Effect of silica fume and lathe scrap on properties of Eco-friendly High performance Concrete

Effect of silica fume and lathe scrap on properties of Eco-friendly High performance Concrete | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of silica fume and lathe scrap on properties of Eco-friendly High performance Concrete Devendra Kumar Sharma, Imran Ahamad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8277205/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Significant world search for the latest solutions for ecological problems to use for waste material that pollutes the environment and is harmful to it. In this work, we utilize eco-friendly material silica fume as a binding material and lathe scrape, which have enhanced properties of eco-friendly high-performance concrete. In this work, we focused on some mechanical properties of eco-friendly high-performance concrete and found that 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrap enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. Silica fume and lathe scrape also enhance the workability and setting time of eco-friendly high-performance concrete. For this study, a total of 16 samples were prepared and examined: SF 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%, and lathe scrape 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. 5% of SF with 1% lathe scrape enhances compressive strength at 25.8%, flexural strength at 14.35%, and split tensile strength at 11.9%. The combined effect of SF and LS improves the properties of eco-friendly, high-performance concrete and enhances its sustainability. Both materials make eco-friendly, environmentally concern, sustainable, and modern construction materials. Eco-friendly high performance concrete lathe Scrape silica fume flexural strength Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Eco-friendly HPC is a new material that has exceptional strength and excellent durability, combined with excellent properties through superior uniformity and packing density. It is generally recognized that the treatment regime has an important effect on the properties of eco-friendly HPC. In the construction industry, finding environmental challenges and sustainable results are the highest priority [1-4]. In various fields, concrete is the most common material for construction work, and the ordinary Portland cement production process releases large amounts of CO 2 , which has the most environmental problems at the present time [5-14]. To reduce the use of cement in concrete and find its alternative, many researchers have been working for a long time and are studying various materials, which include SBA, BRHA, CCA, WFA, SF etc. In concrete production, fly ash is used as a binder material, then sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide, which enhance strength [25-28]. SF is a by-product of silicon and ferrosilicon production, which enhances the properties of concrete and reduces cement content, and made eco-friendly high-performance concrete. SF’s fine particle size reduces permeability and improves resistance to an aggressive environment. Lathe scrape is also an industrial byproduct which partially used in concrete composite. Lathe scrape provides unique properties of concrete. The combined effect of SF and LS improves the properties of eco-friendly high-performance concrete and enhances the sustainability of concrete. Both materials make eco-friendly, environmentally concern, sustainable, and modern construction materials. Materials For enhancing the properties of eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete and reducing the use of cement, partially added industrial waste which provides economic benefits and resolves environmental issues. Lathe scrape and silica fume are industrial by-products used in eco-friendly high-performance concrete. Cement The Cement used was Portland cement 53grade conforming to IS 12269:1987 manufactured locally shown in Fig. 01 . Silica Fume Silica fume coincided of a grey powder with specific gravity 2.20. In SF SiO 2 was the maximum oxide available, which was 97.9% and the chemical composition are shown in Table 01 . Table 01 Chemical composition of SBA and Cement Oxides SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO SO 3 K 2 O LOI Remark OPC 25 4 0.6 63 1.3 2.1 1.3 2.5 In % Silica Fume 97.88 0.00 0.09 0.66 0.001 0.39 0.12 ---- In % Sand River Sand collected from local sikar market with maximum particle size 150µm to 600µm. Super plasticizer The super plasticizer used polycarboxylate which was produced from locally market with specific gravity 1.08, solid content 34% and yellowish colour. It high quantity water reducing ether base agent which used to gain required workability. Lathe Scrape The Lathe scrape used in this work was lathe machine waste of 0.12mm diameter with 5mm to 10mm length. Methodology Concrete Mixing:- A rotating mixer drum was used for mixing the HPC mix. After mixing cement, Fly ash, SF, Lathe scrape and sand, water was added and make uniform paste. Super plasticizer was added to use in mix at all levels to maintain workable mix. Table : 02 Composite materials of eco-friendly high performance concrete. Sp. NO. Fly ash Silica Fume Ratio of SF Ratio of L. S. Na 2 SiO 2 NaOH Sand CA (Kg) (Kg) % % (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) SP1 406 0 0% 0% 145 58 643 1194 SP2 406 0 0% 0.