Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale

Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale Takahiro Kubo, Masahiro Takamoto, Masayuki Suzuki, Kensuke Takenouchi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033447/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Japan is a disaster-prone country that experiences frequent natural hazards. Consequently, there is a need for a culturally adapted tool to assess individuals’ psychological readiness for disasters in Japan. Existing Japanese instruments tend to emphasize the behavioral and material aspects of disaster preparedness while overlooking psychological preparedness. This study developed and validated a Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale. A nationwide online survey was conducted (N = 773), followed by an additional survey for test-retest analysis (N = 195). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor structure: knowledge and management of the external situational environment, management of one’s emotional and psychological response, and management of one’s social environment. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit. The final 23-item version demonstrated high internal consistency for the total scale (α = .956) and its subscales (α = .919, .936, and .827) and acceptable test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .766). The findings demonstrate that the Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring psychological preparedness for disasters, offering practical utility for disaster education, policy planning, and mental health interventions amid increasing climate-related disaster risks. Psychological preparedness Disaster risk reduction Scale validation Hydro-meteorological hazards Japanese population Introduction Japan’s Basic Act on Disaster Control Management [1] defines disaster as “damage resulting from a storm, tornado, heavy rainfall, heavy snowfall, flood, slope failure, mudflow, high tide, earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, landslide, or other abnormal natural phenomena, or a large fire or explosion or other causes provided for by Cabinet Order and similar to the above in the extent of damage they cause.” Owing to its geographical and climatic conditions, Japan is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, with natural hazards often striking with little warning, resulting in severe human, economic, and social consequences. Historical records underscore this vulnerability. The 1959 Ise Bay Typhoon, remains the deadliest post-Meiji typhoon, with 5,098 casualties [2]. More recently, the 2020 Kumamoto floods caused widespread destruction and 65 deaths [3]. These events highlight the urgent need for comprehensive disaster preparedness at both the individual and community levels in Japan. Traditionally, disaster preparedness has focused on physical and material readiness such as stockpiling supplies, securing emergency resources, and formulating response plans [4]. It conceptualizes household preparedness, measuring it through tangible indicators such as emergency kits and evacuation plans [5]. However, growing research indicates that material-focused strategies alone are insufficient, highlighting the need for social capital, shared community resources, and psychological readiness of individuals [5,6]. In particular, psychosocial preparedness—encompassing mental and emotional readiness to cope with disaster threats—is a critical component of overall resilience. Despite its increasing recognition, psychological preparedness is inconsistently defined [7]. A growing body of literature conceptualizes it as comprising both cognitive and emotional dimensions [8,9]. The cognitive domain includes risk perception, acquisition of relevant knowledge, and the ability to make informed decisions under uncertainty. The “Knowledge and Management” subscale of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale (PPDTS) reflects this aspect [10]. In addition, social-cognitive factors, such as prior disaster experience and perceived community preparedness, influence cognitive readiness [11,12]. The emotional dimension involves self-awareness, emotional regulation, and resilience. Higher levels of self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem are associated with higher levels of psychological preparedness [13], while anxiety and depression are associated with lower levels of preparedness [9,14]. Emotional stability enables individuals to manage disaster-related stress and maintain adaptive functioning under pressure. Thus, an integrated model incorporating both cognitive and emotional aspects is essential to comprehensively understand psychological preparedness. While physical preparedness ensures survival, psychological preparedness enhances decision-making and mitigates long-term psychological harm [10,15]. Despite its critical significance, a standardized, psychometrically validated instrument for assessing psychological preparedness in Japan is lacking. Existing disaster preparedness scales in Japan predominantly focus on behavioral and material aspects, without adequately addressing internal cognitive and emotional processes. For example, the Japanese Disaster Nursing Readiness Evaluation Index measures readiness among nurses but focuses mainly on professional competencies and deployment logistics rather than internal psychological states [16]. Similarly, the Natural Disaster Preparedness Scale for Hospital Nursing Departments focuses on institutional readiness, overlooking individual emotional capacities [17]. The Disaster Resilience Scale for Individuals (DRSi) offers a broader assessment of behavioral preparedness but does not specifically capture anticipatory emotional responses such as anxiety regulation, perceived control, or confidence in disaster coping [18]. The Disaster Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES) evaluates perceived coping efficacy but omits critical cognitive and affective precursors to preparedness [19]. Moreover, tools such as the Impact of Event Scale–Revised, while commonly used in Japan, measure post-event trauma responses, not proactive readiness [20]. The PPDTS assesses individuals’ self-reported psychological readiness for disasters [10]. The original 18-item version proposed a two-factor model: (1) knowledge and management of the external situational environment and (2) anticipation, awareness, and management of one’s psychological response [21]. This was later expanded to a 26-item version (PPDTS-26) by Zulch [22], with a four-factor structure that included, in addition to the above two factors, (3) management of one’s social environment and (4) anticipatory coping with emotional response. Subsequently, cross-cultural adaptations have demonstrated variability in factor structure. For instance, the Turkish version (PPDTS-T21) yielded a three-factor model excluding anticipatory coping as a distinct domain [23]. These variations suggest that while the core components of psychological preparedness are conceptually robust, their dimensional organization may be sensitive to cultural and contextual factors. Given Japan’s frequent exposure to diverse natural hazards, there is a pressing need for a culturally grounded and psychometrically sound instrument that captures the multidimensional nature of psychological preparedness—particularly its cognitive and emotional components. Building on the conceptual framework of the PPDTS and considering its structural variations across cultures, the present study aims to develop and validate a Japanese version of the PPDTS. While the original PPDTS-26 [22] was designed to comprehensively assess psychological preparedness through four theoretically derived dimensions, its adaptability in multiple settings demonstrates differing factorial structures. In line with this evolving framework, the current study seeks to examine the reliability and validity of a Japanese version of the scale and to evaluate its applicability in disaster-prone Japanese communities. By developing a culturally and contextually relevant tool, this research aims to advance disaster education, support evidence-based emergency management strategies, and ultimately enhance national resilience to disaster threats. Materials and methods Participants A nationwide online survey was conducted in Japan through the internet research platform Freeasy (https://freeasy24.research-plus.net/). The data were collected on December 10, 2024, targeting a stratified sample of 1,000 adults aged 18 to 99 years, comprising 500 men and 500 women. This study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee for Human Subjects at Yokohama National University (Approval No. Jin-I-2024-19). All study procedures adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. To ensure data quality, responses from inattentive or careless individuals were excluded from the analysis through multiple criteria. First, inattentive respondents were identified using a Directed Question Scale (DQS) item that required participants to select a specific response option [24]. A total of 209 participants who failed to respond correctly to this attention check item were excluded. Second, we identified extreme response durations based on the methods recommended by Smyth et al. [25]. Response times were log-transformed, and participants whose response times differed more than 2 standard deviations below the mean were considered careless and excluded ( n = 18). Subsequently, the final sample consisted of 773 participants (368 women and 405 men), with a mean age of 57.59 years (SD = 12.49). The sociodemographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 1. The test-retest reliability was assessed through a follow-up survey after approximately one month with a separate sample of 200 participants (100 men and 100 women). The same DQS item was used, leading to the exclusion of five participants. The final test-retest sample included 195 participants (97 women, 98 men; mean age = 57.53 years, SD = 11.31). Measures Disaster experience Three custom-developed questions were used to assess participants’ experiences with typhoons or severe storms. Specifically, they were asked the following: (1) “Have you ever experienced damage caused by a typhoon or severe storm?”; (2) “Has your home ever been damaged by a typhoon or severe storm?”; and (3) “Have you ever evacuated to a shelter or other safe place due to a typhoon or severe storm?”. Each item was rated using a binary response format (1 = no, 2 = yes). These items were used to explore the relationship between past disaster experience and psychological preparedness scores. Psychological preparedness for disaster threat The Japanese version of the PPDTS was developed based on the translation guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Task Force [26]. Permission to translate the scale into Japanese was obtained from its original author, Hannah Zulch. Subsequently, a forward translation was performed by a professional translator through a survey agency and independently by the first author. Then, these two versions were reviewed and integrated by a panel of five university faculty members, including three psychology experts and two meteorology and disaster risk reduction experts. In the process, certain terms were adapted to better reflect the Japanese cultural and institutional context—for example, “cyclone” was replaced with “typhoon,” “Met Bureau” with “Japan Meteorological Agency,” and “a cyclone warning” with “a weather warning.” A back-translation was performed by a professional translator, and the original author confirmed the conceptual equivalence of the back-translated version. Subsequently, a cognitive debriefing was conducted with seven university students to assess item clarity. Unclear items were revised based on discussions between two psychology faculty members to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness. The final Japanese version consisted of 26 items. Each item was rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all true of me) to 4 (exactly true of me). Both total and subscale scores were calculated, with higher scores indicating higher levels of psychological preparedness. Disaster resilience To assess convergent validity, two subscales from the DRSi [18] were used: knowledge (8 items), assessing the understanding of local disaster risks (e.g., hazard maps and past disaster experiences), and readiness (9 items), evaluating practical and economic preparedness (e.g., stockpiling supplies, holding disaster insurance, and discussing evacuation plans with others). Items were rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = does not apply, 4 = applies). Total scores for each subscale were calculated separately, with higher scores indicating greater disaster resilience. Disaster self-efficacy An 11-item measure of the DSES [19] was used to assess convergent validity. This measure comprises two subscales: self-management efficacy (6 items), reflecting confidence in one’s ability to remain calm, act flexibly, and manage adversity during disasters, and interpersonal resource utilization efficacy (5 items), assessing confidence in seeking and using support from others. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all applicable) to 5 (very applicable). Total scores for each subscale were calculated separately, with higher scores indicating greater disaster self-efficacy. General coping styles The Japanese version of the Brief COPE [27,28] was used to assess discriminant validity. This 28-item instrument measures general coping styles independent of situational contexts. Following the approach of Smith and Goodfellow [29], three composite subscales were selected to reflect broader coping domains: problem-focused coping (10 items), emotion-focused coping (12 items), and use of support (6 items). These subscales capture dispositional coping styles that are conceptually distinct from psychological preparedness. Each item was rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (I haven’t been doing this at all) to 3 (I’ve been doing this a lot). Total scores for each subscale were calculated separately, with higher scores indicating more frequent use of the respective coping style. Correlations with the Japanese version of the PPDTS were examined to assess discriminant validity. Data analysis The following analyses were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the PPDTS-26. First, the structural validity of the scale was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). As the original version of the PPDTS demonstrated a four-factor structure [22], the same structure was hypothesized and tested in the Japanese sample. Model fit was evaluated using the following indices: comparative fit index (CFI) > .95, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) < .06, and/or standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) < .08 [30]. Next, measurement invariance across sexes was examined using the following increasingly constrained models: (1) configural (equal structure), (2) metric (equal loadings), (3) scalar (equal loadings and intercepts), and (4) strict invariance (equal loadings, intercepts, and residuals). Invariance was assessed using ΔCFI < .01 and ΔRMSEA < .015 as cutoff values [31]. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha for the total scale and each subscale, considering α ≥ .70 as acceptable. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), considering values greater than .70 as indicating acceptable temporal stability. Convergent validity was evaluated by examining Pearson’s correlations between scores on the Japanese version of the PPDTS (full scale and its subscales) and scores reflecting resilience and disaster self-efficacy. Discriminant validity was assessed by correlating scores on the Japanese version of the PPDTS with three specific general coping styles: emotion-focused coping, use of support, and problem-focused coping. Hypotheses regarding the magnitude of these correlations were based on findings from prior research. For convergent validity, drawing from Vaghri et al. [32] who reported a correlation of .54 between the PPDTS (total score) and a global measure of resilience, the PPDTS full scale was hypothesized to show strong positive correlations with both DRSi_knowledge and DRSi_readiness scores. The PPDTS-J23 subscales were also expected to demonstrate moderate to strong positive correlations with these DRSi subscales. Furthermore, referencing McLennan et al. [10] who found correlations between the PPDTS (total and subscales) and self-efficacy measures to range from .47 to .58, the PPDTS-J23 full scale and its subscales were hypothesized to exhibit moderate to strong positive correlations with both self-management efficacy and interpersonal resource utilization efficacy scores from the DSES. For discriminant validity, based on McLennan et al. [10] where correlations between the PPDTS (total and subscales) and various Brief COPE subscales ranged from –.19 to .19, the PPDTS-J23 full scale and its subscales were expected to exhibit weak correlations with the emotion-focused coping, use of support, and problem-focused coping subscales of the Brief COPE. Finally, the analysis plan also included an investigation into how past disaster experience relates to psychological preparedness. Scores on the Japanese version of the PPDTS were compared between participants with and without specific disaster experiences. Independent samples t-tests were planned for these comparisons to examine differences in PPDTS scores. Results Factor structure The CFA showed acceptable model fit (CFI = .924, RMSEA = .066, SRMR = .046); however, high inter-factor correlations ( r > .90) between factor 4 and factors 1 and 2 suggested multicollinearity. To clarify the factor structure, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. A three-factor solution was identified based on eigenvalues greater than 1. Item 3 was removed due to cross-loadings, and items 25 and 26 were excluded for having factor loadings below .40. A revised CFA yielded improved model fit (CFI = .942, RMSEA = .062, SRMR = .039, Akaike information criterion [AIC] = 28297.339, Bayesian information criterion [BIC] = 28632.159), and the three-factor model was retained. This decision was further supported by comparing the three-factor model with alternative structures. Specifically, the three-factor model demonstrated a substantially better fit to the data than a one-factor model (CFI = .849, RMSEA = .099, SRMR = .060, AIC = 29327.607, BIC = 29541.520). It also outperformed a two-factor model in which the items from the second and third factors of the three-factor model were combined into a single factor, on several key fit indices (two-factor model: CFI = .910, RMSEA = .077, SRMR = .050, AIC = 28621.480, BIC = 28840.044). Although the AIC and BIC values for this item-reduced two-factor model were lower, which likely reflected the smaller number of parameters following item removal, the proposed three-factor model provided a superior fit in terms of CFI, RMSEA, and SRMR. Considering these fit indices alongside the theoretical underpinnings of the constructs, the three-factor model was confirmed as the most suitable representation of the data’s underlying structure. Additionally, the substantial inter-correlations observed among the three factors (Factor 1 with Factor 2: r = .81; Factor 1 with Factor 3: r = .80; Factor 2 with Factor 3: r = .76) strongly suggested the presence of a higher-order construct, prompting a higher-order factor analysis. This analysis tested a model where a single, overarching second-order factor of Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat accounted for the covariation among the three first-order factors. The results indicated a good fit for this higher-order, single-factor model (CFI = .942, RMSEA = .062, SRMR = .039, AIC = 28297.339, BIC = 28632.526). Furthermore, all three first-order factors demonstrated strong standardized loadings on this general factor: .92 for the first factor, .88 for the second factor, and .87 for the third factor. The final factors were: (1) knowledge and management of the external situational environment (KMESE), (2) management of one’s emotional and psychological response (MEPR), and (3) management of one’s social environment (MSE). One item originally assigned to anticipatory coping with emotional response (factor 4 in Zulch’s model) was reclassified under factor 2. Descriptive statistics and standardized factor loadings for the retained items are presented in Table 2. Measurement invariance Measurement invariance was assessed using multi-group CFA across both sex and four age groups (49 years and younger, 50–59 years, 60–69 years, and 70 years and older). For both demographic variables, all levels of measurement invariance were supported. Specifically, for sex, the fit indices were: configural (CFI = .930, RMSEA = .067), metric (CFI = .929, RMSEA = .066), scalar (CFI = .922, RMSEA = .068), and strict (CFI = .920, RMSEA = .067). For the age groups, the corresponding indices were: configural (CFI = .922, RMSEA = .071), metric (CFI = .922, RMSEA = .069), scalar (CFI = .918, RMSEA = .068), and strict (CFI = .913, RMSEA = .068). In all comparisons, changes in CFI (< .01) and RMSEA (< .015) between nested models were within acceptable thresholds, indicating an equivalent factorial structure of the scale across these groups. Reliability Internal consistency was high for the total scale (α = .956, ω = .962) and for each subscale (α = .919, .936, and .827; ω = .915, .938, and .827, for KMESE, MEPR, and MSE, respectively). ICCs for test-retest reliability were also acceptable (ICC = .766, .726, .772, and .640 for total score and KMESE, MEPR, and MSE, respectively). Convergent and discriminant validity Table 3 displays intercorrelations between scores on the PPDTS-J23 (full scale and its KMESE, MEPR, and MSE subscales) and related measures, along with descriptive statistics for these variables and available Cronbach’s α coefficients and McDonald’s ω. Strong evidence for convergent validity was found for the PPDTS-J23 full scale and its KMESE, MEPR, and MSE subscales. These primarily exhibited large or medium positive correlations with scores on measures of disaster resilience (DRSi_knowledge, DRSi_readiness) and disaster self-efficacy (self-management efficacy, interpersonal resource utilization efficacy). Specific correlations with these theoretically related constructs typically ranged from r = .44 to .80 (see Table 3). Regarding discriminant validity, the PPDTS-J23 measures (full scale and subscales) generally exhibited negligible or small correlations with emotion-focused coping (from –.09 to .12). Correlations with use of support were predominantly in the “small” to “medium” range (correlation coefficients from .17 to .35). These patterns provide partial support for discriminant validity. However, contrary to discriminant validity expectations, the PPDTS-J23 full scale and all three subscales demonstrated medium to large positive correlations with problem-focused coping (correlation coefficients from .49 to .58), suggesting a noteworthy overlap with this particular coping style. To further examine whether the associations of the PPDTS-J23 with disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy were maintained even when accounting for this overlap, partial correlations were computed, controlling for problem-focused coping. After controlling for problem-focused coping, significant correlations were still observed between the PPDTS-J23 full scale and measures of disaster resilience (DRSi_knowledge, DRSi_readiness) and disaster self-efficacy (self-management efficacy, interpersonal resource utilization efficacy), with partial correlation coefficients ranging from .42 to .63. This pattern of retained associations also extended to the PPDTS-J23 subscales: KMESE (partial correlation coefficients from .42 to .73), MEPR (partial correlation coefficients from .30 to .70), and MSE (partial correlation coefficients from .23 to .44). These findings suggest that even when the shared variance with problem-focused coping is statistically controlled, the PPDTS-J23 and its subscales maintain meaningful