Healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function than matched omnivores: a cross sectional study in China.

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Kaijie Xu, Xueying Cui, Bian Wang, Qingya Tang, Jianfang Cai, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.17471/v4 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Jul, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Nephrology → Version 4 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: An appropriate diet is an important determinant of kidney health. However, the association between vegetarian diets and renal function is unclear. We aimed to study the association between vegetarian diets and renal function in healthy adults. Methods: A total of 269 vegetarians and 269 sex- and age-matched nonvegetarian omnivores were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Basic characteristics and daily dietary intakes were assessed by face-to-face interviews. Blood samples were collected, and renal function was assessed by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), uric acid (UA) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profiles were also assessed. Results: The average age of the vegetarians was 35.4±8.6 years, 82.2% of whom were female. We evaluated the association between vegetarian diets and renal function using multivariate analysis. Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had lower BUN [β= -0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.88 , -0.38)], SCr [β= -2.04, 95% CI:(-4.10, 0.02)], and UA levels [β= -15.15, 95% CI: (-27.81, -2.50)] and higher eGFRs [β= 4.04, 95% CI: (0.30, 7.78)] after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), systolic pressure and fasting blood glucose. Further analysis of food composition and renal function showed that dietary fiber intake was significantly negatively associated with BUN [β= -0.02, 95% CI: (-0.03, 0.00)], SCr [β= -0.14, 95% CI: (-0.25, 0.04)], and UA levels [β= -0.72, 95% CI: (-1.36, 0.07)] and positively associated with the eGFR [β= 0.20, 95% CI: (0.00, 0.40)]. Conclusions: Healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function than omnivores, and the higher dietary fiber intake associated with vegetarian diets may contribute to the protective effect on renal function. Urology & Nephrology Vegetarian Dietary pattern Renal function Kidney Estimated glomerular filtration rate Urea nitrogen Serum creatinine Uric acid Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Background As a common, real-world dietary pattern, the vegetarian diet is an attractive target for study. Previous studies have suggested that vegetarian diets are associated with reduced risks of obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and some types of cancer due to their higher contents of unsaturated fat, fiber, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and many phytochemicals [1-4]. Moreover, because of the relatively lower intake and unique source of protein, a vegetarian diet may theoretically have some potential effects on renal function [5,6]. Nevertheless, the association between vegetarian diets and kidney function is controversial due to the limited number of related studies. The most recent cross-sectional study of 55,113 participants revealed a lower prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among vegetarians than among omnivores [7]. A study of a population in the Middle East and North Africa reported that the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern might be protective against the occurrence of CKD after 6.1 years of follow-up [8]. Another study in Taiwan showed no difference in renal function between 102 Buddhist nun vegetarians and a matched control group of omnivores [9]. Some prospective studies reported that a vegetarian diet has a protective effect against renal diseases such as kidney stones and kidney cancer and may reduce renal disease mortality, but relationships between vegetarian diets and renal function parameters were not mentioned [10-12]. CKD is a worldwide public health problem associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality [13,14]. Dietary management plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of CKD [15]. Most previous data regarding diet and kidney health focus on the association between dietary patterns and CKD morbidity. We aimed to fill the gap by focusing on healthy adults without estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) impairment to explore the relationships between a vegetarian dietary pattern and renal function parameters. We analyzed whether a vegetarian diet is associated with renal function despite the influence of blood pressure and glycolipid metabolism. The roles of the duration of vegetarian dietary habits and nutrients in food are also discussed. Our results may provide significant observational evidence for the dietary management of renal function. 2. Methods 2.1 Population A total of 538 young (34.5±8.7 years) healthy Chinese adults including 269 vegetarians and 269 sex- and age-matched (± 1 year) omnivores were recruited for this study through online and offline approaches. All subjects were volunteers. The vegetarian subjects were recruited through advertisements with the Vegetarian Society of China, some vegetarian restaurants in Shanghai or other publicity in media, and word of mouth. Once included in our study, the vegetarian subjects were asked to recommended one matched omnivore among her or his friends according to the following criteria: 1) the same sex; 2) the same age or ± 1 year; and 3) a similar lifestyle and social class. The recruitment criteria for participants included 1) adoption of a vegetarian diet for at least 12 months (for vegetarians); 2) residence in Shanghai for more than 6 months; 3) age between 18 and 60 years; 4) the ability to understand the contents of the questionnaires; and 5) no history of pregnancy or breastfeeding within the previous 12 months (for female participants). The exclusion criteria included 1) a diagnosis of any renal disease, acute illness and severe nutritional malabsorption. All the subjects were invited to Xinhua Hospital between March 2015 and May 2016 to participate in this study (see the flowchart in Figure 1 ) after providing written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine. 2.2 Laboratory tests After 10-12 hours of fasting, venous blood was collected from each participant and then sent to the Clinical Laboratory Center of Shanghai Xinhua Hospital for laboratory tests. Data for fasting blood glucose, blood lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and the LDL/HDL ratio, and renal function parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA), were collected. The eGFR was used to evaluate renal function in terms of excretion and filtration and was calculated based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) from SCr. Higher eGFR values indicate better renal function, mild renal impairment was defined by an eGFR<90 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 , and the presence of CKD was defined as an eGFR<60 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 [16]. Blood pressure was also measured by an automatic blood pressure machine (OMRON, HEM-759P, Japan). 2.3 Dietary and lifestyle variable assessments Habitual dietary intakes were assessed in a face-to-face interview using a 24-hour recall questionnaire conducted by trained dietitians (The details and of 24h dietary recall process and questionnaire see the supplement file1adn 2). We used the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire from “Dietary survey method part of Sanitary Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China（WST426.1—2013）”，which was widely used in China, including “Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey”[17,18]. To help subjects recall and estimate their dietary intakes, dietitians provided food images, oral descriptions, and food models as a part of the 24-hour dietary recall method. Data entry and calculation of the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire results were performed using Nutrition Calculator v2.5 software developed by the Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Beijing B-win Technology Co., Ltd. All vegetarians in our study claimed that they had followed a vegetarian diet by consuming no meat, poultry or aquatic products at any meals daily for over a year. Those who did not consume any animal products were defined as “vegans”, while those who consumed eggs and/or dairy products were considered “lacto-ovo vegetarians”. Among the 269 vegetarians, 70 vegans (26.0%) and 199 lacto-ovo vegetarians (74.0%) were noted. Subjects who did not reject consumption of animal products were defined as omnivores. All participants were required to complete general condition questionnaires via face-to-face interviews. Basic characteristics such as age, sex, income, education level, marital status, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, work intensity, and the frequency, time, and type of physical activity were recorded. 2.4 Physical examination Height and weight were measured using digital scales to calculate the BMI. We also used a body composition analyzer (Biospace InBody 720, Korea) to detect muscle mass to identify body protein components that could affect renal function indicators, such as creatinine. All the measurements were performed by professional dietitians while the subjects were minimally clothed without shoes. 2.5 Statistical analysis Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences 25.0 (SPSS, IBM, USA). Continuous variables are presented as the means ± standard deviations (SDs) (e.g., age, physical activity, sedentary time, BMI, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, the LDL/HDL ratio, BUN, SCr, UA, the eGFR and daily dietary intakes including energy, protein, protein intake/weight, the protein energy supply ratio, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium). Categorical variables (e.g., sex, marital status, regular physical examination, ethnicity, education level, working intensity, income, alcohol use, and mild eGFR impairment) were presented by proportions. To compare differences between the vegetarian group and omnivore group, paired t tests were performed for continuous data, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks tests were performed for ordinal variables, and McNemar tests were performed for matched categorical variables. Differences between the vegan group and lacto-ovo vegetarian group were also assessed. We performed two-independent-sample t tests for continuous data and used Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for ordinal variables. χ 2 tests were performed for categorical variables. Multivariable-adjusted β coefficients [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for the associations of vegetarian dietary patterns [omnivore (reference), total vegetarian (lacto-ovo vegetarian and vegan), lacto-ovo vegetarian, and vegan] with renal function parameters (BUN, SCr, UA, and the eGFR) were estimated using linear regression. The covariates were sex, age, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, blood pressure, blood lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose and vegetarian diet duration. The associations between dietary intake compositions and renal function parameters were also estimated using multiple-linear regression. The covariates were sex, age, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, blood pressure, blood lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose and vegetarian diet duration. All P values were calculated based on two-sided tests, and the significance level for each test was set at P <0.05. 3. Results 3.1 Basic characteristics of vegetarians and omnivores The basic characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1 . In our study, the mean age of the vegetarians was 35.4±8.6 years, and the mean duration of vegetarian dietary habits was 5.4±5.0 years. The proportion of alcohol users was lower in the vegetarian group, and the vegetarian group was characterized by lower consumption of alcohol. Vegetarians spent more time being physically active (1.9±2.5 hours/week vs. 1.4±2.0 hours/week) and tended to have a lower BMI (20.9±2.6 kg/m² vs. 22.4±3.5 kg/m²) and a higher skeletal muscle mass (22.3±4.1 kg vs. 23.3±4.8 kg). Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had a lower systolic blood pressure (108.0±12.7 mmHg vs. 111.6±15.4 mmHg) and lower fasting blood glucose (4.6±0.6 mmol/L vs. 4.8±0.4 mmol/L) as well as better blood lipid profiles, including lower levels of TC and LDL at 4.1±0.8 mmol/L and 2.5±0.6 mmol/L, respectively, and lower LDL/HDL ratios (2.1±0.6 vs. 2.2±0.7). 