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP3 406 0 0% 1% 145 58 643 1194 SP4 406 0 0% 1.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP5 395.85 10.15 2.5% 0% 145 58 643 1194 SP6 395.85 10.15 2.5% 0.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP7 395.85 10.15 2.5% 1% 145 58 643 1194 SP8 395.85 10.15 2.5% 1.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP9 385.7 20.3 5% 0% 145 58 643 1194 SP10 385.7 20.3 5% 0.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP11 385.7 20.3 5% 1% 145 58 643 1194 SP12 385.7 20.3 5% 1.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP13 375.55 30.45 7.5% 0% 145 58 643 1194 SP14 375.55 30.45 7.5% 0.5% 145 58 643 1194 SP15 375.55 30.45 7.5% 1% 145 58 643 1194 SP16 375.55 30.45 7.5% 1.5% 145 58 643 1194 Results Workability of eco-friendly HPC The workability of concrete is the most important property when concrete is used in practice. Low workability delays the implementation of eco-friendly HPC in practical work. NaOH affects the strength of eco-friendly HPC and workability. In this study, molarities considered 8 to 18 and 13 enhance the workability of eco-friendly UHPC. Setting time of eco-friendly HPC The preparation phase of concrete until compacting and developing initial strength duration is known as setting time. Eco-friendly HPC gains strength by curing, for setting time testing generally uses Vicat needle apparatus [72,73].Na2SiO2/ NaOH ratio does not affect the setting time of concrete but NaOH molarity affects the setting time of concrete. The lathe scrape and silica fume added in concrete reduced 1–4% of the setting time but did not have any negative effects. Compressive strength of eco-friendly HPC:- For compression test 2000kn capacity UTM was used in which 150mm *150mm* 150mm cubes sample was tested. The samples were first taken out from the curing tank and dried for 1 hour and then placed in the batten of the compression machine. When the upper batten of compression machine is in good contact with the surface of the sample, load is applied at a constant rate until the sample cracks. For compression test, 3 samples of every specimen were used on 7th, 14th, and 28th day and maximum load attained was recorded, average value of all each was recorded. Nano silica is taken as 0% to 7.5% in prepared specimens and provides the best result at 5%amount of nano silica. When nano silica exceeds 5% then the compressive strength of composite material diminishes. In this research is clear that if nano silica exceeds 5% then compressive strength falls. When we add lathe scrape to the sample mix the 1% amount of lathe scrape enhances the compressive strength and the addition of 2% and 3% lathe scrape quantity reduces the compressive strength as compared to the reference sample. As a result 1% lathe scrape with 5% nano-silica enhances the compressive strength up to 53 Mpa. Flexural Strength of eco-friendly HPC:- For flexural strength sample prepared with 40x 40x 160mm dimension and applying loading at L/3 distance from the support according to ASTM C293 standards. 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrape enhance flexural strength up to 5.5 Mpa. More than 5% silica fume reduced the flexural strength of concrete and more than 1% lathe scrape also decreased the flexural strength of concrete. It means 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrape is the best ratio to enhance flexural strength. As a result lathe scrape and silica fume both affect the flexural strength of concrete and observed that more than 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrape reduce the flexural strength of concrete. Split tensile strength of eco-friendly HPC:- Split tensile is also an important property of concrete. The reference sample’s split tensile strength was 3.5MPa and as a result, 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrap provide max. Split tensile strength up to 3.7MPa. 5% silica fume provides good results, while the use of lathe scrap amount 1% also enhances strength and provides the best result and strength reached up to 3.7MPa. More than 5%silica fume and 1% lathe scrape also reduce the split tensile strength of concrete. Conclusions Waste materials utilization is a more important environmental problem for industries and society. Hence environmentally friendly production methods adopting studies is more important. The use of waste materials in construction is a more important field of study at present time for eco-friendly construction. Silica fume is also an important material for the construction industry as a place of fly ash. Fly ash is a good binding material but silica fume enhances the strength if it is replaced with fly ash up to 5% amount and provides the best result. 5%amount of silica fume enhances the mechanical properties like compressive strength improve up to 14.3%, flexural strength improves up to 7.40% and split tensile strength improve up to 6.15%. Amount of 1% of lathe scrape enhances the compressive strength of eco-friendly UHPC up to 11.4%, flexural strength up to 6.30%, and split tensile strength up to 8.20%. Use of 1% lathe scrape with 5% silica fume enhances the compressive strength by up to 25.8%, flexural strength by up to 14.35%, and split tensile strength by up to 11.9%. By performing various tests of various doses of SF and lathe scrape it was found that the 1% of LS and 5% of SF is the optimum dose at which maximum strength was achieved. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to management and teaching or non-teaching staff at material testing lab of Amity university Madhya Pradesh and Sobhasaria Group of Institutions Sikar for their support in Research. Author contributions First and corresponding author contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were also performed by the first and corresponding author Mr. Devendra Kumar Sharma. The first draft of the manuscript was written Mr. Devendra Kumar Sharma and co-authors reviewed the draft manuscript. Co-author Dr. Imarn Mohammad provided valuable suggestions, revised the final draft, and supervised the overall research works. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding The authors declare that no funds, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy policy of the affiliated research institute, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Corresponding Author is in the manuscript Devendra Kumar Sharma References Yıldızel SA, Ozkılıç YO, Bahrami ¨A, Aksoylu C, Bas¸aran B, Hakamy A, Arslan MH. Experimental investigation and analytical prediction of flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with steel fibres extracted from waste tyres, Case Stud. Constr Mater (2023), e02227. Mareya M, Bahurudeen A, Varghese J, Thomas BS, Sithole NT. Transformation of rice husk modified basic oxygen furnace slag into geopolymer composites. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:6264–78. Ozkılıç YO, Karalar ¨M, Aksoylu C, Beskopylny AN, Stel’makh SA, Shcherban EM, Qaidi S, Pereira I, Monteiro SN, Azevedo ARG. Shear performance of reinforced expansive concrete beams utilizing aluminium waste, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24 (2023) 5433– 5448. Chang Q, Liu L, Farooqi MU, Thomas B, Ozkılıç YO. ¨ Data-driven based estimation of waste-derived ceramic concrete from experimental results with its environmental assessment. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:6348–68. Blesson S, Rao AU, Bhandary RP, Shetty PP, Thomas BS. Comparative characteristics assessment of calcined and uncalcined agro-based waste ash with GGBS and its application in an alkali-activated binder system. Cogent Eng. 2023;10(1):2220483. ¨ Zeybek O, Ozkılıç YO, Karalar ¨M, Çelik A˙I, Qaidi S, Ahmad J, Burduhos-Nergis DD, Burduhos-Nergis DP. Influence Replac Cem waste glass Mech Prop concrete. 2022;15(21):7513. Çelik A˙I, Tunç U, Bahrami A, Karalar M, Mydin MAO, Alomayri T, Ozkılıç YO. ¨ Use of waste glass powder toward more sustainable geopolymer concrete. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:8533–46. Ozkılıç YO, Çelik ¨A˙I, Tunç U, Karalar M, Deifalla A, Alomayri T, Althoey F. The use of crushed recycled glass for alkali activated fly ash based geopolymer concrete and prediction of its capacity. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:8267–81. Acar MC, Çelik A˙I, Kayabas¸ı R, ¨ A, Ozkılıç YO. ¨ Production of perlite-based-aerated geopolymer using hydrogen peroxide as eco-friendly material for energy- efficient buildings, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24 (2023) 81–99. Li D, Nie J-H, Wang H, Yan J-B, Hu C-X, Shen P. Damage location, quantification and characterization of steel-concrete composite beams using acoustic emission. Eng Struct. 2023;283:115866. Huang H, Li M, Yuan Y, Bai H. Theoretical analysis on the lateral drift of precast concrete frame with replaceable artificial controllable plastic hinges. J Build Eng. 2022;62:105386. Ghasemi M, Zhang C, Khorshidi H, Zhu L, Hsiao P-C. Seismic upgrading of existing RC frames with displacement-restraint cable bracing. Eng Struct. 2023;282:115764. Liu Y, Li J, Lin G. Seismic performance of advanced three-dimensional base-isolated nuclear structures in complex-layered sites. Eng Struct. 2023;289:116247. Ozkılıç YO, ¨ AN, Beskopylny SA, Stel’makh EM, Shcherban LR, Mailyan B, Meskhi A, Chernil’nik O, Ananova C, Aksoylu E, Madenci. Lightweight expanded-clay fiber concrete with improved characteristics reinforced with short natural fibers, Case Stud. Constr mater (2023), e02367. Meskhi B, Beskopylny AN, Stel’makh SA, Shcherban’ EM, Mailyan LR, Shilov AA, El’shaeva D, Shilova K, Karalar M, Aksoylu C. Analytical review of geopolymer concrete: retrospective and current issues. Materials. 2023;16(10):3792. Amin M, Hakeem IY, Zeyad AM, Tayeh BA, Maglad AM, Agwa IS. Influence of recycled aggregates and carbon nanofibres on properties of ultra-highperformance concrete under elevated temperatures, Case Stud. Constr Mater 16 (2022), e01063. Ahmad S, Zubair A, Maslehuddin M. Effect of key mixture parameters on flow and mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2015;99:73–81. Çelik ALI, Ozkılıç Y. ¨ Geopolymer concrete with high strength, workability and setting time using recycled steel wires and basalt powder. Steel Compos Struct 46 (5) (2023). Standard A. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, ASTM Standard C597–16, ASTM International, West Conshohocken (2016). Hassan A, Arif M, Shariq M. Use of geopolymer concrete for a cleaner and sustainable environment–a review of mechanical properties and microstructure. J Clean Prod. 2019;223:704–28. Arunachelam N, Maheswaran J, Chellapandian M, Murali G, Vatin NI. Development of high-strength geopolymer concrete incorporating high-volume copper slag and micro silica. Sustainability. 2022;14(13):7601. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8277205","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":567667083,"identity":"6151f27c-6116-4407-875c-0f5cdbb7172e","order_by":0,"name":"Devendra Kumar Sharma","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"amity university madhya pradesh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Devendra","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":567667084,"identity":"7812e044-af90-406c-b3a8-faa6314116c6","order_by":1,"name":"Imran Ahamad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"amity university madhya pradesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Imran","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahamad","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-04 09:09:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8277205/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8277205/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99788566,"identity":"91680e4a-1bbb-40db-9b4c-c34b10bc03c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:47:07","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":199732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Paperrevisedasperinstruction.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/a35e97461edd378bda0f5656.docx"},{"id":99788869,"identity":"aac606b2-e2cd-42c1-acab-ce28986e7d29","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:07","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2e5871c0eec14b688b9704e73c766ab6.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/10a9d1bf4291957d11b58dc2.json"},{"id":99787990,"identity":"969f119f-909e-4c24-bc56-3e996831736c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:43:01","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2e5871c0eec14b688b9704e73c766ab61enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/156dc8bab0da499044df7e3f.xml"},{"id":99343093,"identity":"bd964a5e-f03d-4755-b701-0208b8c07fee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":192424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/a27ffae1eefad5bbd5d02a20.jpeg"},{"id":99789123,"identity":"f6ce2080-c647-4660-9a66-a8d74d2a2363","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/4aea79106f6b60080b31a205.jpeg"},{"id":99789020,"identity":"2aed7558-6906-436f-b7be-116a12735db7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/c0c553b771407f406e45273a.jpeg"},{"id":99343102,"identity":"e51ea5ea-ebcb-40bd-a599-53e63a5e2396","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/ff73823ff36b8b8a3cb7ea93.jpeg"},{"id":99789091,"identity":"e297e655-509b-40d6-b49d-fe59bad1ca6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:44","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/86e93cca38d7d3e82a07ed48.png"},{"id":99788972,"identity":"9bca40d6-b163-4d12-a26c-6e98062d9cd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:26","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/b25d9052b0862d309aa77474.png"},{"id":99343095,"identity":"84218952-4b31-4bf4-9551-4aed9080507f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/e96324affd1e567ef8d68c64.png"},{"id":99788366,"identity":"91d6eb72-2b43-4a8d-98ae-cb8ab97f90f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:46:30","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/f6f5662b909a4478af4e2d0c.png"},{"id":99788975,"identity":"d3346516-a804-4651-9699-6e12af68f97b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:26","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/aa0eedb5fa6c639718a05027.png"},{"id":99343099,"identity":"4a00c71f-9554-40c0-99fc-165a4677b745","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/87c69dbb9a7ea42178a7f7ef.png"},{"id":99788591,"identity":"55203496-14d9-4ee0-9550-f9c97491a864","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:47:11","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38252,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/996dd4a6144e40e923089e4e.png"},{"id":99789036,"identity":"5542ce43-3f98-4a6f-ab64-ee9f8bcd934b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:34","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/0fea0b423d070cb2632b8d91.png"},{"id":99343106,"identity":"bcab8b89-1fa8-4c4c-9840-45e34bb9bd03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/892904e44c1814b740f553a7.png"},{"id":99788197,"identity":"d36b84af-e1d1-454b-9efc-3c9450e9fe50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:45:36","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/d07f53d6f56fde801da7a575.png"},{"id":99343108,"identity":"61580948-3a74-4a52-8bb6-d37982d167b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"xml","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2e5871c0eec14b688b9704e73c766ab61structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/4255930b8d93bdc9ab73a7ea.xml"},{"id":99343107,"identity":"fb67332a-a3a8-4b8c-bb78-025d9af68a06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"html","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/2bba71f7354758182eabf50f.html"},{"id":99788918,"identity":"d7d948f5-1bd8-4569-8243-543e211d3767","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/4ab8b216b0d5645fe14b9d28.png"},{"id":99343088,"identity":"fad02072-0b62-459a-9d9e-104c7eb4fe20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83910,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003esilica