In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various esthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks

In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various esthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various esthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks Tavga Mustafa Faris, Rukhosh Hasan Abdulrahim, Mohammed Abdullah Mahmood, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2156327/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Currently, the demands for restorations have increased considerably; thus, improvements and modifications have been made in dental composite technologies especially using materials that have claimed to improve color stability. Objective This study aimed to determine the effect of restorative materials on dental color stability in vitro using various solutions. Methods In this study, the study samples were composed of 45 discs from different restorative materials (15 micro-hybrids, 15 nano-hybrids, and 15 glass ionomers). These discs were immersed in various beverages an hour a day for one month at room temperature. The color stability was measured using a spectrophotometer before/after immersion (days 7 and 30). Results We realized a significant difference in color change with Coca-Cola and tea after 7 days and 30 days (p 0.05) was found. The highest value of lightness (∆L), and stainability (∆a) was seen in micro-hybrid after 30 days of immersion in tea solution (-12.16 ± 1.74 and 11.4 ± 3.82, respectively), while most samples had a positive ∆b value. Conclusion The black-tea affected the color stability of all used restorative materials after one month. In addition, micro-hybrid had higher color stability than nano-hybrid and glass ionomer. Color stability in vitro study esthetic restorative material beverage 1. Introduction Aesthetic restorative materials thoroughly mimic the dental structure as they enhance and maintain natural tooth whitening, transparency, texture, and surface staining stability for an extended period (Pratap et al., 2019 ). The initial restorative material that was first presented to dental work in the early seventies was glass ionomer which was widely spread worldwide due to its promising adhesive and fluoride-releasing characters (Choi et al., 2019 ). Subsequently, composite resin, hybrid materials, porcelain veers, compomers, and ceramic crowns were developed to overwhelm the disadvantages of glass ionomer and maintain their clinical benefits. Still, they also had some potential drawbacks, including polymerization shrinkage, secondary caries, plaque formation, limited releasing time, and color instability (Yap et al. , 2002). Additionally, many other types of tooth restoration materials are commonly used; however, their quality, physical, and mechanical features should be high enough not to be easily subjected to color change after a short period, although most have a similar appearance to the tooth substrate. Generally, their disadvantages are color alteration, fracture, poor wearing, leakage, and polymerization shrinkage (Tanthanuch et al., 2018 ). Moreover, it has been determined that the surface of aesthetic restorative materials is affected by drinks (coffee, tea, and wine), smoking, physiochemical stress, and some foods, which are mainly caused by either absorption or adsorption of coloring substances available in the diet and beverages (Correr et al., 2012 ). On the other hand, superficial degradation on the composite surface produced by diets and drinks reduces its hardness and roughness, which leads to external coloring (Hamouda, 2011 ). Half of all dental restorations fail within 10 years, thus the physical assets and quality of aesthetic restorative materials that are widely used in the dental field can be improved through manipulation of their matrix, size, strength, type, and quantity of filler particles, especially nanocomposite that is used for anterior and posterior teeth restoration (Erdemir et al., 2012 ). Moreover, various rechargeable dental nanocomposites with sufficient remineralization ability but with persistent ion release limitation (Mitwalli et al., 2022 ) have also been intended and examined by different research groups in different countries for dental restoration with higher dental care than micro-hybrid composites such as nano-hybrid (nanofillers) that have advanced optical and physical features (Al Kheraif et al., 2013 ; Angerame et al. , 2018). Therefore, this study aimed to measure the color stability of micro-hybrid, nano-hybrid, and glass ionomer restorative materials after immersing in tea, Coca-Cola, and distilled water (DW) for 30 days. 2. Materials And Methods 2.1. Samples and study design Different esthetic restorative materials (micro-hybrid, nano-hybrid, and glass ionomer) were used to perform this experiment. Totally we prepared 45 disc-shaped samples (10 mm diameter × 3 mm thickness), including 15 samples from each micro-hybrid (group I) (Rio Javama-120-45007-Toledo Espana, Spain), nano-hybrid (group II) (Itena reflectys-75116, France), and glass ionomer; shade A2 (group III) (Riva Self Cure, Australia). The samples were invented into a customized metal container after condensation of their materials. Specimens from 1st and 2nd groups underwent light curing (Light Cure, COXA, DB686, China) for 1/3 minute based on the instruction protocol. Then, all samples were later covered with super-snap polishing discs (Nova Twist, Germany) and preserved in DW overnight at 25º C. 2.3. Beverage This study used black tea (Saadeldeen, Srilanka) and Coca-Cola (Kirkuk, Iraq) solutions as beverages and DW as control. Regarding the tea preparation, about 4.0 g of dry powdered black tea was added to 0.3 L of boiled water in a small beaker. Then, 0.1 L milk solution and 10 g fine-white sugar were added and left to boil for 5 minutes. Whereas Coca-Cola was used as a carbonated drink directly without any preparation, the bottle lid was thoroughly tightened not to allow escaping of carbonic gas. In addition, freshly prepared milk samples with immediately opened Coca-Cola bottles were used every day before the test, while the DW was directly collected from the distillation. 2.4. Specimens immersion Samples of each group were subdivided into three subgroups of 5 specimens each and were immersed separately in either DW (control), tea (treatment I), or Coca-Cola (treatment II) for 1 hour a day at 37 º C, exactly for one month, then took them out with forceps, wiped properly until dryness with clean tissue paper and stored in a sterile place at room temperature for consecutive days. 2.5. Color alteration estimation The specimen's color was tested before exposure (baseline; T0) and after exposure (7 days; T7 and 30 days; T30) using a reflectance spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade® V, Germany) once calibrated using its manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, each sample was put on the assessing head of the device and enclosed with the dark lid, then the device was turned on, and the mean color quantity of the sample (ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) was automatically obtained. Later on, the color difference (ΔE) was calculated for each specimen as follows and analyzed: ΔE (L*a*b*) = [(ΔL*) 2 + (Δa*) 2 + (Δb*) 2 ] 1/2 Where L* denotes the lightness of the material, a* indicates a change in hues across the red-green axis, and b* shows the change in hues across the yellow-blue axis. Triplicate measurements were done at different sites of each sample to get a valuable average. 