3.2 Daily dietary intake Table 2 details the daily dietary intake of nutrients of the participants conforming to each of the different dietary patterns. The 24-hour dietary recall results demonstrated a significant difference between vegetarians and omnivores. The dietary structure of vegetarians was characterized by lower energy intake (1501.1±514.2 kcal/d vs. 1757.3±588.9 kcal/d), lower energy supply ratios of protein and fat intake (protein: 12.2±3.2% vs. 15.7±4.3%; fat: 25.48±8.60% vs 33.01±9.93%), and a higher energy supply ratio of carbohydrate intake (60.49±9.66% vs. 49.94±11.85%). In addition, dietary fiber consumption was higher among vegetarians, especially vegans. Regarding mineral substances, vegetarians consumed less dietary calcium, phosphorus and sodium than omnivores (all P values <0.05). Among vegetarians, vegans consumed more dietary energy and protein and had a higher intake of calcium and phosphorus but a lower intake of sodium than lacto-ovo vegetarians (all P values <0.05). 3.3 Renal function parameters Figure 2 demonstrates the renal function parameters of omnivores and vegetarians. No subjects had been diagnosed with CKD, and the proportion of mild eGFR impairment was not different between vegetarians and omnivores (13.8% vs. 11.2%) or within vegetarians. The eGFR was higher in vegetarians (109.2±16.6 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ) than in omnivores (106.2±16.4 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ). Vegetarians also had lower levels of BUN (3.6±1.0 mmol/L vs. 4.7±5.9 mmol/L), SCr (67.8±10.0 μmol/L vs. 69.5±12.1 μmol/L) and UA (254.6±62.9 μmol/L vs. 272.5±64.3 μmol/L), which are the final metabolites and the representative parameters of renal excretion and filtration. Among vegetarians, the renal function parameters showed no differences between the vegan and lacto-ovo vegetarian groups. As shown in Table 3 , we designed five multiple-linear regression models to explore associations between vegetarian dietary patterns and renal function parameters. In a multiple-linear regression analysis using an unadjusted model, a vegetarian diet was associated with lower BUN [β= -0.71, 95% CI: (-0.88, -0.53)], lower SCr [β= -1.91, 95% CI: (-3.72, -0.10)], lower UA [β= -18.41, 95% CI: (-29.11, -7.70)] and a higher eGFR [β=3.06, 95% CI: (0.26, 5.85)]. After adjusting for sex, age, BMI and skeletal muscle mass, a vegetarian diet was associated with lower BUN [β= -0.68, 95% CI: (-0.85, -0.51)], lower SCr [β= -2.04, 95% CI: (-3.51, -0.57)], lower UA [β= -10.17, 95% CI: (-19.28, -1.05)] and a higher eGFR [β=3.59, 95% CI: (0.92, 6.28)]. In model 3, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking status were also controlled in addition to the variables included in model 2. After adjusting for LDL and HDL, systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose in model 4, a vegetarian diet was negatively associated with BUN [β= -0.63，95% CI: (-0.88, -0.38)], SCr [β= -2.04, 95% CI: (-4.10, 0.02)], and UA [β= -15.15, 95% CI: (-27.81, -2.50)] and positively associated with the eGFR [β=4.04, 95% CI: (0.30, 7.78)]. After adjusting for vegetarian diet duration, a vegetarian diet remained significantly associated with lower BUN, SCr, and UA levels and a higher eGFR. In a multiple-linear regression analysis, no associations were found between vegetarian diet duration and renal function parameters. Regarding different types of vegetarian diets, both lacto-ovo vegetarian diets and vegan diets were associated with lower SCr, BUN, and UA levels and significantly positively associated with higher eGFRs after adjusting for different confounders. We designed a multiple-linear regression model to explore associations between dietary intake composition and renal function parameters. When exploring the contribution of dietary composition to renal function parameters, multiple-linear regression results showed that dietary fiber was significantly negatively associated with BUN [β= -0.02, 95% CI: (-0.03, 0.00)], SCr [β= -0.12, 95% CI: (-0.23, 0.02)], and UA [β= -0.70, 95% CI: (-1.34, -0.06)] and positively associated with the eGFR [β= 0.22, 95% CI: (0.06, 0.41)]. Energy intake, the fat energy supply ratio, the protein energy supply ratio, and protein intake/weight were positively associated with BUN, and the carbohydrate energy supply ratio was negatively associated with BUN, while no convincing association was found between these factors and SCr, UA and the eGFR. To further explore the contributions of different sources of protein to renal function, we divided dietary protein into plant-sourced protein and animal-sourced protein, and the associations between different sources of protein and renal function have been discussed separately. However, we did not detect any associations between plant-sourced protein vs. animal-sourced protein and renal function parameters. 4. Discussion We found that among healthy adults, vegetarians, including lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans, have better renal function than omnivores. Moreover, higher dietary fiber intake is the variable mainly associated with better renal function. This is the first study indicating that healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function parameters apart from the influence of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels than omnivores. Hyperlipemia, hypertension and diabetes are well recognized as factors that influence renal function and renal diseases [19-21]. Many studies have demonstrated that compared with omnivores, vegetarians have significantly lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glucose levels [2,3]. We observed lower systolic pressure, lower fasting blood glucose and better blood lipid profile levels in vegetarians, which may be an important reason for the better renal function of vegetarians. However, after adjusting for LDL and HDL, systolic pressure and fasting blood glucose, the vegetarian diet remained significantly associated with a higher eGFR, suggesting that the vegetarian diet may have a direct influence on renal function protection. Previous research has reported that 60%-80% caloric restriction (20%-40% fewer calories than an ad libitum-fed group) may yield obvious effects, including a higher eGFR [22,23]. However, we did not detect an association between lower energy intake and a higher eGFR. Although the vegetarians had lower energy intake in our study, the degree and duration of caloric limitation may not meet the effective standard to obtain optimal benefits. We did not find a convincing association between physical activity and the eGFR. Whether physical inactivity is associated with reduced kidney function remains controversial according to previous studies [24,25]. The association between physical activity and renal function remains to be further explored. According to the results of the multiple-linear regression in our study, the higher dietary fiber consumption of vegetarians may contribute to better renal function. CKD is often accompanied by a chronic inflammatory state characterized by elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels [26]. High fiber intake has been proven to reduce oxidative stress status by affecting bacterial fermentation of proteins in the colon [27-28]. Some small-scale studies have reported that increasing fiber intake in CKD patients may reduce serum creatinine levels and improve the eGFR [29-30]. A study among 1110 community-dwelling male participants aged 70–71 years from Sweden demonstrated that high dietary fiber intake was associated with better kidney function and lower inflammation [31]. We did not find a relationship between protein intake and the eGFR. Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of low total protein intake in the prevention and treatment of renal dysfunction [15,32,33]. However, in the context of a vegetarian diet, whether lower protein intake is associated with better renal function is difficult to assess due to changes in both the amount and source of dietary protein. On the one hand, some studies have suggested that a low-protein vegan-vegetarian diet is a suitable option in the management of CKD patients [6,34,35]. On the other hand, because of the lower bioavailability of vegetable proteins, a vegetarian diet may lead to a decrease in the eGFR and increase the risk of protein energy malnutrition [36,37]. Furthermore, historical studies have shown that a greater propensity for animal-sourced protein, particularly red meat, is associated with a lower eGFR and/or kidney injury [38,39]. However, no convincing association was found between different sources of protein and renal function parameters in our study. One possible explanation is that we failed to investigate the effects of various sources of protein, such as red and processed meat, nuts and legumes, which have been reported to be inversely or positively related to the risk of incident CKD. Our rough classification of protein sources may confound the effects. In our study, all the participants had normal protein intake meeting the recommended dietary intake standards of China regardless of dietary habits. Healthy adults have strong buffering and compensatory capabilities, which may also result in inconspicuous changes in renal metabolites and function caused by acceptable differences in protein consumption. A few studies have shown that plant phytochemicals, such as green tea polyphenols, soy isoflavones, allicin, bitter melon extract, and platonic acid, have a strong effect on oxidative stress and help protect metabolic stability and renal excretion and filtration [40-42]. According to our previous study among vegetarians in Shanghai, a vegetarian diet was characterized by adequate consumption of whole grains, tubers, vegetables, fruits, legumes and nuts, which are rich in phytochemicals and antioxidants [43]. Vegetarian diets may contain more phytochemicals and less saturated fat and cholesterol due to the plant-based nature of the diet, resulting in a better metabolic status and milder metabolic and renal filtration burdens in vegetarians [1]. We did not detect an association between vegetarian diet duration and renal function. Previous studies have rarely addressed the role of vegetarian diet duration. According to a 24-year follow-up of 14,686 middle-aged adults, greater adherence to plant-based and vegetarian diets was associated with a slower annual eGFR decline [44], which probably indicates that maintaining a vegetarian diet can have lasting beneficial effects on renal health; thus, we suspect that a longer vegetarian diet duration may be beneficial for the maintenance and stability of kidney function. However, a study in Taiwan found no association between vegetarian diet duration and renal function, which is consistent with our results [7]. Some previous studies have confirmed that dietary fiber can improve renal function in the short term [45]. One possible explanation is that the kidney benefits of gut microbiome changes associated with dietary fiber occur in a short time rather than requiring many years of sustained fiber consumption to materialize. However, the gut microbiome is constantly changing, and long-term adherence to a vegetarian diet is required to maintain the stability of the gut microbiome. Research on the beneficial effects of dietary fiber in the CKD population in the long term is lacking. Given the limited data available, more evidence should be collected to determine the influence of vegetarian diet duration on renal function outcomes. Some limitations of this study should be mentioned. First, the small vegetarian population in China introduced practical limitations preventing random sampling, and the relatively small sample size of vegan subjects warrants additional studies in the future. Second, due to the cross-sectional design, we could not determine the causal relationship between vegetarian diets and renal function. Third, dietary patterns may change over time, and this analysis relied on a single measurement of diet at baseline; thus, some dietary variations may not have been analyzed. In addition, the potential for uncontrolled confounding factors, such as genetic factors and unobserved lifestyle choices, remains. Because the participants in our study were young and healthy without kidney diseases, differences in kidney injury between vegetarians and nonvegetarians could not be detected. The association between dietary patterns and kidney injury requires further research, and our findings should be interpreted carefully with respect to the clinical treatment of CKD. These may be shortcomings of our study, and we will conduct additional studies in the future. 