Effect of low energy ion beam irradiation on the structural and optical properties of flexible PVA/CuO nano composite films

Effect of low energy ion beam irradiation on the structural and optical properties of flexible PVA/CuO nano composite films | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of low energy ion beam irradiation on the structural and optical properties of flexible PVA/CuO nano composite films Reem Altuijri, M. M. Abdel-Hamid, Ali Ahmed, H. M. Abdel-Hamid, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4118925/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The solution casting production process was used to synthesis the composite PVA/CuO that is consisting of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONP) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for use in optoelectronic. The PVA/CuO composite were then irradiated with argon fluences of 3x10 17 , 6x10 17 , and 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 by cold cathode ion source. The XRD, FTIR, and UV/Vis are employed to investigate the structural, functional group, and optical impacts of PVA/CuO. In addition, the dispersion properties of the investigated films were calculated using the Wemple and Di-Domenico method, which led to the determination of various optical parameters. Pure and irradiated films were estimated for their optical susceptibility and refractive index. At the fluence of 6x10 17 ions.cm − 2 , the single oscillator energy E o rises from 3.25 eV for the un-irradiated film to 3.89 eV and the dispersion energy E d rises from 0.098 eV to 0.26 eV. Therefore, the results reveal that irradiated PVA/CuO composite are more applicable for optoelectronics. Polymer Nanoparticles Optical Structural Ionization Irradiation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction Researchers in several fields are looking into the novel and versatile characteristics of nanotechnologies, which have applications in electronics, optics, and sensing [1,2]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to significantly alter electrical and optical properties of polymer materials [3,4]. A wide variety of applications make use of polymeric nanocomposites, some of which include optical waveguides, antistatic materials, biosensors, batteries, and super capacitors [5]. In addition, polymer nanocomposites can have their optical properties fine-tuned by adding nanoparticles, leading to enhanced transparency [6–8]. Many industries, including those dealing with paper and packaging, rely on adhesives that have PVA bases [9]. In addition, by chemically altering PVA and adding different functional groups, its variety of applications can be much greater [10]. By making these changes, you can get better qualities as water resistant, biodegradable, and compatible with other materials [11]. In order to make nanocomposites, the CuO nanofiller is encouraged to form hydrogen bonds by hydroxyl groups in the PVA chain [12]. Due to its unique properties and many potential applications, CuO nanofiller has recently garnered considerable attentions [13]. The fascinating optical, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties of CuO, a transition metal oxide, are revealed at the nanoscale [14]. Among the most notable properties of CuO nanofiller is its high level of electrical conductivity. Because of this, it can be utilized to manufacture conductive sheets, electrodes, and sensors, among other electrical devices [15]. The superior electrical conductivity of CuO nanofiller allows for quicker data transfer and better signal transmission, which in turn improves the overall performance and efficiency of an electronic device [16, 17]. Its optical absorbance in the visible and near-infrared range makes it suitable for application in solar cells, photodetectors, and optoelectronic devices [18, 19]. Moreover, ion beam irradiation process is one approach that demonstrated potential for modifying nanocomposites properties and enhancing their usefulness [20]. The nanocomposite can be tailored to possess desired characteristics using ion beam irradiation, opening up exciting new avenues for numerous potential uses [21]. Ion beam irradiation process alters the molecular and atomic structures of materials as bombarded with high-energy ions [22, 23]. Different types of ion sources, including electron ionization, charge exchange ionization, and chemical ionization. These modifications in the nanocomposites properties by ion beam were discussed in different works [24–26]. This work aims to develop a PVA/CuO polymer composites for utilizing in optoelectronics applications. Following this, the composite PVA/CuO films were irradiated with argon ion beams of different fluences. The XRD and FTIR techniques were used to investigate the structural properties of the composite. Furthermore, the optical properties of both the pure and irradiated films were examined. The results showed that characteristics of the treated films were improved, which bodes well for a variety of electronic applications. 2. Experimental work Copper oxide (CuO) with a particle of size 25 nm and PVA with a molecular weight of 85,200 g/mol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA. The method of casting preparation was used to create the polymer composite, as previously mentioned [27]. For 1.5 hours, at 75°C and with stirring, 0.6 g of PVA dissolves in 75 ml deionized water. PVA and CuO solution are combined and agitated for seven hours. After 40 minutes of sonicating the mixes, the CuONPs were evenly distributed throughout the PVA blend. Pouring the finished PVA/CuO slurry onto a glass Petri dish allowed for the necessary drying time. Any air bubbles were blown out using shaking and blowing to create the PVA/CuO composite. A thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 7301) was used to measure the thickness of the produced sheets, which ranges from 0.08 mm. Various fluences of 3x10 17 , 6x10 17 , and 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 have been used to irradiate the films with argon beam, using a broad beam cold cathode ion source shown in figure (1) as previously investigated [28].The two main parts of the ion source are the ionization region and the extraction region. The extracted ion beam, of argon energy of 5 keV, a working pressure of 2.05x10 − 4 mbar, and a current density of 145 µA/cm 2 . To analyze the structural properties of both irradiated and un-irradiated PVA/CuO films, the XRD )Shimadzu, CuKα, λ = 0.154 nm) was used in 2θ range of 4 o to 90 o . The films'functional groups were studied using FTIR (Shimadzu FTIR-340 ) within the wavenumber range of 500–4000 cm − 1 . The UV-Vis reflection and absorption spectra were measured, for the original and irradiated films, in wavelength 200 to 1150 nm using a JascoV-670 spectrophotometer. 