Survival and causes of death in infants admitted in NICU in Tehran (a retrospective cohort study 2016-2022)
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Abstract Neonatal mortality remains a global public concern. The aims of the study were the evaluation of survival in all admitted infants in the NICU, as well as predictors of neonatal mortality from 2016 to 2022. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 7255 neonates admitted to the NICU in Valiasr Hospital (in the capital of Iran). Mortality proportion in preterm neonates was 9.1%, and 6.6% in all neonates. In most morbidites, the reduction of mortality was significant from 2016 to 2022.The most notable of them were respiratory disorders, prematurity, and sepsis. In the adjusted Cox regression, gestational age, birth weight, one and fifth-minute APGAR scores, congenital defects(HR = 2.02), sepsis (HR = 1.63), and respiratory disorders (HR = 1.40) were as predictor variables of death. Although the probability of survival seems to be increasing over the past years in Iran, it is far away from the target for 2030. The most common causes of neonatal mortality were congenital defects, sepsis, and respiratory disorders.
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Survival and causes of death in infants admitted in NICU in Tehran (a retrospective cohort study 2016-2022) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Survival and causes of death in infants admitted in NICU in Tehran (a retrospective cohort study 2016-2022) Hosein Dalili, Mamak Shariat, Leyla Sahebi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831825/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Neonatal mortality remains a global public concern. The aims of the study were the evaluation of survival in all admitted infants in the NICU, as well as predictors of neonatal mortality from 2016 to 2022. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 7255 neonates admitted to the NICU in Valiasr Hospital (in the capital of Iran). Mortality proportion in preterm neonates was 9.1%, and 6.6% in all neonates. In most morbidites, the reduction of mortality was significant from 2016 to 2022.The most notable of them were respiratory disorders, prematurity, and sepsis. In the adjusted Cox regression, gestational age, birth weight, one and fifth-minute APGAR scores, congenital defects(HR = 2.02), sepsis (HR = 1.63), and respiratory disorders (HR = 1.40) were as predictor variables of death. Although the probability of survival seems to be increasing over the past years in Iran, it is far away from the target for 2030. The most common causes of neonatal mortality were congenital defects, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors Survival mortality Intensive Care Neonatal Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Despite the great steps to improve neonatal outcomes, neonatal mortality is still one of the public health concerns worldwide 1–4 . Globally, an average rate of 17 deaths per 1,000 live births was reported and 2.4 million mortalities were recorded in the first month of life in 2019 3 . Most neonatal deaths occur during the early neonatal period (within the first 7 days after birth) and more than one-third of all neonatal deaths occur on the first day of born. Overall, nearly 6,700 neonates die every day 1–3 . Sankar et al. (2016) 5 found that almost 60% of neonatal deaths occur within the first 3 days of life in low and middle-income countries. In a study among preterm neonates in Iran (2010, hospital-based study), 39% and 84.3% of deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours and the first week of the neonatal period, respectively 6 . The pooled proportion of mortality in a systematic review (studies from 2001 to 2016 ) among 24,995 neonates admitted to NICUs in Iran was estimated to be 11.40% 7 , also in a meta-analysis among very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns (1996–2016) in Eastern Mediterranean Region, the pooled prevalence of mortality was obtained as 32.0%(CI 95%: 27.0–38.0%) 8 . Based on previous outcomes of studies, the risk of mortality is high immediately after birth, mainly when the infant is premature or preterm 4 . The major causes of neonatal mortality in developing countries were reported prematurity, low birth weight, infections, and birth asphyxia which constitute nearly 75% of neonatal deaths 2,3,9 . A noticeable inconsistency in neonatal mortality and the most common causes of mortality is observed across regions and different countries ( 2 , 3 , 10 ), also the cause of death in different periods can be different and require special medical management. Despite this, the survival outcome of international studies may not be generalizable due to differences in practices, healthcare system, outcome definitions, and study period ( 1 ). The availability of up-to-date and periodic data on neonatal survival is essential as this influences antenatal and delivery room counseling, treatment management at the NICU, and future revision of the perinatal guidelines and policies 1 . The majority of the causes of neonatal mortality are preventable, and the variation in neonatal mortality rate is due to the variations in the quality of care provided at neonatal intensive care units 3 . This study aimed to evaluate survival in all admitted infants in the NICU, as well as predictors of neonatal mortality from 2016 to 2022. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study that included neonates’ outcomes of admission to the NICU of Valiasr Hospital; a tertiary center affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran); from February 2016 to December 2022. The NICU at Valiasr Hospital has 45 beds and 3 isolated rooms and usually has up to 95% occupancy rates. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee at Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IR.TUMS.IKHC.REC. REC.1402.090. In the study, the event was defined as the incidence of death in the NICU, and survival was stated as infants who continued alive during their period of hospitalization. The time variable was defined as the time from the date of birth to the occurrence of death during the period of hospitalization. Hospital registry system was used to obtain the required information. Variables of the study including neonatal factors (as gender, age, gestational age, birth weight, APGAR score at first and fifth minutes), neonate’s underlying disorders (as respiratory disorders (including respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (including focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (including nervous intraventricular, hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, trauma in birth scalp, nosocomial infection), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition), invasive intervention treatment ( as chest tube, central venous (CV)-line, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, umbilical vein catheters (UVC), surgery, gastric lavage, and peritoneal dialysis), antibiotic administration, resuscitation before intubation (concluded use of oxygen mask, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and positive pressure ventilation (PPV)), and resuscitation after intubation ( as epinephrine injection, and chest compression) ), hospitalization year (2016 to 2022), medical services provided in the hospital (as non-invasive and maternal factors (as multiple gestations, prenatal care, chorioamniotic membrane separation, mode of delivery, hypertension, gestational blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, corticosteroid therapy, premature reputation, female infertility, reproductive technique, and positive HIV in mother). Data are reported as mean and standard deviations (SD) or frequency (proportions). Kaplan-Meier curves were used to show survival, and univariate and multiple Cox regression test was performed to report crude and adjusted hazard ratio in survival. The data was analyzed with SPSS-20 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and STATAMP 14, and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Basic information Based on the available medical records, a total of 7255 neonates were admitted to the NICU in Valiasr Hospital from February 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022. Of 7214 infants (Information of gestational age was not recorded in 41 neonates), 4337 (60.1%) were preterm (birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy). The mean (SD) and median (IQR; Min-Max) of gestational age in the neonates were 35.35 (3.51) and 36.14(4.71; 22.14–42.14) weeks. The mean (SD) and median (IQR; Min-Max) of birth weight of the neonates was 2507.93 (863.32) and 2600(1230; 400–6000) grams. Of 7241 neonates (14 cases missed due to lack of information registration). Among infants 3263 cases were in the low birth weight (LBW) group (weight at birth of < 2500 grams). Generally, 6924 neonates had records of the first and five-minute APGAR score, the mean (SD) of first and 5 APGAR scores were 6.85(2.31) and 8.57(1.53), and medians (IQR) were 8( 3 ) and 9( 1 ). Basic information on dead and alive infants (on 7255 neonates) is shown in Table 1 . In the analysis of some background-clinical factors, gestational age, birth weight, and APGAR scores in 1 and 5 minutes had statistical differences in alive and dead neonates (P- Values ≤ 0.001). Table 1 Baseline information of neonates admitted by outcome ( survived = 6773, and expired = 482 ) in NICU at Valiasr hospital, Tehran (Capital of Iran) Variables Cofactors(n) survived; n(%) expired; n(%) P-value Gender Male(3959) 3691(93.2) 268(6.8) 0.544 # Female(3259) 3050(93.6) 209(6.4) Ambiguous genitalia(11) 7(63.6) 4(36.4) Mode of delivery Vaginal delivery(1048) 979(93.4) 69(6.6) 0.912 Cessarian section(6172) 5760(93.3) 412(6.7) Multiple gestation No(6308) 5898(93.5) 410(6.5) 0.254 Yes(948) 875(92.4) 72(7.6) Gestational age;weeks* < 28(316) 162(51.3) 154(48.7) < 0.001 & 28-31.9(830) 706(85.1) 124(14.9) 32–36.9(3184) 3070(96.4) 114(3.6) 37-41.9(2866) 2780(97.0) 86(3.0) ≥ 42(4) 4(100.0) 0(0.0) Birth weight;g* ≤ 999(398) 208(523) 190(47.7) < 0.001^ 1000–1499(661) 572(86.5) 89(13.5) 1500–2499(2200) 2106(95.7) 94(4.3) 2500–3999(3751) 3650(97.3) 101(2.7) ≥ 4000(216) 210(97.2) 6(2.8) APGAR score at minute 1(N = 6976) mean(SD) 7.09(2.11) 3.66(2.51) median(IQR) 8.0(3.0) 3.0(5.0) < 0.001 APGAR score at minute5 (n = 6922) mean(SD) 8.74(1.33) 9.0(2.0) median(IQR) 6.25(2.22) 7.0(3.0) < 0.001 *Gestational age (weeks): <28 extremely preterm, 28-31.9 very preterm, 32-36.9 moderate to late preterm, 37-41.9 normal, ≥ 42 post-term. Birth weight (g): <1000 extremely low birthweight, < 1000–1499 very low birthweight, 1500–2499 low birthweight,2500–3999 normal birth weight, and ≥ 4000 high birth weight # P-Value is by comparison of female and male groups, #Groups ≥ 42 and 37-41.9 weeks has merged in analysis ^ Groups ≥ 4000 and 2500–3999 g has merged in analysis The median (IQR) of hospitalization was 11.87(16.99) days and 5.0(9.0) days in alive and dead neonates (Table 1 ). Mortality in preterm and LBW neonates was 9.1% (392) and 11.4% (373 cases) respectively, this percentage was 6.6% (482 cases) in all neonates. Overall 64.9% (313/482) of neonatal deaths were in the first week of birth. This proportion was 15.15% (73/482) in the first 24 hours. Medical morbidities distribution by outcome (discharged or expired) is