2.6. Ethical approval The study protocol of this work has been revised and confirmed by the Scientific and Ethical Approval Committees, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, with No. 5/20/11/11/2020. 2.7. Statistical analysis All material data will be analyzed using a statistical software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA, version 26). The distribution of the samples according to the type of drink and time of immersion was arranged on tables. Then, each material's prevalence of color change was calculated, and their means were compared using the Chi-square test. The P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. 3. Results In the present study and after processing the samples in different solutions, the color change was measured on the first day (baseline), the seventh day, and then after 30 days using a spectrophotometer (Table 1). Our results showed a significant difference in the specimen's color change with the Coca-Cola and tea (p = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively) after 7 days and (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively) after 30 days. However, no significant difference was seen in the samples immersed in DM after seven days (p = 0.859) and 30 days (p = 0.366) (Tables 2 and 3). Regarding sample ∆L (lightness), positive ∆L designates lighter samples, while negative ∆L designates darker samples after immersion. In this study, the result shows that the lightness (∆L value) of all specimens became negative (darken) in tea, and there was less change in DW and variable values in Coca-Cola (Tables 3, 4, and 5). The highest value was observed in micro-hybrid 1-month post-immersion in tea solution (-12.16 ± 1.74) (Table 4). Moreover, negative ∆a specify turning to green color, while positive ∆a specify turning to red. Our samples showed positive ∆a value for all specimens (Tables 4, 5, and 6) except for nano-hybrid specimens after seven days in tea solution (-0.76 ± 0.56) (Table 3). The highest value has been recorded by micro-hybrid composite in tea solution after 30 days (11.4 ± 3.82) (Table 4). Finally, positive ∆b means a change to yellow color, and negative ∆b implies a change to blue color. Most of our samples had a positive ∆b value (Tables 4, 5, and 6), except for micro-hybrid in DW (-0.8 ± 3.92) after seven days and glass ionomer after 7 and 30 days (-0.12 ± 2.13) (Table 5) with micro-hybrid in Coca-Cola (-0.68 ± 0.6) after seven days (Table 6). Collectively, duration of time, material type, and solution type have a statistically significant effect on ΔE. 4. Discussion Used dental restorative materials are vulnerable to various adverse effects in the oral cavity, such as the impact of acidity of different diets and drinks. Moreover, the high frequency of dental problems claims the essential outlook on the degradation capacity of restorative materials to protect their quality (Fatima et al., 2013 ; Tanthanuch et al., 2018 ). We used three different solutions to check the color stability of 3 restorative materials that are widely used in dental practice nowadays and realized that DM presented no noticeable color changes in the materials. In comparison, tea developed significant color changes in the composites. These findings are similar to those found in Saudi Arabia (Bahbishi et al., 2020 ) and in Turkey (Tekçe et al., 2015 ), who found that tea was the most staining solution, while DW did not alter the colors of the composites. These outcomes approve that water absorption by itself does not change the composite stainability to a substantial level (Al-Wahab, 2009 ). Rather than using DM as an immersion medium, Tanthanuch et al., 2018 in Singapore reported a clinically perceptible color alteration (ΔE > 3.3) for various composites immersed in tea, wine, and coffee (Tanthanuch et al., 2018 ). However, Falkensammer et al., 2013 demonstrated that red wine was a more potent discoloration agent than black tea (ΔE > 5.5) for nano-hybrid and micro-hybrid materials (Falkensammer et al., 2013 ), and Majeti et al., 2020 stated that diet coke was more potent discoloration medium than green tea, but less potent than coffee (Majeti et al., 2020 ). On the other hand, the color change in used materials increased substantially over time, especially for tea and Coca-Cola, which agreed with results found by other authors who indicated that the degree of change in the used restorative materials becomes greater with duration and frequency of interaction with the beverages, so a decrease in the amount and frequency of beverage intake was recommended (Choi et al., 2019 ). Furthermore, we found that nano-hybrid presented higher color changes than micro-hybrid, which is in line with the outcomes of a research in Saudi Arabia, who mentioned that nano-hybrid had a higher Δ E value and discoloration with less color stability despite having a higher degree of conversion compared to micro-hybrid, especially when immersed into coffee rather than tea or Coca-Cola (Al Kheraif et al., 2013 ). However, Poggio et al., 2012 in Italy excluded that there is no significant difference in discoloration ability between micro-hybrid and nano-hybrid composites in tea, and both increased staining (Poggio et al., 2012 ). Silva et al., 2017 showed that the Filtek Z350XT significantly stained higher than all other tested composites (Silva et al., 2017 ). Whereas Garcia et al., 2008 reported that the color of restorative material changes with time, regardless of immersion solution (saliva, coke, or tea) (Garcia et al., 2008 ). Generally, it has been stated that these outcomes can occur as nanomaterials have smaller particle sizes with a smoother surface that retains fewer surface stains (Tekçe et al., 2015 ). Furthermore, it was suggested that any composite that can absorb water could also absorb other fluids, resulting in discoloration and reduction of its powered features due to polymer matrix degradation (Soares-Geraldo et al. , 2011). 