A study of Kidney Function Among Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Attending

A study of Kidney Function Among Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Attending | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A study of Kidney Function Among Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Attending OGUCHE S. M, KWAIFA S. I, Istifanus BB, Abubakar I, Hassan AA, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6917599/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Nephrology → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) now live longer due to improved health care. Chronic complications of SCD are increasingly being recognised including chronic kidney disease. Sickle cell disease is a common disorder with Nigeria having one of the highest burdens of the disease in the world. The prevalence of kidney dysfunction among SCD patients in ABUTH, Zaria is not known. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate kidney function among patients with SCD in ABUTH, Zaria. Method: This was cross sectional descriptive study involving 210 SCD patients (188 HbSS and 22 HbSC) attending Haematology Clinic in ABUTH Zaria and 210 apparently healthy controls. The subject and control groups were selected using convenience sampling technique. Clinical examinations such as body mass index, blood pressure, were done for both patients and controls. Glomerular Filtration Rates were estimated using (CKD-EPI equation). Albuminuria was quantified using albumin creatinine ratio. Tubular function was assessed for pH and specific gravity (SG) using dip sticks and hygrometer respectively. All data were checked for errors before entering into computer programme version 17.0 SPSS for windows. Categorical data were represented as diagram (charts and tables) while continuous variable data were represented as mean and standard deviation. Student t- test and Pearson’s Chi square were used to test for relationship. Results: The study found the prevalence of albuminuria to be 47.2% among patients with SCD in ABUTH Zaria. The prevalence of CKD from stages 3-5 using eGFR was found to be 8.6%. It was observed that 35.2% of the patients with SCD in this study were unable to acidify their urine and 33.3% of them have impaired ability to concentrate their urine. A significant relationship was observed between blood pressure, and ACR with p <0.001. An inverse relationship between blood pressure and eGFR was observed with p <0.001. The study shows a significant inverse relationship between age and eGFR with p <0.001. A positive significant relationship was observed between age and ACR p < 0.001. No significant relationship was observed between BMI and kidney function. Conclusion: This study has shown the prevalence of albuminuria, impaired urine acidification and urine concentrating ability among patients with SCD. A significant relationship was observed between increasing age, BP and kidney dysfunction (albuminuria, eGFR,) among patients with SCD in ABUTH Zaria. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables 1 to 11 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Tablesandfigures.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Nephrology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 26 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6917599","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":489521035,"identity":"058d6e92-5549-4f5f-a2fd-d4d6fddcaa19","order_by":0,"name":"OGUCHE S. 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Chronic complications of SCD are increasingly being recognised including chronic kidney disease. Sickle cell disease is a common disorder with Nigeria having one of the highest burdens of the disease in the world. The prevalence of kidney dysfunction among SCD patients in ABUTH, Zaria is not known.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim:\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was conducted to evaluate kidney function among patients with SCD in ABUTH, Zaria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u003c/strong\u003eThis was cross sectional descriptive study involving 210 SCD patients (188 HbSS and 22 HbSC) attending Haematology Clinic in ABUTH Zaria and 210 apparently healthy controls. The subject and control groups were selected using convenience sampling technique. Clinical examinations such as body mass index, blood pressure, were done for both patients and controls. Glomerular Filtration Rates were estimated using (CKD-EPI equation). Albuminuria was quantified using albumin creatinine ratio. Tubular function was assessed for pH and specific gravity (SG) using dip sticks and hygrometer respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data were checked for errors before entering into computer programme version 17.0 SPSS for windows. Categorical data were represented as diagram (charts and tables) while continuous variable data were represented as mean and standard deviation. Student t- test and Pearson’s Chi square were used to test for relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study found the prevalence of albuminuria to be 47.2% among patients with SCD in ABUTH Zaria. The prevalence of CKD from stages 3-5 using eGFR was found to be 8.6%. It was observed that 35.2% of the patients with SCD in this study were unable to acidify their urine and 33.3% of them have impaired ability to concentrate their urine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant relationship was observed between blood pressure, and ACR with p \u0026lt;0.001. An inverse relationship between blood pressure and eGFR was observed with p \u0026lt;0.001. The study shows a significant inverse relationship between age and eGFR with p \u0026lt;0.001. A positive significant relationship was observed between age and ACR p \u0026lt; 0.001. No significant relationship was observed between BMI and kidney function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003eThis study has shown the prevalence of albuminuria, impaired urine acidification and urine concentrating ability among patients with SCD. A significant relationship was observed between increasing age, BP and kidney dysfunction (albuminuria, eGFR,) among patients with SCD in ABUTH Zaria.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A study of Kidney Function Among Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Attending","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-24 17:20:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6917599/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-12T13:11:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-08T13:34:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-06T15:09:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"274414540738500567023988182693714792855","date":"2025-08-05T23:58:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"194283203121172080310227223777601330691","date":"2025-08-03T17:27:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"141247554441417560249365813917604209764","date":"2025-08-01T16:42:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-22T15:44:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-26T08:15:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T12:33:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T12:31:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nephrology","date":"2025-06-17T22:35:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nephrology](http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bnep/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nephrology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5cfe03d2-ec3e-4eb0-acf9-8bd666f7a04a","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:00:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6917599","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-026-04999-7","journal":{"identity":"bmc-nephrology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Nephrology"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-25 15:57:29","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 25th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-24 17:20:12","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12882-026-04999-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-026-04999-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6917599","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6917599","identity":"rs-6917599","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}