accessible in Table 2 . Table 2 Medical morbidities by outcome (discharge or death) in admitted neonates in NICU Variables Cofactos(n) survived; n(%) expired; n(%) P-value Respiratory disorders* No 6385(95.3) 317(4.7) < 0.001 Yes 385(70.0) 165(30.0) Metabolic system disoreders* No 6585(93.4) 469(6.6) 0.647 Yes 82(92.1) 7(7.9) Central neurvus system defects(non-congenital)* No 5754(95.3) 291(4.8) < 0.001 Yes 913(83.2) 185(16.8) Sepsis No 3111(95.2) 235(7.0) < 0.001 Yes 404(85.4) 69(14.6) Gastrointestinal disorders* No 1361(83.2) 275(16.8) < 0.001 Yes 5407(96.3) 206(3.7) Congenital conditions No 4576(97.1) 135(2.9) < 0.001 Yes 2091(86.0) 341(14.0) Troma in birth scalp No 6738(93.4) 476(6.6) 0.075 Yes 30(85.7) 5(14.3) neonate’s underlying disorders (as respiratory disorders (including respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (including focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (including nervous intraventricular, hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, trauma in birth scalp, nosocomial infection) The lowest average survival was among the infants infected with Acinetobacter baumannii (62.69 days), and the highest average survival belonged to neonatal metabolic system disorders. The average survival in infants with invasive intervention treatment was 110.14 days. Overall, 30.8% (190 neonates) of cases with invasive treatments had hospital infection too, this percent was 8.5% in opposite group (P-value < 0.001). Mortality proportion was calculated at 22.3%( 51/342) in neonates with invasive treatment, this proportion was obtained at 37%( 17/46) in neonates with acinetobacter boumani infection. Mortality proportion in neonates with history of invasive intervention treatment and acinetobacter boumani infection was 41.7(15/36). Among most neonatal morbidities, the mortality proportion declined from 2016 to 2022, decreasing in mortality was more noticeable in prematurity, respiratory disorders, and sepsis (Fig. 1 ). A total of 7251 neonates were followed for a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 160 days with a median follow-up period of 7 days. Survival time average(SE), and median(SE) were 144.99(4.47), and 184.0 (30.166) days, and 75% of infants had survival ≥ 104 days (SE = 11.49) (Fig. 2 ). central tendency Indices of survival time by some demographical and medical factors are accessible in Table 3 . Table 3 Indices of central tendency of survival time by some neonatal and maternal factors Variables* Cofactor Mean(SE) Variables Cofactots Mean(SE) Neonatal respiratory disorders No 156.82(3.39) Intervention resuscitation( before intubation) No 161.45(4.48) Yes 90.83(4.13) Yes 135.22(6.368) Neonatal congenital conditions No 169.83(3.89) Intervention resuscitation (after intubation) No 159.36(5.4) Yes 125.86 (6.07) Yes 106.7(4.79) Neonatal gastrointestinal disorders No 146.99(4.99) Maternal prenatal care No 158.64(4.93) Yes 130.88(8.05) Yes 137.19(4.39) Neonatal sepsis No 141.78(6.52) Maternal chorioamnionitis No 147.71(4.49) Yes 129.58(6.6) Yes 108.89(5.07) Neonatal central neurvus system defects(noncongenital) No 159.78(3.32) Maternal pre-exiting blood presure No 144.05(5.22) Yes 123.52(8.68) Yes 160.63(6.05) Neonatal metabolic system disorders No 144.59(4.80) Maternal gestational blood presure No 142.98(5.06) Yes 140.19(8.86) Yes 127.22(3.09) Troma in birth scalp No 145.25(4.49) Pre- exiting diabetes No 145.35(4.83) Yes 78.83(7.2) Yes 151.84(13.64) Intervention treatment (non-invasive) in neonate No 156.20(4.99) Maternal gestational diabetes No 145.44(4.5) Yes 138.88(7.31) Yes 110.34(5.09) Intervention treatment (invasive) No 162.88(5.72) Maternal stroid therapy No 140.49(7.62) Yes 110.14(3.78) Yes 141.27(5.18) Hopitalization year 2016 152.0(5.53) Maternal premature rupture of membranes No 144.12(5.28) 2017 110.49(5.09) Yes 137.46(6.54) 2018 109.85(3.38) Type of delivery Vaginal 118.62(10.62) 2019 127.05(9.96) Cesarean 149.33(3.12) 2020 114.26(3.34) Infertility History No 147.58(4.54) 2021 138.85(11.91) Yes 105.15(5.35) 2022 122.05(5.85) Assisted Reproductive Technology No 146.9(4.52) Mutiple gestation No 146.53(4.59) Yes 104.87(6.16) Yes 109.59(4.18) HIV Negative 148.39(3.2) Gender Female 139.16(4.59) Positive 124.42(12.01) Male 109.59(4.18) Nosocomial infection in neonate No 141.73(6.52) LBW No 145.24(3.09) Yes 136.91(8.05) Yes 116.02(6.67) Type of nosocomial infection Candida 126.89(15.13) Antibiotic administration in neonate No 140.77(4.9) Entrocucus 147.28(10.02) Yes 170.62(2.64) Coagulase negative 98.32(4.47) Klebsiella 109.27(16.02) Acinetobacte r 62.69(5.34) *Neonate’s underlying disorders (as respiratory disorders (including respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (including focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (including nervous intraventricular, hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, trauma in birth scalp, nosocomial infection), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition), invasive intervention treatment ( as chest tube, central venous (CV)-line, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, umbilical vein catheters (UVC), surgery, gastric lavage, and peritoneal dialysis), antibiotic administration, resuscitation before intubation (concluded use of oxygen mask, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and positive pressure ventilation (PPV)), and resuscitation after intubation ( as epinephrine injection, and chest compression) ), In bivariate analysis, decreasing gestational age, birth weight, height, head circumference, and first and fifth-minute APGAR score had a higher probability of death (Table 4 ). Neonates with respiratory disorders, congenital conditions, and central nervous system defects(non-congenital) had a higher hazard of death (Table 4 ). But neonates with non-invasive intervention treatment, and maternal gestational diabetes had less hazard than other groups. Also, combination antibiotic therapy had a higher probability of death (Table 4 ). Table 4 crude and adjusted hazard ratio of mortality (in presence of some potential confounders such as medical services in hospital) among neonates admitted to NICU Crude analysis Adjusted analysis Cofactor B(SE) HR**(CI95%) P-value B(SE) HR(CI95%) P-value Neonatal Factors Gender Female - - 0.87 - - - Male - 1.02(0.847,1.22) - - Height, cm -0.085(0.005) ≤ 0.001 -0.052(0.015) 0.001 Head circumference, cm - -0.177(0.005) - ≤ 0.001 0.001(0.032) - 0.980 Weight;g - -0.001(0.0) - ≤ 0.001 -0.01(0.001) - ≤ 0.001 Gestational age; day - -0.028(0.002) - ≤ 0.001 -0.002(0.00) - ≤ 0.001 1-minute Apgar score - -0.405(0.018) - ≤ 0.001 -0.104(0.029) - 0.038 5-minute Apgar score - − .432(0.017) - ≤ 0.001 -0.196(0.032) - 0.004 Body temprature;°C - -0.18(0.015) - 0.234 - - - Respiratory disorders* No - - ≤ 0.001 - - 0.023 Yes - 3.91(3.21, 4.76) - 1.40(1.05,1.88) Congenital conditions* No - - ≤ 0.001 - ≤ 0.001 Yes - 3.57(2.92, 4.34) - 2.03(1.51,2.70) Gastrointestinal disorders* No - - 0.328 - - - Yes - 1.16(0.86, 1.56) - - Sepsis No - - 0.198 - - 0.002 Yes - 1.18(0.821,153) - 1.63(1.19,2.23) Central nervous system defects(non-congenital)* No - - ≤ 0.001 - - 0.145 Yes - 1.98(1.63, 2.39) - 1.08(0.98,1.34) Metabolic system disorders* No - - 0.217 - - 0.4 Yes - 1.05(0.875,3.92) - 1.05(0.97,1.61) Troma in the birth scalp No - - 0.322 - - - Yes - 1.56(0.646,3.77) - - Intervention treatment (non-invasive)* No - - ≤ 0.001 - - ≤ 0.001 Yes - 0.52(0.42,0.643) - 0.318(0.215,0.471) Intervention treatment (invasive)* No - - ≤ 0.001 - - ≤ 0.001 Yes - 3.59(2.98,4.34) - 1.79(1.34,2.39) Antibiotic administration No - - ≤ 0.001 - - 0.024 Yes - 0.589(0.467.746) - 0.577(0.357,0.930) Combination antibiotic therapy(number) 0.146(0.021) - ≤ 0.001 0.107(0.37) - 0.004 Intervention resuscitation( before intubation) No - - - - Yes - 2.18(1.77,2.69) ≤ 0.001 - 1.43(0. 884,1.67) 0.242 Intervention resuscitation( after intubation) No - Yes 10.08(8.26,12.3) ≤ 0.001 - 2.86(2.06,3.99) ≤ 0.001 Nosocomial infection No - - 0.588 - - - Yes - 1.08(0.818,1.42) - - Hospitalization year* 2016 - - - - - 2017 - 1.28(0.918,1.78) 0.145 - 1.14(0.77,1.66) 0.509 2018 - 1.04(0.746,1.45) 0.814 - 0.82(0.53,1.23) 0.810 2019 - 0.804(0.564,1.15) 0.230 - 0.597(0.436,0.867) 0.054 2020 - 0.737(0.507,1.07) 0.111 - 0.158(0.083,0.3) ≤ 0.001 2021 - 0.688(0.482,0.983) 0.04 - 0.306(0.185,0.505) ≤ 0.001 2022 - 0.689(0.482,0.984) 0.04 - 0.382(0.224, 0.65) ≤ 0.001 Maternal Factors Multiple gestation No - - 0.155 - - 0.006 Yes - 0.832(0.646,1.07) - 1.62(1.149,2.28) Prenatal care No - - 0.231 - Yes - 0.843(0.638,1.11) - - Chorioamnionitis No - - 0.463 - - - Yes - 1.265(0.676,2.37) - - hypertension No - 0.992 - - - Yes - 0.998(0.66,1.51) - - Gestational blood pressure No - - 0.38 - - - Yes - 1.11(0.88,1.38) - - Diabetes Mellitus No - - 0.263 - - - Yes - 0.881(0.525,0.48) - - Gestational diabetes No - - 0.022 - - 0.836 Yes - 0.74(0.573,0.975) - 0.962(0.667,1.39) Corticostroid therapy No - - 0.691 - - - Yes - 1.04(0.853,1.27) - - Premature reputation No - - 0.716 - - - Yes - 1.05(0.812,1.35) - - Cesarean Delivery No - - 0.29 - - - Yes - 0.87(0.673,1.13) - - Female infertility No - - 0.017 - - 0.260 Yes - 1.41(1.06,1.87) - 1.43(0.769,2.65) Reproductive technique No - - 0.151 - - 0.514 Yes - 1.28(0.915,1.78) - 0.783(0.375,1.64) Positive HIV in the mother No - - 0.68 - - - Yes - 1.23(0.459,3.29) - * Respiratory disorders ( included respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (included focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (included nervous intraventricular, hemorrhagehypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, non-invasive intervention treatment (total parenteral nutrition(TPN), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition), invasive intervention treatment (chest tube, central venous (CV)-line, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, umbilical vein catheters (UVC), surgery, gastric lavage, and peritoneal dialysis), Trauma in birth scalp, antibiotic administration, resuscitation prior to intubation (use of oxygen mask, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) ), and resuscitation after intubation (epinephrine injection, and chest compression) ** HR: Hazard Ratio We compared the hazard ratio by different years of admission. Neonates in 2021 and 2022 admission years had a lower hazard of expiring compared to neonates who had admission in 2016 (HR = 0.688, CI 95%: 0.482,0.983, and HR = 0.689, CI 95%:0.482,0.984 respectively After adjustment for potential confounding variables (with P-value ≤ 0.2 in crude analysis), years of admission, gestational age, birth weight, one and fifth-minute APGAR scores, neonatal height, sepsis, respiratory disorders, congenital defects, invasive intervention treatment, non-invasive intervention treatment, resuscitation (before and after intubation), and combination antibiotic therapy were continued as predictor variables of death (Table 4 ). In adjusted analysis, the risk of death in neonates with respiratory disorders was 1.40 times, sepsis 1.63 times, and congenital defects 2.20 times higher than those who did not. The mortality hazard ratio in neonates with a history of resuscitation was more than in other neonates (HRs = 1.43 and 2.86 HR in resuscitation before intubation and after intubation, respectively). Neonates with invasive intervention treatment had a 1.79-fold higher hazard of dying compared to neonates