5. Conclusions We concluded that all materials that were used for preparation showed undesirable color alteration after immersion in black-tea solution for one month. However, we realized that all used solutions (tea, Coca-Cola, and distilled water) in our study impacted on color stability of used restorative materials but within a clinically acceptable range (DE<3.3). Additionally, we found that micro-hybrid composite had high color stability compared to nano-hybrid and glass ionomer. Regarding the study's limitations, we did not use saliva as an immersion medium due to infection control considerations. Additionally, the prepared discs did not look like a restoration from the geometrical perspective, but our results can be used to formulate designs for clinical experiments. Declarations Consent for participation Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests There is no competing interest to this research. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions Conceptualization and research work: TMF and RHA; Data analysis and validity: MAM and GAM; Resources and supervision: SSH. All authors participated in writing the original manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors would like to appreciate assistance and facilities from laboratories and the Dental Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq. References Al-Wahab Z. An evaluation of the effect of different drinks on the color change of composan ceram composite resin (in vitro study). Mustansiria Dent J. 2009;6(1):14–9. Al Kheraif AAA, Qasim SSB, Ramakrishnaiah R, ur Rehman I. Effect of different beverages on the color stability and degree of conversion of nano and microhybrid composites. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(2):326–31. Angerame D, De Biasi M. Do nanofilled/nanohybrid composites allow for better clinical performance of direct restorations than traditional microhybrid composites? A systematic review. Oper Dent. 2018;43(4):E191–209. Bahbishi N, Mzain W, Badeeb B, Nassar HMJM. Color stability and micro-hardness of bulk-fill composite materials after exposure to common beverages. Materials. 2020;13(3):787. Choi J-W, Lee M-J, Oh S-H, Kim K-M. Changes in the physical properties and color stability of aesthetic restorative materials caused by various beverages. Dent Mater J. 2019;38(1):33–40. Correr GM, Bruschi Alonso RC, Baratto-Filho F, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MAC, Puppin-Rontani RM. In vitro long-term degradation of aesthetic restorative materials in food-simulating media. Acta Odontol Scand. 2012;70(2):101–8. Erdemir U, Yıldız E, Eren MM. Effects of sports drinks on color stability of nanofilled and microhybrid composites after long-term immersion. J Dent. 2012;40:e55–63. Falkensammer F, Arnetzl GV, Wildburger A, Freudenthaler J. Color stability of different composite resin materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(6):378–83. Fatima N, Abidi SYA, Jat SAJ.T.S.d.j. (2013). Effect of different tetra pack juices on microhardness of direct tooth colored-restorative materials. Saudi Dent J, 25(1), 29–32. Garcia PPNS, Rodrigues Neto E, Santos PAd, Campos JÁDB, Dibb RGP. Influence of surface sealant on the translucency of composite resin: effect of immersion time and immersion media. Mater Res. 2008;11:193–7. Hamouda IM. Effects of various beverages on hardness, roughness, and solubility of esthetic restorative materials. J Esthetic Restor Dentistry. 2011;23(5):315–22. Majeti C, Ravi R, Kambhampati B, Borugadda R, Athkuri S, Kakani AK. Evaluation of the color stability of two different posterior tooth colored restorative materials. F1000Research. 2020;9(1251):1251. Mitwalli H, et al. Novel rechargeable calcium fluoride dental nanocomposites. Dent Mater. 2022;38(2):397–408. Poggio C, Beltrami R, Scribante A, Colombo M, Chiesa M. Surface discoloration of composite resins: Effects of staining and bleaching. Dent Res J. 2012;9(5):567. Pratap B, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj B, Nag M. Resin based restorative dental materials: Characteristics and future perspectives. Japanese Dent Sci Rev. 2019;55(1):126–38. Silva TMD, Sales ALLS, Pucci CR, Borges AB, Torres CRG. The combined effect of food-simulating solutions, brushing and staining on color stability of composite resins. Acta Biomater Odontol Scand. 2017;3(1):1–7. Soares-Geraldo D, Scaramucci T, Steagall-Jr W, Braga SRM, Sobral MAP.J.B.o.r. (2011). Interaction between staining and degradation of a composite resin in contact with colored foods. Brazilian Oral Research, 25 , 369–375. Tanthanuch S, et al. Surface changes of various bulk-fill resin‐based composites after exposure to different food‐simulating liquid and beverages. J Esthetic Restor Dentistry. 2018;30(2):126–35. Tekçe N, Tuncer S, Demirci M, Serim ME, Baydemir C. The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month. Restor Dentistry Endodontics. 2015;40(4):255–61. Yap A, Mok B. Surface finish of a new hybrid aesthetic restorative material. Oper Dent. 2002;27(2):161–6. Tables Table 1 The mean value of color change (∆E) of the studied samples after their immersion in different solutions. Material Color Change (Mean ± SD) Distilled Water Coca-Cola Tea Day 7 Day 30 Day 7 Day 30 Day 7 Day 30 Micro-hybrid 3.25 ± 3.37 3.33 ± 1.09 1.42 ± 1.08 7.64 ± 3.59 13.57 ± 2.63 19.94 ± 2.74 Nano-hybrid 3.6 ± 0.53 6.32 ± 4.41 5.83 ± 1.12 12.19 ± 2.39 8.95 ± 1.65 15.7 ± 1.55 Glass-ionomer 4.38 ± 4.6 6.87 ± 5.38 7.7 ± 3.82 4.91 ± 1.48 7.48 ± 1.72 11.99 ± 4.25 Table 2 ANOVA test shows color change after 7 days’ immersion in different solutions. Material Difference Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P-value Distilled water Between Groups 3.378 2 1.689 0.154 0.859 Within Groups 131.482 12 10.957 Total 134.859 14 Coca-Cola Between Groups 104.093 2 52.047 9.183 0.004* Within Groups 68.016 12 5.668 Total 172.109 14 Tea Between Groups 100.838 2 50.419 11.973 0.001* Within Groups 50.534 12 4.211 Total 151.372 14 *: Significant difference Table 3 ANOVA test shows color change after 30 days’ immersion in different solutions. Material Difference Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P-value Distilled water Between Groups 36.165 2 18.083 1.094 0.366 Within Groups 198.337 12 16.528 Total 234.502 14 Coca-Cola Between Groups 135.311 2 67.655 9.761 0.003* Within Groups 83.177 12 6.931 Total 218.488 14 Tea Between Groups 158.007 2 79.004 8.465 0.005* Within Groups 112.000 12 9.333 Total 270.008 14 *: Significant difference Table 4 Mean values of color change of different filling materials after exposure to tea. Time-line Micro-hybrid Nano-hybrid Glass-ionomer ∆L ∆a ∆b ∆L ∆a ∆b ∆L ∆a ∆b Day 7 -7.28 ± 1.09 8.9 ± 2.68 6.28 ± 3.76 -6.34 ± 1.02 -0.76 ± 0.56 5.84 ± 2.82 -6.84 ± 1.23 1.92 ± 1.92 -0.18 ± 2.15 Day 30 -12.16 ± 1.74 11.4 ± 3.82 9.94 ± 4.0 -9.2 ± 1.2 5.0 ± 3.75 10.78 ± 3.55 -10.96 ± 4.22 4.48 ± 1.65 -0.5 ± 1.3 Table 5 Mean values of color change of different filling materials after exposure to distilled water. Time-line Micro-hybrid Nano-hybrid Glass-ionomer ∆L ∆a ∆b ∆L ∆a ∆b ∆L ∆a ∆b Day 7 -5.0 ± 2.68 0.78 ± 0.44 -0.8 ± 3.92 1.02 ± 0.3 0.92 ± 0.08 3.3 ± 0.55 0.54 ± 6.31 0.02 ± 0.69 -0.12 ± 2.13 Day 30 1.24 ± 2.15 2.2 ± 0.47 0.88 ± 1.13 -2.2 ± 6.44 2.18 ± 1.33 2.4 ± 2.65 0.54 ± 6.31 0.02 ± 0.69 -0.12 ± 2.13 Table 6 Mean values of color changes of different filling