Biodiversity Assessment of Ground Beetles in Mount Nacolod Forest, Southern Leyte, Philippines

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A comprehensive collection effort done for two months yielded a total of 2,315 individuals representing 26 species across 16 genera, 8 tribes, and 2 subfamilies were documented in the forests of Mount Nacolod. Table 1 provides a comprehensive list of these species, detailing their geographical distribution, habitat type, and conservation status. Among the recorded species, 11 are identified as Philippine endemics, with 4 specifically endemic to Leyte. These findings offer baseline data on the carabid beetles of Mount Nacolod. Notably, species such as Pheropsophus hassenteufeli, Pheropsophus lumawigi , and Tricondyla aptera punctipennis were recorded as the most abundant. emphasizing the significance of this study in expanding the understanding of local biodiversity. New additions in Leyte are Brachinus leytensis, Trigonotoma goeltenbothi, Pheropsophus lumawigi, Pheropsophus azoulayi, Pheropsophus uliweberi, and Pheropsophus taclobanensis . The last two species were discovered and identified in this study. The ecological characteristics, distribution, and occurrence of these species were also documented. Urgent conservation efforts are recommended, particularly for rare and endemic carabid beetle species found in specific forest habitats like Mount Nacolod. It is imperative to enhance protective measures in designated landscapes to mitigate threats such as mining, illegal logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and human encroachment, safeguarding the biodiversity-rich ecosystems of Mount Nacolod and its surrounding forests. biodiversity endemic ground beetles Mount Nacolod Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Tropical forests, representing a crucial component of terrestrial biodiversity, are facing rapid decline due to various anthropogenic pressures (Myers et al., 2000; Tole, 1998; Dudley et al., 1998; Laurance et al., 2000; Chazdon, 2003). Among the most severely affected are the tropical forests of South East Asia, where excessive logging and continuous slash-and-burn, agriculture have led to substantial disturbances (Laurance et al., 1999; Fu, 2003; Giri et al., 2003). In the 1990s alone, forested regions of South East Asia experienced a decline of over 16 million hectares, with an annual loss rate of 1.2% (FAO, 2001). Notably impacted are biodiversity hotspots like the Philippine archipelago, which harbors a significant number of endemic species (Brooks et al., 2002). The Philippines has witnessed alarming rates of deforestation, losing 30,350 hectares annually in the past decade (Kincaid, 2002). Satellite imagery reveals a remaining forest cover of only 17.8%, with 9.3% categorized as secondary forest and 8.6% as primary forest (Geoanalytics, 2003). Compounded by a high population density of 251 individuals per square kilometer (World Bank, 2000), scarcity of arable land, and limited income opportunities, communities’ resort to slash-and-burn farming, encroaching even upon the last remaining natural forests at higher elevations. Evidence suggests that the Earth is currently undergoing a period of mass biodiversity reduction and species extinction, posing significant threats to biological systems, ecological services, and human welfare (Myers and Knoll, 2001; Butchart et al., 2010; Uchida and Ushimaru, 2014; Heywood, 1995; Bihn et al., 2010; Balmford and Bond, 2005). Rapid population growth and urbanization further exacerbate the modification of tropical forests at an unprecedented pace (Matson et al., 1997). However, while much research focuses on charismatic megafauna and plants, insects, particularly beetles, which represent a dominant portion of terrestrial fauna, remain inadequately evaluated and poorly understood (Dunn, 2005 ; Thomas, 2005 ; Runge et al., 2014 ). In forest ecosystems, beetles, especially ground-dwelling species, are abundant and diverse, playing critical roles in decomposition processes, soil health, and food webs (Payer & Harrison, 2003; Huston, 1993 ; Fonseca & Ganade, 2001; Booij & den Nijs, 1992; Rainio & Niemelä, 2003). Ground beetles, in particular, are sensitive indicators of forest floor properties and are significantly affected by land use changes, such as forest conversion to agriculture (Clark et al., 1994; Woodcock et al., 2003 ; Wang et al., 2014). This change in land use is identified as a primary driver of variations in species composition, impacting responsive species like carabid beetles globally (Huston, 1993 ; Myers & Knoll, 2001; Adams, 2010; Brooks et al., 2002; Kotze & O’Hara, 2003; Vanbergen et al., 2010 ). Ground beetles also called as carabid beetles, are known for their widespread distribution and taxonomic importance, offer valuable insights into ecosystem health and responses to anthropogenic disturbances (Lövei & Sunderland, 1996; Homburg et al., 2014). Their potential as keystone indicators, sensitivity to environmental changes, and role as bioindicators make them essential subjects for ecological studies (Kotze et al., 2011 ; Menalled et al., 2007; Butovsky, 2011; Gómez et al., 2014; Pozsgai & Littlewood, 2014 ; Lövei & Sunderland, 1996). However, despite their ecological significance, the status of carabid beetles in tropical ecosystems, particularly in regions like the Philippines, remains understudied. The Mount Nacolod Forest in Southern Leyte, Philippines, is a crucial ecological hotspot, yet its biodiversity, particularly that of ground beetles (Carabidae), remains poorly understood. As tropical forests face escalating threats from deforestation, habitat degradation, and human encroachment, there is an urgent need to assess and conserve the unique insect fauna inhabiting these ecosystems. Ground beetles, known for their sensitivity to environmental changes and role as bioindicators, play vital roles in ecosystem functioning, including decomposition processes and soil health. However, their status in Mount Nacolod Forest, amidst ongoing anthropogenic pressures, remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a comprehensive biodiversity assessment of ground beetles in Mount Nacolod Forest. It aims to identify and classify the different species present, present photo documentation of carabid beetles present in Mount Nacolod together with their occurrence, geographic distribution and preferred habitat type and examine the potential threats they face within the forest ecosystem Mt. Nacolod's biodiversity was confirmed by assessments conducted in 2011 and 2013. These studies revealed that over half (54%) of Southern Leyte remains forested, covering 88,812 hectares out of 163,271, which constitutes 12.5% of Leyte Island's total area (88,812 out of 709,699 hectares). The biodiversity survey recorded more than 350 tree species, 133 bird species, 27 amphibian species, 57 reptile species, and 40 mammal species. Mt. Nacolod is particularly rich in flora, with 65 plant families and 229 species identified. Of these, 14% are endemic to the Philippines, 9% are vulnerable, and 4% are critically endangered. Notable vulnerable tree species include Myristica philippensis (duguan), while critically endangered species include Hopea quisumbingiana (subyang), Shorea negrosensis (red lauan), Shorea seminis (malayakal), and Shorea contorta (white lauan). The discovery of Cinnammomum cebuense (Cebu cinnamon), previously known only from Cebu Island, was a significant finding. The fauna in Mt. Nacolod is as diverse as its flora, with 212 terrestrial vertebrates documented, including 112 bird species, 36 mammal species, and 