Do Human Life History Traits Predict Mate Choice Copying in Women?

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Alireza Nikakhtar, Abbas Zabihzadeh, Arash monajem, Mostafa Saadati This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7043996/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Evolutionary Psychological Science → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mate choice copying is a form of social learning in which an individual’s mate selection is influenced by the choices of same-sex peers, thereby altering the perceived attractiveness of a potential mate. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent among women in long-term mating contexts, where informational constraints may limit their ability to assess a mate’s value independently. Research suggests that women with a stronger preference for long-term relationships exhibit a greater tendency to engage in mate choice copying. This study explores whether women with slower life history traits, represented by a higher level of parenting, a lower level of mating, and slower developmental milestones exhibit higher mate choice copying tendencies. 214 Iranian women, aged 18–45, completed an online survey comprising demographic questions, life history strategies, mating and parenting efforts, and early life stress indicators. Participants evaluated the attractiveness of potential mates from images accompanied by positive, negative, or neutral descriptions in both long-term and short-term contexts. Positive and negative descriptions increased and decreased attractiveness ratings compared with the neutral ones, respectively. Larger changes were observed in long-term versus short-term contexts. Parenting and mating efforts were significant predictors of mate choice copying in negative but not positive scenarios. Life history strategies mediated the relationship between early life conditions (parental investment and punishment) and mate choice copying in short-term negative contexts. Age at menarche was not associated with mate choice copying in any situation. This study partly supports the idea that human life history traits influence mate choice copying, with slow life history strategy women being more likely to rely on social information in partner choices. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Life history theory Mate choice copying Mating Parenting Life history strategies Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Life history theory is a mid-level theory in evolutionary biology that explains how individual organisms allocate time and energy across life domains - growth, maintenance and reproduction, often leading organisms to distinct life strategies (see Charnov, 1993 ; Stearns, 1998 ). There is a tradeoff between somatic efforts (growth and maintenance) and reproductive efforts (mating and parenting). The strategic response to this tradeoff can be classified into fast versus slow categories. Organisms that prioritize somatic efforts allocate resources to survival and typically adopt slower strategies. They have a later onset of menstruation, engage in reproductive activities at an older age, show a lower desire for a variety of sexual partners, give birth at an older age, have fewer offspring and are more inclined to contribute to the well-being of their children. The reversed trend pertains to organisms with faster life strategies that are biased towards mating efforts in which resources are contributed to attracting sexual partners at a higher proportion. This theory can illuminate the distinction between K-selected species with higher contribution to somatic efforts and r-selected species, with higher investment in reproductive efforts (Pianka, 1970). K-selected species are predisposed to allocate resources to survival over reproduction and parental and nepotistic efforts over mating efforts. There are variations in such strategies across species and taxa. Rabbits as a classic example of an r-selected species, characterize a rapid developmental process, giving birth to many offspring, a relatively short lifespan and low parental investment. In contrast, Asian elephants exhibit slower growth and invest in the young for roughly 14 years, although the offspring are weaned at around 18 months of age, give birth to one or two children at a time and have high interbirth intervals (Figueredo et al., 2006 ). Humans are assumed to be extremely K-selected. However, variations within species have been reported in several studies (e.g., Kaplan et al., 2000 ; Nettle, 2011 ), and life history theory, when applied to humans, is often regarded as Differential K theory (Rushton, 1985 ). Such variations may be attributed to early life stresses, including abuse and neglect, the absence of fathers during the first five to seven years of life, household dysfunction, socioeconomic status, malnutrition, unstable or unpredictable environments, and a lack of close interpersonal relationships leading to the adoption of faster life strategies (Belsky et al., 1991 ; Chisholm, 1996 ). Individuals with faster life history strategies, often shaped by early life stressors, tend to prioritize short-term mating goals, characterized by higher socio-sexuality and lower parental investment. Human mate choice has been shown to be influenced by life history traits. For instance, women with an earlier onset of menstruation and higher levels of mating effort show a greater preference for facial masculinity in men (Niu and Zheng, 2020 ). Women with higher socio-sexuality scores exhibit a stronger preference for more masculine faces (Waynforth et al., 2005 ). Slow life history strategist women prioritize mates with high resources and parenting abilities and willingness (e.g., Buss & Schmitt, 2017 ). Men employing fast life history strategies prioritize fertility cues and physical attractiveness over fidelity and material resources (Lu et al., 2017 ). Traits sought in potential mates by women can be categorized into “good genes” - characteristics correlated with attractiveness and masculinity - and “provisioning” traits, such as resources and social status (Buss & Schmitt, 2017 ). Women adopting faster life strategies prioritize former attributes, while those with slower life strategies tend to typically value the latter. Given that in sexually reproducing species with long-term pair-bond and biparental care, unlike females whose reproductive value is readily observed (Schulman & Hoskins, 1986 ), males’ ability and willingness to devote resources or invest cannot be instantly discerned, females can rely on same-sex others’ mate choice as a low-cost source of information (Waynforth, 2007 ). Moreover, the higher parental investment which pertains to females in mammal species renders them more discerning in mate selection (Trivers, 2017 ; Kirkpatrick, 1982 ). Consequently, social information is more effective in improving the desirability of a man than a woman (e.g., Hartnett & Elder, 1973 ). Mate choice copying, or non-independent mate choice, is a type of social learning in which the probability of a potential mate being chosen as a partner is increased when paired with an attractive mate. Among humans, women have been shown to rate men who are presented with other women as more attractive, and the attractiveness of the female consort enhances the potential partner’s desirability (Waynforth, 2007 ). It is well-established that such bias in preference occurs more in long-term contexts, where women seek men with enduring qualities rather than short-term physical appeal (Little et al., 2008 ). Most previous studies have emphasized the variations of the model or the potential mate. For example, women with more attractiveness, inferred by facial symmetry or femininity, are copied at a higher rate (Little et al., 2008 ). The duration and intervals of men’s relationships enhance the desirability ratings of women (Amano & Wakao, 2021). There is a paucity of research concerning how the observer’s characteristics affect susceptibility to mate choice copying in women. Moreover, individual differences in mate choice copying have yet to be investigated from a life history framework, which is sought to be examined in the current research. Humans confront a trade-off in mating and parenting efforts. Women who prioritize short-term mating strategies rely on attributes readily available, such as masculinity, symmetry or facial attractiveness. On the other hand, women with slow life strategies tend to engage in parenting at a higher rate, leading them to prioritize mate qualities suitable for a long-term pair-bond. However, one of the problems encountered by women in long-term contexts is the informational constraints on the prospective partner’s paternal potential (Such as ability and willingness to provide). Social learning by mate choice copying can provide valuable information about a prospective partner in long-term rather than short-term contexts (Little et al., 2008 ). A potential mate’s unobservable qualities, such as wealth, intelligence and generosity that cannot be readily discerned, are inferred when a man is presented with an attractive partner (Rodeheffer et al., 2016 ). Therefore, women with higher proclivities towards long-term matings should use mate choice copying at a higher rate. For example, Women with lower ratings on sociosexual inventories rely more on information from same-sex others’ choices (Waynforth, 2007 ). Given that women with a slower life history prioritize long-term partnership and non-observable mate qualities, they likely exhibit higher levels of mate copying as a cost-effective strategy to gather information about a potential mate. In this study, the following hypotheses are tested: 1- a former partner’s positive description would increase a potential mate’s attractiveness, while a former partner’s negative description would reduce a potential mate’s attractiveness. 2- Mate choice copying would be more pronounced in the long-term than in the short-term conditions. 3- Because negative social information may serve as a stronger cue for avoiding costly mating mistakes, mate choice copying would be more pronounced in the negative than positive conditions. 4- Mating efforts would be negatively correlated with mate choice copying, as women with higher mating efforts may prioritize direct mate evaluation over social learning, as their reproductive goals are less dependent on paternal qualities. 5- Higher parental efforts predict higher non-independent mate choice. Women with slow-life strategies prioritize long-term mates with unobservable traits like reliability and resources, making social learning cost-effective. 