materials after exposure to Coca-Cola. Time-line Micro-hybrid Nano-hybrid Glass-ionomer ∆L ∆a ∆b ∆L ∆a ∆b ∆L ∆a ∆b Day 7 -0.08 ± 1.48 0.34 ± 0.64 -0.68 ± 0.6 -0.14 ± 0.33 0.66 ± 0.05 5.78 ± 1.14 -6.86 ± 3.05 2.2 ± 0.85 2.38 ± 2.58 Day 30 1.92 ± 8.36 2.4 ± 1.07 0.44 ± 1.69 5.66 ± 8.02 1.3 ± 3.22 7.6 ± 1.52 -0.12 ± 2.13 2.04 ± 0.9 1.3 ± 2.81 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 02 Nov, 2022 Reviews received at journal 19 Oct, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Oct, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Oct, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 19 Oct, 2022 Editor invited by journal 19 Oct, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Oct, 2022 First submitted to journal 11 Oct, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2156327","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":145353722,"identity":"52a206cc-053a-4232-b0b1-29b94e80a8b2","order_by":0,"name":"Tavga Mustafa Faris","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sulaimani","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tavga","middleName":"Mustafa","lastName":"Faris","suffix":""},{"id":145353723,"identity":"a1c11e36-d4e3-43cc-a378-e89cd1be84aa","order_by":1,"name":"Rukhosh Hasan Abdulrahim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sulaimani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rukhosh","middleName":"Hasan","lastName":"Abdulrahim","suffix":""},{"id":145353724,"identity":"ab183b4d-7860-4a25-b661-d729e7f722fe","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammed Abdullah Mahmood","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sulaimani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Abdullah","lastName":"Mahmood","suffix":""},{"id":145353725,"identity":"5f632e06-4761-4de7-88c1-36af0d8ab6ee","order_by":3,"name":"Gollshang Ahmed Mhammed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sulaimani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gollshang","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Mhammed","suffix":""},{"id":145353726,"identity":"d6a71a11-4c27-428b-90b9-7a87ba718e93","order_by":4,"name":"Sarhang Sarwat Hamakareem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sulaimani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sarhang","middleName":"Sarwat","lastName":"Hamakareem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-10-11 21:59:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2156327/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2156327/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02719-3","type":"published","date":"2023-01-29T18:29:23+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44718114,"identity":"752428fc-d50d-46e5-8798-95078c7bcf16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 18:41:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":368541,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2156327/v1/26383fc1-52de-46b6-8358-b32fc3098c95.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various esthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAesthetic restorative materials thoroughly mimic the dental structure as they enhance and maintain natural tooth whitening, transparency, texture, and surface staining stability for an extended period (Pratap et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The initial restorative material that was first presented to dental work in the early seventies was glass ionomer which was widely spread worldwide due to its promising adhesive and fluoride-releasing characters (Choi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsequently, composite resin, hybrid materials, porcelain veers, compomers, and ceramic crowns were developed to overwhelm the disadvantages of glass ionomer and maintain their clinical benefits. Still, they also had some potential drawbacks, including polymerization shrinkage, secondary caries, plaque formation, limited releasing time, and color instability (Yap \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2002).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, many other types of tooth restoration materials are commonly used; however, their quality, physical, and mechanical features should be high enough not to be easily subjected to color change after a short period, although most have a similar appearance to the tooth substrate. Generally, their disadvantages are color alteration, fracture, poor wearing, leakage, and polymerization shrinkage (Tanthanuch et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, it has been determined that the surface of aesthetic restorative materials is affected by drinks (coffee, tea, and wine), smoking, physiochemical stress, and some foods, which are mainly caused by either absorption or adsorption of coloring substances available in the diet and beverages (Correr et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, superficial degradation on the composite surface produced by diets and drinks reduces its hardness and roughness, which leads to external coloring (Hamouda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHalf of all dental restorations fail within 10 years, thus the physical assets and quality of aesthetic restorative materials that are widely used in the dental field can be improved through manipulation of their matrix, size, strength, type, and quantity of filler particles, especially nanocomposite that is used for anterior and posterior teeth restoration (Erdemir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, various rechargeable dental nanocomposites with sufficient remineralization ability but with persistent ion release limitation (Mitwalli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) have also been intended and examined by different research groups in different countries for dental restoration with higher dental care than micro-hybrid composites such as nano-hybrid (nanofillers) that have advanced optical and physical features (Al Kheraif et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Angerame \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). Therefore, this study aimed to measure the color stability of micro-hybrid, nano-hybrid, and glass ionomer restorative materials after immersing in tea, Coca-Cola, and distilled water (DW) for 30 days.