5. Conclusions In conclusion, a vegetarian diet has potential benefits for renal function that are not completely explained by the influence of glycolipid metabolism and blood pressure status. A higher intake of dietary fiber may lead to better renal function. This information may be important to advise the public about the prevention of kidney disease. List Of Abbreviations BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SCr, serum creatinine; UA, blood uric acid; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TGs, total triglycerides; LDL ,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Ref, reference; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index Declarations Acknowledgements: We thank the dietitians from nutrition department of Xinhua Hospital and nutrition department of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, for assistance with the field investigation and measurements. Author’s contribution: SXH designed the research; CJF and TQY assisted the research design and field survey; WB, CXY and XKJ conducted the research; CXY performed the statistical analysis; CJF provided advice and verification for statistical analysis; XKJ and SXH wrote the manuscript; SXH had primary responsibility for final content. All authors contributed to the discussion of analyses, critically reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript. All authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest. Funding: This work is supported by the Danone nutrition research and education fund (DIC2016-07) and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (17DZ2272000). The funders had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, or preparation of the manuscript. Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All participants provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: All authors declare no relevant competing interests. 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Dietary fiber, kidney function, inflammation, and mortality risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephro. 2014;9:2104-10. Metzger M, Yuan WL, Haymann JP, et al. Association of a Low-Protein Diet With Slower Progression of CKD. Kidney Int Rep. Jan 2018;3:105-14. Rhee CM, Ahmadi SF, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Cachexia Sarcopeni. 2017. Barsotti G, Morelli E, Cupisti A, Meola M, Dani L, Giovannetti S. A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1996;74:390-4. Attini R, Leone F, Montersino B, et al. Pregnancy, Proteinuria, Plant-Based Supplemented Diets and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Report on Three Cases and Critical Appraisal of the Literature. Nutrients. 2017;9:770. Kontessis P, Jones S, Dodds R et al. Renal, metabolic and hormonal responses to ingestion of animal and vegetable proteins. Kidney Int. 1990;38:136-44. Anderson JW, Blake JE, Turner J, Smith BM. Effects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:1347S. Haring B , Selvin E , Liang M , et al. Dietary Protein Sources and Risk for Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study[J]. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 2017:S1051227616301790. Lew Q L J , Jafar T H , Koh H W L , et al. Red meat intake and risk of ESRD[J]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2016, 28(1). Gao M, Zhao Z, Lv P, et al. Quantitative combination of natural anti-oxidants prevents metabolic syndrome by reducing oxidative stress. Redox Bio. 2015;6:206-17. Rita Negrão, Faria A. Natural Polyphenols as Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Agents in the Metabolic Syndrome// Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Metabolic Syndrome. Springer Netherlands, 2009. Serafini M, Peluso I. Functional Foods for Health: The Interrelated Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Fruits, Vegetables, Herbs, Spices and Cocoa in Humans. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(44). Mao X, Shen X, Tang W, Zhao Y, Wu F, Zhu Z, et al. Prevalence of vegetarians and vegetarian’s health dietary behavior survey in Shanghai. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. J Hygiene Res 2015;44:237-41. Asghari G, Momenan M, Yuzbashian E, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Dietary pattern and incidence of chronic kidney disease among adults: a population-based study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2018;15:88. Chiavaroli L , Mirrahimi A , Sievenpiper J L , et al. Dietary fiber effects in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials[J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015, 69(7):761-8 Tables Table 1 Basic Characteristics of vegetarians and omnivores Variables Vegetarians Vegans Lacto-ovo vegetarians Total vegetarians 1 Omnivores n=70 n=199 n=269 n=269 Sex (Females, %) 74.3 85.4 82.2 82.2 Age (years) 37.2±9.2 34.8±8.3 35.4±8.6 34.8±9.4 Vegetarian duration (years) 5.4±4.5 5.4±5.2 5.4±5.0 Income per month (yuan) 8000 15.7 12.6 13.4 2 8.6 Education (%) Primary or secondary 21.4 13.1 15.3 2 17.7 Vocational 18.6 15.2 16.0 2 17.7 College and above 60 71.7 68.7 2 64.6 Alcohol consumption (%) None or rarely 98.6 93.5 3 95.1 2 83.4 Monthly or weekly 0 5.5 3 4.1 2 12.4 Daily 1.4 1 0.8 2 4.2 Smoking (%) 14.3 8 9.7 8.2 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 20.5±2.4 21.1±2.7 20.9±2.6 2 22.4±3.5 Physical activity (hours/week) 2.0±2.9 1.8±2.3 1.9±2.5 2 1.4±2.0 Skeletal muscle mass (kg) 22.7±4.8 22.2±3.8 22.3±4.12 23.3±4.8 Systolic pressure (mmHg) 108.6±12.3 107.8±12.8 108.0±12.72 111.6±15.4 Diastolic pressure (mmHg) 69.9±9.4 69.8±9.0 69.9±9.1 70.4±11.0 Fasting blood glucose(mmol/L) 4. 6±0.4 4.7±0.7 4.6±0.62 4.8±0.4 TGs (mmol/L) 1.0±0.5 0.9±0.5 1.0±0.5 0.9±0.5 TC (mmol/L) 4.0±0.8 4.1±0.8 4.1±0.8 2 4.6±0.8 LDL (mmol/L) 2.5±0.6 2.6±0.6 2.5±0.6 2 2.9±0.7 HDL (mmol/L) 1.3±0.2 1.3±0.3 1.3±0.3 1.4±0.3 LDL/HDL 2.2±0.6 2.1±0.6 2.1±0.6 2 2.2±0.7 1 total vegetarians: lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans 2 Statistical significance when comparing vegetarians and omnivores, P<0.05 3 Statistical significance when comparing vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians, P<0.05 Table 2 Daily dietary intakes of vegetarians and omnivores Variables Vegetarians Vegans Lacto-ovo vegetarians Total vegetarians 1 Omnivores n=70 n=199 n=269 n=269 Energy (kcal/d) 1507.5±555.6 1498.8±500.3 2 1501.1±514.2 3 1757.3±588.9 Carbohydrates (g/d) 233.2±103.1 225.2±82.7 227.3±88.3 217.0±78.8 Carbohydrate energy supply ratio (%) 61.6±12.0 60.1±8.7 60.5±9.7 3 49.9±11.9 Fat (g/d) 38.7±8.7 43.7±21.4 2 42.4±21.31 3 65.7±33.0 Fat energy supply ratio (%) 23.3±9.5 26.2±8.2 2 25.48±8.60 3 33.0±9.9 Protein (g/d) 48.7±22.1 45.1±19.1 2 46.0±19.9 3 70.5±33.9 Protein energy supply ratio (%) 12.9±3.8 12.0±2.9 2 12.2±3.2 3 15.7±4.3 Protein intake /weight (g/kg) 0.9±0.4 0.8±0.4 2 0.8±0.4 3 1.2±0.5 Dietary fiber (g/d) 17.29±9.11 14.63±9.3 2 15.3±9.3 3 11.83±6.90 Calcium (mg/d) 496.2±316.3 441.6±250.4 2 455.8±269.5 3 539.5±340.1 Phosphorus (mg/d) 841.5±367.0 768.4±331.2 2 787.4±341.7 3 989.0±378.6 Potassium (mg/d) 2118.1±996.1 1741.3±762.3 1839.4±844.0 1943.3±826.5 Sodium (mg/d) 2389.1±1166.2 2780.0±1263.4 2 2678.3±1248.6 3 3767.6±1584.7 1 total vegetarians: lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans 2 Statistical significance when comparing vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians, P<0.05 3 Statistical significance when comparing vegetarians and omnivores, P<0.05 Table 3 Multiple-linear regression for the association between vegetarian dietary patterns and renal function parameters 1 Vegetarians Omnivores Total vegetarians 2 Lacto-ovo vegetarians Vegans β （ 95% CIs) β （ 95% CIs) β （ 95% CIs) BUN Model 1 0(Ref) -0.71 (-0.88, -0.53) -0.76 (-0.95, -0.57) -0.56 (-0.84, -0.27) Model 2 -0.68 (-0.85, -0.51) -0.71 (-0.90, -0.52) -0.58 (-0.87, -0.30) Model 3 -0.72 (-0.96, -0.49) -0.71 (-0.96, -0.46) -0.74 (-1.13, -0.36) Model 4 -0.63 (-0.88, -0.38) -0.59 (-0.86, -0.32) -0.64 (-1.05, -0.22) Model 5 -0.66 (-0.95, -0.38) -0.66 (-0.98, -0.35) -0.52 (-1.04, 0.00) Cr Model 1 0(Ref) -1.91 (-3.72, -0.10) -2.08 (-4.03, -0.12) -1.43 (-4.43, 1.57) Model 2 -2.04 (-3.51, -0.57) -1.61 (-3.12, -0.10) -3.70 (-6.08, -1.32) Model 3 -2.95 (-4.85, -1.05) -2.46 (-4.38, -0.55) -5.41 (-8.70, -2.11) Model 4 -2.04 (-4.10, 0.02) -1.58 (-3.65, 0.48) -3.17 (-6.24, -0.09) Model 5 -2.47 (-4.83, -0.11) -2.41 (-4.81, -0.01) -3.67 (-8.17, -0.86) UA Model 1 0(Ref) -18.41 (-29.11, -7.70) -21.72 (-33.19, -10.25) -9.00 (-26.01, -8.03) Model 2 -10.17 (-19.28, -1.05) -11.87 (-21.54, -2.19) -5.69 (-20.30, 8.95) Model 3 -17.21 (-28.76, -5.65) -16.47 (-28.77, -4.17) -19.30 (-37.77, -0.82) Model 4 -15.15 (-27.81, -2.50) -16.29 (-29.61, -2.97) -14.88 (-35.18, 5.42) Model 5 -18.00 (-32.52, -3.48) -18.73 (-34.25, -3.21) -19.96 (-45.61, 5.68) eGFR Model 1 0(Ref) 3.06 (0.26, 5.85) 2.65 (-0.26, 5.56) 4.20 (-0.37, 8.78) Model 2 3.59 (0.92, 6.28) 2.66 (-0.08, 5.39) 7.42 (3.02, 11.81) Model 3 5.94 (2.48, 9.41) 4.51 (1.15, 7.87) 12.29 (6.25, 18.33) Model 4 4.04 (0.30, 7.78) 2.69 (-0.92, 6.30) 8.31 (2.38, 13.85) Model 5 4.55 (0.25, 8.84) 4.17 (-0.03, 8.37) 7.70 (0.53, 15.94) 1 Model 1: Unadjusted regression; Model 2: Adjusted for sex, age ,BMI and skeletal muscle mass on the basis of Model 1; Model 3: Adjusted for physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking status on the basis of Model 2; Model 4: Adjusted for LDL, HDL, systolic pressure and fasting blood glucose in addition to the adjustments in Model 3 ; Model 5:Adjusted for vegetarian duration on the basis of Model 4. 2 total vegetarians: lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegan s. Supplementary Files Supplementaryfile2.docx Supplementaryfile1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Jul, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Nephrology → Version 4 posted Editorial decision: Accept 01 Jul, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 29 Jun, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Jun, 2020 Editor invited by journal 28 Jun, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8103","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":736093,"identity":"f7d8cb27-a454-40e5-a73b-68d5f07743a5","order_by":0,"name":"Kaijie Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":736094,"identity":"e1326dba-bf5e-4b0e-87b7-8fff3591d742","order_by":1,"name":"Xueying Cui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueying","middleName":"","lastName":"Cui","suffix":""},{"id":736095,"identity":"57c2f5a9-bab9-4469-a545-6589979ee338","order_by":2,"name":"Bian Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":736096,"identity":"8a5f773b-8fb3-43f4-b325-442361e8a17c","order_by":3,"name":"Qingya Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qingya","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":736097,"identity":"350ece08-a8d7-4c25-a156-4f4cc6e27380","order_by":4,"name":"Jianfang Cai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianfang","middleName":"","lastName":"Cai","suffix":""},{"id":736098,"identity":"5f3da4c9-6d85-4824-a66f-bc4dfca0b06a","order_by":5,"name":"Xiuhua Shen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYGCzk29uYDJGmRMObjOZZAmpbEeRI5CsQpl599+OHnggqJ9DaGHAaGHxXbCGsxOJdmLD3jjERuG8PZA4w9Z24ToYWHwYyZtw2ohbEvgZmxjQgt8j3s35h5/0mkszHzGBCnheEMD9CWBokENjZitRic4SmW5jkmYdjGw5ZwkCi/AB228TNPjY28/PzHBx/8qCDGYcjgAInqR8EoGAWjYBTgAgAJljHUgP+q4wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-5041","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiuhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Shen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-11-18 12:25:50","currentVersionCode":4,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17471/v4","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.17471/v4","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-01918-2","type":"published","date":"2020-07-11T12:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1463750,"identity":"b6054266-44d2-4ca9-9bab-d422fe4e63bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-30 22:02:55","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Flowchart of study participants","description":"","filename":"1.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8103/v4/1.PNG"},{"id":1463751,"identity":"d75258ee-6f7b-4418-a30e-1a8b72caca03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-30 22:02:55","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Renal function parameters of omnivores and vegetarians\n1 A: eGFR of omnivores and vegetarians; B: BUN of omnivores and vegetarians; C: SCr of omnivores and vegetarians; D: UA of omnivores and vegetarians; values are means±SD.\n* Statistical significance when comparing vegetarians and omnivores, P\u003c0.05","description":"","filename":"2.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8103/v4/2.PNG"},{"id":13547783,"identity":"239ec80b-711b-4bb0-9bcf-c8ce0d5113ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 02:15:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":392026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8103/v4/d8f16ab7-75b8-4c16-9452-17cfe58d2b23.pdf"},{"id":1463753,"identity":"d111989c-20b4-47e6-9c85-e7aa6ce4dcde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-30 22:02:55","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfile2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8103/v4/Supplementaryfile2.docx"},{"id":1463754,"identity":"fd82f048-b923-4303-baec-10bf8d75616c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-30 22:02:56","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfile1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8103/v4/Supplementaryfile1.