health journal. 2007;11:495-503. NOJOUMI M, Aghaei S, Eslami S. Domestic violence against women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics. 2007. Hammoury N, Khawaja M, Mahfoud Z, Afifi RA, Madi H. Domestic violence against women during pregnancy: the case of Palestinian refugees attending an antenatal clinic in Lebanon. Journal of Women's Health. 2009;18(3):337-45. Kassa ZY, Menale AW. Physical violence and associated factors during pregnancy in Yirgalem town, South Ethiopia. Curr Pediatr Res. 2016;20(1). Salazar M, San Sebastian M. Violence against women and unintended pregnancies in Nicaragua: a population-based multilevel study. BMC women's health. 2014;14(1):1-9. Bifftu BB, Dachew BA, Tadesse Tiruneh B, Zewoldie AZ. Domestic Violence among Pregnant Mothers in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Advances in Public Health. 2017;2017:6506231. Abeya SG, Afework MF, Yalew AW. Intimate partner violence against women in western Ethiopia: prevalence, patterns, and associated factors. BMC public health. 2011;11(1):1-18. Fekadu E, Yigzaw G, Gelaye KA, Ayele TA, Minwuye T, Geneta T, et al. Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Women's Health. 2018;18(1):138. Brishty MA. The association between husband/partner’slevel of education and lifetime physicaldomestic violence against women agedbetween 15-49 years in Pakistan: Evidencefrom Pakistan Demography and HealthSurvey 2017-18. 2023. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4093154","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":282270201,"identity":"b8d848ba-fe95-4133-baf4-0daede0cdf90","order_by":0,"name":"Arega Abebe Lonsako","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCAwwGDIztn/9UANnMzA3EamFuY+A5A9LCSLQW9jYG3jYQh4AW/tmHD7/4UXNHzpy9se2B5LzaaP52oJYfFdtwapE4l5Zm2XPsmbFlz8F2A8Ntx3NnHGZsYOw5cxu3NWd4zAx42A4nbriR2CCRuO1YbgNQCzNjG24t8mf4vxn++Xe4fsP9hw0SB+ccy51PSIvBGR7mx7xthxMMbjC2STY21ORuIKTF8AybGbNs3zPDnT2JzcYMxw7kbgRqOYjPL3JnmB9/fPPtjrw5+/GHjxlq6nLnnT988MGPCjzeZ2Bgk0DiHAaTB/CpBwLmD0icOgKKR8EoGAWjYCQCAP85ZWcjNoVdAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Arba Minch University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arega","middleName":"Abebe","lastName":"Lonsako","suffix":""},{"id":282270203,"identity":"43912edd-455e-4755-bca4-a9df237cb461","order_by":1,"name":"Fekadu Yonas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Doctor Bogalech Gebre memorial General Hospital, Maternal and Child health department","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fekadu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yonas","suffix":""},{"id":282270206,"identity":"483b864a-7624-4cf7-b6d9-bc3572f2fe61","order_by":2,"name":"Dejene Ermias","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wachemo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dejene","middleName":"","lastName":"Ermias","suffix":""},{"id":282270209,"identity":"a0f75e6f-6db5-4f33-ba02-4049f4714038","order_by":3,"name":"Addisalem Gizachew","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wachemo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Addisalem","middleName":"","lastName":"Gizachew","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-13 13:16:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4093154/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4093154/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53579440,"identity":"25ec91a9-40c5-4c48-ae33-32fbb0aa53c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 17:22:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":341622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic presentation of sampling procedure to assess the prevalence of domestic violence and predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4093154/v1/79c8e840183b0ba32b5f3245.jpeg"},{"id":53579452,"identity":"a62b997d-9378-4c12-b31f-8b16e79e6409","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 17:22:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Prevalence of Domestic Violence among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Kembata Zone in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4093154/v1/86e3c08d74a255d15c2f4f4a.png"},{"id":53723706,"identity":"85ff129a-75da-448d-8f21-e2b4c065160a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 11:15:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":745339,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4093154/v1/4d42a9b6-7a4c-4a8e-91f4-206ec4982ddb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Domestic Violence and Its Predictors Among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia, 2023. A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDomestic violence is an act of gender-based violence that results in physical, sexual or psychological suffering to women and it is a significant public health and human rights issue throughout the world (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Every country in the world engages in domestic violence against women, but the frequency differs from country to country (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). According to a World Health Organization (WHO) multi-country research the problem spans from 15% in Japan to 71% in rural Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Due to women's increased physical and psychological fragility during pregnancy, it is more frequently believed that this is a crucial time that domestic violence either starts or intensifies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese acts of violence commonly take place at several societal levels; they may be by an individual or by members of the family (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). It is especially alarming because of how it affects both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy and it has a potential of causing miscarriages, preterm births, low birth weights, and perinatal deaths, among other pregnancy outcomes that are not favorable (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). In several studies conducted worldwide, domestic violence during pregnancy has been identified in 3 to 13% of pregnancies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), whereas in underdeveloped nations, the prevalence increased from 4 to 29% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Pregnancy related head and back discomfort, hyperemesis, and all poor obstetric outcomes have been linked with domestic violence during pregnancy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt also have long-term physical and/or psychological effects, such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, flashbacks, nightmares, or