Hand Trajectory Arc-Length for Robust Alignment: Reparameterization and Landmark-Based Approaches in Upper Limb Assessment After Stroke

Hand Trajectory Arc-Length for Robust Alignment: Reparameterization and Landmark-Based Approaches in Upper Limb Assessment After Stroke | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hand Trajectory Arc-Length for Robust Alignment: Reparameterization and Landmark-Based Approaches in Upper Limb Assessment After Stroke Juana Mayo, Daniel García-Vallejo, Patricia Ferrand, M. José Zarco, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230790/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose : Quantitative assessment of upper limb function in individuals who have had a stroke requires analysis of kinematic and kinetic data collected during the execution of daily living tasks. In clinical practice, representative average curves of joint angles and moments are essential for accurately evaluating individual performance and monitoring functional recovery. However, the inherently non-periodic nature of these functional tasks, combined with variable execution speeds both within and across repeated trials, poses a significant challenge for generating such curves. Conventional approaches often fail to properly align the different phases of movement, resulting in inaccurate or misleading average profiles. Methods : To overcome these limitations, two distinct techniques are proposed. The first involves curve registration through landmark-based alignment, a widely accepted nonlinear method for reducing intra-subject variance. However, this procedure involves temporal warping, which can alter the original timing of movement phases and may impact the interpretability of the results. The second method relies on a time-independent parameterization using the arc-length of the hand trajectory, which naturally aligns signals by reparameterizing each movement according to the distance traveled by the hand. Results : Both methodologies are applied to the hand-to-mouth task in individuals with a stroke. Although conceptually different, the two approaches yield similar average curves when reference points are defined as equidistant points along the temporal evolution of the hand trajectory arc length. Conclusions : By applying these methods, realistic average curves of joint angles and moments are obtained, which are essential for improving rehabilitation protocols and assessing functional recovery in post-stroke individuals. Stroke rehabilitation upper limb biomechanics temporal normalization arc-length reparameterization curve registration motion analysis kinematic assessment kinetic analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files H1.xls H2.xls H4.xls H7.xls H3.xls H6.xls H5.xls H8.xls H11.xls H12.xls P3.xls P4.xls H13.xls P2.xls P5.xls P6.xls P7.xls P9.xls P14.xls P12.xls P15.xls P13.xls P16.xls P17.xlsb Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 01 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8230790","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":574850807,"identity":"6f1b8294-c05d-4a7f-bc8d-09979462c113","order_by":0,"name":"Juana Mayo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAlklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYQWUG6ljOkW9VGimrmGcnPHvycd9iegb39AZEWzEgzN+zddjixgeeMAbFaEswkeLcdTmCQyCHSYYwz0r9J/p0DdJj8c6IdlmMmzdtwmLFBgoFYh/W8KZOWOZae2MaTQ6QWw/b0bZJvaqzt+dmPE+kwwwYog4049UAgT7TKUTAKRsEoGLkAAGC4J+T4UPV7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Seville","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juana","middleName":"","lastName":"Mayo","suffix":""},{"id":574850813,"identity":"15cb2c9e-141f-4f88-a6ab-227b44699f7a","order_by":1,"name":"Daniel García-Vallejo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Seville","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"","lastName":"García-Vallejo","suffix":""},{"id":574850815,"identity":"518cc8ca-38ba-48ff-97a9-ed0af5e34ed8","order_by":2,"name":"Patricia Ferrand","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patricia","middleName":"","lastName":"Ferrand","suffix":""},{"id":574850816,"identity":"a55d3db0-e932-45bc-a436-8dcf72887d5e","order_by":3,"name":"M. 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Stroke","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-neuroengineering-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jner","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation](http://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12984","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12984/3","title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Stroke rehabilitation, upper limb biomechanics, temporal normalization, arc-length reparameterization, curve registration, motion analysis, kinematic assessment, kinetic analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230790/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230790/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose\u003c/strong\u003e: Quantitative assessment of upper limb function in individuals who have had a stroke requires analysis of kinematic and kinetic data collected during the execution of daily living tasks. In clinical practice, representative average curves of joint angles and moments are essential for accurately evaluating individual performance and monitoring functional recovery. However, the inherently non-periodic nature of these functional tasks, combined with variable execution speeds both within and across repeated trials, poses a significant challenge for generating such curves. \u0026nbsp;Conventional approaches often fail to properly align the different phases of movement, resulting in inaccurate or misleading average profiles.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: To overcome these limitations, two distinct techniques are proposed. The first involves curve registration through landmark-based alignment, a widely accepted nonlinear method for reducing intra-subject variance. However, this procedure involves temporal warping, which can alter the original timing of movement phases and may impact the interpretability of the results. The second method relies on a time-independent parameterization using the arc-length of the hand trajectory, which naturally aligns signals by reparameterizing each movement according to the distance traveled by the hand.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp; Both methodologies are applied to the hand-to-mouth task in individuals with a stroke. Although conceptually different, the two approaches yield similar average curves when reference points are defined as equidistant points along the temporal evolution of the hand trajectory arc length.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp; By applying these methods, realistic average curves of joint angles and moments are obtained, which are essential for improving rehabilitation protocols and assessing functional recovery in post-stroke individuals.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hand Trajectory Arc-Length for Robust Alignment: Reparameterization and Landmark-Based Approaches in Upper Limb Assessment After Stroke","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-19 05:20:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230790/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T23:07:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"101319060278321341681485954112421064510","date":"2026-01-22T15:27:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"134542855914489490609794794963455246273","date":"2026-01-20T19:10:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T16:24:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T14:05:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T14:03:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-11-28T13:18:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-neuroengineering-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jner","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation](http://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12984","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12984/3","title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"15a9fb29-b58f-48b7-b708-e628ef1178b8","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T05:20:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-19 05:20:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8230790","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8230790","identity":"rs-8230790","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}