94 herpetofauna species. The area has a high level of endemism, with 60 species (41 birds, 17 mammals, and 2 herpetofauna) unique to the region. Among the 41 endemic bird species, 14 are specific to the Greater Mindanao faunal region, and 11 are categorized as threatened by the IUCN. Threatened bird species noted by Birdlife International (2011) include the Philippine eagle, Mindanao bleeding-heart pigeon, Philippine eagle owl, Philippine dwarf kingfisher, silvery kingfisher, and Visayan broadbill. Of the 17 endemic mammal species, 8 are exclusive to the Mindanao faunal region, such as the Philippine pygmy squirrel and the Samar squirrel. By documenting the ground beetle diversity in Mount Nacolod Forest, this study seeks to provide essential baseline data for conservation planning and management strategies of ground beetles. Understanding the distribution and ecological requirements of ground beetles can inform effective conservation measures to mitigate the impacts of habitat loss and degradation. Furthermore, given the critical role of ground beetles as indicators of ecosystem health, their assessment can serve as a broader indicator of the overall ecological integrity of Mount Nacolod Forest. Through this research, it aims to contribute valuable insights into the conservation of biodiversity in tropical forests and advocate for the protection of Mount Nacolod Forest as a vital refuge for ground beetle diversity amidst escalating environmental challenges. Materials and methods Site Selection The study was conducted in the forests of Mount Nacolod, Silago, Southern Leyte. It has an area of 14,000 hectares (ha). A declared forest reserve, one and an identified Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) partly situated in Southern Leyte Province. Vegetation in the area is mainly composed of regenerating second to old growth forest and patches of cultivated area in forest edges. The forest is a home to 229 flora species in 65 families, with 31 Philippine endemics, 10 IUCN-critically endangered species which are mostly Dipterocarp species and 20 IUCN vulnerable species. It is a home to a diverse set of birds (41 of which are endemic to the Philippines, 14 endemics to the Visayas and the Greater Mindanao faunal region); mammals (17 species [or 47%] are Philippine endemics of which 8 are restricted only to the Mindanao faunal region). It is home to highly threatened endemic bird species such as the Philippine Cockatoo ( Cacatua haematurupygia ), the Visayas wattled-broadbill ( Sarcophanops samarensis ), and the forest specialist Walden’s hornbill, ( Aceros waldenii ). Collecting Methods Ground beetles were collected using two distinct methods, namely pitfall trapping (PT) and ground searching (GS). For pitfall trapping, plastic containers consisting of two interconnected 500 ml. plastic tubs (measuring 11.4 cm in diameter; 8 cm in height) were partially filled with bait substance and buried in the ground. A total of 100 pitfall traps were deployed across each study site, with 50 traps allocated to each habitat type (natural forest and agricultural land). These traps were strategically positioned in square grids with a spacing of 20 meters between traps to mitigate the "digging in" phenomenon. Additionally, each trap was equipped with a metal rooftop (measuring 13 cm x 13 cm) to protect against rain, leaf litter, and disturbances from animals. The bait materials utilized included vinegar, vinegar with catsup, fermented fish with vinegar, and ground meat, selected after a two-week trial period during which the effectiveness of various baits was evaluated. Notably, these new bait substances led to successful captures of carabid beetles, unlike the previous baits that yielded no captures. Subsequently, all collected samples from each trap within the forest was transported to the laboratory for sorting and accurate identification, with meticulous labeling implemented to prevent mix-ups between specimens from different habitat types. Conversely, ground searching (GS) involved manual collection efforts conducted by the researcher, research assistants, and local farmers, following specific field instructions for identifying ground beetles and using basic collection techniques. This method included actively searching the ground, leaf litter, logs, tree bark, and decaying wood for beetles, primarily at night due to the nocturnal nature of most carabid beetles. A 0.5 cm mesh size sifter was used to sift through dry leaf litter, while moist leaf litter was spread onto white fabric for inspection, with forceps used to handle the beetles. Additionally, ground beetles resting or running were manually collected from beneath logs, stones, and tree bark. Collection activities occurred during both day and night. After collection, all specimens were preserved in a preservative agent. These activities were carried out four times per month over a two-month period (April-May 2021). The collected beetles were meticulously identified and classified using morphological characteristics and taxonomic keys, with data on species richness, abundance, and distribution patterns recorded. Taxonomic Classification Identification of carabids was done up to species level if conceivable and was based on accessible published studies (Thiele 1977 ; Lindroth 1949 ; Scholtz 2005 ; Luff 1987 ; Kirschenhofer 2008 ; Trautner et al., 1987). After which, identification was affirmed and corrected by carabid experts Dr. Bernard Lassale, a pioneer of French Entomological Society in France, and Dr. Rainer Schnell, a professor in the University of Duisburg Essen, Germany, who have been identifying and publishing studies about carabid beetles. The voucher samples were stored in the laboratory. Permit(s) Prior to the collection of the specimens, Gratuitous Permit (GP) from the DENR was sought. Communication and letter of request were sent to respective municipal mayor and barangay chairpersons where collection was conducted. Results and Discussion A total of 2,315 individuals representing 26 species across 16 genera, 8 tribes, and 2 subfamilies were documented in the forests of Mount Nacolod. Table 1 provides a comprehensive list of these species, detailing their geographical distribution, habitat type, and conservation status. Among the recorded species, 11 are identified as Philippine endemics, with 4 specifically endemic to Leyte. These findings offer baseline data on the carabid beetles of Mount Nacolod. Notably, species such as Pheropsophus hassenteufeli, Pheropsophus lumawigi , and Tricondyla aptera punctipennis were recorded as the most abundant. Table 1 List of Carabid beetles in Mount Nacolod, Southern Leyte with their geographical distribution, habitat type and conservation status. Subfamily Carabinae Species Geographic Distribution Habitat Type Conservation Status Tribe Brachinini Tribe Chlaeniini BRULLÉ 1834 Tribe Lebiini s.str. BONELLI 1810 Tribe Cyclosomini LAPORTE DE CASTELNAU 1834 Tribe Dryptini Tribe Ozaenini Brachinus leytensis (LASSALE/SCHENELL, 2018) Pheropsophus fumigatus (DEJEAN, 1825) Pheropsophus nigerrimus (JEDLICKA, 1935) Pheropsophus hassenteufeli (STRANEO 1960) Pheropsophus azoulayi (LASSALLE + SCHNELL, 2018) Pheropsophus lumawigi (HRDLICKA 2019 sp nov.) Pheropsophus uliweberi (LASSALLE + SCHNELL, 2019 sp nov.) Pheropsophus (Stenaptinus) taclobanensis n. sp. (LASSALLE + SCHNELL, 2019 sp nov.) Chlaenius sp . 