an exaggerated startle response (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research found that, compared to women who did not experience the violence, and who experienced violence during pregnancy, those who faced violence had higher risks of ante-partum hemorrhage, intrauterine growth retardation, premature membrane rupture, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and low birth weight babies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). It is recognized as a public health and human rights challenge in Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegardless of the Ethiopian government's extensive efforts to eradicate all forms of violence against women, evidence from recently published research literatures reveals that domestic violence against women by their husbands is still a problem in Ethiopia, varying in severity from region to region (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Studies done in different nations throughout the world revealed that the age of the couples, the educational level of both partners, the occupations of the wife and husband, pregnancies, husband substance use, women's decision-making abilities, and the existence of supportive attitudes toward wife beating in society were factor associated with violence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the recognized importance of the pregnancy period for maternal health and well-being, there is a lack of evidence about the factors that contribute to domestic violence during this vulnerable phase. Identifying these predictors is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems to mitigate the risk of violence and promote the overall well-being of pregnant women and their children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy identifying the predictors of domestic violence among pregnant women, this research can contribute to the existing body of evidence on domestic violence among pregnant women. Ultimately, the findings also inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and relevant stakeholders in designing targeted interventions and support services that address the specific needs and challenges faced by pregnant women in this study setting. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of domestic violence and its predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia Region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design, Area and Period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Durame Town, Kembata Zone Central Ethiopia from July 15th to August 15th, 2023. Kembata Zone is one of the six zones in the Central Ethiopia Region. Its capital city is Durame, which is 272 kilometers away from the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The zone consists of eight woreda, 7 town administrations, and 22 urban and 120 rural kebeles. It is geographically bordered with Dawuro zone in the west, Wolaita zone in the south, Hadiya zone in the north, and Halaba zone in the east. According to the Central Statistical Agency's 2007 Census, the zone had a total population of 1,080,837 individuals, of which 536,676 (49.65%) are men and 544,161 (50.35%) are women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePopulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll pregnant women living in Durame town were source population, while all selected pregnant women who living in Durame Town during the data collection period were study population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll selected pregnant women who live in the Durame Towns were included, while women who were unable to respond due to health problem were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample size determination and Sampling Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe calculated the sample size by using a single population proportion formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(n=\\frac{{\\left(Z\\raisebox{1ex}{$\\alpha $}\\!\\left/ \\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\\right.\\right)}^{2}P(1-P)}{{d}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ) with the following assumptions; the margin of error (d) = 5%, confidence level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95% (Zα/\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96), and 64.6% prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women from the previous study conducted in Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). So, the final calculated sample size with a 10% non-response rate was 387. Since the source population (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1969) is less than 10,000, by using finite population correction formula:\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(nf=\\frac{n}{1+n/N}=300\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are three kebeles in Durame town and this study included all kebeles in the town in order to get representative sample. Then the calculated sample size of 300 were proportionally allocated to each kebeles. Each study participant was selected using systematic sampling technique, Lottery method was employed to select the first study participant from first to sixth woman, and then every sixth woman (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6) was approached for the interview, which was calculated by dividing the total number of pregnant women in each Kebele by proportionally allocated sample size (K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N/n) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational Definitions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDomestic violence against pregnant women\u003c/b\u003e: It was considered when a women experienced any of physical, psychological or sexual violence by their husband during pregnancy. It was coded as Yes\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 (For women who experienced any of physical, psychological or sexual violence) and No\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 (For women who didn\u0026rsquo;t experience any of the physical, psychological or sexual violence) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhysical violence\u003c/b\u003e It was considered if a woman says yes at least one of the physical violence related questions when she was asked if her husband ever abuse her in any of the following ways during pregnancy: a) slapped you or thrown something at you that could hurt you? b) Pushed you or shoved you or pulled your hair? c) hit you with his fist or with something else that could hurt you? d) Kicked you, dragged you or beat you