Induced Abortion: A Risk Factor for Adenomyosis
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Women with a history of abortion were 1.8 times more likely to have adenomyosis, with surgical abortions posing a 2.5 times higher risk compared to no abortion history.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Abortion, the medical and surgical termination of a pregnancy,is becoming a more common medical procedure among women in Nepal. Adenomyosis is one of the common gynecological problems among women of reproductive age. However, little is known about the relationship between abortion and adenomyosis. Therefore, our study aims to explorerisk factor for adenomyosis in among women who havehadabortions.
METHODS: A comparative study was carried out among women who visited at thedepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecologyof the Tribhuvan University of Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, between 13th April 2016 to 14th July 2017. Adenomyosis were confirmed through histological examination after hysterectomy. Data wereanalyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software)21.0 version. Odd ratio with their 95% confidence interval and P-value were calculated and analyzed. A P-value equal or below 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS: Of the total 255 women, 85were confirmed adenomyosisby histological examination. Of the 85 cases, 39% (33/85) had a history of abortion, while only 25 % (44/170)women had abortion among non-adenomyosis group. Overall, women who had abortion were1.8 timesmore likely to have adenomyosis (95% CI 1.04- 3.17, P value=0.03) compared to women who had no history of abortion. Women with surgical abortions were 2.5 times more likely to develop adenomyosis (95% CI- 1.03- 6.21, P value=0.03) compared towomen with no abortion history.
CONCLUSIONS: This study found that women,who had abortions,aremore likely to have been diagnosed with adenomyosis compared to women without abortions.Further studies, however, need to be carried out in order toextend findings of this study.
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Background
Families caring for individuals with mental illness often encounter significant challenges that impact their daily lives, including work, relationships, and social well-being. These responsibilities can result in high levels of stress and emotional strain. In Nepal, there is limited qualitative research on how family members perceive mental illness, manage caregiving duties, and cope with related stress. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of primary family caregivers, focusing on their challenges, coping strategies, and overall understanding of mental illness.
Methods
The study involved ten family caregivers from the Mental Hospital in Lagankhel and Chiryau Polyclinic in Kathmandu, collected through semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis and coded in NVivo, identifying shared patterns and meanings.
Results
Ten caregivers aged 30 to 64 (mean age 47.8) described their roles as deeply demanding and painful. They faced challenging behaviors and often sacrificed their own needs, resulting in emotional distress and exhaustion. The caregivers reported experiencing anxiety, burnout, guilt, anger, and social stigma. To cope, they relied on strategies such as crying, distraction, adaptation, inner resilience, and support from family or social networks. Many also found personal growth, emotional strength, and a clearer understanding of mental illness and its treatment. Finally, participants emphasized the critical need for education, professional and family support, systemic services, government-facilitated healthcare access, and financial assistance to sustain effective caregiving.
Conclusions
This study highlights the intense challenges faced by family caregivers of individuals with mental illness and underscores the need for strong support systems. Understanding their experiences and coping strategies can help guide targeted interventions, ultimately improving support for both caregivers and those they care for.
Keywords
Caregivers; family; mental disorders; mental health; qualitative research.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ankeeta Manandhar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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