1 (BONELLI 1810) Haplochlaenius femoratus philippinus Catascopus elegans ( SCHMIDT GOEBEL 1846) Catascopus aequatus ( DEJEAN, 1831) Dolichoctis gilvipes ( DEJEAN) Lebia sp. LATREILLE 1802Sg. Poecilothais MAINDRON 1905 Pentagonica ruficollis SCHAUM Dicranoncus philippinensis Jedlicka, 1935 Pseudozaena orientalis opaca (Chaudoir 1868) Leyte, Philippine Endemic Oriental Oriental Leyte, Philippine Endemic Philippine Endemic Philippine Endemic Leyte, Philippine Endemic Leyte, Philippine Endemic Philippine Endemic Worldwide Philippine Endemic Worldwide Worldwide Oriental Oriental Worldwide Oriental Philippine Endemic Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest Natural forest and agricultural land Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest Natural and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest Natural forest Natural forest Natural forest Natural forest Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem NE (Not evaluated) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) NE (Not evaluated) NE (Not Evaluated) NE (Not Evaluated) NE (Not Evaluated) NE (Not Evaluated) (NT) Near Threatened LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) NE (Not Evaluated) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) NE (Not Evaluated) Subfamily Cicindeliae Tribe Collyridini BRULLE , 1834 Tribe Cicindelini LATREILLE , 1802 Tricondyla aptera punctipennis CHEVROLAT, 1841 Tricondyla ovicollis MOTSCHULSKY, 1864 Tricondyla conicicollis CHAUDOIR, 1844 Therates fasciatus pseudolatreillei HORN, 1928 Prothyma sp. Thopeutica sp. Cicindela sp. Cicindela sp Oriental Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Philippine Endemic Philippine Endemic Worldwide Worldwide Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Natural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Open forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Open forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Open forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem Open forest LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) NE (Not Evaluated) NE (Not Evaluated) LC (Least concerned) LC (Least concerned) The subfamily Carabinae encompasses a wide range of carabid beetles, each with distinct species, geographic distributions, habitat types, and conservation statuses. Species such as Brachinus leytensis and Pheropsophus uliweberi , and Pheropsophus taclobanensis are endemic to Leyte, Philippines, and thrive in natural forests and mixed agricultural ecosystems. Similarly, Pheropsophus lumawigi and Pheropsophus azoulayi are Philippine endemics, highlighting the region's rich biodiversity. The conservation statuses of these species vary, with some like Pheropsophus fumigatus and Pheropsophus nigerrimus listed as "Least Concerned," while others have not been evaluated. Notably, Haplochlaenius femoratus philippinus is considered "Near Threatened," indicating potential conservation concerns. Within the Cicindeliae subfamily, species such as Tricondyla aptera punctipennis and Tricondyla ovicollis are distributed worldwide, inhabiting natural forests and mixed agricultural ecosystems. The Prothyma sp . and Thopeutica sp . are endemic to the Philippines and found in open forests and mixed agricultural ecosystems. Conservation statuses also vary here, with several species like Cicindela sp. categorized as "Least Concerned," while others remain not evaluated. This diversity in habitats and geographic distributions underscores the ecological importance of the Carabinae and Cicindeliae subfamilies and the necessity for continued research and conservation efforts, especially for species that are not yet assessed. Discoveries of new species continue in Leyte and Samar. New additions in Leyte are Brachinus leytensis, Trigonotoma goeltenbothi, Pheropsophus lumawigi , Pheropsophus azoulayi, Pheropsophus uliweberi , and Pheropsophus taclobanensis . The last two species were discovered and identified in this study. Species composition and the presence of carabid beetles and depend on edaphic factors (Bukejs and Balalaikins, 2008). Carabid beetle species contribute significantly to the insect diversity in farmland because many species are adapted to agriculture and generally occur at high densities (Booij, 1994). According to Thiele ( 1977 ) and Kromp (1999) cultivated land is comprised of widely distributed, eurytopic ground beetle species, many of which have high tolerance to disturbances. Notwithstanding the diverse anthropogenic disturbances in Mount Nacolod, carabid beetles still flourish, which shows how these species are adapting to their environment. Be that as it may, the conversions, disturbances as well as human settlements stripping the forest because of unlawful logging of timber poses a colossal threat to the carabid beetles. Slash and burn farming which destroys the steepest slopes poses further threat to the species dwelling in these ecosystems. Some carabid beetles which are habitat specific and has a narrow geographic distribution should be a subject of priority especially in the conservation as the current loss of our forests ecosystems has a profound effect in their survival in the wild. Special attention should be given to species which are endemic, rare and with narrow distribution which is at high risk of extinction Ground beetles found in Mount Nacolod Conclusion and Recommendation The biodiversity assessment of Mount Nacolod's carabid beetles revealed a rich and diverse community, with 2,315 individuals representing 26 species across 16 genera, 8 tribes, and 2 subfamilies. Among these, 11 species are Philippine endemics, with 4 specifically endemic to Leyte. Notably, species such as Pheropsophus hassenteufeli, Pheropsophus lumawigi, and Tricondyla aptera punctipennis were the most abundant. The study also highlighted the ecological importance of the Carabinae and Cicindeliae subfamilies, showcasing their diverse habitats and geographic distributions. Despite the various anthropogenic disturbances, carabid beetles continue to thrive in Mount Nacolod, demonstrating their adaptability. However, the ongoing threats from deforestation, slash-and-burn farming, and illegal logging pose significant risks to these species, particularly those with narrow geographic distributions and specific habitat requirements. To enhance the conservation of carabid beetles and the overall biodiversity of Mount Nacolod, it is crucial to focus conservation efforts on species that are endemic, rare, and have narrow distributions, such as Brachinus leytensis and Pheropsophus taclobanensis, which are at high risk of extinction due to habitat loss. Implementing stricter measures to curb illegal logging and slash-and-burn farming, particularly in the steepest slopes and higher elevations, is essential to preserve the remaining forest ecosystems. Continued comprehensive biodiversity assessments are necessary to identify and document new species and monitor population trends, providing essential baseline data for conservation planning and management strategies. Educating local communities about the ecological importance of carabid beetles and the detrimental effects of deforestation, while promoting sustainable agricultural practices, is vital for long-term conservation. Establishing and expanding protected areas within Mount Nacolod will safeguard critical habitats and help mitigate the impacts of human encroachment. Enforcing existing environmental laws and advocating for stronger policies to address the root causes of deforestation and habitat degradation are also imperative. Declarations Conflict of Interest Statement The author declares no conflict of interest. All data collection, analysis, and interpretations were conducted independently of any influence or pressure from funding agencies, commercial entities, or personal relationships. The research was funded solely through academic grants and institutional support, with full transparency and adherence to ethical guidelines. Any potential conflicts that could arise from collaborations or financial support were disclosed and managed according to the policies of the respective institutions involved in this study. References Atlegrim, O., Sjoberg, K., & Ball, J.P. (1997). Forestry effects on a boreal ground beetle community in spring: Selective logging and clear-cutting compared. Biodiversity and Conservation. 