who had no intervention treatment, however neonates with non-invasive intervention treatment had a lower risk of death(AHR = 0.318, CI95%: 0.215,0.471). Also, neonatal mortality in 2016 was 6.3 fold higher which was admitted in 2020, 3.26 times in 2021, and 2.62 times in 2022. This study revealed that combination antibiotic therapy was related to a 0.107 increment in the probability of neonatal mortality. DISCUSSION This study was conducted in a tertiary medical center between 2016–2022. Although tertiary hospitals propose the highest level of specialized care, the lack of managing serious illnesses and emergencies as well as special conditions of patients (unwell neonates) can cause higher deaths in tertiary centers 10 . In the present study, the proportion of mortality in preterm, very preterm and VLBW neonates was 9.1%, 24.3% and 26.4% respectively. The pooled proportion of mortality in a systematic review (studies from 2001 to 2016) among 24,995 neonates admitted to NICUs in Iran was estimated to be 11.40% (CI 95%: 9.10–14.20). The lowest mortality was reported as 7.70% (CI 95%: 6.01–9.82) in the center of Iran, and the highest mortality was reported as 19.26% (CI 95%: 15.82–23.24) in the west of Iran 7 . In a meta-analysis among VLBW newborns (1996–2016) the prevalence of mortality was 32.0% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 8 . By WHO reporting, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest neonatal mortality rate in the world with 43% of global newborn deaths, followed by central and southern Asia with 36% of global newborn deaths 11 . Neonatal mortality in this study was lower than older studies and other neighboring countries in NICUs 7,8 . The prevalence of infant death in this study based on the years of admission showed that the mortality was always above 8.5% until the end of 2018 (2016–2018), and after that (2020 to 2022), it was always below 5.5%. In this study, 15.5% of deaths occurred on the first day, and 64.9% died in the first 7 days of born. In a study among preterm neonates in Iran (2010, hospital-based study), 39% and 84.3% of deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours and the first week of the neonatal period, respectively 6 . This proportion was 30% and 80% among preterm neonates in Northern Ethiopia (2014–2018) respectively 12 . By meta-analysis with the aim of timing of neonatal mortality during the postnatal period(in 2000–2022) 4 , newborns were most likely to die during the first day and the first week, and less than one-fourth of all newborns died between days 8 and 28 4 . Based on data from 46 studies, high-income countries had the highest prevalence of mortality on day 1 (51.8%) and the lowest proportion of mortality on days 2–7 (23.9%), compared to the other countries 4 . In the present study, the probability of death has decreased in the majority of neonatal co-morbidities during the years 2016 to 2022. This decreasing trend was observed both in common disorders leading to hospitalization in NICU as low gestational age, and in disorders with a relatively low prevalence but with a high fatality as respiratory disorders. A two-fold decrease in mortality among preterm neonates was seen over time (13.5% in 2016 to 6.7% in 2022), also mortality among neonates with sepsis had decreased significantly (from 19.4% in 2016 to 7.7% in 2020). In a study by Beek and coauthors (2021) in the Netherlands a significant decrease in mortality was reported as necrotizing enterocolitis, respiratory distress syndrome, and intraventricular hemorrhage 1 In adjusted analysis, in the presence of 15 variables, neonates with congenital defects 2.27 times, sepsis 1.63, and respiratory disorders about 1.4 times had a higher adjusted hazard ratio of mortality. Similar to our findings, WHO figures state that preterm births, perinatal asphyxia, infections, and congenital defects are recognized as being the leading causes of neonatal deaths 11 . Also in a study on seven countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone; and, South Africa) of 2016–2021, leading underlying causes of mortality in neonates were complications of intrapartum events (31%), prematurity (28%), sepsis (17%), respiratory disorders (11%), and congenital malformations (8%) 13 . In our study adjusted mortality hazard ratio in 2016 was 6.3-fold mortality in 2020, 3.26 times in 2021, and 2.62 times in 2022 admissions. These changes can be due to improvements in the management of newborns' treatment. Considering the adjusting of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic interventions effect in the regression model, the factor of improving treatment management is strengthened in increasing the survival of newborns.This study also revealed combination antibiotic therapy reduces the survival of newborns. Some studies pointed out that the wide use of antibiotics increases the susceptibility of patients admitted to ICU and NICU to nosocomial infections, especially to microbial agents with multidrug resistance 14,15 . In Nayeri’s study (results by 2014–2022), Combination antibiotic therapy influenced the occurrence of nosocomial A. baumannii and S. epidermidis in neonates in the NICU too 16 . In consistency with other studies,we found a higher hazard of mortality for twin and triplet births compared to singleton neonates in NICU after adjusting for baseline and hospital characteristics. 17–20 . But other maternal factors such as gestational diabetes melitus and history of female infertility didn’t have significant relationship with neonaatal mortality after adjusting for potential confounder. The risk of death in neonates with history of invasive intervention treatment was more than 1.79 times compared with other groups. There are two possible reasons for this finding: 1. For the survival of unwell neonates in the last moments of life, advanced therapeutic interventions are performed. Based on the study done in this regard, on the final day of life, 95.7% of the infants received invasive ventilator support, 76.3% antibiotics, 58.1% inotropic, and 25.8% received no opioid or sedative administration. 2: Performing invasive treatments increases the possibility of hospital infections and increased probability of death. In this study, 620 neonates (24%) had performed invasive treatment, and 357 neonates had nosocomial infection. Mortality proportion was calculated at 22.3%in neonates with invasive treatment, 37% in neonates with acinetobacter boumani infection and 41.7% in neonates with history of invasive intervention treatment and acintobacter nosocomial infection. Neonates with non-invasive intervention treatment such as total parenteral nutrition(TPN), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition had a lower risk of death (close to 2 times). CONCLUSION Mortality in neonates is decreasing in Iran, but we are currently far away from the goal for 2030 (12 or less newborn deaths per 1000 live births [16]. The most common causes of neonatal mortality were congenital defects, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Management of invasive treatments in the prevention of hospital infections is inevitable. There is need for more studies to determine the causal relationship between combination antibiotic treatments and neonate survival. Declarations Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge of Maternal-Fetal and neonatal research center, Tehran university of Medical sciences and all co-operator in the hospital registration system for collecting data and supervising Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.IKHC.REC. REC.1402.090), Tehran, Iran. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations by including a statement in ethical approval contract and in accordance with the declarations of Helsinki. The information documented by the hospital registry system was used for the study and waived the need for informed consent by ethics committee of biomedical research, Imam Khomeini hospital complex, Tehran university of medical sciences. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used during the current study available from the corresponding author ( Leyla Sahebi/ [email protected] ) on reasonable request. Competing interests Not aplicable Funding Not aplicable Authors’ contributions H.D and L.S designed the study. L.S and M.Sh collected data L.S analyzed data. L.S and H.D wrote the initial draft of the manuscript which was subsequently modifed by M.Sh. All authors read and edited the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have seen and approved the fnal version of the manuscript. Author information Hosein Dalili, Professor. Breastfeeding Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mamak Shariat, Professor. Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran Leyla Sahebi*, Corresponding author.Ph.D. Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Any statement written within the manuscript: Data avalible if request References van Beek, P.E., et al. Survival and causes of death in extremely preterm infants in the Netherlands. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106, 251–257 (2021). Gebremariam, H., et al. Demographic, Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Dekemhare Hospital, Eritrea. BMC Pediatr 22, 716 (2022). Tolossa, T., et al. Survival status and predictors of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive care Unit (NICU) of Wollega University referral hospital (WURH) and Nekemte Specialized hospital, Western Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 17, e0268744 (2022). Dol, J., et al. Timing of neonatal mortality and severe morbidity during the postnatal period: a systematic review. JBI Evid Synth 21, 98–199 (2023). Sankar, M.J., et al. When do newborns die? A systematic review of timing of overall and cause-specific neonatal deaths in developing countries. J Perinatol 36 Suppl 1, S1-s11 (2016). Moura, H., et al. End of life in the neonatal intensive care unit. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 66, 1569–1572 (2011). Karimi, P., Mahmudi, L., Azami, M. & Badfar, G. Mortality in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iranian Journal of Neonatology 10, 70–80 (2019). Nayeri, F., et al. Mortality and Morbidity Patterns of Very Low Birth Weight Newborns in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Meta-Analysis Study. Journal of Pediatrics Review 7, 67–76 (2019). Lawn, J.E., Cousens, S. & Zupan, J. 4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why? Lancet 365, 891–900 (2005). Aggarwal, K.C., Gupta, R., Sharma, S., Sehgal, R. & Roy, M.P. Mortality in newborns referred to tertiary hospital: An introspection. J Family Med Prim Care 4, 435–438 (2015). Sharrow, D., et al. Global, regional, and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Lancet Glob Health 10, e195-e206 (2022). Gebreheat, G. & Teame, H. Survival and mortality of preterm neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit in Northern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. Scientific Reports 12, 600 (2022). Mahtab, S., et al. Causes of death identified in neonates enrolled through Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS), December 2016 -December 2021. PLOS Glob Public Health 3, e0001612 (2023). Auriti, C., et al. Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit. J Hosp Infect 53, 25–30 (2003). Wang, Y., et al. Clinical Impact and Risk Factors of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Nosocomial Infection: A Propensity Score-Matching Study from 2018 to 2020 in a Teaching Hospital in China. Infect Drug Resist 16, 569–579 (2023). Nayeri, F., et al. Epidemiology of nosocomial Staphylococcus epidermidis and Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Iran J Microbiol 15, 350–358 (2023). Kalikkot Thekkeveedu, R., Dankhara, N., Desai, J., Klar, A.L. & Patel, J. Outcomes of multiple gestation births compared to singleton: analysis of multicenter KID database. Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology 7, 15 (2021). Devine, P.C., Malone, F.D., Athanassiou, A., Harvey-Wilkes, K. & D'Alton, M.E. Maternal and neonatal outcome of 100 consecutive triplet pregnancies. American journal of perinatology 18, 225–236 (2001). Shinwell, E.S., Haklai, T. & Eventov-Friedman, S. Outcomes of multiplets. Neonatology 95, 6–14 (2009). Heino, A., et al. Variations in Multiple Birth Rates and Impact on Perinatal Outcomes in Europe. PLoS One 11, e0149252 (2016). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3831825","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":265719453,"identity":"9f246a77-5f11-4691-97fb-55fb907684a2","order_by":0,"name":"Hosein Dalili","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hosein","middleName":"","lastName":"Dalili","suffix":""},{"id":265719454,"identity":"56a854a4-74c8-41cd-952b-de17c8e4d146","order_by":1,"name":"Mamak Shariat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran University of Medical Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mamak","middleName":"","lastName":"Shariat","suffix":""},{"id":265719455,"identity":"8dbce5f3-9705-466e-bb78-775209a72d96","order_by":2,"name":"Leyla Sahebi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgZmBgMLBjZ2BsYHDAwHiNYiwcDGzMBsQIIWBgkGIMkmQZQW+fazBx8XFEjI8TEzP6vmqbkjx8/A/PDRDTxaDM7kJRvPMJAwZmNmM7vNc+yZsWQDm7FxDj4tDDlm0jwGEoltzAxALWyHEzcc4GGTxqdFvv+N+W+glvo2ZvZvxTz/iNDCcCPHjBmoJYGNmceMmbeNCC0GN94YSwP9YtjGzFMsObfvsLFkMwG/yPfnGH4u+GMjL9/evvHDm2+H5fjZmx8+xuswZMDEAyKZiVUOAow/SFE9CkbBKBgFIwYAAEu/QdxB0z9VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leyla","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahebi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-03 12:44:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831825/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831825/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49324875,"identity":"5c37ce76-a7aa-4bbf-a9cd-cd096dbab139","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 17:21:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNeonatal mortality proportion stratified by 2016 to 2022 in various medical morbidities\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831825/v1/c7eaa4c3f58220514b419c11.png"},{"id":49324874,"identity":"0a4503a5-dfbb-41dc-9d4d-a514f3938344","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 17:21:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKaplan–Meier estimates of cumulative survival probability of neonates in NICU at Valiasr hospital,( in capital of Iran) , from 2016 to 2022\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831825/v1/b8fd9bdfd50a885174bfc0a0.png"},{"id":60041796,"identity":"2a4c8126-db14-4e67-902c-ebd671c5139b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-11 03:14:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1049603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831825/v1/3134f96e-bedd-4e26-a777-a30616de6bc8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Survival and causes of death in infants admitted in NICU in Tehran (a retrospective cohort study 2016-2022)","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the great steps to improve neonatal outcomes, neonatal mortality is still one of the public health concerns worldwide\u003csup\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/sup\u003e. Globally, an average rate of 17 deaths per 1,000 live births was reported and 2.4\u0026nbsp;million mortalities were recorded in the first month of life in 2019 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Most neonatal deaths occur during the early neonatal period (within the first 7 days after birth) and more than one-third of all neonatal deaths occur on the first day of born. Overall, nearly 6,700 neonates die every day\u003csup\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/sup\u003e. Sankar et al. (2016) \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e found that almost 60% of neonatal deaths occur within the first 3 days of life in low and middle-income countries. In a study among preterm neonates in Iran (2010, hospital-based study), 39% and 84.3% of deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours and the first week of the neonatal period, respectively\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pooled proportion of mortality in a systematic review (studies from 2001 to 2016 ) among 24,995 neonates admitted to NICUs in Iran was estimated to be 11.40% \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e, also in a meta-analysis among very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns (1996\u0026ndash;2016) in Eastern Mediterranean Region, the pooled prevalence of mortality was obtained as 32.0%(CI 95%: 27.0\u0026ndash;38.0%)\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on previous outcomes of studies, the risk of mortality is high immediately after birth, mainly when the infant is premature or preterm\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. The major causes of neonatal mortality in developing countries were reported prematurity, low birth weight, infections, and birth asphyxia which constitute nearly 75% of neonatal deaths\u003csup\u003e2,3,9\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA noticeable inconsistency in neonatal mortality and the most common causes of mortality is observed across regions and different countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), also the cause of death in different periods can be different and require special medical management. Despite this, the survival outcome of international studies may not be generalizable due to differences in practices, healthcare system, outcome definitions, and study period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe availability of up-to-date and periodic data on neonatal survival is essential as this influences antenatal and delivery room counseling, treatment management at the NICU, and future revision of the perinatal guidelines and policies\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. The majority of the causes of neonatal mortality are preventable, and the variation in neonatal mortality rate is due to the variations in the quality of care provided at neonatal intensive care units\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate survival in all admitted infants in the NICU, as well as predictors of neonatal mortality from 2016 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis was a retrospective cohort study that included neonates\u0026rsquo; outcomes of admission to the NICU of Valiasr Hospital; a tertiary center affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran); from February 2016 to December 2022. The NICU at Valiasr Hospital has 45 beds and 3 isolated rooms and usually has up to 95% occupancy rates. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee at Tehran University of Medical Sciences; IR.TUMS.IKHC.REC. REC.1402.090.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study, the event was defined as the incidence of death in the NICU, and survival was stated as infants who continued alive during their period of hospitalization. The time variable was defined as the time from the date of birth to the occurrence of death during the period of hospitalization. Hospital registry system was used to obtain the required information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables of the study including neonatal factors (as gender, age, gestational age, birth weight, APGAR score at first and fifth minutes), neonate\u0026rsquo;s underlying disorders (as respiratory disorders (including respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (including focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (including nervous intraventricular, hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, trauma in birth scalp, nosocomial infection), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition), invasive intervention treatment ( as chest tube, central venous (CV)-line, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, umbilical vein catheters (UVC), surgery, gastric lavage, and peritoneal dialysis), antibiotic administration, resuscitation before intubation (concluded use of oxygen mask, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and positive pressure ventilation (PPV)), and resuscitation after intubation ( as epinephrine injection, and chest compression) ), hospitalization year (2016 to 2022), medical services provided in the hospital (as non-invasive and maternal factors (as multiple gestations, prenatal care, chorioamniotic membrane separation, mode of delivery, hypertension, gestational blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, corticosteroid therapy, premature reputation, female infertility, reproductive technique, and positive HIV in mother).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData are reported as mean and standard deviations (SD) or frequency (proportions). Kaplan-Meier curves were used to show survival, and univariate and multiple Cox regression test was performed to report crude and adjusted hazard ratio in survival. The data was analyzed with SPSS-20 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and STATAMP 14, and a P-value of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBasic information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the available medical records, a total of 7255 neonates were admitted to the NICU in Valiasr Hospital from February 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022. Of 7214 infants (Information of gestational age was not recorded in 41 neonates), 4337 (60.1%) were preterm (birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy). The mean (SD) and median (IQR; Min-Max) of gestational age in the neonates were 35.35 (3.51) and 36.14(4.71; 22.14\u0026ndash;42.14) weeks. The mean (SD) and median (IQR; Min-Max) of birth weight of the neonates was 2507.93 (863.32) and 2600(1230; 400\u0026ndash;6000) grams. Of 7241 neonates (14 cases missed due to lack of information registration).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong infants 3263 cases were in the low birth weight (LBW) group (weight at birth of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2500 grams). Generally, 6924 neonates had records of the first and five-minute APGAR score, the mean (SD) of first and 5 APGAR scores were 6.85(2.31) and 8.57(1.53), and medians (IQR) were 8(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and 9(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Basic information on dead and alive infants (on 7255 neonates) is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. In the analysis of some background-clinical factors, gestational age, birth weight, and APGAR scores in 1 and 5 minutes had statistical differences in alive and dead neonates (P- Values\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline information of neonates admitted by outcome ( survived\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6773, and expired\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;482 ) in NICU at Valiasr hospital, Tehran (Capital of Iran)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCofactors(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esurvived; n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eexpired; n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale(3959)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3691(93.