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function than matched omnivores: a cross sectional study in China.","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a common, real-world dietary pattern, the vegetarian diet is an attractive target for study. Previous studies have suggested that vegetarian diets are associated with reduced risks of obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and some types of cancer due to their higher contents of unsaturated fat, fiber, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and many phytochemicals [1-4]. Moreover, because of the relatively lower intake and unique source of protein, a vegetarian diet may theoretically have some potential effects on renal function [5,6]. Nevertheless, the association between vegetarian diets and kidney function is controversial due to the limited number of related studies. The most recent cross-sectional study of 55,113 participants revealed a lower prevalence of chronic\u0026nbsp;kidney\u0026nbsp;disease\u0026nbsp;(CKD)\u0026nbsp;among vegetarians than among omnivores [7]. A study of a population in the Middle East and North Africa reported that the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern might be protective against the occurrence of CKD after 6.1 years of follow-up [8]. Another study in Taiwan showed no difference in renal function between 102 Buddhist nun vegetarians and a matched control group of omnivores [9]. Some prospective studies reported that a vegetarian diet has a protective effect against renal diseases such as kidney stones and kidney cancer and may reduce renal disease mortality, but relationships between vegetarian diets and renal function parameters were not mentioned [10-12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCKD\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;worldwide\u0026nbsp;public\u0026nbsp;health\u0026nbsp;problem\u0026nbsp;associated with a\u0026nbsp;poor\u0026nbsp;prognosis\u0026nbsp;and high\u0026nbsp;mortality [13,14]. Dietary management plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of CKD [15]. Most previous data regarding diet and kidney health focus on the\u0026nbsp;association between dietary patterns and CKD morbidity. We aimed to fill the gap by focusing on healthy adults without estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) impairment to explore the relationships between a vegetarian dietary pattern and renal function parameters. We analyzed whether a vegetarian diet is associated with renal function despite the influence of blood pressure and glycolipid metabolism. The roles of the duration of vegetarian dietary habits and nutrients in food are also discussed. Our results may provide significant observational evidence for the dietary management of renal function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1 Population\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 538 young (34.5\u0026plusmn;8.7 years) healthy Chinese adults including 269 vegetarians and 269 sex- and age-matched (\u0026plusmn; 1 year) omnivores were recruited for this study through online and offline approaches. All subjects were volunteers. The vegetarian subjects were recruited through advertisements with the Vegetarian Society of China, some vegetarian restaurants in Shanghai or other publicity in media, and word of mouth. Once included in our study, the vegetarian subjects were asked to recommended one matched omnivore among her or his friends according to the following criteria: 1) the same sex; 2) the same age or \u0026plusmn; 1 year; and 3) a similar lifestyle and social class. The recruitment criteria for participants included 1) adoption of a vegetarian diet for at least 12 months (for vegetarians); 2) residence in Shanghai for more than 6 months; 3) age between 18 and 60 years; 4) the ability to understand the contents of the questionnaires; and 5) no history of pregnancy or breastfeeding within the previous 12 months (for female participants). The exclusion criteria included 1) a diagnosis of any renal disease, acute illness and severe nutritional malabsorption. All the subjects were invited to Xinhua Hospital between March 2015 and May 2016 to participate in this study (see the flowchart in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e) after providing written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Laboratory tests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter 10-12 hours of fasting, venous blood was collected from each participant and then sent to the Clinical Laboratory Center of Shanghai Xinhua Hospital for laboratory tests. Data for fasting blood glucose, blood lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and the LDL/HDL ratio, and renal function parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA), were collected. The eGFR was used to evaluate renal function in terms of excretion and filtration and was calculated based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) from SCr. Higher eGFR values indicate better renal function, mild renal impairment was defined by an eGFR\u0026lt;90 mL/minute/1.73 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and the presence of CKD was defined as an eGFR\u0026lt;60 mL/minute/1.73 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e [16]. Blood pressure was also measured by an automatic blood pressure machine (OMRON, HEM-759P, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3 Dietary and lifestyle variable assessments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHabitual dietary intakes were assessed in a face-to-face interview using a 24-hour recall questionnaire conducted by trained dietitians (The details and of 24h dietary recall process and questionnaire see the supplement file1adn 2). We used the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire from \u0026ldquo;Dietary survey method part of Sanitary Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China（WST426.1\u0026mdash;2013）\u0026rdquo;，which was widely used in China, including \u0026ldquo;Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey\u0026rdquo;[17,18]. To help subjects recall and estimate their dietary intakes, dietitians provided food images, oral descriptions, and food models as a part of the 24-hour dietary recall method. Data entry and calculation of the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire results were performed using Nutrition Calculator v2.5 software developed by the Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Beijing B-win Technology Co., Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll vegetarians in our study claimed that they had followed a vegetarian diet by consuming no meat, poultry or aquatic products at any meals daily for over a year. Those who did not consume any animal products were defined as \u0026ldquo;vegans\u0026rdquo;, while those who consumed eggs and/or dairy products were considered \u0026ldquo;lacto-ovo vegetarians\u0026rdquo;. Among the 269 vegetarians, 70 vegans (26.0%) and 199 lacto-ovo vegetarians (74.0%) were noted. Subjects who did not reject consumption of animal products were defined as omnivores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants were required to complete general condition questionnaires via face-to-face interviews. Basic characteristics such as age, sex, income, education level, marital status, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, work intensity, and the frequency, time, and type of physical activity were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4 Physical examination\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeight and weight were measured using digital scales to calculate the BMI. We also used a\u0026nbsp;body\u0026nbsp;composition\u0026nbsp;analyzer (Biospace InBody 720, Korea) to detect muscle mass to identify body protein components that could affect renal function indicators, such as creatinine. All the measurements were performed by professional dietitians while the subjects were minimally clothed without shoes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5 Statistical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis was performed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences 25.0 (SPSS, IBM, USA). Continuous variables are presented as the means \u0026plusmn; standard deviations (SDs) (e.g., age, physical activity, sedentary time, BMI, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, the LDL/HDL ratio, BUN, SCr, UA, the eGFR and daily dietary intakes including energy, protein, protein intake/weight, the protein energy supply ratio, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium). Categorical variables (e.g., sex, marital status, regular physical examination, ethnicity, education level, working intensity, income, alcohol use, and mild eGFR impairment) were presented by proportions. To compare differences between the vegetarian group and omnivore group, paired t tests were performed for continuous data, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks tests were performed for ordinal variables, and McNemar tests were performed for matched categorical variables. Differences between the vegan group and lacto-ovo vegetarian group were also assessed. We performed two-independent-sample t tests for continuous data and used Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for ordinal variables. \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e tests were performed for categorical variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted \u0026beta; coefficients [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for the associations of vegetarian dietary patterns [omnivore (reference), total vegetarian (lacto-ovo vegetarian and vegan), lacto-ovo vegetarian, and vegan] with renal function parameters (BUN, SCr, UA, and the eGFR) were estimated using linear regression. The covariates were sex, age, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, blood pressure, blood lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose and vegetarian diet duration. The associations between dietary intake compositions and renal function parameters were also estimated using multiple-linear regression. The covariates were sex, age, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, blood pressure, blood lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose and vegetarian diet duration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll P values were calculated based on two-sided tests, and the significance level for each test was set at P \u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 Basic characteristics of vegetarians and omnivores\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe basic characteristics of the study participants are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. In our study, the mean age of the vegetarians was 35.4\u0026plusmn;8.6 years, and the mean duration of vegetarian dietary habits was 5.4\u0026plusmn;5.0 years. The proportion of alcohol users was lower in the vegetarian group, and the vegetarian group was characterized by lower consumption of alcohol. Vegetarians spent more time being physically active (1.9\u0026plusmn;2.5 hours/week vs. 1.4\u0026plusmn;2.0 hours/week) and tended to have a lower BMI (20.9\u0026plusmn;2.6 kg/m\u0026sup2; vs. 22.4\u0026plusmn;3.5 kg/m\u0026sup2;) and a higher skeletal muscle mass (22.3\u0026plusmn;4.1 kg vs. 23.3\u0026plusmn;4.8 kg). Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had a lower systolic blood pressure (108.0\u0026plusmn;12.7 mmHg vs. 111.6\u0026plusmn;15.4 mmHg) and lower fasting blood glucose (4.6\u0026plusmn;0.6 mmol/L vs. 4.8\u0026plusmn;0.4 mmol/L) as well as better blood lipid profiles, including lower levels of TC and LDL at 4.1\u0026plusmn;0.8 mmol/L and 2.5\u0026plusmn;0.6 mmol/L, respectively, and lower LDL/HDL ratios (2.1\u0026plusmn;0.6 vs. 2.2\u0026plusmn;0.7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 Daily dietary intake\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e details the daily dietary intake of nutrients of the participants conforming to each of the different dietary patterns. The 24-hour dietary recall results demonstrated a significant difference between vegetarians and omnivores. The dietary structure of vegetarians was characterized by lower energy intake (1501.1\u0026plusmn;514.2 kcal/d vs. 1757.3\u0026plusmn;588.9 kcal/d), lower energy supply ratios of protein and fat intake (protein: 12.2\u0026plusmn;3.2% vs. 15.7\u0026plusmn;4.3%; fat: 25.48\u0026plusmn;8.60% vs 33.01\u0026plusmn;9.93%), and a higher energy supply ratio of carbohydrate intake (60.49\u0026plusmn;9.66% vs. 49.94\u0026plusmn;11.85%). In addition, dietary fiber consumption was higher among vegetarians, especially vegans. Regarding mineral substances, vegetarians consumed less dietary calcium, phosphorus and sodium than omnivores (all P values \u0026lt;0.05). Among vegetarians, vegans consumed more dietary energy and protein and had a higher intake of calcium and phosphorus but a lower intake of sodium than lacto-ovo vegetarians (all P values \u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 Renal function parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2 \u003c/strong\u003edemonstrates the renal function parameters of omnivores and vegetarians. No subjects had been diagnosed with CKD, and the proportion of mild eGFR impairment was not different between vegetarians and omnivores (13.8% vs. 11.2%) or within vegetarians. The eGFR was higher in