6- Women adopting later reproductive strategy milestones (here represented by age at menarche) are predicted to mate copy at a higher rate than early-oriented ones. 7- Because early life stress predicts life history strategies, life history strategies are predicted to mediate the relationship between early life stress and mate choice copying. 2. Methods 2.1. Participants 214 women (aged 18–45, M = 26.81, SD = 8.188) were recruited in the study using convenience sampling. The majority of participants (86.9%) identified as heterosexual. The marital status of the participants was as follows: 60 (28%) married, 125 (58.4%) singles, 1 (0.5%) divorced, 27 (12.6%) in a relationship, and 1 (0.5%) other. While 1 (.5%) individual reported not finishing high school, 32 (15%) participants had a high school degree. 115 (53.8%) women had associate or bachelor’s degrees, whereas 66 (30.9%) participants had graduate or higher-level education. 2.2. Procedures This retrospective study was conducted using an online questionnaire administered in Porsline, an Iranian survey platform (Survey.porsline.ir). The link was distributed via social networking services such as Telegram and Divar, an Iranian Persian classified ads and e-commerce mobile app. Data collection took place in December 2024 and January 2025. All participants were Iranian, and they answered the questionnaire in Persian. The participants were briefed that the survey contained questions regarding life history and mate choice and lasted approximately 10–15 minutes. The informed consent was obtained, and the privacy rights of the participants were observed. In the first part of the experiment, participants responded to several demographic questions, including age, gender, educational level, civil status, sexual orientation, number of children, and number of siblings. Consequently, they were moved to a researcher-developed structured questionnaire consisting of 30 items, representing age at menarche, life history strategies, mating, parenting, and early life stress represented by parental investment and parenting style. Having answered the questionnaire, participants were directed to the vignette evaluation section, where images of men were presented alongside valence information. Participants first viewed 10 images of men, each accompanied by neutral descriptions, and rated each man’s attractiveness as a long-term partner. This was followed by a 2-minute distraction task, in which they read a short passage about parental behavior in seabirds (guillemots and razorbills). The distraction task was designed to minimize memory carryover and reduce potential priming effects from the first rating task. After this, the same 10 images were presented again, now paired with either positive or negative information (randomly assigned to images). Participants then re-rated each man’s attractiveness. Consequently, the participants rated the attractiveness of 4 new men as short-term partners. 2 men were presented in neutral and positive and 2 men in neutral and negative conditions. Having done the experiments, participants were informed that information regarding each image was fabricated and not real. 2.3. Materials 2.3.1. Early life stress: To assess this measure, parental investment and punishment (parenting style) were employed. The parental investment was derived from a five-item scale developed by Mikach and Bailey ( 1999 ) to assess the perception of parental care received during childhood. A sample item includes “My mother was always there when I needed her.” The Cronbach alpha for the current study was calculated at .79. A scale measuring "parenting style" with three items was used to assess the harshness of parental education, including items such as “Some of the punishments I received when I was a child now seem too harsh to me.” (Mell et al., 2018 ). The Cronbach alpha of .76 was obtained in the present study. 2.3.2. The milestones of reproductive activities were investigated through 1 primary question asking the age at menarche. 2.3.3. The life history mini-K is a short-form scale consisting of 20 items that has been designed to gauge cognitive and behavioral life history strategies (Figueredo et al., 2006 ). Examples of items include "I often make plans in advance" and "I have a close relationship with my own children". The rating has a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree). A composite score was computed by averaging the 20 items. A higher score on this scale indicated slow life history strategies. Cronbach alpha of .77 was obtained in the current study. 2.3.4. The mating effort and parenting effort scale developed by Kruger ( 2017 ) employs 8 items representing these two life history strategy dimensions. It encompasses 4 items for mating (e.g., wearing flashy expensive clothes) and 4 for parenting (e.g., good at taking care of children). The responses were rated by a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree). This measure has been assessed and validated in several studies (e.g., Jonason et al., 2023 ; Valentova et al., 2020 ). 2.3.5. Stimuli: Vignette evaluations were provided to the participants to manipulate mate choice copying. Original photos were extracted from the Iranian Face Database (IFDB) (Bastanfard et al., 2007 ; Dehshibi & Bastanfard, 2010 ; Dehshibi & Shanbehzadeh, 2019 ). The database consists of facial images of 616 individuals in 480*640 pixels resolution and 24-bit depth. No flash or projector was used and the sole illumination was daylight. The photos were taken with a neutral expression and frontal pose. Concerning the vignette evaluations, 10 images of relatively young men (mean age = 27.300, SD = 3.335) were presented with descriptions beneath the image. An example of a neutral scenario is presented in Fig. 1 alongside a given man image. The positive description example was as follows: "This man is Hamid. He has recently ended a five-year relationship. His attractive ex-girlfriend has described him as committed and a very suitable case for a long-term relationship. But they mutually decided to see other people." An example of a negative condition was: “This man is Arash. He has just ended his 3-year relationship. His ex-girlfriend broke up with him and their breakup was unreciprocated. She does not consider him a committed person and does not recommend him to others.” Each image was shown twice, once with a neutral description (T1), and once with a positive or negative description and each was randomly assigned to half of the images (T2). On each presentation, participants were asked to rate how desirable the target man would be for a long-term relationship (e.g., marriage) on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = not at all, to 7 = extremely. The distraction task involved participants reading a two-minute passage on discriminative parental solicitudes among animals such as guillemots and razorbills before viewing images with positive/negative descriptions. The same procedure was employed to assess male attractiveness for short-term relationships using 4 new images attributed to 4 different men (Mean age = 28.5, SD = 3.57). A sample neutral description was as follows: “This man is Mahbod. He is 26 years old. How is he attractive as a short-term (e.g., less than a month) partner?” 2.4. Statistical analysis To measure mate choice copying, initial ratings (T1) were subtracted from the ratings after exposure to positive or negative descriptions (T2). A repeated measures ANOVA was employed to assess whether positive/negative/neutral valence differentially affects women’s mate choice. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using paired-sample t-tests (one-tailed) with a Bonferroni correction. The adjusted alpha level was .0167 for the three comparisons. To assess whether the mate choice copying effect differs between negative and positive descriptions and between long-term and short-term conditions, two paired t-test (one-tailed) were applied. Since the intercorrelations between dependent variables were low (r < .5), separate linear regression analyses were conducted instead of a multivariate approach. Each regression examined the impact of life history strategies, mating, parenting, and developmental milestones on women’s mate choice coping (differences in ratings) across long-term/short-term and positive/negative conditions. Pearson correlations (one-tailed) were conducted to measure the association of predictors and dependent variables. Additionally, a series of one-tailed SOBEL tests were conducted to test if life history traits are mediated by early life conditions (investment and parenting style) and mate choice copying. Although the dependent variables were not perfectly normally distributed, parametric tests were used due to the large sample size (n = 214), which makes these tests robust to violations of normality (Central Limit Theorem). The statistical analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics 26 with the significance level set at p < .05. 