12: 487-506. Baltazar, C.R. (2001). Directions of Systematic Entomology in the Philippines. Tra11s. Nall. Acad. Sci. & Tech., Philippines (2001) 23: 95-104Bouchard, P., Grebennikov, V. V., Smith, A. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 14 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 11 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 08 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4708513","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":325806673,"identity":"4f412850-73f1-4319-8d6a-95834cc5211f","order_by":0,"name":"Myra Abit Abayon","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCAyCC8cEDMCcByGwgTguzQQKpWtgkiNKiOyP34QeGmjvyBsd7j1Uk7jjMwM+eY8BcuAO3FrMb6cYSDMeeGW44cy7tRuKZwwySPW8MmGeewacljUGCge0w44YbOWY3EtsOMxjcANrC24ZXC/MPhn+H7UFaCkBa7InQwibB2HY4EaSFAWyLBCEtZ56xWST2PUueeeaMsURiWzqPxJlnBYdn4tNyPI35xodvd2z7jvcYfvjYZi3H35688XEhHi0MAgngiGBQOADh84CIw3g0MDDwQ5XKNyAJMuPVMgpGwSgYBSMNAAAealmAj3ni2gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-5169","institution":"Leyte Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Myra","middleName":"Abit","lastName":"Abayon","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-09 02:12:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4708513/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4708513/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01610-8","type":"published","date":"2025-12-08T15:59:17+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62187757,"identity":"e9afa12c-89c9-4a2e-9eaa-0e0962071557","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":244581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Mount Nacolod, Silago, Southern Leyte\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/26d18fd208bc119c2464ec1c.png"},{"id":62189183,"identity":"4d24efdd-31d0-4022-ab23-ab68aa961153","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:20:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":340440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigures 1-4\u003c/strong\u003e. Digital photographs of dorsal habitus. \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Brachinus leytensis \u003c/em\u003e(LASSALE/SCHENELL, 2018). \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus fumigatus \u003c/em\u003e(DEJEAN, 1825). \u003cstrong\u003eFig.3\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e (JEDLICKA,1935), \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus hassenteufeli \u003c/em\u003e(STRANEO 1960)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoto credit: B. 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(\u003c/em\u003eLASSALLE + SCHNELL, 2019 sp nov.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoto credit: B. Lassalle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/3b421166ddd2039a988c8b70.png"},{"id":62187752,"identity":"cc9deb6c-bba8-4de2-bb9b-38c9e3c61c32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":274838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigures 9-12\u003c/strong\u003e. Digital photographs of dorsal habitus.\u003cstrong\u003e Fig.9\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eChlaenius sp.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 10.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eHaplochlaenius femoratus philippinuus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. Fig.11\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCatascopus elegans (SCHMIDT GOEBEL 1846). \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 12\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Catascopus aequatus (\u003c/em\u003eDEJEAN, 1831)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoto credit: B. Lassalle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/ab9b7f130bf9536461678a09.png"},{"id":62190556,"identity":"ac60b6d5-3f93-494f-9e4f-96a3af383e68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:28:28","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":351218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigures 12-15\u003c/strong\u003e. Digital photographs of dorsal habitus. \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 12\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Catascopus aequatus (\u003c/em\u003eDEJEAN, 1831).\u003cstrong\u003e Fig.13.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Dolichoctis gilvipes (\u003c/em\u003eDEJEAN) \u003cstrong\u003eFig.14\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eLebia sp. (\u003c/em\u003eLATREILLE 1802Sg. Poecilothais MAINDRON 1905)\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 15.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePentagonica ruficollis\u003c/em\u003e(SCHAUM 1863)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoto credit: B. 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Digital photographs of dorsal habitus. \u003cstrong\u003eFig.16\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Dicranoncus philippinensis\u003c/em\u003e (Jedlicka, 1935) \u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 17.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePseudozaena orientalis opaca \u003c/em\u003e(Chaudoir 1868).\u003cstrong\u003e Fig. 18\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Tricondyla aptera punctipennis (\u003c/em\u003eCHEVROLAT, 1841).\u003cstrong\u003e Fig.19.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Tricondyla ovicollis (\u003c/em\u003eMOTSCHULSKY, 1864).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/927915d843c1becafaa0de4e.png"},{"id":62190557,"identity":"4bd33243-cfdf-442e-b714-9c8f683747b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:28:28","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":244876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigures 20-23\u003c/strong\u003e. Digital photographs of dorsal habitus. \u003cstrong\u003eFig.20\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Tricondyla conicicollis (\u003c/em\u003eCHAUDOIR, 1844)\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 21. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTherates fasciatus pseudolatreillei \u003c/em\u003eHORN, 1928. \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 22\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Prothyma heteromallicollis (\u003c/em\u003eHORN,1909).\u003cstrong\u003e Fig.23.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eProthyma sp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoto credit: B. Lassalle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/c0f6eeeb88130ee28fac524e.png"},{"id":62187753,"identity":"763d7e2d-1f97-4953-8db7-21c858be2c69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-10 12:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":152599,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigures 24-26\u003c/strong\u003e. Digital photographs of dorsal habitus\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig.24\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eThopeutica sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 25.