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Samples and study design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent esthetic restorative materials (micro-hybrid, nano-hybrid, and glass ionomer) were used to perform this experiment. Totally we prepared 45 disc-shaped samples (10 mm diameter \u0026times; 3 mm thickness), including 15 samples from each micro-hybrid (group I) (Rio Javama-120-45007-Toledo Espana, Spain), nano-hybrid (group II) (Itena reflectys-75116, France), and glass ionomer; shade A2 (group III) (Riva Self Cure, Australia). The samples were invented into a customized metal container after condensation of their materials. Specimens from 1st and 2nd groups underwent light curing (Light Cure, COXA, DB686, China) for 1/3 minute based on the instruction protocol. Then, all samples were later covered with super-snap polishing discs (Nova Twist, Germany) and preserved in DW overnight at 25\u0026ordm; C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Beverage\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study used black tea (Saadeldeen, Srilanka) and Coca-Cola (Kirkuk, Iraq) solutions as beverages and DW as control. Regarding the tea preparation, about 4.0 g of dry powdered black tea was added to 0.3 L of boiled water in a small beaker. Then, 0.1 L milk solution and 10 g fine-white sugar were added and left to boil for 5 minutes. Whereas Coca-Cola was used as a carbonated drink directly without any preparation, the bottle lid was thoroughly tightened not to allow escaping of carbonic gas. In addition, freshly prepared milk samples with immediately opened Coca-Cola bottles were used every day before the test, while the DW was directly collected from the distillation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Specimens immersion\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples of each group were subdivided into three subgroups of 5 specimens each and were immersed separately in either DW (control), tea (treatment I), or Coca-Cola (treatment II) for 1 hour a day at 37 \u0026ordm; C, exactly for one month, then took them out with forceps, wiped properly until dryness with clean tissue paper and stored in a sterile place at room temperature for consecutive days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Color alteration estimation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specimen\u0026apos;s color was tested before exposure (baseline; T0) and after exposure (7 days; T7 and 30 days; T30) using a reflectance spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade\u0026reg; V, Germany) once calibrated using its manufacturer\u0026apos;s protocol. Briefly, each sample was put on the assessing head of the device and enclosed with the dark lid, then the device was turned on, and the mean color quantity of the sample (\u0026Delta;L*, \u0026Delta;a*, and \u0026Delta;b*) was automatically obtained. Later on, the color difference (\u0026Delta;E) was calculated for each specimen as follows and analyzed: \u0026Delta;E (L*a*b*) = [(\u0026Delta;L*)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e + (\u0026Delta;a*)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e + (\u0026Delta;b*)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e ]\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere L* denotes the lightness of the material, a* indicates a change in hues across the red-green axis, and b* shows the change in hues across the yellow-blue axis. Triplicate measurements were done at different sites of each sample to get a valuable average.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Ethical approval\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study protocol of this work has been revised and confirmed by the Scientific and Ethical Approval Committees, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, with No. 5/20/11/11/2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll material data will be analyzed using a statistical software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA, version 26). The distribution of the samples according to the type of drink and time of immersion was arranged on tables. Then, each material\u0026apos;s prevalence of color change was calculated, and their means were compared using the Chi-square test. The P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study and after processing the samples in different solutions, the color change was measured on the first day (baseline), the seventh day, and then after 30 days using a spectrophotometer (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results showed a significant difference in the specimen's color change with the Coca-Cola and tea (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004 and 0.001, respectively) after 7 days and (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005, respectively) after 30 days. However, no significant difference was seen in the samples immersed in DM after seven days (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.859) and 30 days (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.366) (Tables\u0026nbsp;2 and 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding sample ∆L (lightness), positive ∆L designates lighter samples, while negative ∆L designates darker samples after immersion. In this study, the result shows that the lightness (∆L value) of all specimens became negative (darken) in tea, and there was less change in DW and variable values in Coca-Cola (Tables\u0026nbsp;3, 4, and 5). The highest value was observed in micro-hybrid 1-month post-immersion in tea solution (-12.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74) (Table\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, negative ∆a specify turning to green color, while positive ∆a specify turning to red. Our samples showed positive ∆a value for all specimens (Tables\u0026nbsp;4, 5, and 6) except for nano-hybrid specimens after seven days in tea solution (-0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56) (Table\u0026nbsp;3). The highest value has been recorded by micro-hybrid composite in tea solution after 30 days (11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.82) (Table\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, positive ∆b means a change to yellow color, and negative ∆b implies a change to blue color. Most of our samples had a positive ∆b value (Tables\u0026nbsp;4, 5, and 6), except for micro-hybrid in DW (-0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92) after seven days and glass ionomer after 7 and 30 days (-0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13) (Table\u0026nbsp;5) with micro-hybrid in Coca-Cola (-0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6) after seven days (Table\u0026nbsp;6). Collectively, duration of time, material type, and solution type have a statistically significant effect on \u0026Delta;E.