A singleMicrocoleusspecies causes benthic cyanotoxic blooms worldwide

Recently, proliferations of benthic cyanobacteria producing derivatives of anatoxin-a have been reported in rivers all over the world. In three river systems, in New Zealand, the USA, and Canada, a cohesive cluster of Microcoleus strains was responsible for toxin production. Here, we document a similar toxigenic event that occurred at the mouth of the river Areuse in lake Neuchâtel (Switzerland) and caused the death of several dogs. Using 16S RNA-based community analysis, we show that riverine benthic communities are dominated by Oscillatoriales and especially by Microcoleus strains. We correlate the detection of one sequence variant with the presence of anatoxin-a derivatives and use metagenomics to assemble a complete circular genome of the strain. The strain is distinct from the ones isolated in New Zealand, the USA, and Canada, but belongs to the same species; it shares significant traits with them, in particular a relatively small genome and incomplete vitamin biosynthetic pathways. Overall, our results suggest that the major anatoxin-a-associated benthic proliferations worldwide can be traced back to a single ubiquitous species, Microcoleus anatoxicus, rather than to a diversity of cyanobacterial lineages. We recommend that this species be monitored internationally in order to help predict and mitigate similar cyanotoxic events.