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eCicindela sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 26\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cem\u003e Cicindela sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoto credit: B. Lassalle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/45a27e576f54ceb099d02bd9.png"},{"id":98434453,"identity":"a335bc88-881c-44f4-a44b-72df86c8727d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:52:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3704322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4708513/v1/0d3f11bc-84a9-4218-9e3b-4f3ff2daeadd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Biodiversity Assessment of Ground Beetles in Mount Nacolod Forest, Southern Leyte, Philippines","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTropical forests, representing a crucial component of terrestrial biodiversity, are facing rapid decline due to various anthropogenic pressures (Myers et al., 2000; Tole, 1998; Dudley et al., 1998; Laurance et al., 2000; Chazdon, 2003). Among the most severely affected are the tropical forests of South East Asia, where excessive logging and continuous slash-and-burn, agriculture have led to substantial disturbances (Laurance et al., 1999; Fu, 2003; Giri et al., 2003). In the 1990s alone, forested regions of South East Asia experienced a decline of over 16\u0026nbsp;million hectares, with an annual loss rate of 1.2% (FAO, 2001). Notably impacted are biodiversity hotspots like the Philippine archipelago, which harbors a significant number of endemic species (Brooks et al., 2002). The Philippines has witnessed alarming rates of deforestation, losing 30,350 hectares annually in the past decade (Kincaid, 2002). Satellite imagery reveals a remaining forest cover of only 17.8%, with 9.3% categorized as secondary forest and 8.6% as primary forest (Geoanalytics, 2003). Compounded by a high population density of 251 individuals per square kilometer (World Bank, 2000), scarcity of arable land, and limited income opportunities, communities\u0026rsquo; resort to slash-and-burn farming, encroaching even upon the last remaining natural forests at higher elevations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence suggests that the Earth is currently undergoing a period of mass biodiversity reduction and species extinction, posing significant threats to biological systems, ecological services, and human welfare (Myers and Knoll, 2001; Butchart et al., 2010; Uchida and Ushimaru, 2014; Heywood, 1995; Bihn et al., 2010; Balmford and Bond, 2005). Rapid population growth and urbanization further exacerbate the modification of tropical forests at an unprecedented pace (Matson et al., 1997). However, while much research focuses on charismatic megafauna and plants, insects, particularly beetles, which represent a dominant portion of terrestrial fauna, remain inadequately evaluated and poorly understood (Dunn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Thomas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Runge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn forest ecosystems, beetles, especially ground-dwelling species, are abundant and diverse, playing critical roles in decomposition processes, soil health, and food webs (Payer \u0026amp; Harrison, 2003; Huston, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Fonseca \u0026amp; Ganade, 2001; Booij \u0026amp; den Nijs, 1992; Rainio \u0026amp; Niemel\u0026auml;, 2003). Ground beetles, in particular, are sensitive indicators of forest floor properties and are significantly affected by land use changes, such as forest conversion to agriculture (Clark et al., 1994; Woodcock et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., 2014). This change in land use is identified as a primary driver of variations in species composition, impacting responsive species like carabid beetles globally (Huston, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Myers \u0026amp; Knoll, 2001; Adams, 2010; Brooks et al., 2002; Kotze \u0026amp; O\u0026rsquo;Hara, 2003; Vanbergen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround beetles also called as carabid beetles, are known for their widespread distribution and taxonomic importance, offer valuable insights into ecosystem health and responses to anthropogenic disturbances (L\u0026ouml;vei \u0026amp; Sunderland, 1996; Homburg et al., 2014). Their potential as keystone indicators, sensitivity to environmental changes, and role as bioindicators make them essential subjects for ecological studies (Kotze et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Menalled et al., 2007; Butovsky, 2011; G\u0026oacute;mez et al., 2014; Pozsgai \u0026amp; Littlewood, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026ouml;vei \u0026amp; Sunderland, 1996). However, despite their ecological significance, the status of carabid beetles in tropical ecosystems, particularly in regions like the Philippines, remains understudied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mount Nacolod Forest in Southern Leyte, Philippines, is a crucial ecological hotspot, yet its biodiversity, particularly that of ground beetles (Carabidae), remains poorly understood. As tropical forests face escalating threats from deforestation, habitat degradation, and human encroachment, there is an urgent need to assess and conserve the unique insect fauna inhabiting these ecosystems. Ground beetles, known for their sensitivity to environmental changes and role as bioindicators, play vital roles in ecosystem functioning, including decomposition processes and soil health. However, their status in Mount Nacolod Forest, amidst ongoing anthropogenic pressures, remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a comprehensive biodiversity assessment of ground beetles in Mount Nacolod Forest. It aims to identify and classify the different species present, present photo documentation of carabid beetles present in Mount Nacolod together with their occurrence, geographic distribution and preferred habitat type and examine the potential threats they face within the forest ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMt. Nacolod's biodiversity was confirmed by assessments conducted in 2011 and 2013. These studies revealed that over half (54%) of Southern Leyte remains forested, covering 88,812 hectares out of 163,271, which constitutes 12.5% of Leyte Island's total area (88,812 out of 709,699 hectares). The biodiversity survey recorded more than 350 tree species, 133 bird species, 27 amphibian species, 57 reptile species, and 40 mammal species. Mt. Nacolod is particularly rich in flora, with 65 plant families and 229 species identified. Of these, 14% are endemic to the Philippines, 9% are vulnerable, and 4% are critically endangered. Notable vulnerable tree species include \u003cem\u003eMyristica philippensis\u003c/em\u003e (duguan), while critically endangered species include \u003cem\u003eHopea quisumbingiana\u003c/em\u003e (subyang), \u003cem\u003eShorea negrosensis\u003c/em\u003e (red lauan), \u003cem\u003eShorea seminis\u003c/em\u003e (malayakal), and \u003cem\u003eShorea contorta\u003c/em\u003e (white lauan). The discovery of \u003cem\u003eCinnammomum cebuense\u003c/em\u003e (Cebu cinnamon), previously known only from Cebu Island, was a significant finding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fauna in Mt. Nacolod is as diverse as its flora, with 212 terrestrial vertebrates documented, including 112 bird species, 36 mammal species, and 94 herpetofauna species. The area has a high level of endemism, with 60 species (41 birds, 17 mammals, and 2 herpetofauna) unique to the region. Among the 41 endemic bird species, 14 are specific to the Greater Mindanao faunal region, and 11 