vegetarians (109.2\u0026plusmn;16.6 mL/minute/1.73 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) than in omnivores (106.2\u0026plusmn;16.4 mL/minute/1.73 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Vegetarians also had lower levels of BUN (3.6\u0026plusmn;1.0 mmol/L vs. 4.7\u0026plusmn;5.9 mmol/L), SCr (67.8\u0026plusmn;10.0 \u0026mu;mol/L vs. 69.5\u0026plusmn;12.1 \u0026mu;mol/L) and UA (254.6\u0026plusmn;62.9 \u0026mu;mol/L vs. 272.5\u0026plusmn;64.3 \u0026mu;mol/L), which are the final metabolites and the representative parameters of renal excretion and filtration. Among vegetarians, the renal function parameters showed no differences between the vegan and lacto-ovo vegetarian groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e, we designed five multiple-linear regression models to explore associations between vegetarian dietary patterns and renal function parameters. In a multiple-linear regression analysis using an unadjusted model, a vegetarian diet was associated with lower BUN [\u0026beta;= -0.71, 95% CI: (-0.88, -0.53)], lower SCr [\u0026beta;= -1.91, 95% CI: (-3.72, -0.10)], lower UA [\u0026beta;= -18.41, 95% CI: (-29.11, -7.70)] and a higher eGFR [\u0026beta;=3.06, 95% CI: (0.26, 5.85)]. After adjusting for sex, age, BMI and skeletal muscle mass, a vegetarian diet was associated with lower BUN [\u0026beta;= -0.68, 95% CI: (-0.85, -0.51)], lower SCr [\u0026beta;= -2.04, 95% CI: (-3.51, -0.57)], lower UA [\u0026beta;= -10.17, 95% CI: (-19.28, -1.05)] and a higher eGFR [\u0026beta;=3.59, 95% CI: (0.92, 6.28)]. In model 3, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking status were also controlled in addition to the variables included in model 2. After adjusting for LDL and HDL, systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose in model 4, a vegetarian diet was negatively associated with BUN [\u0026beta;= -0.63，95% CI: (-0.88, -0.38)], SCr [\u0026beta;= -2.04, 95% CI: (-4.10, 0.02)], and UA [\u0026beta;= -15.15, 95% CI: (-27.81, -2.50)] and positively associated with the eGFR [\u0026beta;=4.04, 95% CI: (0.30, 7.78)]. After adjusting for vegetarian diet duration, a vegetarian diet remained significantly associated with lower BUN, SCr, and UA levels and a higher eGFR. In a multiple-linear regression analysis, no associations were found between vegetarian diet duration and renal function parameters. Regarding different types of vegetarian diets, both lacto-ovo vegetarian diets and vegan diets were associated with lower SCr, BUN, and UA levels and significantly positively associated with higher eGFRs after adjusting for different confounders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe designed a multiple-linear regression model to explore associations between dietary intake composition and renal function parameters. When exploring the contribution of dietary composition to renal function parameters, multiple-linear regression results showed that dietary fiber was significantly negatively associated with BUN [\u0026beta;= -0.02, 95% CI: (-0.03, 0.00)], SCr [\u0026beta;= -0.12, 95% CI: (-0.23, 0.02)], and UA [\u0026beta;= -0.70, 95% CI: (-1.34, -0.06)] and positively associated with the eGFR [\u0026beta;= 0.22, 95% CI: (0.06, 0.41)]. Energy intake, the fat energy supply ratio, the protein energy supply ratio, and protein intake/weight were positively associated with BUN, and the carbohydrate energy supply ratio was negatively associated with BUN, while no convincing association was found between these factors and SCr, UA and the eGFR. To further explore the contributions of different sources of protein to renal function, we divided dietary protein into plant-sourced protein and animal-sourced protein, and the associations between different sources of protein and renal function have been discussed separately. However, we did not detect any associations between plant-sourced protein vs. animal-sourced protein and renal function parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe found that among healthy adults, vegetarians, including lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans, have better renal function than omnivores. Moreover, higher dietary fiber intake is the variable mainly associated with better renal function. This is the first study indicating that healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function parameters apart from the influence of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels than omnivores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHyperlipemia, hypertension and diabetes are well recognized as factors that influence renal function and renal diseases [19-21]. Many studies have demonstrated that compared with omnivores, vegetarians have significantly lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glucose levels [2,3]. We observed lower systolic pressure, lower fasting blood glucose and better blood lipid profile levels in vegetarians, which may be an important reason for the better renal function of vegetarians. However, after adjusting for LDL and HDL, systolic pressure and fasting blood glucose, the vegetarian diet remained significantly associated with a higher eGFR, suggesting that the vegetarian diet may have a direct influence on renal function protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious research has reported that 60%-80% caloric restriction (20%-40% fewer calories than an ad libitum-fed group) may yield obvious effects, including a higher eGFR [22,23]. However, we did not detect an association between lower energy intake and a higher eGFR. Although the vegetarians had lower energy intake in our study, the degree and duration of caloric limitation may not meet the effective standard to obtain optimal benefits. We did not find a convincing association between physical activity and the eGFR. Whether physical inactivity is associated with reduced kidney function remains controversial according to previous studies [24,25]. The association between physical activity and renal function remains to be further explored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of the multiple-linear regression in our study, the higher dietary fiber consumption of vegetarians may contribute to better renal function. CKD is often accompanied by a chronic inflammatory state characterized by elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels [26]. High fiber intake has been proven to reduce oxidative stress status by affecting bacterial fermentation of proteins in the colon [27-28]. Some small-scale studies have reported that increasing fiber intake in CKD patients may reduce serum creatinine levels and improve the eGFR [29-30]. A study among 1110 community-dwelling male participants aged 70\u0026ndash;71 years from Sweden demonstrated that high dietary fiber intake was associated with better kidney function and lower inflammation [31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;We did not find a relationship between protein intake and the eGFR. Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of low total protein intake in the prevention and treatment of renal dysfunction [15,32,33]. However, in the context of a vegetarian diet, whether lower protein intake is associated with better renal function is difficult to assess due to changes in both the amount and source of dietary protein. On the one hand, some studies have suggested that a low-protein vegan-vegetarian diet is a suitable option in the management of CKD patients [6,34,35]. On the other hand, because of the lower bioavailability of vegetable proteins, a vegetarian diet may lead to a decrease in the eGFR and increase the risk of protein energy malnutrition [36,37]. Furthermore, historical studies have shown that a greater propensity for animal-sourced protein, particularly red meat, is associated with a lower eGFR and/or kidney injury [38,39]. However, no convincing association was found between different sources of protein and renal function parameters in our study. One possible explanation is that we failed to investigate the effects of various sources of protein, such as red and processed meat, nuts and legumes, which have been reported to be inversely or positively related to the risk of incident CKD. Our rough classification of protein sources may confound the effects. In our study, all the participants had normal protein intake meeting the recommended dietary intake standards of China regardless of dietary habits. Healthy adults have strong buffering and compensatory capabilities, which may also result in inconspicuous changes in renal metabolites and function caused by acceptable differences in protein consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA few studies have shown that plant phytochemicals, such as green tea polyphenols, soy isoflavones, allicin, bitter melon extract, and platonic acid, have a strong effect on oxidative stress and help protect metabolic stability and renal excretion and filtration [40-42]. According to our previous study among vegetarians in Shanghai, a vegetarian diet was characterized by adequate consumption of whole grains, tubers, vegetables, fruits, legumes and nuts, which are rich in phytochemicals and antioxidants [43]. Vegetarian diets may contain more phytochemicals and less saturated fat and cholesterol due to the plant-based nature of the diet, resulting in a better metabolic status and milder metabolic and renal filtration burdens in vegetarians [1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe did not detect an association between vegetarian diet duration and renal function. Previous studies have rarely addressed the role of vegetarian diet duration. According to a 24-year follow-up of 14,686 middle-aged adults, greater adherence to plant-based and vegetarian diets was associated with a slower annual eGFR decline [44], which probably indicates that maintaining a vegetarian diet can have lasting beneficial effects on renal health; thus, we suspect that a longer vegetarian diet duration may be beneficial for the maintenance and stability of kidney function. However, a study in Taiwan found no association between vegetarian diet duration and renal function, which is consistent with our results [7]. Some previous studies have confirmed that dietary fiber can improve renal function in the short term [45]. One possible explanation is that the kidney benefits of gut microbiome changes associated with dietary fiber occur in a short time rather than requiring many years of sustained fiber consumption to materialize. However, the gut microbiome is constantly changing, and long-term adherence to a vegetarian diet is required to maintain the stability of the gut microbiome. Research on the beneficial effects of dietary fiber in the CKD population in the long term is lacking. Given the limited data available, more evidence should be collected to determine the influence of vegetarian diet duration on renal function outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome limitations of this study should be mentioned. First, the small vegetarian population in China introduced practical limitations preventing random sampling, and the relatively small sample size of vegan subjects warrants additional studies in the future. Second, due to the cross-sectional design, we could not determine the causal relationship between vegetarian diets and renal function. Third, dietary patterns may change over time, and this analysis relied on a single measurement of diet at baseline; thus, some dietary variations may not have been analyzed. In addition, the potential for uncontrolled confounding factors, such as genetic factors and unobserved lifestyle choices, remains. Because the participants in our study were young and healthy without kidney diseases, differences in kidney injury between vegetarians and nonvegetarians could not be detected. The association between dietary patterns and kidney injury requires further research, and our findings should be interpreted carefully with respect to the clinical treatment of CKD. These may be shortcomings of our study, and we will conduct additional studies in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, a vegetarian diet has potential benefits for renal function that are not completely explained by the influence of glycolipid metabolism and blood pressure status. A higher intake of dietary fiber may lead to better renal function. This information may be important to advise the public about the prevention of kidney disease.