3. Results and Discussions Various parameters that directly related to the ion beam with composite interactions is determined using the SRIM simulation program [29]. Figure 2 displays the outcomes of the SRIM conducted on 5 keV argon with PVA/CuO in dispersed range of 1000 Å. Figure 2 (a) illustrates the incoming ion starts to ionize the surface. The ionization effects that result from the argon ions penetrating the target is some higher than those that come from the recoils target atoms. The findings demonstrate that the penetration ions and recoil atoms have a significant effect on target ionization. Figure 2 (b) shows collision events of the argon ion in the composite vacancies. Consequently, the inbound ions permeate the film and cause the ion-induced alterations by surface-area localized dissipation of heat. Figure 3 displays the XRD structures of PVA/CuO films that have been exposed to different fluences; 3x10 17 , 6x10 17 , and 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 , respectively. The XRD analysis of PVA/CuO revealed that the (101) crystal plane has a peak at 2θ = 19.5°, suggesting the semi-crystalline feature of PVA. Additionally, the (111) reflection CuO plane may have a minor peak at 2θ of 38.8° [30]. Due of the increased contact between PVA and CuO for the irradiated samples, the peak's intensity reduced with the ion beam fluence. Moreover, it is evident that the distinct diffracted peaks remain in their original positions following the films' exposure to ion beams. There is, nevertheless, a variation in peak intensity. This results in an ordered to an unarranged pattern in the crystal structure, which is caused by the chain scission of molecular strings [31]. Furthermore, the generation of defects as a result of increased radiation fluence leads to the development of disordered structures, which is the cause of the intensity drop [32]. The mean size of the crystallite (D) of the CuO in the PVA/CuO composite [33]is given by: $$\text{D}=\frac{0.94{\lambda } }{{\beta }\text{C}\text{O}\text{S}{\theta }}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots . \left(1\right)$$ where λ indicates the wavelength and β is the full width intensity of the (111) plane. Moreover, the next formula is used to determine the samples' particle diameter (R) [34] by: $$\text{R}=\frac{{\lambda }}{\text{sin}{\beta }\text{cos}2{\theta }}\dots \dots \dots \dots .\left(2\right)$$ Consequently, for 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 irradiated PVA/CuO, the particle size D and diameter R fall to 11.2 nm and 149.1 µm, respectively, from 16.5 nm and 218.2 µm of PVA/CuO composite. Additionally, the dislocation density (δ) parameter [34] is given by: $${\delta }=\frac{1}{{\text{D}}^{2}}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots ..\left(3\right)$$ As shown in Table 1 , for PVA/CuO composite and at a fluence of 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 , the dislocation density is enhanced from 3.01×10 − 3 to 4.75×10 − 3 lines/m 2 . This is due to the changes in inter-planar distance. The strain (ε) is given by [35]: $${\epsilon }=\frac{{\beta }}{4\text{tan}{\theta }}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots ..\left(4\right)$$ It is observed that the lattice strain increases from 0.072×10 − 3 of the pure PVA/CuO composite to 0.085×10 − 3 for the fluence of 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 irradiated film. These results lead to both the particles' misalignment and decreased size. Lastly, the distortion parameters (g) is computed by [35]. $$g=\frac{\beta }{\text{tan}\left(\theta \right)}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots . \left(5\right)$$ It is evident that following the fluence of 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 irradiated composite, the g rises from 10.7 for the pure PVA/CuO film to 14.1, which further supports the production of a disordered system in the composite. Table 1 microstructural characteristics of the pure and irradiated PVA/CuO The samples D [nm] R [µm] δ [10 − 3 lines/m 2 ] ε [10 − 3 ] g (%) PVA/CuO 16.5 218.2 3.01 0.072 10.7 3x10 17 ions.cm − 2 14.6 195.7 3.04 0.078 10.6 6x10 17 ions.cm − 2 13.1 175.8 4.73 0.082 13.3 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 11.2 149.1 4.75 0.085 14.1 As seen in Fig. 4 , FTIR spectra analysis is used to determine the vibrational bands and functional groups of both pure and irradiated PVA/CuO. The vibrational stretching of PVA is observed as occurring in a broad band at 3275 cm − 1 . An additional band for stretching of C-H at 2925 cm − 1 is found. The C = O vibrational stretching is detected at 1720 cm − 1 . A Peak is found at 1368 cm − 1 and is attributed to PVA's C-H bending [36]. The band of absorption detected at 1245 cm − 1 is determined to be -CH 2 wagging. The -CH 2 vibrational stretching is seen by the absorption band at 822 cm − 1 . C-O-C vibrational stretching is recognized as the peak at 1092 cm − 1 [37]. The interaction between PVA and CuO filler is indicated by the lowering of peak intensity for the irradiated PVA/CuO. Additionally, the bands shift following the irradiation process shows how abundant electrons are, which improves the irradiated composite's optical properties [38]. The extinction coefficient (K) is estimated by [39]. $$K=\frac{{\alpha }{\lambda }}{4{\pi }}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(6\right)$$ Figure 5 (a) displays the photon wavelength and the extinction coefficient of both the original and irradiated PVA/CuO films. Because of the defects density increases with irradiation process, the absorbance coefficient (K) grows. The reflectance R of the pure and treated films is seen in Fig. 5 (b). The irradiated and un-irradiated films maintain a consistent reflectance at higher wavelengths. In addition, as the irradiation fluence increases, the reflectance rises. The refractive index (n) [40] is estimated by following equation: $$n=\frac{(1+R)}{(1-R)}+\sqrt{\frac{4R}{{\left(1-R\right)}^{2}}}-{K}^{2}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(7\right)$$ Figure 6 a displays the refractive index n of the PVA/CuO nanocomposite films before and after the irradiation process. The original film's refractive index is 1.014, meanwhile, after being subjected to 3x10 17 ions cm − 2 and 6x10 17 ions cm − 2 , respectively, it increased to 1.020 and 1.030. As a result of the formed free radicals between the various chains of the irradiated samples, the refractive index rises with ion irradiation [41, 42]. The optical conductivity (σ opt ) of the pure and irradiated films is given by [43]. $${{\sigma }}_{opt}=\frac{\alpha nc}{4\pi }\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(8\right)$$ Figure 6 b shows the wavelength-dependent shift in optical conductivity for both the un-irradiated and irradiated films. The optical conductivity of the films is enhanced due to a higher absorption coefficient caused by the localized state densities in the band structure. The complicated dielectric constant is separating into two components: real \({\epsilon }_{r}\) and imaginary ε i that given by the following equation [44] : $${\epsilon }={\epsilon }_{r}+i{{\epsilon }}_{i}\dots \dots \dots \dots \left(9\right)$$ The ε r is given by [45]: $${{\epsilon }}_{r}={n}^{2}-{\text{K}}^{2}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(10\right)$$ Figure 7 (a) shows the ε r with wavelength (λ) of the original and irradiated films. It has been observed that the ε r steadily rises with ion irradiation. The formation of bonds of different chains, raises photon energy. Moreover, the imaginary portion (ε i ) is given as following [46]: $${{\epsilon }}_{i}=2 n k\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(11\right)$$ Figure 7 (b) displays the ε i with λ of the irradiated and pristine samples. It is noteworthy that the density and refractive index of the PVA/CuO film rise as a result of the ε i steadily increasing with ion fluence. Wemple and DiDomenico connection [47] is used to estimate the single oscillator by: $$\frac{1}{{n}^{2}-1}=\frac{{E}_{O}}{{E}_{d}}-\frac{1}{{E}_{O} {E}_{d}}{\left(h{\nu }\right)}^{2}\dots \dots \dots \dots .\left(12\right)$$ The dispersion energy is represented by E d , and the single oscillator energy is denoted by E o . As a result, the (n 2 -1) −1 and (hv) 2 of the pure and irradiated films is plotted in Fig. 8 (a). The linear fit part's intercept and slope can be used to get the E o and E d . Furthermore, the static refactive index (n o ) can be calculated [48] as the following: $${\text{n}}_{o}={(1+\frac{{E}_{d}}{{E}_{O}})}^{1/2}\dots \dots \dots \dots \left(13\right)$$ Thus, by using the relation \({\epsilon }_{\infty }\) = (n o ) 2 , it is possible to determine the zero frequency dielectric constants ( \({\epsilon }_{\infty }\) ). Table (2) lists the optical parameters of PVA/CuO nanocomposite, including E o , E d , and \({\epsilon }_{s}\) . For the irradiated fluence 6x10 17 ions.cm − 2 , it is seen that E d rises from 0.098 eV to 0.26 eV and the E o increases from 3.25 eV for the pure film to 3.89 eV. The Spitzer-Fan model is used to calculate to the \({\epsilon }_{l}\) and the ratio of N/m* by [49]. $${{\epsilon }}_{r}={\epsilon }_{l}-\left(\frac{{e}^{2}}{4 {{\pi }^{2}{\epsilon }_{s}c}^{2} }\frac{N}{{m}^{*}}\right){\lambda }^{2}\dots \dots \dots \dots ..