relationships with key indicators of disaster preparedness, indicating that their utility in these associations extends beyond an overlap with general problem-focused coping tendencies. Psychological preparedness and disaster experience As shown in Table 4, no statistically significant differences were found in the PPDTS-J23 total scores or any of its subscale scores (KMESE, MEPR, and MSE) based on whether participants had experienced a typhoon or severe storm damage, whether their home had been damaged by such an event, or whether they had evacuated due to a typhoon or severe storm. Overall, these specific past disaster experiences did not show a significant association with the current levels of psychological preparedness as measured by the PPDTS-J23 in this sample. Discussion This study aimed to develop and validate a Japanese version of the PPDTS to assess the psychological readiness of Japanese individuals for hydro-meteorological hazards such as typhoons and severe storms. The results provide robust evidence of the psychometric soundness of the revised 23-item Japanese version (PPDTS-J23) with a three-factor structure, measurement invariance across demographic groups, high internal consistency, acceptable test-retest reliability, and both convergent and discriminant validity. The final PPDTS-J23 consisted of three factors: KMESE, MEPR, and MSE. This structure partially aligns with the four-factor model of the original PPDTS-26 [22], which also included the factor anticipatory coping with emotional response. However, consistent with the findings from the Turkish adaptation (PPDTS-T21 [23]), the anticipatory coping items in our Japanese sample did not load on a distinct factor but were absorbed into the emotional management factor. Notably, items originally associated with anticipatory coping with emotional response in the PPDTS-26 [22] did not emerge as a separate factor in the present study. Instead, these items were incorporated into MEPR. This structural integration is theoretically consistent, as both anticipatory coping and emotional regulation reflect internal psychological readiness for future threat. Therefore, instead of indicating a conceptual loss, the convergence of these dimensions may reflect a more cohesive understanding of emotional preparedness in the Japanese context, wherein managing prospective emotional responses is closely tied to ongoing emotional self-regulation. In Japan, where disaster awareness is generally high and disasters are perceived as an immediate threat due to frequent occurrences such as earthquakes and typhoons, individuals may not sharply distinguish between pre-disaster emotional preparedness and post-disaster psychological impact. This cultural orientation toward constant readiness may foster a sense of emotional control and self-efficacy that buffers post-disaster distress. However, when actual disasters strike, the gap between perceived readiness and lived experience can still lead to significant psychological effects. Similar patterns may be observed in other disaster-prone regions such as Turkey [23], where earthquakes are common. In contrast, the original PPDTS-26 [22] was developed with Australian participants in Queensland, a region affected primarily by cyclones, where disaster preparedness and government response systems may differ from those in Japan. Thus, the three-factor structure observed in this study mirrors both the Turkish version and the earlier two-factor model [10], which distinguished between “Knowledge and Management of the Threat Situation” and “Anticipation, Awareness and Self-Management.” Taken together, these findings suggest that while the core constructs of psychological preparedness—knowledge, emotional regulation, and social response—are generally stable across contexts, the manifestation and distinctiveness of anticipatory coping may be dependent on cultures and hazards. The PPDTS-J23 demonstrated sufficient validity and reliability. Internal consistency coefficients were excellent for the overall scale (α = .956) and each subscale (all α > .82), and test-retest reliability over a one-month interval, suggesting acceptable stability. Convergent validity was supported by moderate to strong positive correlations with disaster resilience ( r = .680) and self-efficacy ( r = .734), consistent with prior literature highlighting the role of confidence, coping capacity, and practical knowledge in psychological preparedness [7,10]. As hypothesized, weak or negligible correlations were observed between the PPDTS-J23 and the emotion-focused coping and use of support subscales of the Brief COPE, supporting its discriminant validity in these aspects. However, the problem-focused coping subscale exhibited an unexpectedly strong positive correlation with the PPDTS-J23. This initially suggested a considerable conceptual overlap, given that both constructs emphasize goal-directed cognitive and behavioral strategies in response to threats. It is plausible that individuals who typically engage in problem-solving inherently demonstrate greater cognitive readiness and planning behaviors, which are central to psychological preparedness. To further investigate whether the PPDTS-J23’s core associations with disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy were distinct from this overlap with problem-focused coping, a follow-up partial correlation analysis was conducted, controlling problem-focused coping. As detailed in the results section, this analysis revealed that even after accounting for the variance shared with problem-focused coping, the PPDTS-J23 maintained significant positive correlations with measures of disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy. This crucial finding suggests that while the PPDTS-J23 shares some common variance with problem-focused coping, it also captures unique aspects of psychological preparedness that independently relate to disaster resilience and self-efficacy. Therefore, the PPDTS-J23 is not merely redundant with this general coping style but also offers distinct value in assessing psychological readiness for disasters. A notable finding in this study was the lack of a statistically significant association between the assessed past hydro-meteorological disaster experiences and current PPDTS-J23 scores. This outcome, while differing from some initial hypotheses, may be understood within Japan’s unique context. Given Japan’s frequent exposure to hydro-meteorological events like typhoons and heavy rainfall, there is pervasive public access to disaster-related information and a strong societal emphasis on preparedness, likely fostering a generally high baseline of disaster awareness and engagement in preparatory activities across the population. This widespread, often indirect, exposure and societal conditioning might cultivate a more homogenous level of the psychological preparedness components measured by the PPDTS-J23—such as knowledge and management of the environment, emotional regulation, and management of social resources—than might be observed in populations less routinely exposed to such threats. Consequently, the binary (yes/no) measures of specific past disaster experiences used in this study may not have been sufficiently sensitive to detect significant variations in these psychological preparedness traits. This could be particularly true if the direct experiences reported by participants were not uniformly severe or did not provide unique learning beyond the common, societally-shared understanding and preparedness messaging prevalent for these types of recurrent hazards in Japan. Future research might benefit from exploring more nuanced aspects of disaster experience, including perceived severity and personal impact, to better understand their relationship with psychological preparedness in a highly disaster-aware society. The present findings contribute to ongoing efforts to establish culturally and contextually grounded tools for assessing psychological preparedness. In contrast to existing Japanese tools that primarily emphasize behavioral and material readiness, the PPDTS-J23 offers a more nuanced evaluation of psychological preparedness, incorporating emotional and interpersonal regulation. As such, it provides a critical resource for researchers, public health practitioners, and policymakers seeking to foster psychological preparedness in disaster-prone regions. Nonetheless, this study had several limitations. First, although the sample was diverse in terms of age and sex, it was recruited online, which may limit the generalizability. Second, as the scale was developed for hydro-meteorological hazards, its applicability to other disaster types (e.g., earthquakes, pandemics) needs to be examined. Third, although cognitive debriefing and expert review ensured content validity, qualitative studies may further illuminate cultural interpretations of psychological preparedness. Conclusion The PPDTS-J23 is a valid and reliable measure of psychological preparedness for disaster threats in the Japanese context. While consistent with the theoretical foundations established by Zulch and others, the three-factor structure identified in this study underscores the importance of cultural and contextual adaptation in scale development. Future research should explore the scale’s utility in different hazard contexts and investigate its predictive validity for preparedness behaviors and psychological outcomes in actual disaster events. Declarations Acknowledgements We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing. Funding This research was supported by YNU Research Center Activity Support Program (Next generation). Author contributions All authors contributed to the translation of the scale and to the overall study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by TK. Data analysis was conducted by TK and MT. The first draft of the manuscript was written by TK, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data availability Individual-level data cannot be made publicly available due to the informed consent and IRB restrictions (Approval ID: 人医-2024-19). De-identified data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and completion of a Data Use Agreement. Project materials (metadata, survey instruments, and documentation) are available on OSF: https://osf.io/38z5v/overview?view_only=2251260782dd4ed79257c81f468a4cae Additional information Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Cabinet Office. Basic Act on Disaster Management (Act No. 223 of 1961; latest amendment: act No. 47 of 2016), (2016). https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3322/en. Cabinet Office. Ise Bay typhoon, (2008). Report (1959. https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/kyokun/kyoukunnokeishou/rep/1959_isewan_typhoon/index.html. Digital archives of Kumamoto disasters July, 2020 heavy rains. https://www.kumamoto-archive.jp/en/about-rain (2021) About the. Baker, N. D. ‘Everything always works’: continuity as a source of disaster preparedness problems. Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters 32 , 428–458 (2014). Nguyễn, L. T., Bostrom, A., Abramson, D. B. & Moy, P. 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Evaluating psychological preparedness for the threat and impacts of climate change disasters and its change after intervention: an integrated modelling approach. WIT Trans. Built Environ. 150 , 259–270 (2015). Maeda, T., Kotera, S., Matsuda, N. & Huebner, C. A. Developing a scale to measure Japanese nurses’ individual readiness for deployment to disasters. Nurs. Health Sci. 20 , 346–354 (2018). Nishigami, A. Evaluation of the use of the “Natural Disaster Preparedness Scale for Hospital Nursing Departments” tool in Japan. Health Emerg. Disaster Nurs. 7 , 1–8 (2020). Matsukawa, A., Nagamatsu, S., Ohtsuka, R. & Hayashi, H. Disaster Resilience Scale for individuals: a fundamental requirement for a disaster-resilient society. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc. 107 , 104405 (2024). Motoyoshi, T. Development of a disaster self-efficacy scale. J. Soc. Saf. Sci. 9 , 103–117. https://kansai-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/13092/files/KU-1100-20190331-11.pdf (2019). 