Tunable THZ sensor for Avian Influenza viruses identification based on InSb-graphene structure

Tunable THZ sensor for Avian Influenza viruses identification based on InSb-graphene structure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Tunable THZ sensor for Avian Influenza viruses identification based on InSb-graphene structure Afef Oueslati, Marwa Rezeg, Aymen Hlali, Hassen Zairi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8032907/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work presents an analysis of a tunable sensor for Avian Influenza (AI) identification, operating in the terahertz frequency regime based on the Wave Concept Iterative Process ( WCIP) method. The sensor consists of a rectangular patch antenna with a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) placed in the center. The tunability of the device can be achieved by varying the temperature of the InSb semiconductor or the chemical potential of the graphene. The InSb semiconductor can tune the sensor frequency from 2.64 to 3.24 THz by increasing the temperature from 300 to 700 K. And, with graphene, it can be tuned from 2.64 to 2.94 THz by varying its chemical potential from 0.1 to 0.4 eV.\\The numerical results show the sensitivity of the sensor to all variations in the coefficients of the real and imaginary parts of the virus's refractive index. Finally, the capacity of the sensor to identify the different sub-types of the virus is proved. This capacity is translated by the shift in the resonance frequency values. It shifted from 2.64 to 2.73, 2.76 and 3.13 THz, and consequently the quality factor of the sensor shifted from 3.6, to 2.14, 2.44 and 2.48, respectively, for H1N1, H5N1 and H9N2. Sensor Avian Influenza Virus detection THz Graphene InSb Biomedical Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8032907","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":553179776,"identity":"28356c99-2f46-4b75-b683-36f00feb7184","order_by":0,"name":"Afef 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Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Sensor, Avian Influenza, Virus detection, THz, Graphene, InSb, Biomedical","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8032907/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8032907/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work presents an analysis of a tunable sensor for Avian Influenza (AI) identification, operating in the terahertz frequency regime based on the Wave Concept Iterative Process ( WCIP) method. The sensor consists of a rectangular patch antenna with a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) placed in the center. The tunability of the device can be achieved by varying the temperature of the InSb semiconductor or the chemical potential of the graphene. The InSb semiconductor can tune the sensor frequency from 2.64 to 3.24 THz by increasing the temperature from 300 to 700 K. And, with graphene, it can be tuned from 2.64 to 2.94 THz by varying its chemical potential from 0.1 to 0.4 eV.\\\\The numerical results show the sensitivity of the sensor to all variations in the coefficients of the real and imaginary parts of the virus's refractive index. Finally, the capacity of the sensor to identify the different sub-types of the virus is proved. This capacity is translated by the shift in the resonance frequency values. It shifted from 2.64 to 2.73, 2.76 and 3.13 THz, and consequently the quality factor of the sensor shifted from 3.6, to 2.14, 2.44 and 2.48, respectively, for H1N1, H5N1 and H9N2.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Tunable THZ sensor for Avian Influenza viruses identification based on InSb-graphene structure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-05 18:03:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8032907/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-13T17:13:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-13T08:15:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329189292603074165494848171659329235054","date":"2025-12-03T10:31:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T06:22:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"260610755607644168560093964314445111431","date":"2025-12-01T05:49:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8571313346107817428164715129532169526","date":"2025-12-01T05:26:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T19:59:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T06:13:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T14:05:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sensing and Imaging","date":"2025-11-05T00:38:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sensing-and-imaging","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssta","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sensing and Imaging](http://link.springer.com/journal/11220)","snPcode":"11220","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11220/3","title":"Sensing and Imaging","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0e94ea79-ea2c-4d2b-a852-646c15fcfb6a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T14:40:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-05 18:03:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8032907","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8032907","identity":"rs-8032907","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}