\dots \left(14\right)$$ The dielectric free-space is represented by ε s , the electron charge by e, and the speed of light by c. Consequently, the relationship of the dielectric constant and λ 2 at a greater wavelength is shown in Fig. 8 (b). The ε l and N/m*, respectively, can be determined by utilizing the intercept and slope of the straight segments of the detour of Fig. 8 (b). Table 2 The n o , ε ∞ , E d , E o , ε l , and N/m*of pure and treated PVA/CuO films The samples n o ε ∞ E d (eV) E o (eV) \({\epsilon }_{l}\) N/m* x10 39 (cm 3 .g) PVA/CuO 1.014 1.028 0.098 3.25 1.036 0.002 3x10 17 ions.cm − 2 1.020 1.04 0.140 3.86 1.070 0.003 6x10 17 ions.cm − 2 1.030 1.06 0.26 3.89 1.086 0.004 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 1.007 1.01 0.24 1.67 1.028 0.0017 The resonance plasma frequency (W p ) is determined by [50]: $${\text{W}}_{p}=\frac{{e}^{2}}{{\epsilon }_{o}}x\frac{N}{{m}^{*}}\dots \dots \dots \dots ..\dots \left(15\right)$$ Changes in \({\epsilon }_{l}\) , N/m*, and W p occurred by the irradiation fluences: 3x10 17 , 6x10 17 , and 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 are shown as listed in Table 3 . The medium oscillator (λ o ) and long-wavelength refractive index (n ∞ ) were evaluated using the single term Sellmeier oscillator [51]: $${(n}_{\infty }^{2}-1)/({n}^{2}-1)=1-({\frac{{\lambda }_{o}}{\lambda })}^{2}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(16\right)$$ Thus, as seen in Fig. 8 (c), relation (n 2 -1) −1 and \(\lambda\) −2 are used to produce n ∞ and \({\lambda }_{o}\) from the linear part's intercept and slope, respectively, as given in Table (3). Additionally, the next equation can be used to estimate the values of single oscillator length (S o ) by[52]: $${S}_{o}={(n}_{\infty }^{2}-1)/{{(\lambda }_{o})}^{2}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(17\right)$$ It is evident that the n ∞ and S o progressively rise as ion beam affects, and conversely, the \({\lambda }_{o}\) values drop for the irradiated films. Meanwhile, the following relation [53] links the incident photon wavelength and \({{\epsilon }}_{i}\) in the Drude model: $${{\epsilon }}_{i}=\frac{1}{4{\pi }^{3}{\epsilon }_{o}}\left(\frac{{e}^{2}N}{{c}^{3}{m}^{*}\tau }\right){\lambda }^{3}\dots \dots \dots \dots \left(18\right)$$ Plotting the \({{\epsilon }}_{i }\) and λ 3 which are specified in Table (3) as illustrated in Fig. 8 (d) yields the relaxation time (τ). It is shown that for irradiated 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 , the time relaxation progressively decreases from 21x10 − 15 (sec) for PVA/CuO to 2.9x10 − 15 (sec). These results showed that ion beam irradiation enhanced nanocomposite films, which makes the nanocomposite suitable for use in high-speed optoelectronic devices. The following formula [54] can be used to characterize a material mode's nonlinear optical (NLO) response: $$P={{\chi }}^{\left(1\right)}E+{{\chi }}^{\left(2\right)}{E}^{2}+{\text{X}}^{\left(3\right)}{E}^{3}\dots \dots \dots \left(19\right)$$ Where χ (1) is the first linear, χ (2) is the second-order NLO, and χ (3) is the third-order NLO. P represents polarization in this example. The relationships shown below are utilized to estimate X (1) and χ (3) [55]. \({{\chi }}^{\left(1\right)}=\frac{({n}^{2}-1)}{4\pi } \dots \dots \dots ..\) (20), and $${{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}=A{\left({X}^{\left(1\right)}\right)}^{4}\dots .\dots \left(21\right)$$ The NLO refractive index \(n\left(\lambda \right)\) is given by [56]: $$n\left(\lambda \right)={n}_{o}\left(\lambda \right)+{n}_{2}\left({E}^{2}\right)\dots \dots \dots \dots \left(22\right)$$ The refractive index ( \({\text{n}}_{2}\) ) can be used to compute the NLO refractive index [56]. $${n}_{2}=\frac{12\pi {X}^{\left(3\right)}}{{n}_{o}}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \left(23\right)$$ Figures 9 (a,b) display the change in \({{\chi }}^{\left(1\right)}\) and \({{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}\) with wavelength (λ) for the pure and irradiated films. Ion irradiation increases both \({{\chi }}^{\left(1\right)}\) and \({{\chi }}^{\left(3\right)}\) values. This is because of the defect centers, which cause local polarizabilities that rise with radiation [57]. Moreover, the variation in \({n}_{2}\) with wavelength is shown in Fig. 9 (c). Similar to χ(3), the n 2 increases progressively with the ion beam. Table 3 The W p , n ∞ , λ o , S o , and \(\tau\) of pure and treated irradiated PVA/CuO films. The samples \({\text{W}}_{p}\) x 10 12 (sec − 1 ) \({\text{n}}_{\infty }\) λ o (nm) S o x 10 12 (m − 2 ) \(\tau\) x 10 − 15 (sec) PVA/CuO 0.0006 1.015 407 0.63 21 3x10 17 ions.cm − 2 0.0009 1.026 471 0.62 9.1 6x10 17 ions.cm − 2 0.0012 1.032 537 0.47 6.3 9x10 17 ions.cm − 2 0.0015 1.047 834 0.15 2.9 4. Conclusion The PVA/CuO nanocomposite were manufactured using a solution casing. The XRD pattern clearly indicates the successful production of PVA/CuO nanocomposite films. The greatest intensity of the bombarded film has dropped, as shown by the FTIR tests. This indicates that the chain session process is happened in the irradiation films. Based on the SRIM/TRIM simulation program, the vacancy production behavior for a broad range of incident ion-target interaction were examined. The optical characteristics of PVA/CuO were studied for both pure and bombarded films. The relaxation time decreasesd with the bombarded ions. With no treatment, the dispersion energy of PVA/CuO increases from 0.098 eV to 0.26 eV. In addition, the static refractive index increases from 1.014 to 1.03 for irradiated 6x10 17 ions.cm − 2 . In order to improve the optoelectronic device's performance of PVA/CuO, the results prove that irradiation improves the optical properties of PVA/CuO, low energy argon ion beam fluence could be utilized. Declarations Author Contributions : A. A., M. M. and H. M. wrote the main results, R. A. and M. E. shared the funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conflicts of interest : The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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El-Taher, Gamma irradiation induced effects on optical properties and single oscillator parameters of Fe-doped CdS diluted magnetic semiconductors thin films, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 39 (2015) 74-78. M. El-Nahass, A. Farag, F. Abd-El-Salam, Effect of gamma irradiation on the optical properties of nano-crystalline InP thin films, Applied surface science 255 (2009) 9439-9443. T.K. Hamad, Refractive index dispersion and analysis of the optical parameters of (PMMA/PVA) Thin film, Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 16 (2013) 164-170. T.J. Alwan, Gamma irradiation effect on the optical properties and refractive index dispersion of dye doped polystyrene films, Turkish Journal of Physics 36 (2012) 377-384. A. El Sayed, S. El‐Sayed, W. Morsi, S. Mahrous, A. Hassen, Synthesis, characterization, optical, and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride/cadmium oxide nanocomposite films, Polymer composites 35 (2014) 1842-1851. I. Saadeddin, B. Pecquenard, J.-P. Manaud, R. Decourt, C. Labrugère, T. Buffeteau, G. Campet, Synthesis and characterization of single-and co-doped SnO2 thin films for optoelectronic applications, Applied Surface Science 253 (2007) 5240-5249. M. Frumar, J. Jedelský, B. Frumarova, T. Wagner, M. Hrdlička, Optically and thermally induced changes of structure, linear and non-linear optical properties of chalcogenides thin films, Journal of non-crystalline solids 326 (2003) 399-404. H. Ticha, L. Tichy, Semiempirical relation between non-linear susceptibility (refractive index), linear refractive index and optical gap and its application to amorphous chalcogenides, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater 4 (2002) 381-386. D.R. Kanis, M.A. Ratner, T.J. Marks, M.C. Zerner, Nonlinear optical characteristics of novel inorganic chromophores using the Zindo formalism, Chemistry of Materials 3 (1991) 19-22. Ali, H. E., Abd-Rabboh, H. S., Awwad, N. S., Algarni, H., Sayed, M. A., Abd El-Rehim, A. F., ... & Khairy, Y. (2021). Photoluminescence, optical limiting, and linear/nonlinear optical parameters of PVP/PVAL blend embedded with silver nitrate. Optik, 247, 167863. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 04 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 19 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 17 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4118925","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":281813306,"identity":"ff672916-1637-4a72-98f2-d78634c09806","order_by":0,"name":"Reem Altuijri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reem","middleName":"","lastName":"Altuijri","suffix":""},{"id":281813308,"identity":"ce2867c9-dd3e-4d88-a238-6ca95967a92f","order_by":1,"name":"M. M. Abdel-Hamid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abdel-Hamid","suffix":""},{"id":281813309,"identity":"e4eda0fb-ee89-45d2-8713-251ebca6c7ed","order_by":2,"name":"Ali Ahmed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZiBm7Gc4AKTYSNEys4FkLRtAOojSwt9+OvFzYY6d7OaDZwwYPpQdZpBvP4Bfi8SZ3M3SM7clG287cMaAcca5wwwGZxIIWHMgd4M07zbmRJAWZt42oBYGAlrkz7/d/Jt3W33i5gaglr9ALfL9D/BrMbiRuw1oy+HEDQxALYxALQw3CNhieOPtNmvebceNZxw4VnCw51w6j8ENArbInc/dfJt3W7Vs/4zDGx/8KLOWk+8nYAsCSBwAxz8PseqBgL+BBMWjYBSMglEwogAAHGdMFziM0yIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Jouf University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":281813310,"identity":"0f68345c-1cd5-4b03-bd8a-ebba3476c887","order_by":3,"name":"H. M. Abdel-Hamid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"H.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abdel-Hamid","suffix":""},{"id":281813312,"identity":"84d35129-10f5-4b20-88fd-18792835f18d","order_by":4,"name":"Mohammed Ezzeldian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jouf University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"Ezzeldian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-17 22:59:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4118925/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4118925/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53191689,"identity":"71750955-041a-4cf6-acb1-7cfa34d35646","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:39:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBroad beam cold cathode ion source with the electrical circuit.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/cc672fb04542a61b753e440f.png"},{"id":53190847,"identity":"614b1243-c3ea-4f24-962e-030e68c5a3ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115299,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea) ionization of collided argon ions with PVA/CuO b) collisions events of collided ions with PVA/CuO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/1a94a30370097b03348ce661.png"},{"id":53190843,"identity":"3d4ae6a5-e20c-4228-93ef-f8d7fe97750a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13009,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD of the untreated and irradiated PVA/CuO composite films.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/0b5c7e54f5b5e6f49c893d9e.png"},{"id":53191688,"identity":"8c67ee7d-58f6-46c8-a4cf-9ea28d5dcc3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:39:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of pure and irradiated PVA/CuO composite films.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/9840df5d2797ab412d379f1f.png"},{"id":53190844,"identity":"f08dc849-daea-4126-b3d7-79f751275caf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) K with λ, (b) R with λ, for pure and treated PVA/CuO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/d283fde767a7cfc563374cb7.png"},{"id":53190849,"identity":"7c7d11d5-c39c-40ff-861d-b00d9aba5109","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) n with λ, and (b) σ\u003csub\u003eopt\u003c/sub\u003e with λ, for pure and treated PVA/CuO.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/4cf4da4f7cfe544482ed5057.png"},{"id":53190846,"identity":"3f3a96b9-1ee2-4bbf-8d6e-055eb638238b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) The ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e with λ and (b) The ε\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e with λ, for pure and irradiated PVA/CuO films\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/579a4c12e6dc6b1d8fecf6aa.png"},{"id":53190851,"identity":"ac25e9c4-53d9-4973-bfcc-d1296b646ded","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":222657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/4df0ffa79401258fef5717ad.png"},{"id":53190850,"identity":"a23e3546-8bfe-4357-8801-d1e585b1ebbc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:31:07","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":293688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/dac73713297bbe63311fd2f9.png"},{"id":53192189,"identity":"6a5efdf3-b0db-40b0-9772-a2a743de4cde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 17:47:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1029662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4118925/v1/97662ca1-da63-4050-991c-364e01a09da1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of low energy ion beam irradiation on the structural and optical properties of flexible PVA/CuO nano composite films","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearchers in several fields are looking into the novel and versatile characteristics of nanotechnologies, which have applications in electronics, optics, and sensing [1,2]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to significantly alter electrical and optical properties of polymer materials [3,4]. A wide variety of applications make use of polymeric nanocomposites, some of which include optical waveguides, antistatic materials, biosensors, batteries, and super capacitors [5]. In addition, polymer nanocomposites can have their optical properties fine-tuned by adding nanoparticles, leading to enhanced transparency [6\u0026ndash;8]. Many industries, including those dealing with paper and packaging, rely on adhesives that have PVA bases [9]. In addition, by chemically altering PVA and adding different functional groups, its variety of applications can be much greater [10]. By making these changes, you can get better qualities as water resistant, biodegradable, and compatible with other materials [11]. In order to make nanocomposites, the CuO nanofiller is encouraged to form hydrogen bonds by hydroxyl groups in the PVA chain [12].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to its unique properties and many potential applications, CuO nanofiller has recently garnered considerable attentions [13]. The fascinating optical, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties of CuO, a transition metal oxide, are revealed at the nanoscale [14]. Among the most notable properties of CuO nanofiller is its high level of electrical conductivity. Because of this, it can be utilized to manufacture conductive sheets, electrodes, and sensors, among other electrical devices [15]. The superior electrical conductivity of CuO nanofiller allows for quicker data transfer and better signal transmission, which in turn improves the overall performance and efficiency of an electronic device [16, 17]. Its optical absorbance in the visible and near-infrared range makes it suitable for application in solar cells, photodetectors, and optoelectronic devices [18, 19].