3. Results The descriptive statistics of the study variables are presented in Table 1 . Attractiveness ratings were variable across description conditions for long-term (F (2, 212) = 104.044, p < .001) and short-term (F (2, 212) = 48.267, p < .001) matings. Individuals rated potential mates as more desirable in the positive than the neutral scenario in the long-term relationships (t = -8.949, d = .612, p < .001). Negative information from an ex-partner decreased a man’s attractiveness in comparison to a neutral description (t = 11.678, d = .798, p < .001). Moreover, men were perceived as more attractive when positive information was given in short-term contexts (t = -8.390, d = .573, p < .001), while negative descriptions declined the desirability of potential mates for brief relationships (t = 6.468, d = .442, p < .001). Change in attractiveness was significantly higher for the long-term context (M = .605, SD = .613) compared to the short-term contexts (M = .432, SD = .643), t = 4.435, d = .303, p < .001. Mate choice copying was stronger in the negative (M = .533, SD = .686) than in the positive (M = .504, SD = .721) condition. However, the difference was not significant (t = − .505, d = .034, p = .307). Table 2 presents the results of Pearson correlations and linear regression analysis considering differences in neutral/negative ratings for both long-term and short-term contexts. Mating was significantly associated with differences in attractiveness ratings in a long-term context. While life history strategies, mating, and parenting significantly predicted changes in attractiveness in the short-term context, age at menarche was correlated with mate choice copying in neither long-term nor short-term conditions. Additional linear regression analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses regarding mate choice copying for positive descriptions. Given the lack of significant effects in the positive conditions and the emphasis in prior literature on positive versus neutral comparisons, our primary analyses focused on neutral versus negative conditions. a LN = long-term negative b SN = short-term negative * statistically significant at p < 0.05 ** statistically significant at p < 0.01 The results of the SOBEL tests indicated that the indirect effect was statistically significant for only two conditions. The results of parental investment on change in attractiveness ratings for short-term negative conditions through life history strategies were statistically significant, z = 1.903, p < 0.05. The path coefficients were a = 0.291 (SE = 0.028) for investment → life history strategies and b = 0.151 (SE = 0.078) for life history strategies → change in attractiveness ratings for the short-term negative condition. The indirect effect of parenting style (punishment) on change in attractiveness ratings for short-term negative conditions through life history strategies was statistically significant, z = − 1.868. The path coefficients were a = − 0.172 (SE = 0.024) for punishment → life history strategies and b = 0.151 (SE = 0.078) for life history strategies → change in attractiveness ratings for the short-term negative condition. Other SOBEL tests illustrated that life history traits do not mediate the relationship between early life conditions and mate choice copying. 4. Discussion The present research aimed to investigate whether life history traits influence mate choice copying in women. Individuals heightened their desirability ratings when exposed to positive relationship evaluations provided by former partners. Whether it involves an attractive female consort (e.g., Waynforth, 2007 ), an assessment by a former partner (Zhang & Anderson, 2022 ), or a documented history of men’s past relationships (e.g., Amano & Wakao, 2021), women altered the desirability rating of potential partners compared to neutral conditions. Our hypothesis 1 supported previous findings. However, few prior studies included negative social cues that cause the male target to be perceived as less desirable (e.g., Chu, 2012 ; Jones et al., 2007 ; Lewandowski et al., 2007 ). Our study corroborated this finding: Potential partners’ attractiveness diminished when the images were coupled with negative assessments. In line with our hypothesis 2, non-independent mate choice was stronger for long-term than short-term contexts. Qualities suitable for short-term matings such as symmetrical faces or masculinity are readily discerned. Nonetheless, attributes women seek for long-term relationships such as intelligence and social status, may not be observable. Women infer qualities such as generosity and kindness in the presence of possible social cues (Rodeheffer et al., 2016 ). Women copy other women’s mates more in the long-term than in short-term relationships (Little et al., 2008 ). The current study replicated this finding. Change in attractiveness ratings moderately differed for positive and negative evaluations. However, the difference was not significant. Hypothesis 3 was not supported. The reproductive efforts can be partitioned into parenting and mating. There are intra- and inter-sex differences in the allocation of energy in mating or parenting across species. In mammals with internal fertilization, gestation, and nurturing females provide more parental care and the mating effort is compromised compared with males. However, variability exists within the sexes, which is influenced by early life conditions and prospects of reproductive success and offspring viability. Intraspecific variability in decisions concerning the allocation of resources to different key life domains can be illuminated by the life history framework. Accordingly, individuals with slower life strategies are more inclined to higher parenting and lower levels of mating efforts. These individuals prefer traits suitable for long-term relationships. As a cost-effective strategy, social information in mate choice copying provides a valuable resource for long-term matings. Consequently, we hypothesized that long-term mating-oriented women would be more inclined to copy same-sex individuals’ mate choices. The results substantiate our hypotheses 4 and 5 for mate avoidance conditions: when unfavorable information was provided by a potential mate’s former partner, women with lower mating efforts lowered their ratings more than women with opposing attributes. Women with higher scores on parenting were more likely to be affected by non-independent mate choice in negative conditions, especially in short-term contexts. Life history strategies positively predicted changes in rating, although only for short-term relationships. Our results were in line with Waynforth’s ( 2007 ) work, in which women with lower scores on socio-sexuality copied the mate’s choice of other women at higher rates. On the contrary, the change in attractiveness from neutral to positive evaluations did not differ significantly based on women’s mating efforts or parenting efforts. This may indicate that mate choice copying is context-dependent, with individual differences being more pronounced in negative than positive evaluations. One possible explanation is that there is an asymmetry in the cost-benefit analysis of avoiding an unsuitable mate rather than choosing a socially endorsed partner. Slow life history strategists may be more risk-averse, as choosing a low-quality mate may have negative consequences on their reproductive payoffs, given their higher parental investment in a relatively smaller number of offspring. Negative information has a greater influence on information processing and decision-making than positive information: bad is stronger than good (Baumeister et al., 2001 ). Moderately higher changes in ratings in the negative than positive condition may also be explained accordingly. This pattern may also be interpreted through the lens of the Smoke Detector Principle (Haselton & Buss, 2000 ). Just as a smoke detector is designed to be hypersensitive, triggering in response to harmless smoke rather than risking failure during a real fire, individuals may be evolutionarily biased to prioritize avoiding costly errors. For women, especially those following a slower life history strategy characterized by high parental investment and lower reproductive rates, selecting a low-quality mate could have more severe long-term fitness consequences than overlooking a potentially high-quality one. Consequently, these women may be more attuned to negative social information, as it signals risks that are more costly to ignore. Contrary to our hypothesis 6, age at menarche was not associated with non-independent mate choice in any conditions. Prior research has illustrated that early menarche predicted preferences for masculine faces (Batres & Perrett, 2016) and masculinized male voices (Jones et al., 2010 ), suggesting the influence of a life history milestone on mate preferences. The fact that puberty timing was not associated with the present study parameters may propose that it may not extend to socially influenced mate selection strategies. Rather mate choice copying may be more affected by an amalgam of cognitive and social factors including cultural norms, peer influence, or personal experience. Additionally, our study was retrospective, which implies that participants might not have reported their puberty time with precision. Finally, parenting and mating efforts and age at menarche did not mediate the relationships between early life conditions and mate choice copying, rejecting our hypothesis 7. However, life history strategies influenced both investment and negative mate choice coping along with punishment and negative mate choice copying in short-term contexts. Null results may be explained by the fact that several relationships between the life history traits and mate choice copying were insignificant, particularly in positive conditions and absent relationships in one of the paths may be less likely to lead to a statistically significant result. Moreover, unmeasured factors such as personality traits, socio-sexuality, or attachment styles play a more important role in determining whether individuals rely on social cues in mate selection. Some limitations should be noted for the current study: our sample included individuals with relatively high parenting and life history strategies and low levels of mating efforts. This sample homogeneity may have biased our results by reducing variability in mate choice copying. Future research can investigate how different attachment styles, shaped by cultural norms that encourage chastity, cross-cultural long-term relational stability, and the role of parenting in Eastern cultures influence parenting efforts and mating efforts. Another methodological limitation of our study was that we presented images of relatively young men to the participants. However, certain individuals were older than the potential partners presented. Given that women in general are attracted to men slightly older than themselves (Buss, 1989 ), this may explain the overall low ratings of attractiveness in our study. Future research should minimize this limitation by using stimuli with an age range that better matches the sample. Another consideration is that our study used static images rather than dynamic, real-world social interactions. Since mate choice copying often involves observing verbal and non-verbal cues, using video stimuli or live interactions in future research would enhance ecological validity. 5. Conclusion This study sought to investigate the role of life history traits in women’s mate choice copying within both short-term and long-term contexts, with a focus on the underexplored role of negative social information. Women changed their ratings when a potential mate’s former partner provided positive or negative feedback. Such shifts were greater in long-term than short-term contexts and only moderately higher in response to negative than positive conditions. Importantly, these effects were moderated by life history traits, such that slower life history strategists were more avoidant of negatively described mates. While parenting and mating efforts and life history strategies predicted mate choice copying in mate avoidance conditions, no effect of such characteristics on non-independent mate choice was observed in positive conditions. Age at menarche was not associated with non-independent mate choice under any conditions. Our results only partly supported our main hypotheses, suggesting that slow life history strategists more strongly adjust their mate choice in response to negative but not positive social information. Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author Contributions The contribution of every author to the research and manuscript preparation is as follows: Alireza Nikakhtar: Conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, and writing; Abbas Zabihzadeh: Conceptualization, review, editing and ethics; Arash Monajem: data collection and methodology; Mostafa Saadati: data collection and data analysis All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Ethics approval The study was conducted according to the recommendations of the Helsinki Declaration. This research was ethically approved by the Department of Psychology at Shahid Beheshti University Consent to participate Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study Consent to publish The informed consent was obtained that the results of the study would be possibly published in an academic journal Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all the participants in the current study. We also send our gratitude to Dr Zohreh Rafezi, associate professor at Allameh Tabataba’i University for assisting in receiving the Iranian face database Data availability Data can be found in the supplementary materials References Amano, Y., & Wakao, Y. (2022). Women’s sensitivity to men’s past relationships: Reliable information use for mate-choice copying in humans. Evolutionary Psychological Science , 8 (2), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-021-00295-9 Bastanfard, A., Nik, M. A., & Dehshibi, M. M. (2007). 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K., Brewer, G., Cândea, C. A., De Backer, C. J., Fernández, A. M., Garcia, J. R., Koehn, M. A., Kruger, D. J., & Massar, K. (2023). Three factors of the Intrasexual Competition Scale? Personality and Individual Differences , 213 , 112312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112312 Jones, B. C., Boothroyd, L., Feinberg, D. R., & DeBruine, L. M. (2010). Age at menarche predicts individual differences in women’s preferences for masculinized male voices in adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences , 48 (7), 860-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.007 Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., & Feinberg, D. R. (2007). Social transmission of face preferences among humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 274 (1611), 899-903. 10.1098/rspb.2006.0205 Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., & Hurtado, A. M. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews: Issues, News, and Reviews , 9 (4), 156-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:43.0.CO;2-7 Kirkpatrick, M. (1982). Sexual selection and the evolution of female choice. Evolution , 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407961 Kruger, D. J. (2017). Brief self-report scales assessing life history dimensions of mating and parenting effort. Evolutionary Psychology , 15 (1), 1474704916673840. 10.1177/1474704916673840 Lewandowski Jr, G. W., Aron, A., & Gee, J. (2007). Personality goes a long way: The malleability of opposite‐sex physical attractiveness. Personal Relationships , 14 (4), 571-585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00172.x Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., & Caldwell, C. A. (2008). Social influence in human face preference: men and women are influenced more for long-term than short-term attractiveness decisions. Evolution and human behavior , 29 (2), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.11.007 Lu, H. J., Wong, K.-c., & Chang, L. (2017). The association between life history strategy and mate preference in men. Personality and Individual Differences , 116 , 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.047 Mell, H., Safra, L., Algan, Y., Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2018). Childhood environmental harshness predicts coordinated health and reproductive strategies: A cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample from France. Evolution and human behavior , 39 (1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.08.006 Mikach, S. M., & Bailey, J. M. (1999). What distinguishes women with unusually high numbers of sex partners? Evolution and human behavior , 20 (3), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(98)00045-2 Nettle, D. (2011). Flexibility in reproductive timing in human females: integrating ultimate and proximate explanations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 366 (1563), 357-365. 10.1098/rstb.2010.0073 Niu, C., & Zheng, L. (2020). Reproductive strategies may predict women's preferences for male facial masculinity. Personality and Individual Differences , 166 , 110202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110202 Pianka, E. R. (970). On r- and K Selection. Am. Nat , 1 (04), 592-597. 10.1086/282697 Rodeheffer, C. D., Proffitt Leyva, R. P., & Hill, S. E. (2016). Attractive female romantic partners provide a proxy for unobservable male qualities: The when and why behind human female mate choice copying. Evolutionary Psychology , 14 (2), 1474704916652144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704916652144 Rushton, J. P. (1985). Differential K theory and race differences in E and N. Personality and Individual Differences , 6 (6), 769-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(85)90088-1 Schulman, G. I., & Hoskins, M. (1986). Perceiving the male versus the female face. Psychology of Women Quarterly , 10 (2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00938. Stearns, S. C. (1998). The evolution of life histories . Oxford university press. 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1993.6020304.x Trivers, R. L. (2017). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136-179). Routledge. Valentova, J. V., Junior, F. P. M., Štěrbová, Z., Varella, M. A. C., & Fisher, M. L. (2020). The association between Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality with mating and parenting efforts: A cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences , 154 , 109613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109613 Waynforth, D. (2007). Mate choice copying in humans. Human Nature , 18 , 264-271. 10.1007/s12110-007-9004-2 Waynforth, D., Delwadia, S., & Camm, M. (2005). The influence of women's mating strategies on preference for masculine facial architecture. Evolution and human behavior , 26 (5), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.003 Zhang, J., & Anderson, R. C. (2022). Exploring the Influence of Race in Mate Copying Using Former Partner Evaluations: Race and Mate Copying. Evolutionary Psychological Science , 8 (4), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00343-y Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Evolutionary Psychological Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7043996","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483623469,"identity":"d0138170-f33c-4ebc-a1c2-5f7d6ccedf7d","order_by":0,"name":"Alireza Nikakhtar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Allameh Tabataba'i University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alireza","middleName":"","lastName":"Nikakhtar","suffix":""},{"id":483623470,"identity":"ce34c6b3-d318-45f0-a77f-ef4e81371c5b","order_by":1,"name":"Abbas Zabihzadeh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHobDQJKxQQJIfgBiNnZStDDOAGlhJkILM0wLMw9IgJAW+fazBw8X/LGT7ZduYPxs82ubPB8zA+OHjzm4tTD25CUcnsGTbDxzzgFm6dy+24ZtzAzMkjO34dbCzJBjcJhHgjlxw40EBuncntuMQC1szLx4tLDxvwFqMahP3H8jgfm3Zc9te4JaeCRAtiQcTtwgkcAmzfDjdiJBLRIS7xIO8xw4bjzjRmKbZW/D7eQ2ZsZmvH6R7889/JnnT7Vs/4zkwzd+/LltO7+9+eCHj3i0IAHGBgbGNiiDBPCHFMWjYBSMglEwUgAAxOxPirNoGP0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abbas","middleName":"","lastName":"Zabihzadeh","suffix":""},{"id":483623471,"identity":"281ba6a9-7796-4f70-804c-14759458efe3","order_by":2,"name":"Arash monajem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tehran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arash","middleName":"","lastName":"monajem","suffix":""},{"id":483623472,"identity":"68e4ff44-5eb7-4bca-92fa-21fc28f420cf","order_by":3,"name":"Mostafa Saadati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mostafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Saadati","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-04 07:23:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7043996/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7043996/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-025-00451-5","type":"published","date":"2025-10-20T16:16:23+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86670246,"identity":"eaa4197a-347c-4238-8358-2d9ba6c9589f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 11:26:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn example of a neutral description for long-term context in the vignette evaluation task\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe man in this image is Kiarash. He is 28 years old. How attractive do you rate him as a long-term (e.g., marriage) partner?