are categorized as threatened by the IUCN. Threatened bird species noted by Birdlife International (2011) include the Philippine eagle, Mindanao bleeding-heart pigeon, Philippine eagle owl, Philippine dwarf kingfisher, silvery kingfisher, and Visayan broadbill. Of the 17 endemic mammal species, 8 are exclusive to the Mindanao faunal region, such as the Philippine pygmy squirrel and the Samar squirrel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy documenting the ground beetle diversity in Mount Nacolod Forest, this study seeks to provide essential baseline data for conservation planning and management strategies of ground beetles. Understanding the distribution and ecological requirements of ground beetles can inform effective conservation measures to mitigate the impacts of habitat loss and degradation. Furthermore, given the critical role of ground beetles as indicators of ecosystem health, their assessment can serve as a broader indicator of the overall ecological integrity of Mount Nacolod Forest. Through this research, it aims to contribute valuable insights into the conservation of biodiversity in tropical forests and advocate for the protection of Mount Nacolod Forest as a vital refuge for ground beetle diversity amidst escalating environmental challenges.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSite Selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the forests of Mount Nacolod, Silago, Southern Leyte. It has an area of 14,000 hectares (ha). A declared forest reserve, one and an identified Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) partly situated in Southern Leyte Province. Vegetation in the area is mainly composed of regenerating second to old growth forest and patches of cultivated area in forest edges. The forest is a home to 229 flora species in 65 families, with 31 Philippine endemics, 10 IUCN-critically endangered species which are mostly Dipterocarp species and 20 IUCN vulnerable species. It is a home to a diverse set of birds (41 of which are endemic to the Philippines, 14 endemics to the Visayas and the Greater Mindanao faunal region); mammals (17 species [or 47%] are Philippine endemics of which 8 are restricted only to the Mindanao faunal region). It is home to highly threatened endemic bird species such as the Philippine Cockatoo (\u003cem\u003eCacatua haematurupygia\u003c/em\u003e), the Visayas wattled-broadbill (\u003cem\u003eSarcophanops samarensis\u003c/em\u003e), and the forest specialist Walden\u0026rsquo;s hornbill, (\u003cem\u003eAceros waldenii\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollecting Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround beetles were collected using two distinct methods, namely pitfall trapping (PT) and ground searching (GS). For pitfall trapping, plastic containers consisting of two interconnected 500 ml. plastic tubs (measuring 11.4 cm in diameter; 8 cm in height) were partially filled with bait substance and buried in the ground. A total of 100 pitfall traps were deployed across each study site, with 50 traps allocated to each habitat type (natural forest and agricultural land). These traps were strategically positioned in square grids with a spacing of 20 meters between traps to mitigate the \"digging in\" phenomenon. Additionally, each trap was equipped with a metal rooftop (measuring 13 cm x 13 cm) to protect against rain, leaf litter, and disturbances from animals. The bait materials utilized included vinegar, vinegar with catsup, fermented fish with vinegar, and ground meat, selected after a two-week trial period during which the effectiveness of various baits was evaluated. Notably, these new bait substances led to successful captures of carabid beetles, unlike the previous baits that yielded no captures. Subsequently, all collected samples from each trap within the forest was transported to the laboratory for sorting and accurate identification, with meticulous labeling implemented to prevent mix-ups between specimens from different habitat types.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, ground searching (GS) involved manual collection efforts conducted by the researcher, research assistants, and local farmers, following specific field instructions for identifying ground beetles and using basic collection techniques. This method included actively searching the ground, leaf litter, logs, tree bark, and decaying wood for beetles, primarily at night due to the nocturnal nature of most carabid beetles. A 0.5 cm mesh size sifter was used to sift through dry leaf litter, while moist leaf litter was spread onto white fabric for inspection, with forceps used to handle the beetles. Additionally, ground beetles resting or running were manually collected from beneath logs, stones, and tree bark. Collection activities occurred during both day and night. After collection, all specimens were preserved in a preservative agent. These activities were carried out four times per month over a two-month period (April-May 2021). The collected beetles were meticulously identified and classified using morphological characteristics and taxonomic keys, with data on species richness, abundance, and distribution patterns recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTaxonomic Classification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification of carabids was done up to species level if conceivable and was based on accessible published studies (Thiele \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Lindroth \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1949\u003c/span\u003e; Scholtz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Luff \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Kirschenhofer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Trautner et al., 1987). After which, identification was affirmed and corrected by carabid experts Dr. Bernard Lassale, a pioneer of French Entomological Society in France, and Dr. Rainer Schnell, a professor in the University of Duisburg Essen, Germany, who have been identifying and publishing studies about carabid beetles. The voucher samples were stored in the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePermit(s)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the collection of the specimens, Gratuitous Permit (GP) from the DENR was sought. Communication and letter of request were sent to respective municipal mayor and barangay chairpersons where collection was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 2,315 individuals representing 26 species across 16 genera, 8 tribes, and 2 subfamilies were documented in the forests of Mount Nacolod. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides a comprehensive list of these species, detailing their geographical distribution, habitat type, and conservation status. Among the recorded species, 11 are identified as Philippine endemics, with 4 specifically endemic to Leyte. These findings offer baseline data on the carabid beetles of Mount Nacolod. Notably, species such as \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus hassenteufeli, Pheropsophus lumawigi\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eTricondyla aptera punctipennis\u003c/em\u003e were recorded as the most abundant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Carabid beetles in Mount Nacolod, Southern Leyte with their geographical distribution, habitat type and conservation status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubfamily Carabinae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic Distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabitat Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribe Brachinini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribe Chlaeniini\u003c/em\u003e BRULL\u0026Eacute; 1834\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLebiini s.str.