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, ion beam irradiation process is one approach that demonstrated potential for modifying nanocomposites properties and enhancing their usefulness [20]. The nanocomposite can be tailored to possess desired characteristics using ion beam irradiation, opening up exciting new avenues for numerous potential uses [21]. Ion beam irradiation process alters the molecular and atomic structures of materials as bombarded with high-energy ions [22, 23]. Different types of ion sources, including electron ionization, charge exchange ionization, and chemical ionization. These modifications in the nanocomposites properties by ion beam were discussed in different works [24\u0026ndash;26].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work aims to develop a PVA/CuO polymer composites for utilizing in optoelectronics applications. Following this, the composite PVA/CuO films were irradiated with argon ion beams of different fluences. The XRD and FTIR techniques were used to investigate the structural properties of the composite. Furthermore, the optical properties of both the pure and irradiated films were examined. The results showed that characteristics of the treated films were improved, which bodes well for a variety of electronic applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental work","content":"\u003cp\u003eCopper oxide (CuO) with a particle of size 25 nm and PVA with a molecular weight of 85,200 g/mol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA. The method of casting preparation was used to create the polymer composite, as previously mentioned [27]. For 1.5 hours, at 75\u0026deg;C and with stirring, 0.6 g of PVA dissolves in 75 ml deionized water. PVA and CuO solution are combined and agitated for seven hours. After 40 minutes of sonicating the mixes, the CuONPs were evenly distributed throughout the PVA blend. Pouring the finished PVA/CuO slurry onto a glass Petri dish allowed for the necessary drying time. Any air bubbles were blown out using shaking and blowing to create the PVA/CuO composite. A thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 7301) was used to measure the thickness of the produced sheets, which ranges from 0.08 mm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious fluences of 3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, and 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e have been used to irradiate the films with argon beam, using a broad beam cold cathode ion source shown in figure (1) as previously investigated [28].The two main parts of the ion source are the ionization region and the extraction region. The extracted ion beam, of argon energy of 5 keV, a working pressure of 2.05x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e mbar, and a current density of 145 \u0026micro;A/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. To analyze the structural properties of both irradiated and un-irradiated PVA/CuO films, the XRD )Shimadzu, CuKα, λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.154 nm) was used in 2θ range of 4 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e to 90 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e. The films'functional groups were studied using FTIR (Shimadzu FTIR-340\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e within the wavenumber range of 500\u0026ndash;4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The UV-Vis reflection and absorption spectra were measured, for the original and irradiated films, in wavelength 200 to 1150 nm using a JascoV-670 spectrophotometer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eVarious parameters that directly related to the ion beam with composite interactions is determined using the SRIM simulation program [29]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays the outcomes of the SRIM conducted on 5 keV argon with PVA/CuO in dispersed range of 1000 \u0026Aring;. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (a) illustrates the incoming ion starts to ionize the surface. The ionization effects that result from the argon ions penetrating the target is some higher than those that come from the recoils target atoms. The findings demonstrate that the penetration ions and recoil atoms have a significant effect on target ionization. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows collision events of the argon ion in the composite vacancies. Consequently, the inbound ions permeate the film and cause the ion-induced alterations by surface-area localized dissipation of heat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e displays the XRD structures of PVA/CuO films that have been exposed to different fluences; 3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, and 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The XRD analysis of PVA/CuO revealed that the (101) crystal plane has a peak at 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.5\u0026deg;, suggesting the semi-crystalline feature of PVA. Additionally, the (111) reflection CuO plane may have a minor peak at 2θ of 38.8\u0026deg; [30]. Due of the increased contact between PVA and CuO for the irradiated samples, the peak's intensity reduced with the ion beam fluence. Moreover, it is evident that the distinct diffracted peaks remain in their original positions following the films' exposure to ion beams. There is, nevertheless, a variation in peak intensity. This results in an ordered to an unarranged pattern in the crystal structure, which is caused by the chain scission of molecular strings [31]. Furthermore, the generation of defects as a result of increased radiation fluence leads to the development of disordered structures, which is the cause of the intensity drop [32].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean size of the crystallite (D) of the CuO in the PVA/CuO composite [33]is given by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{D}=\\frac{0.94{\\lambda } }{{\\beta }\\text{C}\\text{O}\\text{S}{\\theta }}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots . \\left(1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere λ indicates the wavelength and β is the full width intensity of the (111) plane. Moreover, the next formula is used to determine the samples' particle diameter (R) [34] by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{R}=\\frac{{\\lambda }}{\\text{sin}{\\beta }\\text{cos}2{\\theta }}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots .\\left(2\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, for 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e irradiated PVA/CuO, the particle size D and diameter R fall to 11.2 nm and 149.1 \u0026micro;m, respectively, from 16.5 nm and 218.2 \u0026micro;m of PVA/CuO composite. Additionally, the dislocation density (δ) parameter [34] is given by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\delta }=\\frac{1}{{\\text{D}}^{2}}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots ..\\left(3\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, for PVA/CuO composite and at a fluence of 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, the dislocation density is enhanced from 3.01\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e to 4.75\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e lines/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. This is due to the changes in inter-planar distance. The strain (ε) is given by [35]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\epsilon }=\\frac{{\\beta }}{4\\text{tan}{\\theta }}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots ..\\left(4\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is observed that the lattice strain increases from 0.072\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e of the pure PVA/CuO composite to 0.085\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e for the fluence of 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e irradiated film. These results lead to both the particles' misalignment and decreased size. Lastly, the distortion parameters (g) is computed by [35].