A microfluidic approach to explore mesoderm tissue dynamics and its natural variability

Summary Vertebrate gastrulating mesoderm is a prototypic example of a mesenchymal-like tissue undergoing extensive remodelling. While the tissue may be globally represented as a viscoelastic material, the actual biological material is intrinsically complex. To get to a real understanding of its properties, one needs to move to the mesoscale, linking cellular properties to collective phenomena. Vertebrate embryos also display a remarkable variability in mechanical properties, despite which they robustly complete gastrulation. This study attempts to explore these aspects by dissecting Xenopus mesoderm cell behaviour in a minimal system, using aspiration through a microfluidic system to impose controlled stress to a mesoderm aggregate. We show that beyond estimating global rheology at the tissue scale, it is possible to infer a wealth of information based on cell morphology and dynamics. Our data are consistent with collective behaviour being mostly dictated by the balance between the capacity of cells to stretch and the resistance to cell-cell contacts, which limits cell-cell intercalation and thus tissue remodelling. Importantly, tissues are not only able to transmit stress over a distance, they also clearly react to it through actively reinforcing cell-cell mechanical coupling. This adaptative property is found through a broad range of tissue stiffness, and adhesion strength appears to scale with the elastic modulus, suggesting that cell stiffness may ultimately be the key parameter setting mesoderm rheology and accounting for the large differences observed between embryo batches.