Effects of a Rectangular Water-filled Canal on Bore Induced Horizontal Force Exerted on a Nearshore Structure

Effects of a Rectangular Water-filled Canal on Bore Induced Horizontal Force Exerted on a Nearshore Structure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of a Rectangular Water-filled Canal on Bore Induced Horizontal Force Exerted on a Nearshore Structure Reza Arefi, Ioan Nistor, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Nuri Elsheikh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6812888/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Natural Hazards → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Following several extreme tsunami events such as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami, which devastated coastal infrastructure in countries around the Indian and the Pacific shores, there has been an increased research effort into investigating tsunami-induced forces exerted on structures located near the coastline. Many researchers have investigated the mechanisms and characteristics of tsunami forces exerted on structures, and proposed mitigation countermeasures to reduce the impacts of tsunamis and subsequently minimize destruction. Forensic engineering post-tsunami field investigations have revealed that water-filled canals can reduce the inflow tsunami bore energy and act as an effective mitigation solution. However, studies on the effects of canals as mitigation countermeasures have been few and limited in scope, necessitating thus further research. This study presents a comprehensive experimental program conducted to investigate the effects of rectangular water-filled canal on mitigating tsunami horizontal force exerted on a square structural column. A rapid-release vertical gate was used to generate a tsunami-like hydraulic bore which propagated over a horizontal, dry, and smooth bed, further crossing over a rectangular water-filled canal, and subsequently impacting a vertical column. The time history of the bore depth at various locations along the flume, as well as the time history of horizontal force exerted onto the column were recorded. Moreover, bore propagation and interaction with the canal and column were analyzed using video-cameras positioned at different locations along the flume. Several parameters were found to affect the degree of force reduction, some of which were the water impoundment depth behind the gate which sets the characteristics of the bore, the canal width, and its depth. The obtained results indicate that the presence of a water-filled canal can significantly reduce the bore front velocity, and consequently, the maximum impact horizontal force exerted onto the column by more than 25%. These findings suggests that water-filled canals, as a potential solution, could effectively mitigate tsunami bores impact energy, reducing structural damage and potentially saving lives. Tsunami-like bore dam-break method tsunami mitigation measures rectangular water-filled canal force-on-column experimental tests Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Natural Hazards → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 19 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6812888","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":466773788,"identity":"f96b5af7-a7e1-4c22-b4b4-d39ec2584bc1","order_by":0,"name":"Reza Arefi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIie3NsWrCUBTG8XO5cLKc0vWKYl7hSoYqKL7KCQFfwFWwENAltKu+hVNWrwi6CK6ZpKHg5BAXySDS6tblqluH+9++4ccH4HL957xYmicJLZEBWD9DDOnHyNt4nBcw2NXJo5M6lmdfr40oSgupbUykYNUPSL6klQnrxmzDspJYiFJsFCCH819SJdYiNYxANuLncQkXHiaS9lfSTbdfKM7WF4lKjJhJEl5JmGaM0vpCPWyGH9xIJAatSS+I5lkeV2s24q2/s+LEPr0u86xo1zvTz2hxPFjILf47xfs94HK5XK47/QCnnEUVWDSLgwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6736-6428","institution":"uOttawa: University of Ottawa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reza","middleName":"","lastName":"Arefi","suffix":""},{"id":466773789,"identity":"f3da23f4-8c72-4231-9775-1d818258003c","order_by":1,"name":"Ioan Nistor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"uOttawa: University of Ottawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ioan","middleName":"","lastName":"Nistor","suffix":""},{"id":466773790,"identity":"f81f42f1-fcb4-43f4-99a3-1a9e5972fa47","order_by":2,"name":"Abdolmajid Mohammadian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"uOttawa: University of Ottawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdolmajid","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammadian","suffix":""},{"id":466773791,"identity":"b7627624-dfa5-4ef0-b4a4-574cda57ed64","order_by":3,"name":"Nuri Elsheikh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"uOttawa: University of Ottawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nuri","middleName":"","lastName":"Elsheikh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-03 15:27:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6812888/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6812888/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07709-y","type":"published","date":"2025-10-17T15:57:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93956132,"identity":"97c47570-d7d8-45f6-900d-ecea84761fd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 16:11:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2839620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Final20250604.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6812888/v1_covered_8329e30d-b5bf-4843-b5ec-36f4ec5cbc45.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of a Rectangular Water-filled Canal on Bore Induced Horizontal Force Exerted on a Nearshore Structure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"natural-hazards","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nhaz","sideBox":"Learn more about [Natural Hazards](https://www.springer.com/journal/11069)","snPcode":"11069","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11069/3","title":"Natural Hazards","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Tsunami-like bore, dam-break method, tsunami mitigation measures, rectangular water-filled canal, force-on-column, experimental tests","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6812888/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6812888/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing several extreme tsunami events such as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami, which devastated coastal infrastructure in countries around the Indian and the Pacific shores, there has been an increased research effort into investigating tsunami-induced forces exerted on structures located near the coastline. 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