RNA sequencing reveals key factors modulating TNFα-stimulated odontoblast-like differentiation of dental pulp stem cells

Inflammation is a complex host response to harmful infections or injuries, playing both beneficial and detrimental roles in tissue regeneration. Notably, clinical dentinogenesis associated with caries development occurs within an inflammatory environment. Reparative dentinogenesis is closely linked to intense inflammation, which triggers the recruitment and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into the dentin lineage. Understanding how inflammatory responses influence DPSCs is essential for elucidating the mechanisms underlying dentin and pulp regeneration. Given the limited data on this process, a broad approach is employed here to gain a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms involved and to identify downstream signaling targets. This study aims to investigate the role of inflammation and the complement receptor C5L2 in the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs and the associated transcriptomic changes using poly-A RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq techniques provide insight into the transcriptome of a cell, offering higher coverage and greater resolution of its dynamic nature. Following inflammatory stimulation, DPSCs exhibit significantly altered gene profiles, including marked upregulation of key odontogenic genes, highlighting the critical role of inflammation in dentinogenesis. We demonstrate that TNFα-treated odontoblast-like differentiating DPSCs, under C5L2 modulation, exhibit significant differential gene expression and transcriptomic changes. The data presented may provide new avenues for experimental approaches to uncover pathways in dentinogenesis by identifying specific transcription factors and gene profiles.