Toxicity and bioconcentration of Bisphenol A alternatives in the freshwater pulmonate snail Planorbella pilsbryi

Abstract The toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) and replacement products Bisphenol F (BPF), Bisphenol S (BPS), and Bisphenol AF (BPAF) was assessed in freshwater snail Planorbella pilsbryi embryos and adults. The chronic toxicity of BPA and BPAF was further characterized in 28-d tests with adult snails, followed by 21-d assessments of hatching and survival of embryos produced at the end of the test (F1 generation). BPAF was the most toxic of the compounds tested, followed by BPA, BPF, and BPS. In the chronic test with BPA, although we observed no significant effects on adult snails, the hatching and survival of juveniles from the F1 generation was affected at the highest concentration (Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration [MATC]: 0.032 mg/L). We did not observe the same differences during exposure to BPAF. Though some overlap existed, effects were observed at concentrations above most reported environmental exposure values. Given that concentrations of alternative products are expected to increase, and in the absence of data on potential effects of mixtures, further research is needed.