\u003c/em\u003e BONELLI 1810\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribe Cyclosomini\u003c/em\u003e LAPORTE DE CASTELNAU 1834\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDryptini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTribe Ozaenini\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachinus leytensis\u003c/em\u003e (LASSALE/SCHENELL, 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus fumigatus\u003c/em\u003e (DEJEAN, 1825)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(JEDLICKA, 1935)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus hassenteufeli\u003c/em\u003e (STRANEO 1960)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus azoulayi\u003c/em\u003e (LASSALLE\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SCHNELL, 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus lumawigi\u003c/em\u003e (HRDLICKA 2019 sp nov.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus uliweberi\u003c/em\u003e (LASSALLE\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SCHNELL, 2019 sp nov.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePheropsophus (Stenaptinus) taclobanensis n. sp.\u003c/em\u003e (LASSALLE\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SCHNELL, 2019 sp nov.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlaenius sp\u003c/em\u003e. 1 (BONELLI 1810)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaplochlaenius femoratus philippinus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatascopus elegans (\u003c/em\u003eSCHMIDT GOEBEL 1846)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatascopus aequatus (\u003c/em\u003eDEJEAN, 1831)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDolichoctis gilvipes (\u003c/em\u003eDEJEAN)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLebia sp. LATREILLE 1802Sg.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoecilothais MAINDRON 1905\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePentagonica ruficollis SCHAUM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDicranoncus philippinensis\u003c/em\u003e Jedlicka, 1935\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudozaena orientalis opaca\u003c/em\u003e (Chaudoir 1868)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeyte, Philippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeyte, Philippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeyte, Philippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeyte, Philippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and agricultural land\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(NT) Near Threatened\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubfamily Cicindeliae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTribe Collyridini BRULLE\u003c/b\u003e, 1834\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTribe Cicindelini LATREILLE\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003e1802\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTricondyla aptera punctipennis\u003c/em\u003e CHEVROLAT, 1841\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTricondyla ovicollis\u003c/em\u003e MOTSCHULSKY, 1864\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTricondyla conicicollis\u003c/em\u003e CHAUDOIR, 1844\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTherates fasciatus pseudolatreillei\u003c/em\u003e HORN, 1928\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProthyma sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThopeutica sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCicindela sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCicindela sp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippine Endemic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen forest and mixed agricultural ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNE (Not Evaluated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC (Least concerned)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe subfamily Carabinae encompasses a wide range of carabid beetles, each with distinct species, geographic distributions, habitat types, and conservation statuses. Species such as \u003cem\u003eBrachinus leytensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus uliweberi\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus taclobanensis\u003c/em\u003e are endemic to Leyte, Philippines, and thrive in natural forests and mixed agricultural ecosystems. Similarly, \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus lumawigi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus azoulayi\u003c/em\u003e are Philippine endemics, highlighting the region's rich biodiversity. The conservation statuses of these species vary, with some like \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus fumigatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e listed as \"Least Concerned,\" while others have not been evaluated. Notably, \u003cem\u003eHaplochlaenius femoratus philippinus\u003c/em\u003e is considered \"Near Threatened,\" indicating potential conservation concerns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Cicindeliae subfamily, species such as \u003cem\u003eTricondyla aptera punctipennis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTricondyla ovicollis\u003c/em\u003e are distributed worldwide, inhabiting natural forests and mixed agricultural ecosystems. The \u003cem\u003eProthyma sp\u003c/em\u003e. and \u003cem\u003eThopeutica sp\u003c/em\u003e. are endemic to the Philippines and found in open forests and mixed agricultural ecosystems. Conservation statuses also vary here, with several species like \u003cem\u003eCicindela sp.\u003c/em\u003e categorized as \"Least Concerned,\" while others remain not evaluated. This diversity in habitats and geographic distributions underscores the ecological importance of the Carabinae and Cicindeliae subfamilies and the necessity for continued research and conservation efforts, especially for species that are not yet assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscoveries of new species continue in Leyte and Samar. New additions in Leyte are \u003cem\u003eBrachinus leytensis, Trigonotoma goeltenbothi, Pheropsophus lumawigi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus azoulayi, Pheropsophus uliweberi\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus taclobanensis\u003c/em\u003e. The last two species were discovered and identified in this study. Species composition and the presence of carabid beetles and depend on edaphic factors (Bukejs and Balalaikins, 2008). Carabid beetle species contribute significantly to the insect diversity in farmland because many species are adapted to agriculture and generally occur at high densities (Booij, 1994). According to Thiele (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) and Kromp (1999) cultivated land is comprised of widely distributed, eurytopic ground beetle species, many of which have high tolerance to disturbances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the diverse anthropogenic disturbances in Mount Nacolod, carabid beetles still flourish, which shows how these species are adapting to their environment. Be that as it may, the conversions, disturbances as well as human settlements stripping the forest because of unlawful logging of timber poses a colossal threat to the carabid beetles. Slash and burn farming which destroys the steepest slopes poses further threat to the species