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List Of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBUN, blood urea nitrogen;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSCr, serum\u0026nbsp;creatinine;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUA, blood uric acid;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eeGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCKD, chronic\u0026nbsp;kidney\u0026nbsp;disease;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI, body mass index;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTC, total cholesterol;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTGs, total triglycerides;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLDL ,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef, reference;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI, confidence interval;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI, body mass index\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e We thank the dietitians from nutrition department of Xinhua Hospital and nutrition department of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, for assistance with the field investigation and measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eSXH designed the research; CJF and TQY assisted the research design and field survey; WB, CXY and XKJ conducted the research; CXY performed the statistical analysis; CJF provided advice and verification for statistical analysis; XKJ and SXH wrote the manuscript; SXH had primary responsibility for final content. All authors contributed to the discussion of analyses, critically reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript. All authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis work is supported by the Danone nutrition research and education fund (DIC2016-07) and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (17DZ2272000). The funders had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, or preparation of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e All participants provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors declare no relevant competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; details:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Department of Nephrology, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. 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Plos One, 2015, 10(12):e0144442-.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGiordani I , Malandrucco I , Donno S , et al. Acute caloric restriction improves glomerular filtration rate in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes \u0026amp; Metabolism, 2014, 40(2):158-60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGerrie-Cor, M, Herber-Gast, et al. Physical Activity Is not Associated with Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate among Young and Middle-Aged Adults: Results from the Population-Based Longitudinal Doetinchem Study.[J]. Plos One, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBharakhada N , Yates T , Davies M J , et al. Association of Sitting Time and Physical Activity With CKD: A Cross-sectional Study in Family Practices[J]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2012, 60(4):583-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilverstein DM. Inflammation in chronic kidney disease: role in the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease. \u003cem\u003ePediatr Nephrol. \u003c/em\u003e2009;24:1445-12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarian GB, Ming-Chin Y. The health advantage of a vegan diet: exploring the gut microbiota connection. \u003cem\u003eNutrients. \u003c/em\u003e2014;6:4822-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalmean YA, Segal MS, Palii SP, Dahl WJ. Fiber Supplementation Lowers Plasma p -Cresol in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. \u003cem\u003eJ Ren Nutr. \u003c/em\u003e2015;25:316-320.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYounes H, Demigne C, Behr S, Remesy C. Resistant starch exerts a lowering effect on plasma urea by enhancing urea n transfer into the large intestine. \u003cem\u003eNutr Res. \u003c/em\u003e1995;15:1199-1210.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalmean YA, Segal MS, Langkamp B. Foods With Added Fiber Lower Serum Creatinine Levels in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease - Journal of Renal Nutrition. \u003cem\u003eJ Ren Nutr. \u003c/em\u003e2013;23:e29-32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHong X, Xiaoyan H, Ulf R, et al. Dietary fiber, kidney function, inflammation, and mortality risk. \u003cem\u003eClin J Am Soc Nephro. \u003c/em\u003e2014;9:2104-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetzger M, Yuan WL, Haymann JP, et al. Association of a Low-Protein Diet With Slower Progression of CKD. \u003cem\u003eKidney Int Rep. \u003c/em\u003eJan 2018;3:105-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRhee CM, Ahmadi SF, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. \u003cem\u003eJ Cachexia Sarcopeni. \u003c/em\u003e2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Barsotti G, Morelli E, Cupisti A, Meola M, Dani L, Giovannetti S. A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. \u003cem\u003eNephron. \u003c/em\u003e1996;74:390-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"35\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAttini R, Leone F, Montersino B, et al. Pregnancy, Proteinuria, Plant-Based Supplemented Diets and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Report on Three Cases and Critical Appraisal of the Literature. \u003cem\u003eNutrients. \u003c/em\u003e2017;9:770.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKontessis P, Jones S, Dodds R et al. Renal, metabolic and hormonal responses to ingestion of animal and vegetable proteins. \u003cem\u003eKidney Int. \u003c/em\u003e1990;38:136-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson JW, Blake JE, Turner J, Smith BM. Effects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. \u003cem\u003eAm J Clin Nutr. \u003c/em\u003e1998;68:1347S.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaring B , Selvin E , Liang M , et al. Dietary Protein Sources and Risk for Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study[J]. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 2017:S1051227616301790.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLew Q L J , Jafar T H , Koh H W L , et al. Red meat intake and risk of ESRD[J]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2016, 28(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGao M, Zhao Z, Lv P, et al. Quantitative combination of natural anti-oxidants prevents metabolic syndrome by reducing oxidative stress. Redox Bio. 2015;6:206-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRita Negr\u0026atilde;o, Faria A. Natural Polyphenols as Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Agents in the Metabolic Syndrome// Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Metabolic Syndrome. Springer Netherlands, 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSerafini M, Peluso I. Functional Foods for Health: The Interrelated Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Fruits, Vegetables, Herbs, Spices and Cocoa in Humans. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(44).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMao X, Shen X, Tang W, Zhao Y, Wu F, Zhu Z, et al. Prevalence of vegetarians and vegetarian\u0026rsquo;s health dietary behavior survey in Shanghai. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. J Hygiene Res 2015;44:237-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsghari G, Momenan M, Yuzbashian E, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Dietary pattern and incidence of chronic kidney disease among adults: a population-based study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2018;15:88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiavaroli L , Mirrahimi A , Sievenpiper J L , et al. Dietary fiber effects in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials[J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015, 69(7):761-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eTable 1 Basic Characteristics of vegetarians and omnivores\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 491.95pt; margin-left: -24.15pt; border-collapse: collapse;\" width=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" rowspan=\"3\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVariables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 269.35pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"359\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegetarians\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegans \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eLacto-ovo vegetarians\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eTotal vegetarians\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eOmnivores\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=199\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=269\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=269\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eSex (Females, %)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e74.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e85.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e82.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e82.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eAge (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e37.2\u0026plusmn;9.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e34.8\u0026plusmn;8.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e35.4\u0026plusmn;8.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e34.8\u0026plusmn;9.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegetarian duration (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e5.4\u0026plusmn;4.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e5.4\u0026plusmn;5.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e5.4\u0026plusmn;5.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eIncome per month (yuan)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;3000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e17.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e19.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e18.7\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e26.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e3000~8000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e67.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e68.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e67.9\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e65.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026gt;8000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e15.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e12.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e13.4\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e8.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eEducation (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003ePrimary or secondary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e21.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e13.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e15.3\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e17.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVocational\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e18.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e15.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e16.0\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e17.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eCollege and above\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e71.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e68.7\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e64.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eAlcohol consumption (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; None or rarely \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e98.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e93.5\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e95.1\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e83.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Monthly or weekly\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e5.5\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.1\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e12.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Daily\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0.8\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eSmoking (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e14.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e9.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e8.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e20.5\u0026plusmn;2.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e21.1\u0026plusmn;2.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e20.9\u0026plusmn;2.6\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e22.4\u0026plusmn;3.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003ePhysical activity (hours/week)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.0\u0026plusmn;2.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.8\u0026plusmn;2.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.9\u0026plusmn;2.5\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.4\u0026plusmn;2.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eSkeletal muscle mass (kg)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e22.7\u0026plusmn;4.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e22.2\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e22.3\u0026plusmn;4.