up? e) Choked or burnt you on purpose? f) threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against you? (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePsychological violence\u003c/b\u003e: It was considered if a woman says yes at least one of the psychological violence related questions when she was asked if her husband ever abuse her in any of the following ways during pregnancy: a) insulting or making a woman feel bad about herself, b) belittling or humiliating her in front of others) deliberately scaring or intimidating her, c) threatening to hurt her or others she cares about (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSexual violence\u003c/b\u003e: It was considered if a woman says yes at least one of the sexual violence related questions: a) being physically forced to have sexual intercourse when woman didn\u0026rsquo;t want to, b) having sexual intercourse because she was afraid of what her partner might do, c) being forced to do something sexual that she found humiliating or degrading (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected by using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and face to face interviews among pregnant women who were selected by systematic sampling technique from randomly selected kebeles of Durame town.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection instruments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collection tools were adapted from WHO research guidelines of researching on violence against women with a little modification (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). It comprises two sections: The first section composed of questions related socio demographic characteristics of the women such as age, education, working status, marital duration, women decision making power. Questions about husband characteristics such as age, education, occupation, marital controlling behaviors, habit of substance use was also included in this section. The second section of questionnaire includes items related to occurrence of physical, psychological and sexual violence exerted by the husband on the women during her pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collectors and data collection procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo female health extension workers was recruited for data collection based on their qualification and previous experience in participating on surveys of related topics and fluent speaking of local language. Two male public Health Officers was recruited for supervision of data collection. Then two days intensive training was given to them on how to collect data, when and how to make an interview and about ethical issues emphasizing on the importance of safety of participants and data quality. The data collection was conducted through personal interviews with the participants by home visit using pre-tested questionnaire. After explaining the aim of the study written consent was obtained from each participant, the data collectors were started interviewing the participants using questionnaires in private settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData quality control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter preparing the questionnaire, the questionnaire was translated into Amharic in local context and then back translated into English by another person to ensure that the originality and meaning was retained. Pre-test of the questionnaire was done in one kebeles which is not among the selected kebeles for the study to identify any ambiguity, consistency and acceptability of questionnaire. Then necessary corrections were made before the actual data collection and amended tool was used for final data collection. A pretest was conducted on 5% of the total sample size (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) in Shone Kebele before an actual data collection period to identify any ambiguity, consistency and acceptability of questionnaire. Based on the results of the pretest, adjustments were made as needed, and the amended tool was used for actual data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupervisors was closely follow the data collectors and Data collectors was instructed to check the completeness of the questionnaire immediately after its completion for each participant. The principal investigator was checked all questionnaires to ensure completeness and consistency during data management, cleaning, and analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data were cleaned, coded, and entered into EpiData version 4.6 software. Then, the data were exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was done to describe the characteristics of the study participants, and the result was described in the form of text, tables, and figures. By using a binary logistic regression model, bivariable analysis was done to identify the association between each independent variables and the outcome variable. Independent variables with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to exclude potential confounders and identify actual associations. Multi-collinearity was checked to see the linear correlation among the independent variables by using the variance inflation factor and None of the variables yield inflation factor\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5. The model fitness was checked by Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test, it was found to be insignificant (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67) and Omnibus test was significant (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) which indicate that the model was fitted. Then, in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported, and variables with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were declared to be significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio Demographic Characteristic of the participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 300 pregnant women were participated in the study with a response rate of 100% because there is no any refusal from the selected study participants. The mean age of the participants was 24.9 years with standard deviation (SD) of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1 years. More than half (53.3%) of respondents were in the age category of 18 to 24 years, and nearly two-third (65%) of the participants were followers of protestants religion, and 62% of participants were from Kembata ethnic group. Nearly half (49.7%) of the participants were housewives, and 38.3% of participants have finished secondary school and above (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Mothers in Durame Town, Kembata Zones in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers age in years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 to 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 to 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 to 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKembata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHadiya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eKey: Others* = Wolaita, Amhara, Tigray and Oromia.