fume\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/1e2888de17e974643023d6a6.png"},{"id":99343085,"identity":"97e5c341-cf2d-41a2-9629-8b960285f414","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows Compressive strength Depend on lathe scrape ratio\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/e1a62f966dd4f92f235d5bae.png"},{"id":99789022,"identity":"fb8cf264-3b93-4fd8-a876-91d507fc89e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:48:32","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows Flexural strength Depend on lathe scrape ratio\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/60c4340678cf81acaad5b470.png"},{"id":99343092,"identity":"a4f04ddb-f358-4c88-8e96-8f158075d2c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 07:31:16","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows Split tensile strength Depend on lathe scrape ratio\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/f992d1555f7378c98f808ca2.png"},{"id":100238743,"identity":"f52f1bb3-dfa3-4f3b-886c-6a230cfbe767","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-14 12:55:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":825585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8277205/v1/d14b195b-3e1a-4b02-8ae2-d21a17f8379e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of silica fume and lathe scrap on properties of Eco-friendly High performance Concrete","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEco-friendly HPC is a new material that has exceptional strength and excellent durability, combined with\u0026nbsp;excellent properties through superior uniformity and packing density. It is generally recognized that the treatment regime has an important effect on the properties of eco-friendly HPC. In the construction industry, finding environmental challenges and sustainable results are the highest priority [1-4]. In various fields, concrete is the most common material for construction work, and the ordinary Portland cement production process releases large amounts of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which has the most environmental problems at the present time [5-14].\u0026nbsp;To reduce the use of cement in concrete and find its alternative, many researchers have been working for a long time and are studying various materials, which include SBA, BRHA, CCA, WFA, SF etc. In concrete production, fly ash is used as a binder material, then sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide, which enhance strength [25-28]. SF is a by-product of silicon and ferrosilicon production, which enhances the properties of concrete and reduces cement content, and made eco-friendly high-performance concrete. SF\u0026rsquo;s fine particle size reduces permeability and improves resistance to an aggressive environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLathe scrape is also an industrial byproduct which partially used in concrete composite. Lathe scrape provides unique properties of concrete. The combined effect of SF and LS improves the properties of eco-friendly high-performance concrete and enhances the sustainability of concrete. \u0026nbsp;Both materials make eco-friendly, environmentally concern, sustainable, and modern construction materials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor enhancing the properties of eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete and reducing the use of cement, partially added industrial waste which provides economic benefits and resolves environmental issues. Lathe scrape and silica fume are industrial by-products used in eco-friendly high-performance concrete.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cement used was Portland cement 53grade conforming to IS 12269:1987 manufactured locally shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e01\u003c/span\u003e .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSilica Fume\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilica fume coincided of a grey powder with specific gravity 2.20. In SF SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was the maximum oxide available, which was 97.9% and the chemical composition are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e01\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 01\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of SBA and Cement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOPC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSilica Fume\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97.88\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e----\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSand\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRiver Sand collected from local sikar market with maximum particle size 150\u0026micro;m to 600\u0026micro;m.