\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7043996/v1/dbb6395bd84a337c4d430f1b.png"},{"id":94489962,"identity":"b9c2426f-75a7-4768-b224-7ca9a843bd2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:06:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":509571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7043996/v1/434c11c0-9567-4f84-868e-4d142cd752e5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Do Human Life History Traits Predict Mate Choice Copying in Women?","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLife history theory is a mid-level theory in evolutionary biology that explains how individual organisms allocate time and energy across life domains - growth, maintenance and reproduction, often leading organisms to distinct life strategies (see Charnov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Stearns, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). There is a tradeoff between somatic efforts (growth and maintenance) and reproductive efforts (mating and parenting). The strategic response to this tradeoff can be classified into fast versus slow categories. Organisms that prioritize somatic efforts allocate resources to survival and typically adopt slower strategies. They have a later onset of menstruation, engage in reproductive activities at an older age, show a lower desire for a variety of sexual partners, give birth at an older age, have fewer offspring and are more inclined to contribute to the well-being of their children. The reversed trend pertains to organisms with faster life strategies that are biased towards mating efforts in which resources are contributed to attracting sexual partners at a higher proportion. This theory can illuminate the distinction between K-selected species with higher contribution to somatic efforts and r-selected species, with higher investment in reproductive efforts (Pianka, 1970). K-selected species are predisposed to allocate resources to survival over reproduction and parental and nepotistic efforts over mating efforts. There are variations in such strategies across species and taxa. Rabbits as a classic example of an r-selected species, characterize a rapid developmental process, giving birth to many offspring, a relatively short lifespan and low parental investment. In contrast, Asian elephants exhibit slower growth and invest in the young for roughly 14 years, although the offspring are weaned at around 18 months of age, give birth to one or two children at a time and have high interbirth intervals (Figueredo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumans are assumed to be extremely K-selected. However, variations within species have been reported in several studies (e.g., Kaplan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Nettle, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), and life history theory, when applied to humans, is often regarded as Differential K theory (Rushton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). Such variations may be attributed to early life stresses, including abuse and neglect, the absence of fathers during the first five to seven years of life, household dysfunction, socioeconomic status, malnutrition, unstable or unpredictable environments, and a lack of close interpersonal relationships leading to the adoption of faster life strategies (Belsky et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Chisholm, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals with faster life history strategies, often shaped by early life stressors, tend to prioritize short-term mating goals, characterized by higher socio-sexuality and lower parental investment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuman mate choice has been shown to be influenced by life history traits. For instance, women with an earlier onset of menstruation and higher levels of mating effort show a greater preference for facial masculinity in men (Niu and Zheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Women with higher socio-sexuality scores exhibit a stronger preference for more masculine faces (Waynforth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Slow life history strategist women prioritize mates with high resources and parenting abilities and willingness (e.g., Buss \u0026amp; Schmitt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Men employing fast life history strategies prioritize fertility cues and physical attractiveness over fidelity and material resources (Lu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraits sought in potential mates by women can be categorized into \u0026ldquo;good genes\u0026rdquo; - characteristics correlated with attractiveness and masculinity - and \u0026ldquo;provisioning\u0026rdquo; traits, such as resources and social status (Buss \u0026amp; Schmitt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Women adopting faster life strategies prioritize former attributes, while those with slower life strategies tend to typically value the latter. Given that in sexually reproducing species with long-term pair-bond and biparental care, unlike females whose reproductive value is readily observed (Schulman \u0026amp; Hoskins, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e), males\u0026rsquo; ability and willingness to devote resources or invest cannot be instantly discerned, females can rely on same-sex others\u0026rsquo; mate choice as a low-cost source of information (Waynforth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the higher parental investment which pertains to females in mammal species renders them more discerning in mate selection (Trivers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kirkpatrick, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, social information is more effective in improving the desirability of a man than a woman (e.g., Hartnett \u0026amp; Elder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMate choice copying, or non-independent mate choice, is a type of social learning in which the probability of a potential mate being chosen as a partner is increased when paired with an attractive mate. Among humans, women have been shown to rate men who are presented with other women as more attractive, and the attractiveness of the female consort enhances the potential partner\u0026rsquo;s desirability (Waynforth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). It is well-established that such bias in preference occurs more in long-term contexts, where women seek men with enduring qualities rather than short-term physical appeal (Little et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Most previous studies have emphasized the variations of the model or the potential mate. For example, women with more attractiveness, inferred by facial symmetry or femininity, are copied at a higher rate (Little et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The duration and intervals of men\u0026rsquo;s relationships enhance the desirability ratings of women (Amano \u0026amp; Wakao, 2021). There is a paucity of research concerning how the observer\u0026rsquo;s characteristics affect susceptibility to mate choice copying in women. Moreover, individual differences in mate choice copying have yet to be investigated from a life history framework, which is sought to be examined in the current research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumans confront a trade-off in mating and parenting efforts. Women who prioritize short-term mating strategies rely on attributes readily available, such as masculinity, symmetry or facial attractiveness. On the other hand, women with slow life strategies tend to engage in parenting at a higher rate, leading them to prioritize mate qualities suitable for a long-term pair-bond. However, one of the problems encountered by women in long-term contexts is the informational constraints on the prospective partner\u0026rsquo;s paternal potential (Such as ability and willingness to provide). Social learning by mate choice copying can provide valuable information about a prospective partner in long-term rather than short-term contexts (Little et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). A potential mate\u0026rsquo;s unobservable qualities, such as wealth, intelligence and generosity that cannot be readily discerned, are inferred when a man is presented with an attractive partner (Rodeheffer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, women with higher proclivities towards long-term matings should use mate choice copying at a higher rate. For example, Women with lower ratings on sociosexual inventories rely more on information from same-sex others\u0026rsquo; choices (Waynforth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Given that women with a slower life history prioritize long-term partnership and non-observable mate qualities, they likely exhibit higher levels of mate copying as a cost-effective strategy to gather information about a potential mate. In this study, the following hypotheses are tested: 1- a former partner\u0026rsquo;s positive description would increase a potential mate\u0026rsquo;s attractiveness, while a former partner\u0026rsquo;s negative description would reduce a potential mate\u0026rsquo;s attractiveness. 2- Mate choice copying would be more pronounced in the long-term than in the short-term conditions. 3- Because negative social information may serve as a stronger cue for avoiding costly mating mistakes, mate choice copying would be more pronounced in the negative than positive conditions. 4- Mating efforts would be negatively correlated with mate choice copying, as women with higher mating efforts may prioritize direct mate evaluation over social learning, as their reproductive goals are less dependent on paternal qualities. 5- Higher parental efforts predict higher non-independent mate choice. Women with slow-life strategies prioritize long-term mates with unobservable traits like reliability and resources, making social learning cost-effective. 6- Women adopting later reproductive strategy milestones (here represented by age at menarche) are predicted to mate copy at a higher rate than early-oriented ones. 7- Because early life stress predicts life history strategies, life history strategies are predicted to mediate the relationship between early life stress and mate choice copying.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 women (aged 18\u0026ndash;45, M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.81, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.188) were recruited in the study using convenience sampling. The majority of participants (86.9%) identified as heterosexual. The marital status of the participants was as follows: 60 (28%) married, 125 (58.4%) singles, 1 (0.5%) divorced, 27 (12.6%) in a relationship, and 1 (0.5%) other. While 1 (.5%) individual reported not finishing high school, 32 (15%) participants had a high school degree. 