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsed dental restorative materials are vulnerable to various adverse effects in the oral cavity, such as the impact of acidity of different diets and drinks. Moreover, the high frequency of dental problems claims the essential outlook on the degradation capacity of restorative materials to protect their quality (Fatima et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Tanthanuch et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used three different solutions to check the color stability of 3 restorative materials that are widely used in dental practice nowadays and realized that DM presented no noticeable color changes in the materials. In comparison, tea developed significant color changes in the composites. These findings are similar to those found in Saudi Arabia (Bahbishi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and in Turkey (Tek\u0026ccedil;e et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), who found that tea was the most staining solution, while DW did not alter the colors of the composites. These outcomes approve that water absorption by itself does not change the composite stainability to a substantial level (Al-Wahab, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRather than using DM as an immersion medium, Tanthanuch et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e in Singapore reported a clinically perceptible color alteration (\u0026Delta;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3.3) for various composites immersed in tea, wine, and coffee (Tanthanuch et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, Falkensammer et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e demonstrated that red wine was a more potent discoloration agent than black tea (\u0026Delta;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5.5) for nano-hybrid and micro-hybrid materials (Falkensammer et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), and Majeti et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e stated that diet coke was more potent discoloration medium than green tea, but less potent than coffee (Majeti et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the color change in used materials increased substantially over time, especially for tea and Coca-Cola, which agreed with results found by other authors who indicated that the degree of change in the used restorative materials becomes greater with duration and frequency of interaction with the beverages, so a decrease in the amount and frequency of beverage intake was recommended (Choi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, we found that nano-hybrid presented higher color changes than micro-hybrid, which is in line with the outcomes of a research in Saudi Arabia, who mentioned that nano-hybrid had a higher \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e value and discoloration with less color stability despite having a higher degree of conversion compared to micro-hybrid, especially when immersed into coffee rather than tea or Coca-Cola (Al Kheraif et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). However, Poggio et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e in Italy excluded that there is no significant difference in discoloration ability between micro-hybrid and nano-hybrid composites in tea, and both increased staining (Poggio et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Silva et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e showed that the Filtek Z350XT significantly stained higher than all other tested composites (Silva et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas Garcia et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e reported that the color of restorative material changes with time, regardless of immersion solution (saliva, coke, or tea) (Garcia et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenerally, it has been stated that these outcomes can occur as nanomaterials have smaller particle sizes with a smoother surface that retains fewer surface stains (Tek\u0026ccedil;e et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it was suggested that any composite that can absorb water could also absorb other fluids, resulting in discoloration and reduction of its powered features due to polymer matrix degradation (Soares-Geraldo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe concluded that all materials that were used for preparation showed undesirable color alteration after immersion in black-tea solution for one month. However, we realized that all used solutions (tea, Coca-Cola, and distilled water) in our study impacted on color stability of used restorative materials but within a clinically acceptable range (DE\u0026lt;3.3). Additionally, we found that micro-hybrid composite had high color stability compared to nano-hybrid and glass ionomer. Regarding the study\u0026apos;s limitations, we did not use saliva as an immersion medium due to infection control considerations. Additionally, the prepared discs did not look like a restoration from the geometrical perspective, but our results can be used to formulate designs for clinical experiments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for participation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no competing interest to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization and research work: TMF and RHA; Data analysis and validity: MAM and GAM; Resources and supervision: SSH. All authors participated in writing the original manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to appreciate assistance and facilities from laboratories and the Dental Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Wahab Z. An evaluation of the effect of different drinks on the color change of composan ceram composite resin (in vitro study). Mustansiria Dent J. 2009;6(1):14\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Kheraif AAA, Qasim SSB, Ramakrishnaiah R, ur Rehman I. Effect of different beverages on the color stability and degree of conversion of nano and microhybrid composites. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(2):326\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAngerame D, De Biasi M. Do nanofilled/nanohybrid composites allow for better clinical performance of direct restorations than traditional microhybrid composites? A systematic review. Oper Dent. 2018;43(4):E191\u0026ndash;209.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBahbishi N, Mzain W, Badeeb B, Nassar HMJM. Color stability and micro-hardness of bulk-fill composite materials after exposure to common beverages. Materials. 2020;13(3):787.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChoi J-W, Lee M-J, Oh S-H, Kim K-M. Changes in the physical properties and color stability of aesthetic restorative materials caused by various beverages. Dent Mater J. 2019;38(1):33\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCorrer GM, Bruschi Alonso RC, Baratto-Filho F, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MAC, Puppin-Rontani RM. In vitro long-term degradation of aesthetic restorative materials in food-simulating media. Acta Odontol Scand. 