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSuper plasticizer\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe super plasticizer used polycarboxylate which was produced from locally market with specific gravity 1.08, solid content 34% and yellowish colour. It high quantity water reducing ether base agent which used to gain required workability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLathe Scrape\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Lathe scrape used in this work was lathe machine waste of 0.12mm diameter with 5mm to 10mm length.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConcrete Mixing:-\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA rotating mixer drum was used for mixing the HPC mix. After mixing cement, Fly ash, SF, Lathe scrape and sand, water was added and make uniform paste. Super plasticizer was added to use in mix at all levels to maintain workable mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable : 02 Composite materials of eco-friendly high performance concrete.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSp. NO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilica Fume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of SF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of L. S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWorkability of eco-friendly HPC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe workability of concrete is the most important property when concrete is used in practice. Low workability delays the implementation of eco-friendly HPC in practical work. NaOH affects the strength of eco-friendly HPC and workability. In this study, molarities considered 8 to 18 and 13 enhance the workability of eco-friendly UHPC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSetting time of eco-friendly HPC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preparation phase of concrete until compacting and developing initial strength duration is known as setting time. Eco-friendly HPC gains strength by curing, for setting time testing generally uses Vicat needle apparatus [72,73].Na2SiO2/ NaOH ratio does not affect the setting time of concrete but NaOH molarity affects the setting time of concrete. The lathe scrape and silica fume added in concrete reduced 1\u0026ndash;4% of the setting time but did not have any negative effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompressive strength of eco-friendly HPC:-\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor compression test 2000kn capacity UTM was used in which 150mm *150mm* 150mm cubes sample was tested. The samples were first taken out from the curing tank and dried for 1 hour and then placed in the batten of the compression machine. When the upper batten of compression machine is in good contact with the surface of the sample, load is applied at a constant rate until the sample cracks. For compression test, 3 samples of every specimen were used on 7th, 14th, and 28th day and maximum load attained was recorded, average value of all each was recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNano silica is taken as 0% to 7.5% in prepared specimens and provides the best result at 5%amount of nano silica. When nano silica exceeds 5% then the compressive strength of composite material diminishes. In this research is clear that if nano silica exceeds 5% then compressive strength falls. When we add lathe scrape to the sample mix the 1% amount of lathe scrape enhances the compressive strength and the addition of 2% and 3% lathe scrape quantity reduces the compressive strength as compared to the reference sample. As a result 1% lathe scrape with 5% nano-silica enhances the compressive strength up to 53 Mpa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFlexural Strength of eco-friendly HPC:-\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor flexural strength sample prepared with 40x 40x 160mm dimension and applying loading at L/3 distance from the support according to ASTM C293 standards. 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrape enhance flexural strength up to 5.5 Mpa. More than 5% silica fume reduced the flexural strength of concrete and more than 1% lathe scrape also decreased the flexural strength of concrete. It means 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrape is the best ratio to enhance flexural strength. As a result lathe scrape and silica fume both affect the flexural strength of concrete and observed that more than 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrape reduce the flexural strength of concrete.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSplit tensile strength of eco-friendly HPC:-\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplit tensile is also an important property of concrete. The reference sample\u0026rsquo;s split tensile strength was 3.5MPa and as a result, 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrap provide max. Split tensile strength up to 3.7MPa. 5% silica fume provides good results, while the use of lathe scrap amount 1% also enhances strength and provides the best result and strength reached up to 3.7MPa. More than 5%silica fume and 1% lathe scrape also reduce the split tensile strength of concrete.