115 (53.8%) women had associate or bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degrees, whereas 66 (30.9%) participants had graduate or higher-level education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. \u003cstrong\u003eProcedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis retrospective study was conducted using an online questionnaire administered in Porsline, an Iranian survey platform (Survey.porsline.ir). The link was distributed via social networking services such as Telegram and Divar, an Iranian Persian classified ads and e-commerce mobile app. Data collection took place in December 2024 and January 2025. All participants were Iranian, and they answered the questionnaire in Persian. The participants were briefed that the survey contained questions regarding life history and mate choice and lasted approximately 10\u0026ndash;15 minutes. The informed consent was obtained, and the privacy rights of the participants were observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the first part of the experiment, participants responded to several demographic questions, including age, gender, educational level, civil status, sexual orientation, number of children, and number of siblings. Consequently, they were moved to a researcher-developed structured questionnaire consisting of 30 items, representing age at menarche, life history strategies, mating, parenting, and early life stress represented by parental investment and parenting style. Having answered the questionnaire, participants were directed to the vignette evaluation section, where images of men were presented alongside valence information. Participants first viewed 10 images of men, each accompanied by neutral descriptions, and rated each man\u0026rsquo;s attractiveness as a long-term partner. This was followed by a 2-minute distraction task, in which they read a short passage about parental behavior in seabirds (guillemots and razorbills). The distraction task was designed to minimize memory carryover and reduce potential priming effects from the first rating task. After this, the same 10 images were presented again, now paired with either positive or negative information (randomly assigned to images). Participants then re-rated each man\u0026rsquo;s attractiveness. Consequently, the participants rated the attractiveness of 4 new men as short-term partners. 2 men were presented in neutral and positive and 2 men in neutral and negative conditions. Having done the experiments, participants were informed that information regarding each image was fabricated and not real.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2.3.1. Early life stress: To assess this measure, parental investment and punishment (parenting style) were employed. The parental investment was derived from a five-item scale developed by Mikach and Bailey (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) to assess the perception of parental care received during childhood. A sample item includes \u0026ldquo;My mother was always there when I needed her.\u0026rdquo; The Cronbach alpha for the current study was calculated at .79. A scale measuring \u0026quot;parenting style\u0026quot; with three items was used to assess the harshness of parental education, including items such as \u0026ldquo;Some of the punishments I received when I was a child now seem too harsh to me.\u0026rdquo; (Mell et al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The Cronbach alpha of .76 was obtained in the present study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2.3.2. The milestones of reproductive activities were investigated through 1 primary question asking the age at menarche.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2.3.3. The life history mini-K is a short-form scale consisting of 20 items that has been designed to gauge cognitive and behavioral life history strategies (Figueredo et al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Examples of items include \u0026quot;I often make plans in advance\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;I have a close relationship with my own children\u0026quot;. The rating has a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree). A composite score was computed by averaging the 20 items. A higher score on this scale indicated slow life history strategies. Cronbach alpha of .77 was obtained in the current study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2.3.4. The mating effort and parenting effort scale developed by Kruger (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) employs 8 items representing these two life history strategy dimensions. It encompasses 4 items for mating (e.g., wearing flashy expensive clothes) and 4 for parenting (e.g., good at taking care of children). The responses were rated by a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree). This measure has been assessed and validated in several studies (e.g., Jonason et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Valentova et al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2.3.5. Stimuli: Vignette evaluations were provided to the participants to manipulate mate choice copying. Original photos were extracted from the Iranian Face Database (IFDB) (Bastanfard et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Dehshibi \u0026amp; Bastanfard, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Dehshibi \u0026amp; Shanbehzadeh, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The database consists of facial images of 616 individuals in 480*640 pixels resolution and 24-bit depth. No flash or projector was used and the sole illumination was daylight. The photos were taken with a neutral expression and frontal pose. Concerning the vignette evaluations, 10 images of relatively young men (mean age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.300, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.335) were presented with descriptions beneath the image. An example of a neutral scenario is presented in Fig. 1 alongside a given man image. The positive description example was as follows: \u0026quot;This man is Hamid. He has recently ended a five-year relationship. His attractive ex-girlfriend has described him as committed and a very suitable case for a long-term relationship. But they mutually decided to see other people.\u0026quot; An example of a negative condition was: \u0026ldquo;This man is Arash. He has just ended his 3-year relationship. His ex-girlfriend broke up with him and their breakup was unreciprocated. She does not consider him a committed person and does not recommend him to others.\u0026rdquo; Each image was shown twice, once with a neutral description (T1), and once with a positive or negative description and each was randomly assigned to half of the images (T2). On each presentation, participants were asked to rate how desirable the target man would be for a long-term relationship (e.g., marriage) on a Likert scale ranging from 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not at all, to 7\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;extremely. The distraction task involved participants reading a two-minute passage on discriminative parental solicitudes among animals such as guillemots and razorbills before viewing images with positive/negative descriptions. The same procedure was employed to assess male attractiveness for short-term relationships using 4 new images attributed to 4 different men (Mean age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28.5, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.57). A sample neutral description was as follows: \u0026ldquo;This man is Mahbod. He is 26 years old. How is he attractive as a short-term (e.g., less than a month) partner?\u0026rdquo;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo measure mate choice copying, initial ratings (T1) were subtracted from the ratings after exposure to positive or negative descriptions (T2). A repeated measures ANOVA was employed to assess whether positive/negative/neutral valence differentially affects women\u0026rsquo;s mate choice. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using paired-sample t-tests (one-tailed) with a Bonferroni correction. The adjusted alpha level was .0167 for the three comparisons. To assess whether the mate choice copying effect differs between negative and positive descriptions and between long-term and short-term conditions, two paired t-test (one-tailed) were applied. Since the intercorrelations between dependent variables were low (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.5), separate linear regression analyses were conducted instead of a multivariate approach. Each regression examined the impact of life history strategies, mating, parenting, and developmental milestones on women\u0026rsquo;s mate choice coping (differences in ratings) across long-term/short-term and positive/negative conditions. Pearson correlations (one-tailed) were conducted to measure the association of predictors and dependent variables. Additionally, a series of one-tailed SOBEL tests were conducted to test if life history traits are mediated by early life conditions (investment and parenting style) and mate choice copying. Although the dependent variables were not perfectly normally distributed, parametric tests were used due to the large sample size (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214), which makes these tests robust to violations of normality (Central Limit Theorem). The statistical analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics 26 with the significance level set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe descriptive statistics of the study variables are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Attractiveness ratings were variable across description conditions for long-term (F (2, 212)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104.044, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and short-term (F (2, 212)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.267, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) matings. Individuals rated potential mates as more desirable in the positive than the neutral scenario in the long-term relationships (t = -8.949, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.612, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Negative information from an ex-partner decreased a man\u0026rsquo;s attractiveness in comparison to a neutral description (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.678, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.798, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Moreover, men were perceived as more attractive when positive information was given in short-term contexts (t = -8.390, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.573, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), while negative descriptions declined the desirability of potential mates for brief relationships (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.468, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.442, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Change in attractiveness was significantly higher for the long-term context (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.605, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.613) compared to the short-term contexts (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.432, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.643), t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.435, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.303, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001. Mate choice copying was stronger in the negative (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.533, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.686) than in the positive (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.504, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.721) condition. However, the difference was not significant (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.505, d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.034, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.307).