\u003cdiv id=\"Eque\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Eque\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$g=\\frac{\\beta }{\\text{tan}\\left(\\theta \\right)}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots . \\left(5\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is evident that following the fluence of 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e irradiated composite, the g rises from 10.7 for the pure PVA/CuO film to 14.1, which further supports the production of a disordered system in the composite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emicrostructural characteristics of the pure and irradiated PVA/CuO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD [nm]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR [\u0026micro;m]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ [10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e lines/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eε [10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/CuO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, FTIR spectra analysis is used to determine the vibrational bands and functional groups of both pure and irradiated PVA/CuO. The vibrational stretching of PVA is observed as occurring in a broad band at 3275 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. An additional band for stretching of C-H at 2925 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is found. The C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O vibrational stretching is detected at 1720 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. A Peak is found at 1368 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and is attributed to PVA's C-H bending [36]. The band of absorption detected at 1245 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is determined to be -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e wagging. The -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e vibrational stretching is seen by the absorption band at 822 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. C-O-C vibrational stretching is recognized as the peak at 1092 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e [37]. The interaction between PVA and CuO filler is indicated by the lowering of peak intensity for the irradiated PVA/CuO. Additionally, the bands shift following the irradiation process shows how abundant electrons are, which improves the irradiated composite's optical properties [38].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extinction coefficient (K) is estimated by [39].\u003cdiv id=\"Equf\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equf\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$K=\\frac{{\\alpha }{\\lambda }}{4{\\pi }}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(6\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a) displays the photon wavelength and the extinction coefficient of both the original and irradiated PVA/CuO films. Because of the defects density increases with irradiation process, the absorbance coefficient (K) grows. The reflectance R of the pure and treated films is seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(b). The irradiated and un-irradiated films maintain a consistent reflectance at higher wavelengths. In addition, as the irradiation fluence increases, the reflectance rises.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe refractive index (n) [40] is estimated by following equation:\u003cdiv id=\"Equg\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equg\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n=\\frac{(1+R)}{(1-R)}+\\sqrt{\\frac{4R}{{\\left(1-R\\right)}^{2}}}-{K}^{2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(7\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea displays the refractive index n of the PVA/CuO nanocomposite films before and after the irradiation process. The original film's refractive index is 1.014, meanwhile, after being subjected to 3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, it increased to 1.020 and 1.030. As a result of the formed free radicals between the various chains of the irradiated samples, the refractive index rises with ion irradiation [41, 42]. The optical conductivity (σ\u003csub\u003eopt\u003c/sub\u003e) of the pure and irradiated films is given by [43].\u003cdiv id=\"Equh\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equh\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${{\\sigma }}_{opt}=\\frac{\\alpha nc}{4\\pi }\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(8\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb shows the wavelength-dependent shift in optical conductivity for both the un-irradiated and irradiated films. The optical conductivity of the films is enhanced due to a higher absorption coefficient caused by the localized state densities in the band structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe complicated dielectric constant is separating into two components: real \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and imaginary ε\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e that given by the following equation [44] :\u003cdiv id=\"Equi\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equi\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\epsilon }={\\epsilon }_{r}+i{{\\epsilon }}_{i}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(9\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e is given by [45]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equj\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equj\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${{\\epsilon }}_{r}={n}^{2}-{\\text{K}}^{2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(10\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e with wavelength (λ) of the original and irradiated films. It has been observed that the ε\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e steadily rises with ion irradiation. The formation of bonds of different chains, raises photon energy. Moreover, the imaginary portion (ε\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e ) is given as following [46]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equk\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equk\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${{\\epsilon }}_{i}=2 n k\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(11\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(b) displays the ε\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e with λ of the irradiated and pristine samples. It is noteworthy that the density and refractive index of the PVA/CuO film rise as a result of the ε\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e steadily increasing with ion fluence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWemple and DiDomenico connection [47] is used to estimate the single oscillator by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equl\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equl\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{1}{{n}^{2}-1}=\\frac{{E}_{O}}{{E}_{d}}-\\frac{1}{{E}_{O} {E}_{d}}{\\left(h{\\nu }\\right)}^{2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots .\\left(12\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dispersion energy is represented by E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e, and the single oscillator energy is denoted by E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e. As a result, the (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1)\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and (hv)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of the pure and irradiated films is plotted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(a). The linear fit part's intercept and slope can be used to get the E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e and E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e. Furthermore, the static refactive index (n\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e) can be calculated [48] as the following:\u003cdiv id=\"Equm\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equm\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\text{n}}_{o}={(1+\\frac{{E}_{d}}{{E}_{O}})}^{1/2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(13\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, by using the relation \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{\\infty }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = (n\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, it is possible to determine the zero frequency dielectric constants (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{\\infty }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;(2) lists the optical parameters of PVA/CuO nanocomposite, including E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e, E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{s}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. For the irradiated fluence 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, it is seen that E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e rises from 0.098 eV to 0.26 eV and the E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e increases from 3.25 eV for the pure film to 3.89 eV. The Spitzer-Fan model is used to calculate to the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{l}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and the ratio of N/m* by [49].\u003cdiv id=\"Equn\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equn\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${{\\epsilon }}_{r}={\\epsilon }_{l}-\\left(\\frac{{e}^{2}}{4 {{\\pi }^{2}{\\epsilon }_{s}c}^{2} }\\frac{N}{{m}^{*}}\\right){\\lambda }^{2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots ..\\dots \\left(14\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dielectric free-space is represented by ε\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e, the electron charge by e, and the speed of light by c. Consequently, the relationship of the dielectric constant and λ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at a greater wavelength is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(b). The ε\u003csub\u003el\u003c/sub\u003e and N/m*, respectively, can be determined by utilizing the intercept and slope of the straight segments of the detour of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(b).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe n\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e, ε\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e, E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e, E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e, ε\u003csub\u003el\u003c/sub\u003e, and N/m*of pure and treated PVA/CuO films\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eε\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e (eV)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e (eV)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{l}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/m* x10\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e (cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/CuO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resonance plasma frequency (W\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e) is determined by [50]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equo\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equo\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\text{W}}_{p}=\\frac{{e}^{2}}{{\\epsilon }_{o}}x\\frac{N}{{m}^{*}}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots ..\\dots \\left(15\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{l}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, N/m*, and W\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e occurred by the irradiation fluences: 3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, and 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e are shown as listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The medium oscillator (λ\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e) and long-wavelength refractive index (n\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e) were evaluated using the single term Sellmeier oscillator [51]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equp\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equp\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${(n}_{\\infty }^{2}-1)/({n}^{2}-1)=1-({\\frac{{\\lambda }_{o}}{\\lambda })}^{2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(16\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(c), relation (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1)\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\lambda\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;2\u003c/sup\u003e are used to produce n\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\lambda }_{o}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e from the linear part's intercept and slope, respectively, as given in Table\u0026nbsp;(3). Additionally, the next equation can be used to estimate the values of single oscillator length (S\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e) by[52]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equq\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equq\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${S}_{o}={(n}_{\\infty }^{2}-1)/{{(\\lambda }_{o})}^{2}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(17\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is evident that the n\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e progressively rise as ion beam affects, and conversely, the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\lambda }_{o}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e values drop for the irradiated films. Meanwhile, the following relation [53] links the incident photon wavelength and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\epsilon }}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e in the Drude model:\u003cdiv id=\"Equr\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equr\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${{\\epsilon }}_{i}=\\frac{1}{4{\\pi }^{3}{\\epsilon }_{o}}\\left(\\frac{{e}^{2}N}{{c}^{3}{m}^{*}\\tau }\\right){\\lambda }^{3}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(18\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlotting the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\epsilon }}_{i }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and λ\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e which are specified in Table\u0026nbsp;(3) as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(d) yields the relaxation time (τ). It is shown that for irradiated 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, the time relaxation progressively decreases from 21x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/sup\u003e (sec) for PVA/CuO to 2.9x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/sup\u003e (sec). These results showed that ion beam irradiation enhanced nanocomposite films, which makes the nanocomposite suitable for use in high-speed optoelectronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following formula [54] can be used to characterize a material mode's nonlinear optical (NLO) response:\u003cdiv id=\"Equs\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equs\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$P={{\\chi }}^{\\left(1\\right)}E+{{\\chi }}^{\\left(2\\right)}{E}^{2}+{\\text{X}}^{\\left(3\\right)}{E}^{3}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(19\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere χ \u003csup\u003e(1)\u003c/sup\u003e is the first linear, χ \u003csup\u003e(2)\u003c/sup\u003e is the second-order NLO, and χ \u003csup\u003e(3)\u003c/sup\u003e is the third-order NLO. P represents polarization in this example. The relationships shown below are utilized to estimate X\u003csup\u003e(1)\u003c/sup\u003e and χ \u003csup\u003e(3)\u003c/sup\u003e [55].