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e23.3\u0026plusmn;4.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eSystolic pressure (mmHg)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e108.6\u0026plusmn;12.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e107.8\u0026plusmn;12.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e108.0\u0026plusmn;12.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e111.6\u0026plusmn;15.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eDiastolic pressure (mmHg)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e69.9\u0026plusmn;9.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e69.8\u0026plusmn;9.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e69.9\u0026plusmn;9.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e70.4\u0026plusmn;11.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eFasting blood glucose(mmol/L)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4. 6\u0026plusmn;0.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.7\u0026plusmn;0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.6\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.8\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eTGs (mmol/L)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.0\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0.9\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.0\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0.9\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eTC (mmol/L)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.0\u0026plusmn;0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.1\u0026plusmn;0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.1\u0026plusmn;0.8\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.6\u0026plusmn;0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eLDL (mmol/L)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.5\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.6\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.5\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.9\u0026plusmn;0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eHDL (mmol/L)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.3\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.3\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.3\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.5pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.4\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.85pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.65pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.85pt;\" width=\"193\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eLDL/HDL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.85pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.2\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.1pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.85pt;\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.1\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.85pt;\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.1\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.85pt;\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.2\u0026plusmn;0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003etotal vegetarians: lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eStatistical significance when comparing vegetarians and omnivores, P\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eStatistical significance when comparing vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians, P\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eTable 2 Daily dietary intakes of vegetarians and omnivores\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 515.1pt; margin-left: -33.15pt; border-collapse: collapse;\" width=\"687\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.6pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.6pt;\" rowspan=\"3\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVariables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 280.85pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.6pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"374\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegetarians\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.6pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegans \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eLacto-ovo vegetarians\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eTotal vegetarians\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eOmnivores\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=199\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=269\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003en=269\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eEnergy (kcal/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1507.5\u0026plusmn;555.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1498.8\u0026plusmn;500.3\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1501.1\u0026plusmn;514.2\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1757.3\u0026plusmn;588.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eCarbohydrates (g/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e233.2\u0026plusmn;103.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e225.2\u0026plusmn;82.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e227.3\u0026plusmn;88.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e217.0\u0026plusmn;78.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eCarbohydrate energy supply ratio (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e61.6\u0026plusmn;12.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e60.1\u0026plusmn;8.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e60.5\u0026plusmn;9.7\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e49.9\u0026plusmn;11.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eFat (g/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e38.7\u0026plusmn;8.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e43.7\u0026plusmn;21.4\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e42.4\u0026plusmn;21.31\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e65.7\u0026plusmn;33.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eFat energy supply ratio (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e23.3\u0026plusmn;9.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e26.2\u0026plusmn;8.2\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e25.48\u0026plusmn;8.60\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e33.0\u0026plusmn;9.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eProtein (g/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e48.7\u0026plusmn;22.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e45.1\u0026plusmn;19.1\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e46.0\u0026plusmn;19.9\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e70.5\u0026plusmn;33.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eProtein energy supply ratio (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e12.9\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e12.0\u0026plusmn;2.9\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e12.2\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e15.7\u0026plusmn;4.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eProtein intake /weight (g/kg) \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0.9\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0.8\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0.8\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1.2\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eDietary fiber (g/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e17.29\u0026plusmn;9.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e14.63\u0026plusmn;9.3\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e15.3\u0026plusmn;9.3\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e11.83\u0026plusmn;6.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eCalcium (mg/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e496.2\u0026plusmn;316.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e441.6\u0026plusmn;250.4\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e455.8\u0026plusmn;269.5\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e539.5\u0026plusmn;340.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003ePhosphorus (mg/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e841.5\u0026plusmn;367.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e768.4\u0026plusmn;331.2\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e787.4\u0026plusmn;341.7\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e989.0\u0026plusmn;378.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003ePotassium (mg/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2118.1\u0026plusmn;996.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1741.3\u0026plusmn;762.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1839.4\u0026plusmn;844.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1943.3\u0026plusmn;826.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.2pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eSodium (mg/d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 82.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2389.1\u0026plusmn;1166.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 106.75pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 10.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2780.0\u0026plusmn;1263.4\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.65pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"122\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2678.3\u0026plusmn;1248.6\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 71.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.2pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e3767.6\u0026plusmn;1584.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003etotal vegetarians: lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eStatistical significance when comparing vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians, P\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eStatistical significance when comparing vegetarians and omnivores, P\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eTable 3 Multiple-linear regression for the association between vegetarian dietary \u003c/span\u003epatterns and renal function parameters\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 536.7pt; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;\" width=\"716\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.0pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.0pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.0pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.0pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.0pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.0pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 401.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 12.65pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"535\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegetarians\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eOmnivores\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eTotal vegetarians\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eLacto-ovo vegetarians\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eVegans\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: DengXian;\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026beta;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e（\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e95% CIs)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026beta;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e（\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e95% CIs)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026beta;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e（\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e95% CIs)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eBUN \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 1\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0(Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.71 (-0.88, -0.53)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.76 (-0.95, -0.57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.56 (-0.84, -0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.68 (-0.85, -0.51)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.71 (-0.90, -0.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.58 (-0.87, -0.30)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.72 (-0.96, -0.49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.71 (-0.96, -0.46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.74 (-1.13, -0.