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of Pearson correlations and linear regression analysis considering differences in neutral/negative ratings for both long-term and short-term contexts. Mating was significantly associated with differences in attractiveness ratings in a long-term context. While life history strategies, mating, and parenting significantly predicted changes in attractiveness in the short-term context, age at menarche was correlated with mate choice copying in neither long-term nor short-term conditions. Additional linear regression analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses regarding mate choice copying for positive descriptions. Given the lack of significant effects in the positive conditions and the emphasis in prior literature on positive versus neutral comparisons, our primary analyses focused on neutral versus negative conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eLN = long-term negative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eSN = short-term negative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* statistically significant at p \u0026lt; 0.05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e** statistically significant at p \u0026lt; 0.01\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eThe results of the SOBEL tests indicated that the indirect effect was statistically significant for only two conditions. The results of parental investment on change in attractiveness ratings for short-term negative conditions through life history strategies were statistically significant, z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.903, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. The path coefficients were a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.291 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028) for investment \u0026rarr; life history strategies and b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.151 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.078) for life history strategies \u0026rarr; change in attractiveness ratings for the short-term negative condition. The indirect effect of parenting style (punishment) on change in attractiveness ratings for short-term negative conditions through life history strategies was statistically significant, z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.868. The path coefficients were a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.172 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024) for punishment \u0026rarr; life history strategies and b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.151 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.078) for life history strategies \u0026rarr; change in attractiveness ratings for the short-term negative condition. Other SOBEL tests illustrated that life history traits do not mediate the relationship between early life conditions and mate choice copying.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present research aimed to investigate whether life history traits influence mate choice copying in women. Individuals heightened their desirability ratings when exposed to positive relationship evaluations provided by former partners. Whether it involves an attractive female consort (e.g., Waynforth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), an assessment by a former partner (Zhang \u0026amp; Anderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), or a documented history of men\u0026rsquo;s past relationships (e.g., Amano \u0026amp; Wakao, 2021), women altered the desirability rating of potential partners compared to neutral conditions. Our hypothesis 1 supported previous findings. However, few prior studies included negative social cues that cause the male target to be perceived as less desirable (e.g., Chu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Lewandowski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Our study corroborated this finding: Potential partners\u0026rsquo; attractiveness diminished when the images were coupled with negative assessments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn line with our hypothesis 2, non-independent mate choice was stronger for long-term than short-term contexts. Qualities suitable for short-term matings such as symmetrical faces or masculinity are readily discerned. Nonetheless, attributes women seek for long-term relationships such as intelligence and social status, may not be observable. Women infer qualities such as generosity and kindness in the presence of possible social cues (Rodeheffer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Women copy other women\u0026rsquo;s mates more in the long-term than in short-term relationships (Little et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The current study replicated this finding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChange in attractiveness ratings moderately differed for positive and negative evaluations. However, the difference was not significant. Hypothesis 3 was not supported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reproductive efforts can be partitioned into parenting and mating. There are intra- and inter-sex differences in the allocation of energy in mating or parenting across species. In mammals with internal fertilization, gestation, and nurturing females provide more parental care and the mating effort is compromised compared with males. However, variability exists within the sexes, which is influenced by early life conditions and prospects of reproductive success and offspring viability. Intraspecific variability in decisions concerning the allocation of resources to different key life domains can be illuminated by the life history framework. Accordingly, individuals with slower life strategies are more inclined to higher parenting and lower levels of mating efforts. These individuals prefer traits suitable for long-term relationships. As a cost-effective strategy, social information in mate choice copying provides a valuable resource for long-term matings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsequently, we hypothesized that long-term mating-oriented women would be more inclined to copy same-sex individuals\u0026rsquo; mate choices. The results substantiate our hypotheses 4 and 5 for mate avoidance conditions: when unfavorable information was provided by a potential mate\u0026rsquo;s former partner, women with lower mating efforts lowered their ratings more than women with opposing attributes. Women with higher scores on parenting were more likely to be affected by non-independent mate choice in negative conditions, especially in short-term contexts. Life history strategies positively predicted changes in rating, although only for short-term relationships. Our results were in line with Waynforth\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) work, in which women with lower scores on socio-sexuality copied the mate\u0026rsquo;s choice of other women at higher rates. On the contrary, the change in attractiveness from neutral to positive evaluations did not differ significantly based on women\u0026rsquo;s mating efforts or parenting efforts. This may indicate that mate choice copying is context-dependent, with individual differences being more pronounced in negative than positive evaluations. One possible explanation is that there is an asymmetry in the cost-benefit analysis of avoiding an unsuitable mate rather than choosing a socially endorsed partner. Slow life history strategists may be more risk-averse, as choosing a low-quality mate may have negative consequences on their reproductive payoffs, given their higher parental investment in a relatively smaller number of offspring. Negative information has a greater influence on information processing and decision-making than positive information: bad is stronger than good (Baumeister et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Moderately higher changes in ratings in the negative than positive condition may also be explained accordingly. This pattern may also be interpreted through the lens of the Smoke Detector Principle (Haselton \u0026amp; Buss, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Just as a smoke detector is designed to be hypersensitive, triggering in response to harmless smoke rather than risking failure during a real fire, individuals may be evolutionarily biased to prioritize avoiding costly errors. For women, especially those following a slower life history strategy characterized by high parental investment and lower reproductive rates, selecting a low-quality mate could have more severe long-term fitness consequences than overlooking a potentially high-quality one. Consequently, these women may be more attuned to negative social information, as it signals risks that are more costly to ignore.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrary to our hypothesis 6, age at menarche was not associated with non-independent mate choice in any conditions. Prior research has illustrated that early menarche predicted preferences for masculine faces (Batres \u0026amp; Perrett, 2016) and masculinized male voices (Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting the influence of a life history milestone on mate preferences. The fact that puberty timing was not associated with the present study parameters may propose that it may not extend to socially influenced mate selection strategies. Rather mate choice copying may be more affected by an amalgam of cognitive and social factors including cultural norms, peer influence, or personal experience. Additionally, our study was retrospective, which implies that participants might not have reported their puberty time with precision.