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale(3259)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3050(93.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209(6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmbiguous genitalia(11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal delivery(1048)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979(93.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCessarian section(6172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5760(93.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple gestation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo(6308)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5898(93.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410(6.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes(948)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e875(92.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational age;weeks*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;28(316)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162(51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28-31.9(830)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e706(85.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124(14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;36.9(3184)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3070(96.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37-41.9(2866)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2780(97.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;42(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirth weight;g*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;999(398)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208(523)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190(47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;1499(661)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e572(86.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(13.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1500\u0026ndash;2499(2200)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2106(95.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500\u0026ndash;3999(3751)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3650(97.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4000(216)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210(97.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPGAR score at minute 1(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6976)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean(SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09(2.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.66(2.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPGAR score at minute5 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6922)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean(SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.74(1.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25(2.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Gestational age (weeks): \u0026lt;28 extremely preterm, 28-31.9 very preterm, 32-36.9 moderate to late preterm, 37-41.9 normal, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;42 post-term. Birth weight (g): \u0026lt;1000 extremely low birthweight, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1000\u0026ndash;1499 very low birthweight, 1500\u0026ndash;2499 low birthweight,2500\u0026ndash;3999 normal birth weight, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4000 high birth weight\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e# P-Value is by comparison of female and male groups,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e#Groups\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;42 and 37-41.9 weeks has merged in analysis\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e^ Groups\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4000 and 2500\u0026ndash;3999 g has merged in analysis\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median (IQR) of hospitalization was 11.87(16.99) days and 5.0(9.0) days in alive and dead neonates (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality in preterm and LBW neonates was 9.1% (392) and 11.4% (373 cases) respectively, this percentage was 6.6% (482 cases) in all neonates. Overall 64.9% (313/482) of neonatal deaths were in the first week of birth. This proportion was 15.15% (73/482) in the first 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical morbidities distribution by outcome (discharged or expired) is accessible in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical morbidities by outcome (discharge or death) in admitted neonates in NICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCofactos(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esurvived; n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eexpired; n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory disorders*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6385(95.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385(70.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic system disoreders*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6585(93.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e469(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(92.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral neurvus system defects(non-congenital)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5754(95.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e913(83.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185(16.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3111(95.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235(7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404(85.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal disorders*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1361(83.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275(16.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5407(96.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCongenital conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4576(97.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2091(86.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroma in birth scalp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6738(93.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e476(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eneonate\u0026rsquo;s underlying disorders (as respiratory disorders (including respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (including focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (including nervous intraventricular, hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, trauma in birth scalp, nosocomial infection)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lowest average survival was among the infants infected with \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (62.69 days), and the highest average survival belonged to neonatal metabolic system disorders. The average survival in infants with invasive intervention treatment was 110.14 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, 30.8% (190 neonates) of cases with invasive treatments had hospital infection too, this percent was 8.5% in opposite group (P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Mortality proportion was calculated at 22.3%( 51/342) in neonates with invasive treatment, this proportion was obtained at 37%( 17/46) in neonates with \u003cem\u003eacinetobacter boumani\u003c/em\u003e infection. Mortality proportion in neonates with history of invasive intervention treatment and \u003cem\u003eacinetobacter boumani\u003c/em\u003e infection was 41.7(15/36).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong most neonatal morbidities, the mortality proportion declined from 2016 to 2022, decreasing in mortality was more noticeable in prematurity, respiratory disorders, and sepsis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 7251 neonates were followed for a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 160 days with a median follow-up period of 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival time average(SE), and median(SE) were 144.99(4.47), and 184.0 (30.166) days, and 75% of infants had survival\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;104 days (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.49) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). central tendency Indices of survival time by some demographical and medical factors are accessible in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndices of central tendency of survival time by some neonatal and maternal factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCofactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean(SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCofactots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean(SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal respiratory disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.82(3.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention resuscitation( before intubation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.45(4.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.83(4.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.22(6.368)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal congenital conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.83(3.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention resuscitation (after intubation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.36(5.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.86 (6.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.7(4.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal gastrointestinal disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.99(4.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal prenatal care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.64(4.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130.88(8.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.19(4.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal sepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.78(6.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal chorioamnionitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.71(4.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.58(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.89(5.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal central neurvus system defects(noncongenital)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.78(3.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal pre-exiting blood presure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.05(5.