2012;70(2):101\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErdemir U, Yıldız E, Eren MM. Effects of sports drinks on color stability of nanofilled and microhybrid composites after long-term immersion. J Dent. 2012;40:e55\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFalkensammer F, Arnetzl GV, Wildburger A, Freudenthaler J. Color stability of different composite resin materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(6):378\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFatima N, Abidi SYA, Jat SAJ.T.S.d.j. (2013). Effect of different tetra pack juices on microhardness of direct tooth colored-restorative materials. Saudi Dent J, 25(1), 29\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarcia PPNS, Rodrigues Neto E, Santos PAd, Campos J\u0026Aacute;DB, Dibb RGP. Influence of surface sealant on the translucency of composite resin: effect of immersion time and immersion media. Mater Res. 2008;11:193\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamouda IM. Effects of various beverages on hardness, roughness, and solubility of esthetic restorative materials. J Esthetic Restor Dentistry. 2011;23(5):315\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMajeti C, Ravi R, Kambhampati B, Borugadda R, Athkuri S, Kakani AK. Evaluation of the color stability of two different posterior tooth colored restorative materials. F1000Research. 2020;9(1251):1251.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMitwalli H, et al. Novel rechargeable calcium fluoride dental nanocomposites. Dent Mater. 2022;38(2):397\u0026ndash;408.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoggio C, Beltrami R, Scribante A, Colombo M, Chiesa M. Surface discoloration of composite resins: Effects of staining and bleaching. Dent Res J. 2012;9(5):567.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePratap B, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj B, Nag M. Resin based restorative dental materials: Characteristics and future perspectives. Japanese Dent Sci Rev. 2019;55(1):126\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSilva TMD, Sales ALLS, Pucci CR, Borges AB, Torres CRG. The combined effect of food-simulating solutions, brushing and staining on color stability of composite resins. Acta Biomater Odontol Scand. 2017;3(1):1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoares-Geraldo D, Scaramucci T, Steagall-Jr W, Braga SRM, Sobral MAP.J.B.o.r. (2011). Interaction between staining and degradation of a composite resin in contact with colored foods. Brazilian Oral Research, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e, 369\u0026ndash;375.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTanthanuch S, et al. Surface changes of various bulk-fill resin‐based composites after exposure to different food‐simulating liquid and beverages. J Esthetic Restor Dentistry. 2018;30(2):126\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTek\u0026ccedil;e N, Tuncer S, Demirci M, Serim ME, Baydemir C. The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month. Restor Dentistry Endodontics. 2015;40(4):255\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYap A, Mok B. Surface finish of a new hybrid aesthetic restorative material. Oper Dent. 2002;27(2):161\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThe mean value of color change (∆E) of the studied samples after their immersion in different solutions.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMaterial\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eColor Change (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDistilled Water\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCoca-Cola\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDay 7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDay 30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDay 7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDay 30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDay 7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDay 30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMicro-hybrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.37\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.63\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.74\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNano-hybrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.39\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGlass-ionomer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.38\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.82\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eANOVA test shows color change after 7 days\u0026rsquo; immersion in different solutions.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMaterial\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDifference\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003edf\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMean Square\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eF\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDistilled water\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.378\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.689\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.154\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.859\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e131.482\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.957\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e134.859\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCoca-Cola\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e104.093\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.047\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.183\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.004*\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.016\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.668\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e172.109\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100.838\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.419\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.973\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.001*\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.534\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.211\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e151.372\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Significant difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eANOVA test shows color change after 30 days\u0026rsquo; immersion in different solutions.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMaterial\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDifference\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003edf\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMean Square\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eF\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDistilled water\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36.165\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.083\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.094\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.366\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e198.337\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.528\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e234.502\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCoca-Cola\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e135.311\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67.655\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.761\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.003*\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e83.177\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.931\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e218.488\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e158.007\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79.004\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.465\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.005*\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin Groups\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e112.