dwelling in these ecosystems. Some carabid beetles which are habitat specific and has a narrow geographic distribution should be a subject of priority especially in the conservation as the current loss of our forests ecosystems has a profound effect in their survival in the wild. Special attention should be given to species which are endemic, rare and with narrow distribution which is at high risk of extinction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGround beetles found in Mount Nacolod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe biodiversity assessment of Mount Nacolod\u0026apos;s carabid beetles revealed a rich and diverse community, with 2,315 individuals representing 26 species across 16 genera, 8 tribes, and 2 subfamilies. Among these, 11 species are Philippine endemics, with 4 specifically endemic to Leyte. Notably, species such as Pheropsophus hassenteufeli, Pheropsophus lumawigi, and Tricondyla aptera punctipennis were the most abundant. The study also highlighted the ecological importance of the Carabinae and Cicindeliae subfamilies, showcasing their diverse habitats and geographic distributions. Despite the various anthropogenic disturbances, carabid beetles continue to thrive in Mount Nacolod, demonstrating their adaptability. However, the ongoing threats from deforestation, slash-and-burn farming, and illegal logging pose significant risks to these species, particularly those with narrow geographic distributions and specific habitat requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo enhance the conservation of carabid beetles and the overall biodiversity of Mount Nacolod, it is crucial to focus conservation efforts on species that are endemic, rare, and have narrow distributions, such as Brachinus leytensis and Pheropsophus taclobanensis, which are at high risk of extinction due to habitat loss. Implementing stricter measures to curb illegal logging and slash-and-burn farming, particularly in the steepest slopes and higher elevations, is essential to preserve the remaining forest ecosystems. Continued comprehensive biodiversity assessments are necessary to identify and document new species and monitor population trends, providing essential baseline data for conservation planning and management strategies. Educating local communities about the ecological importance of carabid beetles and the detrimental effects of deforestation, while promoting sustainable agricultural practices, is vital for long-term conservation. Establishing and expanding protected areas within Mount Nacolod will safeguard critical habitats and help mitigate the impacts of human encroachment. Enforcing existing environmental laws and advocating for stronger policies to address the root causes of deforestation and habitat degradation are also imperative.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author declares no conflict of interest. All data collection, analysis, and interpretations were conducted independently of any influence or pressure from funding agencies, commercial entities, or personal relationships. The research was funded solely through academic grants and institutional support, with full transparency and adherence to ethical guidelines. Any potential conflicts that could arise from collaborations or financial support were disclosed and managed according to the policies of the respective institutions involved in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtlegrim, O., Sjoberg, K., \u0026amp; Ball, J.P. (1997). Forestry effects on a boreal ground beetle community in spring: Selective logging and clear-cutting compared. Biodiversity and Conservation. 12: 487-506.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaltazar, C.R. (2001). Directions of Systematic Entomology in the Philippines. Tra11s. Nall. Acad. Sci. \u0026amp; Tech., Philippines (2001) 23: 95-104Bouchard, P., Grebennikov, V. V., Smith, A. B. T., and Douglas, H. (2009) Biodiversity of Coleoptera. In: Footit, R. G., Adler, P. H. (eds.) 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Evaluation of carabid beetles as indicators of forest change in Canada.CanadianEntomologist140:393.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"biodiversity, endemic, ground beetles, Mount Nacolod","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4708513/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4708513/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA pioneer investigation about ground beetles was carried out within the forest of Mount Nacolod, a protected forest in Silago, Southern Leyte, Philippines. A comprehensive collection effort done for two months yielded a total of 2,315 individuals representing 26 species across 16 genera, 8 tribes, and 2 subfamilies were documented in the forests of Mount Nacolod. Table 1 provides a comprehensive list of these species, detailing their geographical distribution, habitat type, and conservation status. Among the recorded species, 11 are identified as Philippine endemics, with 4 specifically endemic to Leyte. These findings offer baseline data on the carabid beetles of Mount Nacolod. Notably, species such as \u003cem\u003ePheropsophus hassenteufeli, Pheropsophus lumawigi\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eTricondyla aptera punctipennis\u003c/em\u003e were recorded as the most abundant. emphasizing the significance of this study in expanding the understanding of local biodiversity. New additions in Leyte are \u003cem\u003eBrachinus leytensis, Trigonotoma goeltenbothi, Pheropsophus lumawigi, Pheropsophus azoulayi, Pheropsophus uliweberi, and Pheropsophus taclobanensis\u003c/em\u003e. The last two species were discovered and identified in this study. The ecological characteristics, distribution, and occurrence of these species were also documented. Urgent conservation efforts are recommended, particularly for rare and endemic carabid beetle species found in specific forest habitats like Mount Nacolod. It is imperative to enhance protective measures in designated landscapes to mitigate threats such as mining, illegal logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and human encroachment, safeguarding the biodiversity-rich ecosystems of Mount Nacolod and its surrounding forests.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Biodiversity Assessment of Ground Beetles in Mount Nacolod Forest, Southern Leyte, Philippines","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-10 12:12:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4708513/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-05-14T09:22:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-07-11T15:05:01+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-11T14:39:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-11T11:18:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2024-07-08T22:12:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f0adb77b-30d9-435d-b347-f4cc53a15514","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T16:16:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4708513","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01610-8","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-08 15:59:17","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 8th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-10 12:12:23","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42690-025-01610-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01610-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4708513","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4708513","identity":"rs-4708513","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}