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWaste materials utilization is a more important environmental problem for industries and society. Hence environmentally friendly production methods adopting studies is more important. The use of waste materials in construction is a more important field of study at present time for eco-friendly construction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilica fume is also an important material for the construction industry as a place of fly ash. Fly ash is a good binding material but silica fume enhances the strength if it is replaced with fly ash up to 5% amount and provides the best result.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%amount of silica fume enhances the mechanical properties like compressive strength improve up to 14.3%, flexural strength improves up to 7.40% and split tensile strength improve up to 6.15%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount of 1% of lathe scrape enhances the compressive strength of eco-friendly UHPC up to 11.4%, flexural strength up to 6.30%, and split tensile strength up to 8.20%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of 1% lathe scrape with 5% silica fume enhances the compressive strength by up to 25.8%, flexural strength by up to 14.35%, and split tensile strength by up to 11.9%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy performing various tests of various doses of SF and lathe scrape it was found that the 1% of LS and 5% of SF is the optimum dose at which maximum strength was achieved.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to management and teaching or non-teaching staff at material testing lab of Amity university Madhya Pradesh and Sobhasaria Group of Institutions Sikar for their support in Research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst and corresponding author contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were also performed by the first and corresponding author Mr. Devendra Kumar Sharma. The first draft of the manuscript was written Mr. Devendra Kumar Sharma and co-authors reviewed the draft manuscript. Co-author Dr. Imarn Mohammad provided valuable suggestions, revised the final draft, and supervised the overall research works. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy policy of the affiliated research institute, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorresponding Author is in the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDevendra Kumar Sharma\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYıldızel SA, Ozkılı\u0026ccedil; YO, Bahrami \u0026uml;A, Aksoylu C, Bas\u0026cedil;aran B, Hakamy A, Arslan MH. Experimental investigation and analytical prediction of flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with steel fibres extracted from waste tyres, Case Stud. Constr Mater (2023), e02227.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMareya M, Bahurudeen A, Varghese J, Thomas BS, Sithole NT. Transformation of rice husk modified basic oxygen furnace slag into geopolymer composites. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:6264\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOzkılı\u0026ccedil; YO, Karalar \u0026uml;M, Aksoylu C, Beskopylny AN, Stel\u0026rsquo;makh SA, Shcherban EM, Qaidi S, Pereira I, Monteiro SN, Azevedo ARG. Shear performance of reinforced expansive concrete beams utilizing aluminium waste, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24 (2023) 5433\u0026ndash; 5448.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChang Q, Liu L, Farooqi MU, Thomas B, Ozkılı\u0026ccedil; YO. \u0026uml; Data-driven based estimation of waste-derived ceramic concrete from experimental results with its environmental assessment. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:6348\u0026ndash;68.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBlesson S, Rao AU, Bhandary RP, Shetty PP, Thomas BS. Comparative characteristics assessment of calcined and uncalcined agro-based waste ash with GGBS and its application in an alkali-activated binder system. Cogent Eng. 2023;10(1):2220483.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026uml; Zeybek O, Ozkılı\u0026ccedil; YO, Karalar \u0026uml;M, \u0026Ccedil;elik A˙I, Qaidi S, Ahmad J, Burduhos-Nergis DD, Burduhos-Nergis DP. Influence Replac Cem waste glass Mech Prop concrete. 2022;15(21):7513.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;elik A˙I, Tun\u0026ccedil; U, Bahrami A, Karalar M, Mydin MAO, Alomayri T, Ozkılı\u0026ccedil; YO. \u0026uml; Use of waste glass powder toward more sustainable geopolymer concrete. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:8533\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOzkılı\u0026ccedil; YO, \u0026Ccedil;elik \u0026uml;A˙I, Tun\u0026ccedil; U, Karalar M, Deifalla A, Alomayri T, Althoey F. The use of crushed recycled glass for alkali activated fly ash based geopolymer concrete and prediction of its capacity. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;24:8267\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcar MC, \u0026Ccedil;elik A˙I, Kayabas\u0026cedil;ı R, \u0026uml; A, Ozkılı\u0026ccedil; YO. \u0026uml; Production of perlite-based-aerated geopolymer using hydrogen peroxide as eco-friendly material for energy- efficient buildings, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24 (2023) 81\u0026ndash;99.