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.333\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e270.008\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*: Significant difference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMean values of color change of different filling materials after exposure to tea.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTime-line\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMicro-hybrid\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNano-hybrid\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGlass-ionomer\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDay 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-7.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.76\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-6.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-6.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDay 30\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-12.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.82\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.75\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-10.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.22\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMean values of color change of different filling materials after exposure to distilled water.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTime-line\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMicro-hybrid\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNano-hybrid\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGlass-ionomer\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDay 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.31\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDay 30\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.44\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.31\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMean values of color changes of different filling materials after exposure to Coca-Cola.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTime-line\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMicro-hybrid\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNano-hybrid\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGlass-ionomer\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e∆b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDay 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-6.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDay 30\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.02\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.81\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Color stability, in vitro study, esthetic restorative material, beverage","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2156327/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2156327/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, the demands for restorations have increased considerably; thus, improvements and modifications have been made in dental composite technologies especially using materials that have claimed to improve color stability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine the effect of restorative materials on dental color stability \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e using various solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the study samples were composed of 45 discs from different restorative materials (15 micro-hybrids, 15 nano-hybrids, and 15 glass ionomers). These discs were immersed in various beverages an hour a day for one month at room temperature. The color stability was measured using a spectrophotometer before/after immersion (days 7 and 30).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe realized a significant difference in color change with Coca-Cola and tea after 7 days and 30 days (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, no significant difference in the samples immersed in DM after seven days and 30 days (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was found. The highest value of lightness (∆L), and stainability (∆a) was seen in micro-hybrid after 30 days of immersion in tea solution (-12.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74 and 11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.82, respectively), while most samples had a positive ∆b value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe black-tea affected the color stability of all used restorative materials after one month. In addition, micro-hybrid had higher color stability than nano-hybrid and glass ionomer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various esthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-10-21 19:18:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2156327/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-11-02T05:35:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-10-20T01:31:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7d0e6803-cc03-46c7-8cc6-9b361284e24b","date":"2022-10-19T22:32:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-10-19T11:39:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-10-19T10:08:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-10-19T06:22:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-10-19T06:15:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2022-10-11T21:50:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa1ede6e-650f-459f-aedd-10c501d36f60","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T18:40:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2156327","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02719-3","journal":{"identity":"bmc-oral-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Oral Health"},"publishedOn":"2023-01-29 18:29:23","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 29th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-10-21 19:18:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12903-023-02719-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02719-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2156327","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2156327","identity":"rs-2156327","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}