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePartners\u0026rsquo; Socio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the mean age of the husbands was 33 years with standard deviation (SD) of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6 years, while 42.7% of the husbands were in the age category of 31 to 35 years. More than two-third (68.5%) of the husbands were protestant religion followers, and majorities (71.3%) were from Kembata ethnic group. Nearly half (46.7%) of the husbands have a private business, 48.7% have a habit of alcohol consumption, 26.3% have a habit of chat chewing, and 9.3% have the habit smoking tobacco (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of Husbands in Durame Town, Kembata Zones in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusbands age in years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 to 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 to 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 to 40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKembata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHadiya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGov\u0026rsquo;t employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabit of chat chewing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabit of smoking tobacco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eKey: Others* = Wolaita, Amhara, Tigray and Oromia.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHousehold information of participants.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the study participants, more than two-thirds (72%) were used the earned money jointly with their husbands, while 71.0% decided about their own healthcare jointly with their husbands. Three-fourth (75.0%) of the study participants were decided about their number of children jointly with their husbands. More than two-thirds (69.0%) of respondents were decided about their family visits jointly with their husbands (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold Related Information of Pregnant Mothers in Durame Town, Kembata Zones in Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow to use the money earned by her or her partner.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision on her own health care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision on household purchases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecisions on how many children to have.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecisions to visits the family, friends or Relatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecisions on whether the women should work outside the home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTries to keep you from seeing your friends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsists on knowing where you are at all times?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGets angry if you speak with another man?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePrevalence of Domestic Violence among Pregnant Women.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of 300 eligible pregnant women participated in this study, nearly half, 147 (49.0%) of them were experienced domestic violence during pregnancy with 95% CI: (43.3 to 54.7), From the overall 147 (49%) of women that experience domestic violence, 43.3% of them were experienced psychological violence with 95 CI: (37.7 to 49.0), 26.3% were experience physical violence with 95% CI (21.3 to 31.7) and 12.7% of them were experienced sexual violence during pregnancy with 95% CI: (9.0 to 16.0) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFactors associated with domestic violence among pregnant women.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the bivariable logistic regression analysis, mother\u0026rsquo;s occupations, mother\u0026rsquo;s educational status, decision on the number of children, husband\u0026rsquo;s educational status, husband\u0026rsquo;s occupations, husband\u0026rsquo;s alcohol drinking, husbands chat chawing, and husbands smoking tobacco were factors significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant women at 95% confidence level with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25, and included in multivariable logistic regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, on the multivariable logistic regression analysis, mother\u0026rsquo;s occupations, mother\u0026rsquo;s educational status, husband\u0026rsquo;s educational status, and husband\u0026rsquo;s alcohol consumption were factors significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant women at 95% confidence level with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers who have no formal education were about 3.2 times more likely to be violated than mothers whose education levels were college and above [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.26; 95% CI: (1.33, 7.98)]. Similarly, the odds of domestic violence were 2.9 times higher among those pregnant women having a husband who consumes alcohol than those whose husband did not consume alcohol drinks [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.96; 95% CI: (1.68, 5.24)].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds of domestic violence during pregnancy were 2.2 times higher among housewives when compared with mothers who were government employee [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.25; 95% CI: (1.19, 4.22)]. The odds domestic violence among pregnant women were 3.6 times higher among pregnant women whose husbands have no formal education when compared with those whose husbands have educational status college and above [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.64; 95% CI: (1.35, 9.84)] (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Associated with Domestic Violence Among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Kembata Zone, Central Ethiopia Region, 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDomestic Violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;147)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;153)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers occupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74(1.59,4.