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\chi }}^{\\left(1\\right)}=\\frac{({n}^{2}-1)}{4\\pi } \\dots \\dots \\dots ..\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e(20), and\u003cdiv id=\"Equt\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equt\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${{\\chi }}^{\\left(3\\right)}=A{\\left({X}^{\\left(1\\right)}\\right)}^{4}\\dots .\\dots \\left(21\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NLO refractive index \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(n\\left(\\lambda \\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is given by [56]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equu\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equu\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n\\left(\\lambda \\right)={n}_{o}\\left(\\lambda \\right)+{n}_{2}\\left({E}^{2}\\right)\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(22\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe refractive index (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{n}}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) can be used to compute the NLO refractive index [56].\u003cdiv id=\"Equv\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equv\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${n}_{2}=\\frac{12\\pi {X}^{\\left(3\\right)}}{{n}_{o}}\\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(23\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(a,b) display the change in \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\chi }}^{\\left(1\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\chi }}^{\\left(3\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e with wavelength (λ) for the pure and irradiated films. Ion irradiation increases both \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\chi }}^{\\left(1\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\chi }}^{\\left(3\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e values. This is because of the defect centers, which cause local polarizabilities that rise with radiation [57]. Moreover, the variation in \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({n}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ewith wavelength is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(c). Similar to χ(3), the n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e increases progressively with the ion beam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe W\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e, n\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e, λ\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\tau\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e of pure and treated irradiated PVA/CuO films.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{W}}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e (sec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{n}}_{\\infty }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eλ\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e (nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e x 10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e (m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\tau\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/sup\u003e (sec)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVA/CuO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe PVA/CuO nanocomposite were manufactured using a solution casing. The XRD pattern clearly indicates the successful production of PVA/CuO nanocomposite films. The greatest intensity of the bombarded film has dropped, as shown by the FTIR tests. This indicates that the chain session process is happened in the irradiation films. Based on the SRIM/TRIM simulation program, the vacancy production behavior for a broad range of incident ion-target interaction were examined. The optical characteristics of PVA/CuO were studied for both pure and bombarded films. The relaxation time decreasesd with the bombarded ions. With no treatment, the dispersion energy of PVA/CuO increases from 0.098 eV to 0.26 eV. In addition, the static refractive index increases from 1.014 to 1.03 for irradiated 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. In order to improve the optoelectronic device's performance of PVA/CuO, the results prove that irradiation improves the optical properties of PVA/CuO, low energy argon ion beam fluence could be utilized.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e: A. A., M. M. and H. M. wrote the main results,\u0026nbsp;R. A.\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;M. E.\u0026nbsp;shared the funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R399), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlthubiti, N. A., Atta, A., Al-Harbi, N., Sendi, R. 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Optik, 247, 167863.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Polymer, Nanoparticles, Optical, Structural, Ionization, Irradiation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4118925/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4118925/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe solution casting production process was used to synthesis the composite PVA/CuO that is consisting of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONP) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for use in optoelectronic. The PVA/CuO composite were then irradiated with argon fluences of 3x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, and 9x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e by cold cathode ion source. The XRD, FTIR, and UV/Vis are employed to investigate the structural, functional group, and optical impacts of PVA/CuO. In addition, the dispersion properties of the investigated films were calculated using the Wemple and Di-Domenico method, which led to the determination of various optical parameters. Pure and irradiated films were estimated for their optical susceptibility and refractive index. At the fluence of 6x10\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e ions.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, the single oscillator energy E\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e rises from 3.25 eV for the un-irradiated film to 3.89 eV and the dispersion energy E\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e rises from 0.098 eV to 0.26 eV. Therefore, the results reveal that irradiated PVA/CuO composite are more applicable for optoelectronics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of low energy ion beam irradiation on the structural and optical properties of flexible PVA/CuO nano composite films","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-21 17:31:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4118925/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-08T09:41:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-04T22:09:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"34adb02f-554e-4bbc-9450-308bbf934ce3","date":"2024-03-25T14:30:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-25T10:40:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-19T05:41:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-18T13:16:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2024-03-17T22:52:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3741e328-a4c0-4cde-a413-9d21ab03a523","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 21st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-13T00:30:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-21 17:31:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4118925","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4118925","identity":"rs-4118925","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}