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi D, Nie J-H, Wang H, Yan J-B, Hu C-X, Shen P. Damage location, quantification and characterization of steel-concrete composite beams using acoustic emission. Eng Struct. 2023;283:115866.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang H, Li M, Yuan Y, Bai H. Theoretical analysis on the lateral drift of precast concrete frame with replaceable artificial controllable plastic hinges. J Build Eng. 2022;62:105386.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhasemi M, Zhang C, Khorshidi H, Zhu L, Hsiao P-C. Seismic upgrading of existing RC frames with displacement-restraint cable bracing. Eng Struct. 2023;282:115764.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Y, Li J, Lin G. Seismic performance of advanced three-dimensional base-isolated nuclear structures in complex-layered sites. Eng Struct. 2023;289:116247.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOzkılı\u0026ccedil; YO, \u0026uml; AN, Beskopylny SA, Stel\u0026rsquo;makh EM, Shcherban LR, Mailyan B, Meskhi A, Chernil\u0026rsquo;nik O, Ananova C, Aksoylu E, Madenci. Lightweight expanded-clay fiber concrete with improved characteristics reinforced with short natural fibers, Case Stud. Constr mater (2023), e02367.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeskhi B, Beskopylny AN, Stel\u0026rsquo;makh SA, Shcherban\u0026rsquo; EM, Mailyan LR, Shilov AA, El\u0026rsquo;shaeva D, Shilova K, Karalar M, Aksoylu C. Analytical review of geopolymer concrete: retrospective and current issues. Materials. 2023;16(10):3792.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmin M, Hakeem IY, Zeyad AM, Tayeh BA, Maglad AM, Agwa IS. Influence of recycled aggregates and carbon nanofibres on properties of ultra-highperformance concrete under elevated temperatures, Case Stud. Constr Mater 16 (2022), e01063.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad S, Zubair A, Maslehuddin M. Effect of key mixture parameters on flow and mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2015;99:73\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;elik ALI, Ozkılı\u0026ccedil; Y. \u0026uml; Geopolymer concrete with high strength, workability and setting time using recycled steel wires and basalt powder. Steel Compos Struct 46 (5) (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStandard A. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, ASTM Standard C597\u0026ndash;16, ASTM International, West Conshohocken (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHassan A, Arif M, Shariq M. Use of geopolymer concrete for a cleaner and sustainable environment\u0026ndash;a review of mechanical properties and microstructure. J Clean Prod. 2019;223:704\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArunachelam N, Maheswaran J, Chellapandian M, Murali G, Vatin NI. Development of high-strength geopolymer concrete incorporating high-volume copper slag and micro silica. Sustainability. 2022;14(13):7601.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Eco-friendly high performance concrete, lathe Scrape, silica fume, flexural strength","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8277205/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8277205/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSignificant world search for the latest solutions for ecological problems to use for waste material that pollutes the environment and is harmful to it. In this work, we utilize eco-friendly material silica fume as a binding material and lathe scrape, which have enhanced properties of eco-friendly high-performance concrete. In this work, we focused on some mechanical properties of eco-friendly high-performance concrete and found that 5% silica fume and 1% lathe scrap enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. Silica fume and lathe scrape also enhance the workability and setting time of eco-friendly high-performance concrete. For this study, a total of 16 samples were prepared and examined: SF 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%, and lathe scrape 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. 5% of SF with 1% lathe scrape enhances compressive strength at 25.8%, flexural strength at 14.35%, and split tensile strength at 11.9%. The combined effect of SF and LS improves the properties of eco-friendly, high-performance concrete and enhances its sustainability. Both materials make eco-friendly, environmentally concern, sustainable, and modern construction materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of silica fume and lathe scrap on properties of Eco-friendly High performance Concrete","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-01 07:31:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8277205/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a0d3fe01-cc09-4ed3-ba9a-f3157ed58e64","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 1st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-14T12:54:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-01 07:31:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8277205","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8277205","identity":"rs-8277205","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}