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.25(1.19, 4.22)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07(0.55, 2.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52(0.67, 3.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGov\u0026rsquo;t employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal edu\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43(2.07, 9.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.26(1.33, 7.98)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38(0.69, 1.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90(0.83, 4.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68(0.31, 1.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17(0.47, 2.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision on the number of children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76(0.76, 4.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30(0.51, 3.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01(0.38, 2.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70(0.23, 2.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJointly with husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband Occupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76(0.88, 3.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75(0.30, 1.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02(0.62, 1.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65(0.32, 1.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGov\u0026rsquo;t employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusbands Educational Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal edu\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88(2.23, 10.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.64(1.35, 9.84)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15(1.62, 6.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15(0.85, 2.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78(0.43, 1.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68(0.32, 1.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband drinking alcohol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44(2.14, 5.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.96(1.68, 5.24)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband Chat chawing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77(1.05, 1.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85(0.40, 1.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband smoking tobacco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37(1.03, 5.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93(0.30, 2.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey\u003c/b\u003e: * = \u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (significance), \u003cb\u003eRef\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;reference category, \u003cb\u003eCOR\u003c/b\u003e: Crude Odd Ratio, \u003cb\u003eAOR\u003c/b\u003e: Adjusted Odd Ratio, \u003cb\u003eCI\u003c/b\u003e: Confidence Interval.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed at determining the prevalence of domestic violence and its predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia Region. The finding revealed that, the prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women in this study setting was 49.0% with 95% CI: (43.3, 54.7). This finding was consistent with studies conducted among native Americans (52.5%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), in Lima, Peru (45.1%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), in Portuguese health institutions (43.4%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e) and in Pakistan (51%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). However, this finding was higher than the result of studies conducted in Kisumu district hospital, Kenya (37%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), Rwanda (35.1%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e), Sao Paulo, Brazil (34.6%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (31%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), Mulago Hospital, Uganda (27.7%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), and Hull Maternity Hospital, UK (17%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). This discrepancy might be due to differences in socio-demographic characteristics (especially educational level of husband and wife) between study populations, differences in the study setting, sample size, and sampling techniques to recruit study participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile this finding was lower than the result of studies conducted in Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia (58.7%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e), in Awi zone, North Western Ethiopia (78.0%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e), in Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia (64.6%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e), in southern Appalachia (81%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e), in Tehran o (59%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), and in Bahrain (59%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). The possible explanation for this variation might be due to socio cultural and societal perspectives about the wife beating and contexts of the population under study that differ between the nations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds of domestic violence were higher among mothers who have no formal education when compared with mothers whose education levels were college and above, this finding was consistent with previous studies done in Yirgalem town, South Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), in Nicaraguan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e), and in Northwest Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). This might be due to the fact that uneducated pregnant women may not have the ability to have a discussion with their partners to resolve any disagreement. Evidence revealed that low levels of education and lack of decision-making power increase women\u0026rsquo;s likelihood of experiencing domestic violence during pregnancy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women whose husbands drink alcohol had higher odds of domestic violence than pregnant women whose husbands do not drink. These findings were consistent with research conducted in the Awi zone (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e), University of Gondar Referral Hospital (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e), Kisumu district hospital (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), and Sao Paulo, Brazil (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). This might be because alcohol consumption directly affects the cognitive (ability to perceive, integrate and process information) and physical functions of consumers. This distortion of thinking can cause users to behave aggressively in relationships, increase feelings of power and control, leading to power and control over partners.