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, parenting and mating efforts and age at menarche did not mediate the relationships between early life conditions and mate choice copying, rejecting our hypothesis 7. However, life history strategies influenced both investment and negative mate choice coping along with punishment and negative mate choice copying in short-term contexts. Null results may be explained by the fact that several relationships between the life history traits and mate choice copying were insignificant, particularly in positive conditions and absent relationships in one of the paths may be less likely to lead to a statistically significant result. Moreover, unmeasured factors such as personality traits, socio-sexuality, or attachment styles play a more important role in determining whether individuals rely on social cues in mate selection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome limitations should be noted for the current study: our sample included individuals with relatively high parenting and life history strategies and low levels of mating efforts. This sample homogeneity may have biased our results by reducing variability in mate choice copying. Future research can investigate how different attachment styles, shaped by cultural norms that encourage chastity, cross-cultural long-term relational stability, and the role of parenting in Eastern cultures influence parenting efforts and mating efforts. Another methodological limitation of our study was that we presented images of relatively young men to the participants. However, certain individuals were older than the potential partners presented. Given that women in general are attracted to men slightly older than themselves (Buss, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), this may explain the overall low ratings of attractiveness in our study. Future research should minimize this limitation by using stimuli with an age range that better matches the sample. Another consideration is that our study used static images rather than dynamic, real-world social interactions. Since mate choice copying often involves observing verbal and non-verbal cues, using video stimuli or live interactions in future research would enhance ecological validity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study sought to investigate the role of life history traits in women\u0026rsquo;s mate choice copying within both short-term and long-term contexts, with a focus on the underexplored role of negative social information. Women changed their ratings when a potential mate\u0026rsquo;s former partner provided positive or negative feedback. Such shifts were greater in long-term than short-term contexts and only moderately higher in response to negative than positive conditions. Importantly, these effects were moderated by life history traits, such that slower life history strategists were more avoidant of negatively described mates. While parenting and mating efforts and life history strategies predicted mate choice copying in mate avoidance conditions, no effect of such characteristics on non-independent mate choice was observed in positive conditions. Age at menarche was not associated with non-independent mate choice under any conditions. Our results only partly supported our main hypotheses, suggesting that slow life history strategists more strongly adjust their mate choice in response to negative but not positive social information.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe contribution of every author to the research and manuscript preparation is as follows: \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlireza Nikakhtar: Conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, and writing; Abbas Zabihzadeh: Conceptualization, review, editing and ethics; Arash Monajem: data collection and methodology; Mostafa Saadati: data collection and data analysis \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted according to the recommendations of the Helsinki Declaration. This research was ethically approved by the Department of Psychology at Shahid Beheshti University \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe informed consent was obtained that the results of the study would be possibly published in an academic journal \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all the participants in the current study. We also send our gratitude to Dr Zohreh Rafezi, associate professor at Allameh Tabataba\u0026rsquo;i University for assisting in receiving the Iranian face database \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eData availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData can be found in the supplementary materials \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmano, Y., \u0026amp; Wakao, Y. (2022). Women’s sensitivity to men’s past relationships: Reliable information use for mate-choice copying in humans. \u003cem\u003eEvolutionary Psychological Science\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-021-00295-9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBastanfard, A., Nik, M. A., \u0026amp; Dehshibi, M. M. (2007). Iranian face database with age, pose and expression. 2007 International Conference on Machine Vision. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMV.2007.4469272\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBaumeister, R. 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Exploring the Influence of Race in Mate Copying Using Former Partner Evaluations: Race and Mate Copying. \u003cem\u003eEvolutionary Psychological Science\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 8\u003c/em\u003e(4), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00343-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"evolutionary-psychological-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"evop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Evolutionary Psychological Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/40806)","snPcode":"40806","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40806/3","title":"Evolutionary Psychological Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Life history theory, Mate choice copying, Mating, Parenting, Life history strategies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7043996/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7043996/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMate choice copying is a form of social learning in which an individual\u0026rsquo;s mate selection is influenced by the choices of same-sex peers, thereby altering the perceived attractiveness of a potential mate. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent among women in long-term mating contexts, where informational constraints may limit their ability to assess a mate\u0026rsquo;s value independently. Research suggests that women with a stronger preference for long-term relationships exhibit a greater tendency to engage in mate choice copying. This study explores whether women with slower life history traits, represented by a higher level of parenting, a lower level of mating, and slower developmental milestones exhibit higher mate choice copying tendencies. 214 Iranian women, aged 18\u0026ndash;45, completed an online survey comprising demographic questions, life history strategies, mating and parenting efforts, and early life stress indicators. Participants evaluated the attractiveness of potential mates from images accompanied by positive, negative, or neutral descriptions in both long-term and short-term contexts. Positive and negative descriptions increased and decreased attractiveness ratings compared with the neutral ones, respectively. Larger changes were observed in long-term versus short-term contexts. Parenting and mating efforts were significant predictors of mate choice copying in negative but not positive scenarios. Life history strategies mediated the relationship between early life conditions (parental investment and punishment) and mate choice copying in short-term negative contexts. Age at menarche was not associated with mate choice copying in any situation. This study partly supports the idea that human life history traits influence mate choice copying, with slow life history strategy women being more likely to rely on social information in partner choices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Do Human Life History Traits Predict Mate Choice Copying in Women?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-14 11:26:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7043996/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-20T15:41:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-20T15:12:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-08T22:21:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"290433176418197641630810290797958360109","date":"2025-07-14T15:31:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"306850532488505951500703459550329627559","date":"2025-07-11T22:57:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-09T12:03:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-09T09:13:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-09T09:13:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Evolutionary Psychological Science","date":"2025-07-04T07:08:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"evolutionary-psychological-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"evop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Evolutionary Psychological Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/40806)","snPcode":"40806","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40806/3","title":"Evolutionary Psychological Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"86a36bbb-7ac5-4ee5-9f81-4e826082df5a","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T16:25:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7043996","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-025-00451-5","journal":{"identity":"evolutionary-psychological-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Evolutionary Psychological Science"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-20 16:16:23","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 20th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-14 11:26:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40806-025-00451-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-025-00451-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7043996","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7043996","identity":"rs-7043996","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}