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T. & Bentler, P. M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ Model. 6 , 1–55 (1999). Chen, F. F. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct. Equ Model. 14 , 464–504 (2007). Vaghri, E., Sotodehasl, N., Mehrafzoon, D. & Afrakhteh, S. The relationship between self-efficacy and resilience with psychological preparation and mediating role of stress coping styles in RCS rapid response teams in Iran. Q. Sci. J. Rescue Relief 16 , 140–147 (2024). Tables Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants (N = 773) Variable Category Frequency Proportion Sex Female 368 0.48 Male 405 0.52 Age group 10s 1 0.00 20s 12 0.02 30s 53 0.07 40s 135 0.18 50s 219 0.28 60s 227 0.29 70s 104 0.14 80s and over 22 0.03 Marital status Married 478 0.62 Single 295 0.38 Household income (Japanese yen/year) 7,000,000 or more 248 0.32 4,000,000–6,999,999 222 0.29 Less than 4,000,000 257 0.33 Presence of children Yes 410 0.53 No 363 0.47 Type of residence Dormitory or boarding house 2 0.00 Owned condominium 144 0.19 Owned detached house 402 0.52 Company housing 4 0.01 Rented apartment 69 0.09 Rented condominium 117 0.15 Rented detached house 22 0.03 Other 13 0.02 Experienced typhoon/storm damage No 689 0.89 Yes 84 0.11 Home damaged by typhoon/storm No 619 0.80 Yes 154 0.20 Evacuated due to typhoon/storm No 713 0.92 Yes 60 0.08 Table 2 Confirmatory factor analysis results of the PPDTS-J23 Factor Item No. Item Loading SE Factor 1: knowledge and management of the external situational environment 1 I can assess the likelihood of a typhoon crossing the coast. .64 .02 2 I regularly monitor news bulletins and Japan Meteorological Agency advice during storm season. .50 .03 4 I would be able to locate the severe storm or typhoon preparedness materials in a weather warning situation easily. .72 .02 5 I know how to adequately prepare my home for the forthcoming storm or typhoon season. .78 .02 6 I know where I can quickly find the emergency contact information in a severe weather situation. .70 .02 7 I am familiar with the severe storm or typhoon preparedness materials available to me. .75 .02 8 I know which household preparedness measures are needed to stay safe in a very severe storm or typhoon situation. .79 .02 9 I am familiar with the weather signs of an approaching storm or typhoon. .70 .02 10 I know what to look out for in my home and workplace if an emergency weather situation should develop. .75 .02 11 I am familiar with the disaster warning system messages used for extreme weather events. .74 .02 12 I know what the difference between a weather warning and a weather watch for typhoons. .65 .02 13 I am knowledgeable about the impact that very severe storms or typhoons can have on my home. .66 .02 Factor 2: management of one’s emotional and psychological response 14 I feel reasonably confident in my own ability to deal with stressful situations that I might find myself in. .82 .01 15 In a severe storm or typhoon situation I would be able to cope with my anxiety and fear. .85 .01 16 I think I am able to manage my feelings pretty well in difficult and challenging situations. .83 .01 17 When necessary, I can talk myself through challenging situations. .76 .02 18 I seem to be able to stay cool and calm in most difficult situations. .83 .01 19 I know which strategies I could use to calm myself in a severe storm or typhoon situation. .78 .02 20 If I found myself in a severe storm or typhoon situation, I would know how to manage my own response to the situation. .80 .01 24 I am able to identify my feelings pretty well in challenging situations. .77 .02 Factor 3: management of one’s social environment 21 I would be able to tell easily if those/others around me are in distress. .71 .02 22 If others are in distress, I would know how to calm them down. .79 .02 23 I know which strategies I could use to calm others in a severe storm or typhoon warning situation. .85 .02 Deleted items 3 I am confident that I know what to do and what actions to take in a severe weather situation. 25 During severe storms or typhoons, I would notice if I am feeling anxious or stressed. 26 I usually prepare mentally for situations that might be difficult or stressful. Note . PPDTS-J23: Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale Table 3 Descriptive statistics, internal consistency, and correlations between PPDTS-J23 and related variables Variables α ω M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 PPDTS-J23 .96 .96 57.90 12.67 — .94 *** .91 *** .73 *** .42 *** .50 *** .63 *** .48 *** 2 KMESE .91 .91 26.42 6.15 .95 *** — .73 *** .61 *** .48 *** .56 *** .49 *** .42 *** 3 MEPR .94 .94 24.84 5.72 .94 *** .81 *** — .59 *** .30 *** .35 *** .70 *** .45 *** 4 MSE .83 .83 6.64 1.78 .80 *** .71 *** .70 *** — .23 *** .36 *** .41 *** .44 *** 5 DRSi_knowlege .74 .71 16.31 3.16 .60 *** .63 *** .52 *** .44 *** — 6 DRSi_readiness .89 .89 20.10 5.69 .63 *** .67 *** .53 *** .51 *** .64 *** — 7 Self-management efficacy .94 .94 15.33 4.48 .75 *** .63 *** .80 *** .57 *** .44 *** .46 *** — 8 Interpersonal resource utilization efficacy .91 .91 17.50 5.04 .64 *** .57 *** .62 *** .59 *** .45 *** .55 *** .76 *** — 9 Emotion-focused coping .81 .81 23.85 4.87 -.03 -.01 -.09 * .12 ** .00 .10 ** -.11 ** -.01 — 10 Problem-focused coping .82 .81 26.12 3.95 .58 *** .51 *** .58 *** .49 *** .54 *** .48 *** .54 *** .52 *** .13 *** — 11 Use of support .80 .81 14.49 3.00 .23 *** .22 *** .17 *** .35 *** .34 *** .40 *** .18 *** .42 *** .28 *** .49 *** Note. Standard Pearson correlations are shown in the lower left triangle; partial correlations controlling for problem-focused coping between PPDTS-J23 measures (full scale and subscales) and measures of disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy are shown in the upper right triangle . * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. PPDTS-J23: Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale, KMESE: Knowledge and Management of the External Situational Environment, MEPR: Management of one’s Emotional and Psychological Response, MSE: Management of one’s Social Environment, DRSi: Disaster Resilience Scale for Individuals Table 4 PPDTS-J23 and disaster experience Experienced typhoon/storm damage Home damaged by typhoon/storm Evacuated due to typhoon/storm Category M SD p M SD p M SD p PPDTS-J23 No 57.75 12.59 .36 57.67 12.69 .30 57.96 12.66 .67 Yes 59.17 13.36 58.84 12.60 57.22 12.88 KMESE No 26.29 6.07 .10 26.22 6.10 .07 26.40 6.12 .73 Yes 27.55 6.71 27.25 6.30 26.70 6.54 MEPR No 24.84 5.72 .95 24.82 5.74 .85 24.93 5.74 .14 Yes 24.88 5.78 24.92 5.67 23.82 5.46 MSE No 6.63 1.78 .60 6.63 1.81 .77 6.63 1.77 .79 Yes 6.74 1.80 6.68 1.66 6.70 1.88 Note. PPDTS-J23: Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale, KMESE: Knowledge and Management of the External Situational Environment, MEPR: Management of one’s Emotional and Psychological Response, MSE: Management of one’s Social Environment Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Historical records underscore this vulnerability. The 1959 Ise Bay Typhoon, remains the deadliest post-Meiji typhoon, with 5,098 casualties [2]. More recently, the 2020 Kumamoto floods caused widespread destruction and 65 deaths [3]. These events highlight the urgent need for comprehensive disaster preparedness at both the individual and community levels in Japan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, disaster preparedness has focused on physical and material readiness such as stockpiling supplies, securing emergency resources, and formulating response plans [4]. It conceptualizes household preparedness, measuring it through tangible indicators such as emergency kits and evacuation plans [5]. However, growing research indicates that material-focused strategies alone are insufficient, highlighting the need for social capital, shared community resources, and psychological readiness of individuals [5,6]. In particular, psychosocial preparedness—encompassing mental and emotional readiness to cope with disaster threats—is a critical component of overall resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its increasing recognition, psychological preparedness is inconsistently defined [7]. A growing body of literature conceptualizes it as comprising both cognitive and emotional dimensions [8,9]. The cognitive domain includes risk perception, acquisition of relevant knowledge, and the ability to make informed decisions under uncertainty. The “Knowledge and Management” subscale of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale (PPDTS) reflects this aspect [10]. In addition, social-cognitive factors, such as prior disaster experience and perceived community preparedness, influence cognitive readiness [11,12]. The emotional dimension involves self-awareness, emotional regulation, and resilience. Higher levels of self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem are associated with higher levels of psychological preparedness [13], while anxiety and depression are associated with lower levels of preparedness [9,14]. Emotional stability enables individuals to manage disaster-related stress and maintain adaptive functioning under pressure. Thus, an integrated model incorporating both cognitive and emotional aspects is essential to comprehensively understand psychological preparedness. While physical preparedness ensures survival, psychological preparedness enhances decision-making and mitigates long-term psychological harm [10,15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its critical significance, a standardized, psychometrically validated instrument for assessing psychological preparedness in Japan is lacking. Existing disaster preparedness scales in Japan predominantly focus on behavioral and material aspects, without adequately addressing internal cognitive and emotional processes. For example, the Japanese Disaster Nursing Readiness Evaluation Index measures readiness among nurses but focuses mainly on professional competencies and deployment logistics rather than internal psychological states [16]. Similarly, the Natural Disaster Preparedness Scale for Hospital Nursing Departments focuses on institutional readiness, overlooking individual emotional capacities [17]. The Disaster Resilience Scale for Individuals (DRSi) offers a broader assessment of behavioral preparedness but does not specifically capture anticipatory emotional responses such as anxiety regulation, perceived control, or confidence in disaster coping [18]. The Disaster Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES) evaluates perceived coping efficacy but omits critical cognitive and affective precursors to preparedness [19]. Moreover, tools such as the Impact of Event Scale–Revised, while commonly used in Japan, measure post-event trauma responses, not proactive readiness [20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PPDTS assesses individuals’ self-reported psychological readiness for disasters [10]. The original 18-item version proposed a two-factor model: (1) knowledge and management of the external situational environment and (2) anticipation, awareness, and management of one’s psychological response [21]. This was later expanded to a 26-item version (PPDTS-26) by Zulch [22], with a four-factor structure that included, in addition to the above two factors, (3) management of one’s social environment and (4) anticipatory coping with emotional response. Subsequently, cross-cultural adaptations have demonstrated variability in factor structure. For instance, the Turkish version (PPDTS-T21) yielded a three-factor model excluding anticipatory coping as a distinct domain [23]. These variations suggest that while the core components of psychological preparedness are conceptually robust, their dimensional organization may be sensitive to cultural and contextual factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven Japan’s frequent exposure to diverse natural hazards, there is a pressing need for a culturally grounded and psychometrically sound instrument that captures the multidimensional nature of psychological preparedness—particularly its cognitive and emotional components. Building on the conceptual framework of the PPDTS and considering its structural variations across cultures, the present study aims to develop and validate a Japanese version of the PPDTS. While the original PPDTS-26 [22] was designed to comprehensively assess psychological preparedness through four theoretically derived dimensions, its adaptability in multiple settings demonstrates differing factorial structures. In line with this evolving framework, the current study seeks to examine the reliability and validity of a Japanese version of the scale and to evaluate its applicability in disaster-prone Japanese communities. By developing a culturally and contextually relevant tool, this research aims to advance disaster education, support evidence-based emergency management strategies, and ultimately enhance national resilience to disaster threats.