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDomestic violence during pregnancy were higher among housewives when compared with mothers who were government employee. This finding was supported by the result of previous study done in University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e), A possible explanation could be that most housewives stay at home and do household chores, so they are more dependent on their husbands. While the husband is the source of the family and the economy, housewives are more vulnerable, less independent, and more financially dependent on their husbands, which leads to disagreements and various forms of violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women whose husbands have no formal education have higher odds of domestic violence during pregnancy than pregnant women whose husbands have completed college or above. This finding was in line with previous studies conducted in Pakistan, as evidenced by the Pakistan Demography and Health Survey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e), poorly educated husbands might not learn about gender equality, sharing home duties, and making equal decisions with their wives, which could lead to arguments within the family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrength and limitation of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at community level which give us as more representative finding than facility based studies. In the other hand, the completeness of the data may have been limited by the fact that the data collection technique was not qualitative, which was one of its limitations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe finding of this study revealed that the prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant woman at Durame Town was high. Being housewife, mother\u0026rsquo;s no formal education, husband\u0026rsquo;s no formal education, and husband\u0026rsquo;s alcohol consumption were factors significantly associated with domestic violence among pregnant woman.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the finding of this study, the following recommendations were forwarded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Zonal Health Office.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining for health professionals on screening, and management of victim of abuse.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth facilities should have to integrate the work of identifying and responding to Domestic Violence with another routine health service.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Durame Town Health Extension Workers and Stakeholders.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth extension workers should provide health education to the community about the health effects of using substances such as alcohol consumption because it increases the possibility of domestic violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe stakeholders should also work closely with other social sectors like district education office and district justice office to challenge the intergenerational transmission of violence and social norms that advance spousal right to control women\u0026rsquo;s behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth extension workers should provide information about the negative effect of domestic violence on the mothers and on their fetus.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Future Researchers.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdditional studies are necessary to confirm the current findings, and they ought to take caregiver-related characteristics into account when evaluating the perceived obstacles to domestic violence screening among pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Acronyms /Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCSA: Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, DC: Data Collector, DV: Domestic Violence, EDHS: Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey, FDRE: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, KZ: Kembata Zone, STDs: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, WHO: World Health Organization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing a review to ensure study participants would not suffer any damage, an ethical approval letter was acquired from the Wachemo University, Durame campus, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences. A cooperation letter was written to study area. Each participant was made aware of the purpose and possible advantages of the study prior to their participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter explaining the study, voluntary written and signed informed consent was obtained from each study participant who agrees to participate in the study before starting the data collection. The research subjects were apprised of their entitlement to decline involvement, pose inquiries, or withdraw from the study at any point in time without experiencing undue inconvenience. In case they had any additional queries or concerns, they were also given the address of the institutional research ethics committee and the lead investigator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge Wachemo University for ethical clearance. And also, we are thankful to data collectors and study participants for their willingness to participate in the study and we would also like to thank the Durame Town Health officers for giving us information and the support during data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors, contributions.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFY, AG, DE and AAL were involved in the conception, design, analysis, interpretation, report and manuscript writing. FY, AG, DE and AAL were involved in the analysis, interpretation, report and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no financial support for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no conflict of interest in this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization WH. 