Innovative Electromagnetic Catheter Tracking using Magnetoresitive sensors and Field-Free-Point method

Innovative Electromagnetic Catheter Tracking using Magnetoresitive sensors and Field-Free-Point method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Innovative Electromagnetic Catheter Tracking using Magnetoresitive sensors and Field-Free-Point method Louis Paquet, Kevin Tse Ve Koon, Aurélie Solignac, Makoto Ohta, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8320961/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A two-dimensional ElectroMagnetic Tracking (EMT) method for catheter localization aiming at reducing X-ray exposure is presented. The approach combines magnetic Field-Free-Point (FFP) generation with giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors integrated at the catheter tip to measure its position. Several FFP trajectories are designed and assessed: Cartesian, Lissajous, Spiral, and a tailored Archimedean spiral (Aspiral). Numerical simulations and a dedicated experimental platform are used to compare FFP trajectory performance and system feasibility. Evaluation relies on Voronoi-based analysis, spatial accuracy maps, and catheter-tracking tests. Two orthogonal pairs of Helmholtz coils produce a time-varying magnetic field whose FFP moves along continuous trajectories. The catheter position is determined by detecting the instants when both directional sensors simultaneously output zero signals. Simulations and experiments show strong agreement in spatial accuracy and reproducibility. With 10 positions acquired every second, the Aspiral trajectory provided the best trade-off between coverage and precision, yielding median tracking errors of 1.6 mm in simulation and 4.6 mm experimentally. The complete EMT setup was validated in 2D, demonstrating spatial and temporal performance close to clinical needs and establishing a reproducible framework for optimizing FFP trajectories and coil design. System has many potential improvements, including faster electronics. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Physics Angiography Catheter Electromagnetic tracking (EMT) Field-Free-Point (FFP) Giant-Magnetoresistance (GMR) Tracking X-Ray Fluoroscopy Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 17 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8320961","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":563726112,"identity":"0416426e-256f-42ed-8911-d11ba7ae03ae","order_by":0,"name":"Louis Paquet","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CREATIS, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR5220, INSERM U1206, INSA-Lyon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Louis","middleName":"","lastName":"Paquet","suffix":""},{"id":563726113,"identity":"64ab4c00-d932-411f-9d2d-a035392a03ca","order_by":1,"name":"Kevin Tse Ve Koon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CREATIS, Université Lyon1, CNRS 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method","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Angiography, Catheter, Electromagnetic tracking (EMT), Field-Free-Point (FFP), Giant-Magnetoresistance (GMR), Tracking, X-Ray Fluoroscopy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8320961/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8320961/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA two-dimensional ElectroMagnetic Tracking (EMT) method for catheter localization aiming at reducing X-ray exposure is presented. The approach combines magnetic Field-Free-Point (FFP) generation with giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors integrated at the catheter tip to measure its position. Several FFP trajectories are designed and assessed: Cartesian, Lissajous, Spiral, and a tailored Archimedean spiral (Aspiral). Numerical simulations and a dedicated experimental platform are used to compare FFP trajectory performance and system feasibility. Evaluation relies on Voronoi-based analysis, spatial accuracy maps, and catheter-tracking tests. Two orthogonal pairs of Helmholtz coils produce a time-varying magnetic field whose FFP moves along continuous trajectories. The catheter position is determined by detecting the instants when both directional sensors simultaneously output zero signals. Simulations and experiments show strong agreement in spatial accuracy and reproducibility. With 10 positions acquired every second, the Aspiral trajectory provided the best trade-off between coverage and precision, yielding median tracking errors of 1.6 mm in simulation and 4.6 mm experimentally. The complete EMT setup was validated in 2D, demonstrating spatial and temporal performance close to clinical needs and establishing a reproducible framework for optimizing FFP trajectories and coil design. System has many potential improvements, including faster electronics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Innovative Electromagnetic Catheter Tracking using Magnetoresitive sensors and Field-Free-Point method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-23 04:38:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8320961/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-04T18:32:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T11:55:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T14:47:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240550931660835192984731472530577645255","date":"2026-04-21T06:28:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162228935579256947132270190822377857205","date":"2026-04-20T08:07:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T23:48:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"158431950490042367389956598909976136599","date":"2025-12-23T03:50:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"303477642483083403746028402417427258301","date":"2025-12-18T02:25:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-18T01:53:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-17T18:16:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T20:23:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-12T10:17:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-12-12T10:02:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"635a3dbd-4d3b-42da-b1b5-685b2c4638b3","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-04T18:32:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T11:55:04+00:00","index":50,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":60027110,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":60027111,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T18:38:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-23 04:38:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8320961","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8320961","identity":"rs-8320961","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}