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.52(8.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160.63(6.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal metabolic system disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.59(4.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal gestational blood presure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.98(5.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.19(8.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.22(3.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroma in birth scalp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.25(4.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre- exiting diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.35(4.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.83(7.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.84(13.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention treatment (non-invasive) in neonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.20(4.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal gestational diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.44(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.88(7.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.34(5.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention treatment (invasive)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.88(5.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal stroid therapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.49(7.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.14(3.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.27(5.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHopitalization year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.0(5.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal premature rupture of membranes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.12(5.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.49(5.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.46(6.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.85(3.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.62(10.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.05(9.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.33(3.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.26(3.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfertility History\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.58(4.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.85(11.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.15(5.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.05(5.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssisted Reproductive Technology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.9(4.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMutiple gestation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.53(4.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.87(6.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.59(4.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.39(3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.16(4.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.42(12.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.59(4.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNosocomial infection in neonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.73(6.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLBW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.24(3.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.91(8.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.02(6.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of nosocomial infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCandida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.89(15.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic administration in neonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.77(4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntrocucus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.28(10.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.62(2.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoagulase negative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.32(4.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.27(16.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcinetobacte\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.69(5.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*Neonate\u0026rsquo;s underlying disorders (as respiratory disorders (including respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (including focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (including nervous intraventricular, hemorrhage hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, trauma in birth scalp, nosocomial infection), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition), invasive intervention treatment ( as chest tube, central venous (CV)-line, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, umbilical vein catheters (UVC), surgery, gastric lavage, and peritoneal dialysis), antibiotic administration, resuscitation before intubation (concluded use of oxygen mask, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and positive pressure ventilation (PPV)), and resuscitation after intubation ( as epinephrine injection, and chest compression) ),\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn bivariate analysis, decreasing gestational age, birth weight, height, head circumference, and first and fifth-minute APGAR score had a higher probability of death (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Neonates with respiratory disorders, congenital conditions, and central nervous system defects(non-congenital) had a higher hazard of death (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). But neonates with non-invasive intervention treatment, and maternal gestational diabetes had less hazard than other groups. Also, combination antibiotic therapy had a higher probability of death (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrude and adjusted hazard ratio of mortality (in presence of some potential confounders such as medical services in hospital) among neonates admitted to NICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCofactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB(SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHR**(CI95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB(SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHR(CI95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeonatal Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02(0.847,1.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight, cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.085(0.005)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.052(0.015)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead circumference, cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.177(0.005)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001(0.032)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.001(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01(0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational age; day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.028(0.002)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.002(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-minute Apgar score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.405(0.018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.104(0.029)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-minute Apgar score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.432(0.017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.196(0.032)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody temprature;\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18(0.015)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory disorders*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91(3.21, 4.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40(1.05,1.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCongenital conditions*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57(2.92, 4.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03(1.51,2.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal disorders*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16(0.86, 1.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18(0.821,153)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63(1.19,2.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral nervous system defects(non-congenital)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98(1.63, 2.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08(0.98,1.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic system disorders*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05(0.875,3.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05(0.97,1.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroma in the birth scalp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56(0.646,3.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention treatment (non-invasive)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52(0.42,0.643)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.318(0.215,0.471)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention treatment (invasive)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59(2.98,4.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79(1.34,2.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic administration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.589(0.467.746)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.577(0.357,0.930)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombination antibiotic therapy(number)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146(0.021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107(0.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention resuscitation( before intubation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18(1.77,2.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43(0. 884,1.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention resuscitation( after intubation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.08(8.26,12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86(2.06,3.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNosocomial infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08(0.818,1.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospitalization year*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28(0.918,1.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14(0.77,1.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04(0.746,1.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82(0.53,1.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.804(0.564,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.597(0.436,0.867)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.737(0.507,1.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.158(0.083,0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688(0.482,0.983)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.306(0.185,0.505)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689(0.482,0.984)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382(0.224, 0.