A Triple-Tier Secure Mobile-Cloud Framework Integrating AES–DES Hybrid Cryptosystem and Blockchain for COVID-Related Cardiovascular Data Protection

A Triple-Tier Secure Mobile-Cloud Framework Integrating AES–DES Hybrid Cryptosystem and Blockchain for COVID-Related Cardiovascular Data Protection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Triple-Tier Secure Mobile-Cloud Framework Integrating AES–DES Hybrid Cryptosystem and Blockchain for COVID-Related Cardiovascular Data Protection M Anitha, Sakthivel S This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8941934/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract COVID-19 has accelerated the challenges of cardiovascular complications among patients, leading to the increased urgency of safe, trustworthy, and smart healthcare information management systems. Electrocardiogram (ECG) records are very crucial in detecting COVID-related cardiac abnormalities, but due to their sensitivity and distributed use between mobile and cloud environments, they are vulnerable to privacy and integrity breaches and unauthorized access. In order to overcome these difficulties, the current study offers the triple-tier secure mobile–cloud architecture that incorporates AES-DES hybrid cryptosystem, multi-hash integrity verification based on using the SHA-3 algorithm, and blockchain-supported immutability to protect the COVID-related cardiovascular ECG data. The framework uses morphological signal reconstruction and fractal dimension-directed adaptive tokenization to increase the ECG image representation and reduce cardio-pulmonary signal noise. Non-stationary cardiac dynamics indicative of myocardial stress due to COVID-19 with wavelet-entropy and recurrence quantification analysis Rare feature learning detects non-stationary cardiac dynamics linked to COVID-19-induced myocardial stress. A hierarchical priors Bayesian risk assessment model is introduced to offer probabilistic cardiovascular risk forecasting and attempt to address patient variability and uncertainty. The opportunistic edge offloading with the help of cloudlet decreases the processing latency and power usage, thus allowing an analysis of real-time in resource-starved mobile resources. Vast experimental assessment with a publicly available ECG data shows that the suggested system could attain the prediction equal of 97.4% with greater confidentiality, tamper resistance, and attack identification in comparison with traditional mobile-cloud healthcare systems. The findings validate that the suggested framework provides a privacy-constrained, scalable, and clinically valid system of safety management and smart analytics of COVID-related cardiovascular data. Health sciences/Cardiology Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics Physical sciences/Engineering Health sciences/Health care Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease ECG Image Analysis Mobile-Cloud Computing Hybrid Cryptography Blockchain Security Bayesian Risk Assessment Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 13 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 24 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8941934","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":624103439,"identity":"43f2662b-8cc1-4a53-aa56-4d7cbf89ca28","order_by":0,"name":"M Anitha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgZmBKcCiJmZGwhpaWxGcM6AtDAS0sLAiNDC2AaxF696/tnN7Y8LaraBGI8/fJxXG83fDtTyo2IbTi0Sdw42Ns84dhvIOGYmOXPb8dwZhxkbGHvO3MZtzY3ExmYeNqCCGzlszLzbjuU2ALUwM7bh1iIP1vLvNpCRw/z575xjufMJaTEAaeEFKjC4kcMgzdhQk7uBkBZDoJbZvH23eQxBfuk5diB3I1DLQXx+kbuR/uAzz7fbcnK3gSH2o6Yud975wwcf/KjA430o4GGQANOHweQBgurBAKKljjjFo2AUjIJRMKIAAIlAYQSUQA6AAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kingston Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"M","middleName":"","lastName":"Anitha","suffix":""},{"id":624103441,"identity":"5e4ec436-e937-477b-b0a4-3d96b0db0237","order_by":1,"name":"Sakthivel S","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sona College of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sakthivel","middleName":"","lastName":"S","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-23 00:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8941934/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8941934/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107490122,"identity":"ef02e0d8-7757-4348-aaa1-8c7ae86b8bf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:50:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1385320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ATripleTierSecureMobileCloudFramework09022026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8941934/v1_covered_98ae4651-2c84-4222-9067-83b2273ab19c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Triple-Tier Secure Mobile-Cloud Framework Integrating AES–DES Hybrid Cryptosystem and Blockchain for COVID-Related Cardiovascular Data Protection","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"COVID-19, Cardiovascular Disease, ECG Image Analysis, Mobile-Cloud Computing, Hybrid Cryptography, Blockchain Security, Bayesian Risk Assessment, Privacy-Preserving Healthcare","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8941934/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8941934/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 has accelerated the challenges of cardiovascular complications among patients, leading to the increased urgency of safe, trustworthy, and smart healthcare information management systems. 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