A new genome allows the identification of genes associated with natural variation in aluminium tolerance in Brachiaria grasses

ABSTRACT Toxic concentrations of aluminium cations and low phosphorus availability are the main yield-limiting factors in acidic soils, which represent half of the potentially available arable land. Brachiaria grasses, which are commonly sown as a forage in the tropics because of their resilience and low demand for nutrients, have a greater tolerance to high concentrations of aluminium cations than most other grass crops. In this work, we explored the natural variation in tolerance to aluminium cations (Al 3+ ) between high and low tolerant Brachiaria species and characterised their transcriptional differences during stress. We also identified three QTLs associated with root vigour during Al 3+ stress in their hybrid progeny. By integrating these results with a new Brachiaria reference genome, we have identified 30 genes responsible for Al 3+ tolerance in Brachiaria . We also observed differential expression during stress of genes involved in RNA translation, response signalling, cell wall composition and vesicle location genes homologous to aluminium-induced proteins involved in limiting uptake or localizing the toxin. However, there was limited regulation of malate transporters in Brachiaria , which are associated with external tolerance mechanisms to Al 3+ stress in other grasses. The contrasting regulation of RNA translation and response signalling suggests response phasing is critical to Al 3+ tolerance. HIGHLIGHT We identified QTLs, genes and molecular responses in high and low tolerant Brachiaria grasses associated with aspects of response to aluminium stress, such as regulation, cell-wall composition and active transport.