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA nationwide online survey was conducted in Japan through the internet research platform Freeasy (https://freeasy24.research-plus.net/). The data were collected on December 10, 2024, targeting a stratified sample of 1,000 adults aged 18 to 99 years, comprising 500 men and 500 women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee for Human Subjects at Yokohama National University (Approval No. Jin-I-2024-19). All study procedures adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure data quality, responses from inattentive or careless individuals were excluded from the analysis through multiple criteria. First, inattentive respondents were identified using a Directed Question Scale (DQS) item that required participants to select a specific response option [24]. A total of 209 participants who failed to respond correctly to this attention check item were excluded. Second, we identified extreme response durations based on the methods recommended by Smyth et al. [25]. Response times were log-transformed, and participants whose response times differed more than 2 standard deviations below the mean were considered careless and excluded (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 18). Subsequently, the final sample consisted of 773 participants (368 women and 405 men), with a mean age of 57.59 years (SD = 12.49). The sociodemographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test-retest reliability was assessed through a follow-up survey after approximately one month with a separate sample of 200 participants (100 men and 100 women). The same DQS item was used, leading to the exclusion of five participants. The final test-retest sample included 195 participants (97 women, 98 men; mean age = 57.53 years, SD = 11.31).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDisaster experience\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree custom-developed questions were used to assess participants’ experiences with typhoons or severe storms. Specifically, they were asked the following: (1) “Have you ever experienced damage caused by a typhoon or severe storm?”; (2) “Has your home ever been damaged by a typhoon or severe storm?”; and (3) “Have you ever evacuated to a shelter or other safe place due to a typhoon or severe storm?”. Each item was rated using a binary response format (1 = no, 2 = yes). These items were used to explore the relationship between past disaster experience and psychological preparedness scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePsychological preparedness for disaster threat\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Japanese version of the PPDTS was developed based on the translation guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Task Force [26]. Permission to translate the scale into Japanese was obtained from its original author, Hannah Zulch. Subsequently, a forward translation was performed by a professional translator through a survey agency and independently by the first author. Then, these two versions were reviewed and integrated by a panel of five university faculty members, including three psychology experts and two meteorology and disaster risk reduction experts. In the process, certain terms were adapted to better reflect the Japanese cultural and institutional context—for example, “cyclone” was replaced with “typhoon,” “Met Bureau” with “Japan Meteorological Agency,” and “a cyclone warning” with “a weather warning.” A back-translation was performed by a professional translator, and the original author confirmed the conceptual equivalence of the back-translated version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, a cognitive debriefing was conducted with seven university students to assess item clarity. Unclear items were revised based on discussions between two psychology faculty members to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness. The final Japanese version consisted of 26 items. Each item was rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all true of me) to 4 (exactly true of me). Both total and subscale scores were calculated, with higher scores indicating higher levels of psychological preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDisaster resilience\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess convergent validity, two subscales from the DRSi [18] were used: knowledge (8 items), assessing the understanding of local disaster risks (e.g., hazard maps and past disaster experiences), and readiness (9 items), evaluating practical and economic preparedness (e.g., stockpiling supplies, holding disaster insurance, and discussing evacuation plans with others). Items were rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = does not apply, 4 = applies). Total scores for each subscale were calculated separately, with higher scores indicating greater disaster resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDisaster self-efficacy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn 11-item measure of the DSES [19] was used to assess convergent validity. This measure comprises two subscales: self-management efficacy (6 items), reflecting confidence in one’s ability to remain calm, act flexibly, and manage adversity during disasters, and interpersonal resource utilization efficacy (5 items), assessing confidence in seeking and using support from others. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all applicable) to 5 (very applicable). Total scores for each subscale were calculated separately, with higher scores indicating greater disaster self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGeneral coping styles\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Japanese version of the Brief COPE [27,28] was used to assess discriminant validity. This 28-item instrument measures general coping styles independent of situational contexts. Following the approach of Smith and Goodfellow [29], three composite subscales were selected to reflect broader coping domains: problem-focused coping (10 items), emotion-focused coping (12 items), and use of support (6 items). These subscales capture dispositional coping styles that are conceptually distinct from psychological preparedness. Each item was rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (I haven’t been doing this at all) to 3 (I’ve been doing this a lot). Total scores for each subscale were calculated separately, with higher scores indicating more frequent use of the respective coping style. Correlations with the Japanese version of the PPDTS were examined to assess discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following analyses were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the PPDTS-26. First, the structural validity of the scale was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). As the original version of the PPDTS demonstrated a four-factor structure [22], the same structure was hypothesized and tested in the Japanese sample. Model fit was evaluated using the following indices: comparative fit index (CFI) \u0026gt; .95, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) \u0026lt; .06, and/or standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) \u0026lt; .08 [30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext, measurement invariance across sexes was examined using the following increasingly constrained models: (1) configural (equal structure), (2) metric (equal loadings), (3) scalar (equal loadings and intercepts), and (4) strict invariance (equal loadings, intercepts, and residuals). Invariance was assessed using ΔCFI \u0026lt; .01 and ΔRMSEA \u0026lt; .015 as cutoff values [31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha for the total scale and each subscale, considering α ≥ .70 as acceptable. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), considering values greater than .70 as indicating acceptable temporal stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConvergent validity was evaluated by examining Pearson’s correlations between scores on the Japanese version of the PPDTS (full scale and its subscales) and scores reflecting resilience and disaster self-efficacy. Discriminant validity was assessed by correlating scores on the Japanese version of the PPDTS with three specific general coping styles: emotion-focused coping, use of support, and problem-focused coping.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypotheses regarding the magnitude of these correlations were based on findings from prior research. For convergent validity, drawing from Vaghri et al. [32] who reported a correlation of .54 between the PPDTS (total score) and a global measure of resilience, the PPDTS full scale was hypothesized to show strong positive correlations with both DRSi_knowledge and DRSi_readiness scores. The PPDTS-J23 subscales were also expected to demonstrate moderate to strong positive correlations with these DRSi subscales. Furthermore, referencing McLennan et al. [10] who found correlations between the PPDTS (total and subscales) and self-efficacy measures to range from .47 to .58, the PPDTS-J23 full scale and its subscales were hypothesized to exhibit moderate to strong positive correlations with both self-management efficacy and interpersonal resource utilization efficacy scores from the DSES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor discriminant validity, based on McLennan et al. [10] where correlations between the PPDTS (total and subscales) and various Brief COPE subscales ranged from –.19 to .19, the PPDTS-J23 full scale and its subscales were expected to exhibit weak correlations with the emotion-focused coping, use of support, and problem-focused coping subscales of the Brief COPE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the analysis plan also included an investigation into how past disaster experience relates to psychological preparedness. Scores on the Japanese version of the PPDTS were compared between participants with and without specific disaster experiences. Independent samples t-tests were planned for these comparisons to examine differences in PPDTS scores.