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Prevalence of adult domestic violence among women seeking routine care in a Native American health care facility. American Journal of Public Health. 1998;88(10):1515-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerales MT, Cripe SM, Lam N, Sanchez SE, Sanchez E, Williams MA. Prevalence, types, and pattern of intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Lima, Peru. Violence against women. 2009;15(2):224-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoutinho E, Almeida F, Duarte J, Chaves C, Nelas P, Amaral O. Factors related to domestic violence in pregnant women. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;171:1280-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarmaliani R, Irfan F, Bann CM, Mcclure EM, Moss N, Pasha O, et al. Domestic violence prior to and during pregnancy among Pakistani women. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(11):1194-201.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMakayoto LA, Omolo J, Kamweya AM, Harder VS, Mutai J. Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital, Kenya. Maternal and child health journal. 2013;17:441-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNtaganira J, Muula AS, Masaisa F, Dusabeyezu F, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Rwanda. BMC women\u0026apos;s health. 2008;8(1):1-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkada MM, Hoga LAK, Borges ALV, Albuquerque RSd, Belli MA. Domestic violence against pregnant women. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2015;28:270-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoque ME, Hoque M, Kader SB. Prevalence and experience of domestic violence among rural pregnant women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection. 2009;24(4):34-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnson J, Haider F, Ellis K, Hay D, Lindow S. The prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant women. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2003;110(3):272-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFekadu E, Yigzaw G, Gelaye KA, Ayele TA, Minwuye T, Geneta T, et al. Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC women\u0026apos;s health. 2018;18:1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSemahegn A, Belachew T, Abdulahi M. Domestic violence and its predictors among married women in reproductive age in Fagitalekoma Woreda, Awi zone, Amhara regional state, North Western Ethiopia. Reproductive health. 2013;10(1):1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYohannes K, Abebe L, Kisi T, Demeke W, Yimer S, Feyiso M, et al. The prevalence and predictors of domestic violence among pregnant women in Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):37.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBailey BA, Daugherty RA. 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BMC women\u0026apos;s health. 2014;14(1):1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBifftu BB, Dachew BA, Tadesse Tiruneh B, Zewoldie AZ. Domestic Violence among Pregnant Mothers in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Advances in Public Health. 2017;2017:6506231.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbeya SG, Afework MF, Yalew AW. Intimate partner violence against women in western Ethiopia: prevalence, patterns, and associated factors. BMC public health. 2011;11(1):1-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFekadu E, Yigzaw G, Gelaye KA, Ayele TA, Minwuye T, Geneta T, et al. Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Women\u0026apos;s Health. 2018;18(1):138.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrishty MA. The association between husband/partner\u0026rsquo;slevel of education and lifetime physicaldomestic violence against women agedbetween 15-49 years in Pakistan: Evidencefrom Pakistan Demography and HealthSurvey 2017-18. 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Domestic violence, Pregnant, Women, Predictors, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4093154/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4093154/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDomestic violence is one of the major public health problems throughout the world. Poor and middle-income countries experience more severe domestic violence against pregnant women. It has a negative effect on both mothers and their offspring. However, there was limited evidence on the domestic violence among pregnant women in central Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of domestic violence and its predictors among pregnant women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 pregnant women in Durame Town. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the participants. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire, entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 26 for analysis. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed and statistical significance is declared at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women was 49.0% with 95% CI: (43.3 to 54.7), Mothers who have no formal education [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.26; 95% CI: (1.33, 7.98)], Husbands alcohol consumption [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.96; 95% CI: (1.68, 5.24)], Housewives [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.25; 95% CI: (1.19, 4.22)], and Husbands no formal education [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.64; 95% CI: (1.35, 9.84)] were significant factors associated with domestic violence among pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study the prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women was high. Mothers who have no formal education, housewives, husband\u0026rsquo;s alcohol consumption and husbands no formal education were factors associated with domestic violence.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Domestic Violence and Its Predictors Among Pregnant Women in Durame Town, Central Ethiopia, 2023. A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-27 17:22:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4093154/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f95f647-b235-457d-9ddc-322ebe7cc534","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-29T11:07:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-27 17:22:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4093154","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4093154","identity":"rs-4093154","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}