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaternal Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple gestation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832(0.646,1.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62(1.149,2.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrenatal care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843(0.638,1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChorioamnionitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.265(0.676,2.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998(0.66,1.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11(0.88,1.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.881(0.525,0.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74(0.573,0.975)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962(0.667,1.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorticostroid therapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04(0.853,1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremature reputation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05(0.812,1.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarean Delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87(0.673,1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale infertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41(1.06,1.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43(0.769,2.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive technique\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28(0.915,1.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.783(0.375,1.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive HIV in the mother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23(0.459,3.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e* Respiratory disorders ( included respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage), congenital conditions (included congenital heart defects, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, face and neck, renal dysplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, hydronephrosis, congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, congenital hypotonia, and meningomyelocele), gastrointestinal disorders (included focal intestinal perforation, neonatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, meconium plug syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal cholestasis, ascites), non-congenital central nervous defects (included nervous intraventricular, hemorrhagehypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, periventricular convulsions, kernicterus, leukomalacia, and encephalitis), congenital metabolic system disorders, non-invasive intervention treatment (total parenteral nutrition(TPN), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition), invasive intervention treatment (chest tube, central venous (CV)-line, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, umbilical vein catheters (UVC), surgery, gastric lavage, and peritoneal dialysis), Trauma in birth scalp, antibiotic administration, resuscitation prior to intubation (use of oxygen mask, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) ), and resuscitation after intubation (epinephrine injection, and chest compression)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e** HR: Hazard Ratio\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe compared the hazard ratio by different years of admission. Neonates in 2021 and 2022 admission years had a lower hazard of expiring compared to neonates who had admission in 2016 (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.688, CI 95%: 0.482,0.983, and HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.689, CI 95%:0.482,0.984 respectively\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter adjustment for potential confounding variables (with P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.2 in crude analysis), years of admission, gestational age, birth weight, one and fifth-minute APGAR scores, neonatal height, sepsis, respiratory disorders, congenital defects, invasive intervention treatment, non-invasive intervention treatment, resuscitation (before and after intubation), and combination antibiotic therapy were continued as predictor variables of death (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In adjusted analysis, the risk of death in neonates with respiratory disorders was 1.40 times, sepsis 1.63 times, and congenital defects 2.20 times higher than those who did not. The mortality hazard ratio in neonates with a history of resuscitation was more than in other neonates (HRs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.43 and 2.86 HR in resuscitation before intubation and after intubation, respectively). Neonates with invasive intervention treatment had a 1.79-fold higher hazard of dying compared to neonates who had no intervention treatment, however neonates with non-invasive intervention treatment had a lower risk of death(AHR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.318, CI95%: 0.215,0.471). Also, neonatal mortality in 2016 was 6.3 fold higher which was admitted in 2020, 3.26 times in 2021, and 2.62 times in 2022. This study revealed that combination antibiotic therapy was related to a 0.107 increment in the probability of neonatal mortality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in a tertiary medical center between 2016\u0026ndash;2022. Although tertiary hospitals propose the highest level of specialized care, the lack of managing serious illnesses and emergencies as well as special conditions of patients (unwell neonates) can cause higher deaths in tertiary centers\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the proportion of mortality in preterm, very preterm and VLBW neonates was 9.1%, 24.3% and 26.4% respectively. The pooled proportion of mortality in a systematic review (studies from 2001 to 2016) among 24,995 neonates admitted to NICUs in Iran was estimated to be 11.40% (CI 95%: 9.10\u0026ndash;14.20). The lowest mortality was reported as 7.70% (CI 95%: 6.01\u0026ndash;9.82) in the center of Iran, and the highest mortality was reported as 19.26% (CI 95%: 15.82\u0026ndash;23.24) in the west of Iran\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e. In a meta-analysis among VLBW newborns (1996\u0026ndash;2016) the prevalence of mortality was 32.0% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. By WHO reporting, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest neonatal mortality rate in the world with 43% of global newborn deaths, followed by central and southern Asia with 36% of global newborn deaths\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal mortality in this study was lower than older studies and other neighboring countries in NICUs\u003csup\u003e7,8\u003c/sup\u003e. The prevalence of infant death in this study based on the years of admission showed that the mortality was always above 8.5% until the end of 2018 (2016\u0026ndash;2018), and after that (2020 to 2022), it was always below 5.5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 15.5% of deaths occurred on the first day, and 64.9% died in the first 7 days of born. In a study among preterm neonates in Iran (2010, hospital-based study), 39% and 84.3% of deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours and the first week of the neonatal period, respectively\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. This proportion was 30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand 80% among preterm neonates in Northern Ethiopia (2014\u0026ndash;2018) respectively\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. By meta-analysis with the aim of timing of neonatal mortality during the postnatal period(in 2000\u0026ndash;2022) \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e, newborns were most likely to die during the first day and the first week, and less than one-fourth of all newborns died between days 8 and 28\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on data from 46 studies, high-income countries had the highest prevalence of mortality on day 1 (51.8%) and the lowest proportion of mortality on days 2\u0026ndash;7 (23.9%), compared to the other countries\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the probability of death has decreased in the majority of neonatal co-morbidities during the years 2016 to 2022. This decreasing trend was observed both in common disorders leading to hospitalization in NICU as low gestational age, and in disorders with a relatively low prevalence but with a high fatality as respiratory disorders. A two-fold decrease in mortality among preterm neonates was seen over time (13.5% in 2016 to 6.7% in 2022), also mortality among neonates with sepsis had decreased significantly (from 19.4% in 2016 to 7.7% in 2020). In a study by Beek and coauthors (2021) in the Netherlands a significant decrease in mortality was reported as necrotizing enterocolitis, respiratory distress syndrome, and intraventricular hemorrhage\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn adjusted analysis, in the presence of 15 variables, neonates with congenital defects 2.27 times, sepsis 1.63, and respiratory disorders about 1.4 times had a higher adjusted hazard ratio of mortality. Similar to our findings, WHO figures state that preterm births, perinatal asphyxia, infections, and congenital defects are recognized as being the leading causes of neonatal deaths\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Also in a study on seven countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone; and, South Africa) of 2016\u0026ndash;2021, leading underlying causes of mortality in neonates were complications of intrapartum events (31%), prematurity (28%), sepsis (17%), respiratory disorders (11%), and congenital malformations (8%)\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study adjusted mortality hazard ratio in 2016 was 6.3-fold mortality in 2020, 3.26 times in 2021, and 2.62 times in 2022 admissions. These changes can be due to improvements in the management of newborns' treatment. Considering the adjusting of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic interventions effect in the regression model, the factor of improving treatment management is strengthened in increasing the survival of newborns.This study also revealed combination antibiotic therapy reduces the survival of newborns. Some studies pointed out that the wide use of antibiotics increases the susceptibility of patients admitted to ICU and NICU to nosocomial infections, especially to microbial agents with multidrug resistance\u003csup\u003e14,15\u003c/sup\u003e. In Nayeri\u0026rsquo;s study (results by 2014\u0026ndash;2022), Combination antibiotic therapy influenced the occurrence of nosocomial A. baumannii and S. epidermidis in neonates in the NICU too\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn consistency with other studies,we found a higher hazard of mortality for twin and triplet births compared to singleton neonates in NICU after adjusting for baseline and hospital characteristics. \u003csup\u003e17\u0026ndash;20\u003c/sup\u003e. But other maternal factors such as gestational diabetes melitus and history of female infertility didn\u0026rsquo;t have significant relationship with neonaatal mortality after adjusting for potential confounder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe risk of death in neonates with history of invasive intervention treatment was more than 1.79 times compared with other groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are two possible reasons for this finding: 1. For the survival of unwell neonates in the last moments of life, advanced therapeutic interventions are performed. Based on the study done in this regard, on the final day of life, 95.7% of the infants received invasive ventilator support, 76.3% antibiotics, 58.1% inotropic, and 25.8% received no opioid or sedative administration. 