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor structure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CFA showed acceptable model fit (CFI = .924, RMSEA = .066, SRMR = .046); however, high inter-factor correlations (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; .90) between factor 4 and factors 1 and 2 suggested multicollinearity. To clarify the factor structure, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. A three-factor solution was identified based on eigenvalues greater than 1. Item 3 was removed due to cross-loadings, and items 25 and 26 were excluded for having factor loadings below .40. A revised CFA yielded improved model fit (CFI = .942, RMSEA = .062, SRMR = .039, Akaike information criterion [AIC] = 28297.339, Bayesian information criterion [BIC] = 28632.159), and the three-factor model was retained. This decision was further supported by comparing the three-factor model with alternative structures. Specifically, the three-factor model demonstrated a substantially better fit to the data than a one-factor model (CFI = .849, RMSEA = .099, SRMR = .060, AIC = 29327.607, BIC = 29541.520). It also outperformed a two-factor model in which the items from the second and third factors of the three-factor model were combined into a single factor, on several key fit indices (two-factor model: CFI = .910, RMSEA = .077, SRMR = .050, AIC = 28621.480, BIC = 28840.044). Although the AIC and BIC values for this item-reduced two-factor model were lower, which likely reflected the smaller number of parameters following item removal, the proposed three-factor model provided a superior fit in terms of CFI, RMSEA, and SRMR. Considering these fit indices alongside the theoretical underpinnings of the constructs, the three-factor model was confirmed as the most suitable representation of the data’s underlying structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the substantial inter-correlations observed among the three factors (Factor 1 with Factor 2: \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .81; Factor 1 with Factor 3: \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .80; Factor 2 with Factor 3: \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .76) strongly suggested the presence of a higher-order construct, prompting a higher-order factor analysis. This analysis tested a model where a single, overarching second-order factor of Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat accounted for the covariation among the three first-order factors. The results indicated a good fit for this higher-order, single-factor model (CFI = .942, RMSEA = .062, SRMR = .039, AIC = 28297.339, BIC = 28632.526). Furthermore, all three first-order factors demonstrated strong standardized loadings on this general factor: .92 for the first factor, .88 for the second factor, and .87 for the third factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final factors were: (1) \u003cem\u003eknowledge and management of the external situational environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(KMESE), (2) \u003cem\u003emanagement of one’s emotional and psychological response\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(MEPR), and (3) \u003cem\u003emanagement of one’s social environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(MSE). One item originally assigned to \u003cem\u003eanticipatory coping with emotional response\u003c/em\u003e (factor 4 in Zulch’s model) was reclassified under factor 2. Descriptive statistics and standardized factor loadings for the retained items are presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement invariance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurement invariance was assessed using multi-group CFA across both sex and four age groups (49 years and younger, 50–59 years, 60–69 years, and 70 years and older). For both demographic variables, all levels of measurement invariance were supported. Specifically, for sex, the fit indices were: configural (CFI = .930, RMSEA = .067), metric (CFI = .929, RMSEA = .066), scalar (CFI = .922, RMSEA = .068), and strict (CFI = .920, RMSEA = .067). For the age groups, the corresponding indices were: configural (CFI = .922, RMSEA = .071), metric (CFI = .922, RMSEA = .069), scalar (CFI = .918, RMSEA = .068), and strict (CFI = .913, RMSEA = .068). In all comparisons, changes in CFI (\u0026lt; .01) and RMSEA (\u0026lt; .015) between nested models were within acceptable thresholds, indicating an equivalent factorial structure of the scale across these groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReliability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternal consistency was high for the total scale (α = .956, ω = .962) and for each subscale (α = .919, .936, and .827; ω = .915, .938, and .827, for KMESE, MEPR, and MSE, respectively). ICCs for test-retest reliability were also acceptable (ICC = .766, .726, .772, and .640 for total score and KMESE, MEPR, and MSE, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConvergent and discriminant validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 displays intercorrelations between scores on the PPDTS-J23 (full scale and its KMESE, MEPR, and MSE subscales) and related measures, along with descriptive statistics for these variables and available Cronbach’s α coefficients and McDonald’s ω.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrong evidence for convergent validity was found for the PPDTS-J23 full scale and its KMESE, MEPR, and MSE subscales. These primarily exhibited large or medium positive correlations with scores on measures of disaster resilience (DRSi_knowledge, DRSi_readiness) and disaster self-efficacy (self-management efficacy, interpersonal resource utilization efficacy). Specific correlations with these theoretically related constructs typically ranged from \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .44 to .80 (see Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding discriminant validity, the PPDTS-J23 measures (full scale and subscales) generally exhibited negligible or small correlations with emotion-focused coping (from –.09 to .12). Correlations with use of support were predominantly in the “small” to “medium” range (correlation coefficients from .17 to .35). These patterns provide partial support for discriminant validity. However, contrary to discriminant validity expectations, the PPDTS-J23 full scale and all three subscales demonstrated medium to large positive correlations with problem-focused coping (correlation coefficients from .49 to .58), suggesting a noteworthy overlap with this particular coping style.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further examine whether the associations of the PPDTS-J23 with disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy were maintained even when accounting for this overlap, partial correlations were computed, controlling for problem-focused coping. After controlling for problem-focused coping, significant correlations were still observed between the PPDTS-J23 full scale and measures of disaster resilience (DRSi_knowledge, DRSi_readiness) and disaster self-efficacy (self-management efficacy, interpersonal resource utilization efficacy), with partial correlation coefficients ranging from .42 to .63. This pattern of retained associations also extended to the PPDTS-J23 subscales: KMESE (partial correlation coefficients from .42 to .73), MEPR (partial correlation coefficients from .30 to .70), and MSE (partial correlation coefficients from .23 to .44). These findings suggest that even when the shared variance with problem-focused coping is statistically controlled, the PPDTS-J23 and its subscales maintain meaningful relationships with key indicators of disaster preparedness, indicating that their utility in these associations extends beyond an overlap with general problem-focused coping tendencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePsychological preparedness and disaster experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 4, no statistically significant differences were found in the PPDTS-J23 total scores or any of its subscale scores (KMESE, MEPR, and MSE) based on whether participants had experienced a typhoon or severe storm damage, whether their home had been damaged by such an event, or whether they had evacuated due to a typhoon or severe storm. Overall, these specific past disaster experiences did not show a significant association with the current levels of psychological preparedness as measured by the PPDTS-J23 in this sample.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to develop and validate a Japanese version of the PPDTS to assess the psychological readiness of Japanese individuals for hydro-meteorological hazards such as typhoons and severe storms. The results provide robust evidence of the psychometric soundness of the revised 23-item Japanese version (PPDTS-J23) with a three-factor structure, measurement invariance across demographic groups, high internal consistency, acceptable test-retest reliability, and both convergent and discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final PPDTS-J23 consisted of three factors: KMESE, MEPR, and MSE. This structure partially aligns with the four-factor model of the original PPDTS-26 [22], which also included the factor anticipatory coping with emotional response. However, consistent with the findings from the Turkish adaptation (PPDTS-T21 [23]), the anticipatory coping items in our Japanese sample did not load on a distinct factor but were absorbed into the emotional management factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, items originally associated with anticipatory coping with emotional response in the PPDTS-26 [22] did not emerge as a separate factor in the present study. Instead, these items were incorporated into MEPR. This structural integration is theoretically consistent, as both anticipatory coping and emotional regulation reflect internal psychological readiness for future threat. Therefore, instead of indicating a conceptual loss, the convergence of these dimensions may reflect a more cohesive understanding of emotional preparedness in the Japanese context, wherein managing prospective emotional responses is closely tied to ongoing emotional self-regulation. In Japan, where disaster awareness is generally high and disasters are perceived as an immediate threat due to frequent occurrences such as earthquakes and typhoons, individuals may not sharply distinguish between pre-disaster emotional preparedness and post-disaster psychological impact. This cultural orientation toward constant readiness may foster a sense of emotional control and self-efficacy that buffers post-disaster distress. However, when actual disasters strike, the gap between perceived readiness and lived experience can still lead to significant psychological effects. Similar patterns may be observed in other disaster-prone regions such as Turkey [23], where earthquakes are common. In contrast, the original PPDTS-26 [22] was developed with Australian participants in Queensland, a region affected primarily by cyclones, where disaster preparedness and government response systems may differ from those in Japan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, the three-factor structure observed in this study mirrors both the Turkish version and the earlier two-factor model [10], which distinguished between “Knowledge and Management of the Threat Situation” and “Anticipation, Awareness and Self-Management.” Taken together, these findings suggest that while the core constructs of psychological preparedness—knowledge, emotional regulation, and social response—are generally stable across contexts, the manifestation and distinctiveness of anticipatory coping may be dependent on cultures and hazards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PPDTS-J23 demonstrated sufficient validity and reliability. Internal consistency coefficients were excellent for the overall scale (α = .956) and each subscale (all α \u0026gt; .82), and test-retest reliability over a one-month interval, suggesting acceptable stability. Convergent validity was supported by moderate to strong positive correlations with disaster resilience (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .680) and self-efficacy (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .734), consistent with prior literature highlighting the role of confidence, coping capacity, and practical knowledge in psychological preparedness [7,10].