2: Performing invasive treatments increases the possibility of hospital infections and increased probability of death. In this study, 620 neonates (24%) had performed invasive treatment, and 357 neonates had nosocomial infection. Mortality proportion was calculated at 22.3%in neonates with invasive treatment, 37% in neonates with \u003cem\u003eacinetobacter boumani\u003c/em\u003e infection and 41.7% in neonates with history of invasive intervention treatment and acintobacter nosocomial infection. Neonates with non-invasive intervention treatment such as total parenteral nutrition(TPN), phototherapy, blood transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), and probiotic nutrition had a lower risk of death (close to 2 times).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eMortality in neonates is decreasing in Iran, but we are currently far away from the goal for 2030 (12 or less newborn deaths per 1000 live births [16]. The most common causes of neonatal mortality were congenital defects, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Management of invasive treatments in the prevention of hospital infections is inevitable. There is need for more studies to determine the causal relationship between combination antibiotic treatments and neonate survival.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge of Maternal-Fetal and neonatal research center, Tehran university of Medical sciences and all co-operator in the hospital registration system for collecting data and supervising\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.IKHC.REC. REC.1402.090), Tehran, Iran. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations by including a statement in ethical approval contract and in accordance with the declarations of Helsinki. The information documented by the hospital registry system was used for the study and waived the need for informed consent by ethics committee of biomedical research, Imam Khomeini hospital complex, Tehran university of medical sciences. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used during the current study available from the corresponding author ( Leyla Sahebi/ [email protected]) on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot aplicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot aplicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH.D and L.S designed the \u0026nbsp; study. L.S and M.Sh collected \u0026nbsp; data L.S analyzed data. L.S and H.D wrote the initial draft of the manuscript which was subsequently modifed by M.Sh. All authors read and edited the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have seen and approved the fnal version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Author information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHosein Dalili, Professor. Breastfeeding Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMamak Shariat, Professor. Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeyla Sahebi*, Corresponding author.Ph.D. Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny statement written within the manuscript:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData avalible if request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003evan Beek, P.E., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Survival and causes of death in extremely preterm infants in the Netherlands. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106, 251\u0026ndash;257 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebremariam, H., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Demographic, Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Dekemhare Hospital, Eritrea. BMC Pediatr 22, 716 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTolossa, T., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Survival status and predictors of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive care Unit (NICU) of Wollega University referral hospital (WURH) and Nekemte Specialized hospital, Western Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 17, e0268744 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDol, J., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Timing of neonatal mortality and severe morbidity during the postnatal period: a systematic review. JBI Evid Synth 21, 98\u0026ndash;199 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSankar, M.J., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e When do newborns die? A systematic review of timing of overall and cause-specific neonatal deaths in developing countries. J Perinatol 36 Suppl 1, S1-s11 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoura, H., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e End of life in the neonatal intensive care unit. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 66, 1569\u0026ndash;1572 (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarimi, P., Mahmudi, L., Azami, M. \u0026amp; Badfar, G. Mortality in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iranian Journal of Neonatology 10, 70\u0026ndash;80 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNayeri, F., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Mortality and Morbidity Patterns of Very Low Birth Weight Newborns in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Meta-Analysis Study. Journal of Pediatrics Review 7, 67\u0026ndash;76 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLawn, J.E., Cousens, S. \u0026amp; Zupan, J. 4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why? Lancet 365, 891\u0026ndash;900 (2005).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAggarwal, K.C., Gupta, R., Sharma, S., Sehgal, R. \u0026amp; Roy, M.P. Mortality in newborns referred to tertiary hospital: An introspection. J Family Med Prim Care 4, 435\u0026ndash;438 (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharrow, D., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Global, regional, and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Lancet Glob Health 10, e195-e206 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebreheat, G. \u0026amp; Teame, H. Survival and mortality of preterm neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit in Northern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. Scientific Reports 12, 600 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahtab, S., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Causes of death identified in neonates enrolled through Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS), December 2016 -December 2021. PLOS Glob Public Health 3, e0001612 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAuriti, C., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit. J Hosp Infect 53, 25\u0026ndash;30 (2003).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang, Y., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Clinical Impact and Risk Factors of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Nosocomial Infection: A Propensity Score-Matching Study from 2018 to 2020 in a Teaching Hospital in China. Infect Drug Resist 16, 569\u0026ndash;579 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNayeri, F., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Epidemiology of nosocomial Staphylococcus epidermidis and Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Iran J Microbiol 15, 350\u0026ndash;358 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalikkot Thekkeveedu, R., Dankhara, N., Desai, J., Klar, A.L. \u0026amp; Patel, J. Outcomes of multiple gestation births compared to singleton: analysis of multicenter KID database. Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology 7, 15 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevine, P.C., Malone, F.D., Athanassiou, A., Harvey-Wilkes, K. \u0026amp; D'Alton, M.E. Maternal and neonatal outcome of 100 consecutive triplet pregnancies. American journal of perinatology 18, 225\u0026ndash;236 (2001).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShinwell, E.S., Haklai, T. \u0026amp; Eventov-Friedman, S. Outcomes of multiplets. Neonatology 95, 6\u0026ndash;14 (2009).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeino, A., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Variations in Multiple Birth Rates and Impact on Perinatal Outcomes in Europe. PLoS One 11, e0149252 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Survival, mortality Intensive Care, Neonatal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831825/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831825/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNeonatal mortality remains a global public concern. The aims of the study were the evaluation of survival in all admitted infants in the NICU, as well as predictors of neonatal mortality from 2016 to 2022. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 7255 neonates admitted to the NICU in Valiasr Hospital (in the capital of Iran). Mortality proportion in preterm neonates was 9.1%, and 6.6% in all neonates. In most morbidites, the reduction of mortality was significant from 2016 to 2022.The most notable of them were respiratory disorders, prematurity, and sepsis. In the adjusted Cox regression, gestational age, birth weight, one and fifth-minute APGAR scores, congenital defects(HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.02), sepsis (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.63), and respiratory disorders (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.40) were as predictor variables of death. Although the probability of survival seems to be increasing over the past years in Iran, it is far away from the target for 2030. The most common causes of neonatal mortality were congenital defects, sepsis, and respiratory disorders.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Survival and causes of death in infants admitted in NICU in Tehran (a retrospective cohort study 2016-2022)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-08 17:21:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831825/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b0014b7f-1eae-430b-91ab-efef6b93e0c8","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":27994264,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":27994265,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":27994266,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":27994267,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-11T03:06:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-08 17:21:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3831825","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3831825","identity":"rs-3831825","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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