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs hypothesized, weak or negligible correlations were observed between the PPDTS-J23 and the emotion-focused coping and use of support subscales of the Brief COPE, supporting its discriminant validity in these aspects. However, the problem-focused coping subscale exhibited an unexpectedly strong positive correlation with the PPDTS-J23. This initially suggested a considerable conceptual overlap, given that both constructs emphasize goal-directed cognitive and behavioral strategies in response to threats. It is plausible that individuals who typically engage in problem-solving inherently demonstrate greater cognitive readiness and planning behaviors, which are central to psychological preparedness. To further investigate whether the PPDTS-J23’s core associations with disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy were distinct from this overlap with problem-focused coping, a follow-up partial correlation analysis was conducted, controlling problem-focused coping. As detailed in the results section, this analysis revealed that even after accounting for the variance shared with problem-focused coping, the PPDTS-J23 maintained significant positive correlations with measures of disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy. This crucial finding suggests that while the PPDTS-J23 shares some common variance with problem-focused coping, it also captures unique aspects of psychological preparedness that independently relate to disaster resilience and self-efficacy. Therefore, the PPDTS-J23 is not merely redundant with this general coping style but also offers distinct value in assessing psychological readiness for disasters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA notable finding in this study was the lack of a statistically significant association between the assessed past hydro-meteorological disaster experiences and current PPDTS-J23 scores. This outcome, while differing from some initial hypotheses, may be understood within Japan’s unique context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven Japan’s frequent exposure to hydro-meteorological events like typhoons and heavy rainfall, there is pervasive public access to disaster-related information and a strong societal emphasis on preparedness, likely fostering a generally high baseline of disaster awareness and engagement in preparatory activities across the population. This widespread, often indirect, exposure and societal conditioning might cultivate a more homogenous level of the psychological preparedness components measured by the PPDTS-J23—such as knowledge and management of the environment, emotional regulation, and management of social resources—than might be observed in populations less routinely exposed to such threats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsequently, the binary (yes/no) measures of specific past disaster experiences used in this study may not have been sufficiently sensitive to detect significant variations in these psychological preparedness traits. This could be particularly true if the direct experiences reported by participants were not uniformly severe or did not provide unique learning beyond the common, societally-shared understanding and preparedness messaging prevalent for these types of recurrent hazards in Japan. Future research might benefit from exploring more nuanced aspects of disaster experience, including perceived severity and personal impact, to better understand their relationship with psychological preparedness in a highly disaster-aware society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present findings contribute to ongoing efforts to establish culturally and contextually grounded tools for assessing psychological preparedness. In contrast to existing Japanese tools that primarily emphasize behavioral and material readiness, the PPDTS-J23 offers a more nuanced evaluation of psychological preparedness, incorporating emotional and interpersonal regulation. As such, it provides a critical resource for researchers, public health practitioners, and policymakers seeking to foster psychological preparedness in disaster-prone regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this study had several limitations. First, although the sample was diverse in terms of age and sex, it was recruited online, which may limit the generalizability. Second, as the scale was developed for hydro-meteorological hazards, its applicability to other disaster types (e.g., earthquakes, pandemics) needs to be examined. Third, although cognitive debriefing and expert review ensured content validity, qualitative studies may further illuminate cultural interpretations of psychological preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe PPDTS-J23 is a valid and reliable measure of psychological preparedness for disaster threats in the Japanese context. While consistent with the theoretical foundations established by Zulch and others, the three-factor structure identified in this study underscores the importance of cultural and contextual adaptation in scale development. Future research should explore the scale\u0026rsquo;s utility in different hazard contexts and investigate its predictive validity for preparedness behaviors and psychological outcomes in actual disaster events.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by YNU Research Center Activity Support Program (Next generation).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the translation of the scale and to the overall study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by TK. Data analysis was conducted by TK and MT. The first draft of the manuscript was written by TK, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividual-level data cannot be made publicly available due to the informed consent and IRB restrictions (Approval ID: 人医-2024-19). De-identified data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and completion of a Data Use Agreement. Project materials (metadata, survey instruments, and documentation) are available on OSF: https://osf.io/38z5v/overview?view_only=2251260782dd4ed79257c81f468a4cae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCabinet Office. Basic Act on Disaster Management (Act No. 223 of 1961; latest amendment: act No. 47 of 2016), (2016). https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3322/en.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCabinet Office. Ise Bay typhoon, (2008). 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A social cognitive approach to disaster preparedness. \u003cem\u003ePhilipp. J. Psychol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e, 161\u0026ndash;174 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalkina-Pykh, I. G. \u0026amp; Pykh, Y. A. An integrated model of psychological preparedness for threat and impacts of climate change disasters. \u003cem\u003eWIT Trans. Built Environ.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e133\u003c/strong\u003e, 121\u0026ndash;132 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClay, L. A., Goetschius, J. B., Papas, M. A. \u0026amp; Kendra, J. Influence of mental health on disaster preparedness: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2007\u0026ndash;2009. \u003cem\u003eJ. Homeland Sec. Emerg. Manag.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e, 375\u0026ndash;392 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalkina-Pykh, I. G. \u0026amp; Pykh, Y. A. Evaluating psychological preparedness for the threat and impacts of climate change disasters and its change after intervention: an integrated modelling approach. \u003cem\u003eWIT Trans. Built Environ.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e150\u003c/strong\u003e, 259\u0026ndash;270 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaeda, T., Kotera, S., Matsuda, N. \u0026amp; Huebner, C. A. Developing a scale to measure Japanese nurses\u0026rsquo; individual readiness for deployment to disasters. \u003cem\u003eNurs. Health Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e, 346\u0026ndash;354 (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNishigami, A. Evaluation of the use of the \u0026ldquo;Natural Disaster Preparedness Scale for Hospital Nursing Departments\u0026rdquo; tool in Japan. \u003cem\u003eHealth Emerg. Disaster Nurs.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;8 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatsukawa, A., Nagamatsu, S., Ohtsuka, R. \u0026amp; Hayashi, H. Disaster Resilience Scale for individuals: a fundamental requirement for a disaster-resilient society. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Disaster Risk Reduc.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e107\u003c/strong\u003e, 104405 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMotoyoshi, T. Development of a disaster self-efficacy scale. \u003cem\u003eJ. Soc. Saf. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e, 103\u0026ndash;117. https://kansai-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/13092/files/KU-1100-20190331-11.pdf (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNiitsu, K., Watanabe-Galloway, S., Sayles, H., Houfek, J. \u0026amp; Rice, M. A pilot study of the psychological impact of the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. \u003cem\u003eJ. Am. Psychiatr. Nurs. Assoc.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e, 194\u0026ndash;202 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZulch, H. R., Morrissey, S. A., Reser, J. P. \u0026amp; Creed, P. Psychological preparedness for natural disasters in \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the first international conference on urban sustainability and resilience\u003c/em\u003e (UCL, 2012), 5\u0026ndash;6 November 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZulch, H. Psychological preparedness for natural hazards\u0026ndash;improving disaster preparedness policy and practice. Contributing paper to the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR 2019). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), (2019). https://www.undrr.org/quick/11766.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkdoğan G\u0026ouml;rg\u0026uuml;n, C., Ko\u0026ccedil;ak Şen, İ. \u0026amp; McLennan, J. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the psychological preparedness for disaster threat scale. Advance online publication. \u003cem\u003eNat. Hazards (Dordr)\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;16 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManiaci, M. R. \u0026amp; Rogge, R. D. Caring about carelessness: participant inattention and its effects on research. \u003cem\u003eJ. Res. Pers.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e, 61\u0026ndash;83 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmyth, J. D., Dillman, D. A., Christian, L. M. \u0026amp; Stern, M. J. Comparing check-all and forced-choice question formats in web surveys. \u003cem\u003ePublic Opin. Q.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e, 66\u0026ndash;77 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWild, D. et al. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. \u003cem\u003eValue Health\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e, 94\u0026ndash;104 (2005).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[27]. Carver, C. S. You want to measure coping but your protocol\u0026rsquo;s too long: consider the brief cope. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Behav. Med.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e, 92\u0026ndash;100 (1997).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOtsuka, Y. The COPE Inventory: a theoretically based coping questionnaire. \u003cem\u003eHiroshima Psychol. Res\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e, 121\u0026ndash;128 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith, M. M. \u0026amp; Goodfellow, L. The relationship between quality of life and coping strategies of adults with celiac disease adhering to a gluten-free diet. \u003cem\u003eGastroenterol. Nurs.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e, 460\u0026ndash;468 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu, L. T. \u0026amp; Bentler, P. M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. \u003cem\u003eStruct. Equ Model.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;55 (1999).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, F. F. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance.\u003cem\u003e Struct. Equ Model.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e, 464\u0026ndash;504 (2007).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaghri, E., Sotodehasl, N., Mehrafzoon, D. \u0026amp; Afrakhteh, S. The relationship between self-efficacy and resilience with psychological preparation and mediating role of stress coping styles in RCS rapid response teams in Iran. \u003cem\u003eQ. Sci. J. Rescue Relief\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e, 140\u0026ndash;147 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ch4\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants (N = 773)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"512\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80s and over\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income (Japanese yen/year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,000,000 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,000,000\u0026ndash;6,999,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 4,000,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDormitory or boarding house\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwned condominium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwned detached house\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompany housing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRented apartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRented condominium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRented detached house\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperienced typhoon/storm damage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome damaged by typhoon/storm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvacuated due to typhoon/storm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 232px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis results of the PPDTS-J23\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoading\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor 1: knowledge and management of the external situational environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI can assess the likelihood of a typhoon crossing the coast.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI regularly monitor news bulletins and Japan Meteorological Agency advice during storm season.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would be able to locate the severe storm or typhoon preparedness materials in a weather warning situation easily.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know how to adequately prepare my home for the forthcoming storm or typhoon season.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know where I can quickly find the emergency contact information in a severe weather situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am familiar with the severe storm or typhoon preparedness materials available to me.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know which household preparedness measures are needed to stay safe in a very severe storm or typhoon situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am familiar with the weather signs of an approaching storm or typhoon.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know what to look out for in my home and workplace if an emergency weather situation should develop.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am familiar with the disaster warning system messages used for extreme weather events.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know what the difference between a weather warning and a weather watch for typhoons.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am knowledgeable about the impact that very severe storms or typhoons can have on my home.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor 2: management of one\u0026rsquo;s emotional and psychological response\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI feel reasonably confident in my own ability to deal with stressful situations that I might find myself in.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn a severe storm or typhoon situation I would be able to cope with my anxiety and fear.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI think I am able to manage my feelings pretty well in difficult and challenging situations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen necessary, I can talk myself through challenging situations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI seem to be able to stay cool and calm in most difficult situations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know which strategies I could use to calm myself in a severe storm or typhoon situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf I found myself in a severe storm or typhoon situation, I would know how to manage my own response to the situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am able to identify my feelings pretty well in challenging situations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor 3: management of one\u0026rsquo;s social environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would be able to tell easily if those/others around me are in distress.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf others are in distress, I would know how to calm them down.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know which strategies I could use to calm others in a severe storm or typhoon warning situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeleted items\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 502px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am confident that I know what to do and what actions to take in a severe weather situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 502px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring severe storms or typhoons, I would notice if I am feeling anxious or stressed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI usually prepare mentally for situations that might be difficult or stressful.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. PPDTS-J23: Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale\u003cbr clear=\"all\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eDescriptive statistics, internal consistency, and correlations between PPDTS-J23 and related variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"986\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePPDTS-J23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKMESE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEPR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDRSi_knowlege\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDRSi_readiness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-management efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal resource utilization efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotion-focused coping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProblem-focused coping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eStandard Pearson correlations are shown in the lower left triangle; partial correlations controlling for problem-focused coping between PPDTS-J23 measures (full scale and subscales) and measures of disaster resilience and disaster self-efficacy are shown in the upper right triangle\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e* \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05, ** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01, ***\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001. PPDTS-J23: Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale, KMESE: Knowledge and Management of the External Situational Environment, MEPR: Management of one\u0026rsquo;s Emotional and Psychological Response, MSE: Management of one\u0026rsquo;s Social Environment, DRSi: Disaster Resilience Scale for Individuals\u003cbr clear=\"all\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ePPDTS-J23 and disaster experience\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"520\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperienced typhoon/storm damage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome damaged by typhoon/storm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvacuated due to typhoon/storm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePPDTS-J23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n 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32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e24.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePPDTS-J23: Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale, KMESE: Knowledge and Management of the External Situational Environment, MEPR: Management of one\u0026rsquo;s Emotional and Psychological Response, MSE: Management of one\u0026rsquo;s Social Environment\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Psychological preparedness, Disaster risk reduction, Scale validation, Hydro-meteorological hazards, Japanese population","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033447/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033447/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Japan is a disaster-prone country that experiences frequent natural hazards. Consequently, there is a need for a culturally adapted tool to assess individuals’ psychological readiness for disasters in Japan. Existing Japanese instruments tend to emphasize the behavioral and material aspects of disaster preparedness while overlooking psychological preparedness. This study developed and validated a Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale. A nationwide online survey was conducted (N = 773), followed by an additional survey for test-retest analysis (N = 195). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor structure: knowledge and management of the external situational environment, management of one’s emotional and psychological response, and management of one’s social environment. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit. The final 23-item version demonstrated high internal consistency for the total scale (α = .956) and its subscales (α = .919, .936, and .827) and acceptable test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .766). The findings demonstrate that the Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring psychological preparedness for disasters, offering practical utility for disaster education, policy planning, and mental health interventions amid increasing climate-related disaster risks.","manuscriptTitle":"Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-30 14:05:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033447/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-12T08:56:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-11T17:27:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"124924226963198628356815919475444155891","date":"2026-05-08T01:33:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T03:47:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"85540352334535739688828320651396220792","date":"2025-12-23T00:48:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31668603389046970668386245274771269796","date":"2025-11-30T14:22:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-15T17:06:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-15T17:03:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T16:27:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T01:02:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-07T00:59:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"32b3f289-2f5b-4c11-848f-dd5e67a5c3ea","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 30th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-12T08:56:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-11T17:27:23+00:00","index":116,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"124924226963198628356815919475444155891","date":"2026-05-08T01:33:02+00:00","index":115,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-12T09:13:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-30 14:05:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8033447","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8033447","identity":"rs-8033447","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}