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.63 (-0.88, -0.38)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.59 (-0.86, -0.32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.64 (-1.05, -0.22)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 5 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.66 (-0.95, -0.38)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.66 (-0.98, -0.35)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-0.52 (-1.04, 0.00)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eCr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 1\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0(Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-1.91 (-3.72, -0.10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.08 (-4.03, -0.12)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-1.43 (-4.43, 1.57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.04 (-3.51, -0.57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-1.61 (-3.12, -0.10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-3.70 (-6.08, -1.32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.95 (-4.85, -1.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.46 (-4.38, -0.55)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-5.41 (-8.70, -2.11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.04 (-4.10, 0.02)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-1.58 (-3.65, 0.48)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-3.17 (-6.24, -0.09)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 5 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.47 (-4.83, -0.11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-2.41 (-4.81, -0.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-3.67 (-8.17, -0.86) \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eUA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 1\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0(Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-18.41 (-29.11, -7.70)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-21.72 (-33.19, -10.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-9.00 (-26.01, -8.03)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-10.17 (-19.28, -1.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-11.87 (-21.54, -2.19)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-5.69 (-20.30, 8.95)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-17.21 (-28.76, -5.65)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-16.47 (-28.77, -4.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-19.30 (-37.77, -0.82)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-15.15 (-27.81, -2.50)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-16.29 (-29.61, -2.97)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-14.88 (-35.18, 5.42)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 5 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-18.00 (-32.52, -3.48)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-18.73 (-34.25, -3.21)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e-19.96 (-45.61, 5.68)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eeGFR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 1\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e0(Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e3.06 (0.26, 5.85)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.65 (-0.26, 5.56)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.20 (-0.37, 8.78)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e3.59 (0.92, 6.28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.66 (-0.08, 5.39)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e7.42 (3.02, 11.81)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e5.94 (2.48, 9.41)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.51 (1.15, 7.87)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e12.29 (6.25, 18.33)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 4 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.04 (0.30, 7.78)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e2.69 (-0.92, 6.30)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e8.31 (2.38, 13.85)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003eModel 5 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.55 (0.25, 8.84)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e4.17 (-0.03, 8.37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"\u003e7.70 (0.53, 15.94)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13.65pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 80.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"107\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 55.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"74\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 155.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"207\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 115.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 130.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 13.65pt;\" width=\"174\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eModel 1: Unadjusted regression; Model 2: Adjusted for sex, age ,BMI and\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e skeletal muscle mass\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e on the basis of Model 1; Model 3: Adjusted for physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking status on the basis of Model 2; Model 4: Adjusted for LDL, HDL, systolic pressure and fasting blood glucose in addition to the adjustments in Model 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e; Model 5:Adjusted for vegetarian duration on the basis of Model 4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003etotal vegetarians: lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegan\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003es.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nephrology](http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bnep/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nephrology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Vegetarian, Dietary pattern, Renal function, Kidney, Estimated glomerular filtration rate, Urea nitrogen, Serum creatinine, Uric acid","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.17471/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.17471/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBackground: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eAn appropriate diet is an important determinant of kidney health. However, the association between vegetarian diets and renal function is unclear. We aimed to study the association between vegetarian diets and renal function in healthy adults. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eA total of 269 vegetarians and 269 sex- and age-matched nonvegetarian omnivores were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Basic characteristics and daily dietary intakes were assessed by face-to-face interviews. Blood samples were collected, and renal function was assessed by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), uric acid (UA) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profiles were also assessed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eResults:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The average age of the vegetarians was 35.4±8.6 years, 82.2% of whom were female. We evaluated the association between vegetarian diets and renal function using multivariate analysis. Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had lower BUN [β= -0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.88 , -0.38)], SCr [β= -2.04, 95% CI:(-4.10, 0.02)], and UA levels [β= -15.15, 95% CI: (-27.81, -2.50)] and higher eGFRs [β= 4.04, 95% CI: (0.30, 7.78)] after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), systolic pressure and fasting blood glucose. Further analysis of food composition and renal function showed that dietary fiber intake was significantly negatively associated with BUN [β= -0.02, 95% CI: (-0.03, 0.00)], SCr [β= -0.14, 95% CI: (-0.25, 0.04)], and UA levels [β= -0.72, 95% CI: (-1.36, 0.07)] and positively associated with the eGFR [β= 0.20, 95% CI: (0.00, 0.40)]. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConclusions:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function than omnivores, and the higher dietary fiber intake associated with vegetarian diets may contribute to the protective effect on renal function.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function than matched omnivores: a cross sectional study in China.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2020-06-30 22:02:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17471/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-07-01T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-06-29T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-06-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-06-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nephrology](http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bnep/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nephrology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":3,"date":"2020-06-23 18:42:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17471/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-06-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-06-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-06-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-06-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nephrology](http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bnep/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nephrology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2020-05-29 03:07:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17471/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-05-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-05-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-05-18T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-05-18T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nephrology](http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bnep/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nephrology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2019-11-20 20:28:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17471/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-04-08T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-04-01T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after discretionary revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nPEER REVIEWER ASSESSMENTS:\n\nOBJECTIVE - Full research articles: is there a clear objective that addresses a testable research question(s) (brief or other article types: is there a clear objective)?\nYes - there is a clear objective\n\nDESIGN - Is the current approach (including controls and analysis protocols) appropriate for the objective?\nNot sure - key details are missing from the manuscript\n\nEXECUTION - Are the experiments and analyses performed with technical rigor to allow confidence in the results?\nYes - experiments and analyses were performed appropriately\n\nSTATISTICS - Is the use of statistics in the manuscript appropriate?\nYes - appropriate statistical analyses have been used in the study\n\nINTERPRETATION - Is the current interpretation/discussion of the results reasonable and not overstated?\nYes - the author's interpretation is reasonable\n\nOVERALL MANUSCRIPT POTENTIAL - Is the current version of this work technically sound? If not, can revisions be made to make the work technically sound?\nYes - current version is technically sound\n\nPEER REVIEWER COMMENTS:\n\nGENERAL COMMENTS:\nThis paper is well written, the methods rigorous to address their clear objective, and the analysis and interpretation fair. I feel the data in Tables 2-3 are presented very well and was happy to see the footnote with the details needed for the reader to understand the table. I also feel that the most impressive part of this paper is the authors' ability to control for so many other factors in their analysis.\n\n\n\nREQUESTED REVISIONS:\nI have mostly minor comments for revision including:\n1) a few spelling errors, and 2) remove page numbers referring to where to find the tables in the text.\n\nI would like the authors to elaborate in the text on how the \"matched\" sample was recruited and the process of matching. I find it hard to believe that you recruited the exact numbers of participants per group unless that is what you strived to do. If so, please include this text in the Methods. For example, for every vegan you recruited, you then found a \"omnivore\" that matched for sex, age, and lifestyle factors? If so, how many people did you have to screen in order to find these exact matches? Again, just more transparency re: this process.\n\nI also do not see the value of Table 4. I feel it is distracting to the main message of the paper and should be eliminated. The analysis was not in line w/your objective of this paper.* Please confirm that you have included your review in the ‘Comments to Author’ box?: ** Yes**\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described to allow independent reproduction of experiments?: **No**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **No**\n* Are you able to assess the statistics?: ** I have been able to assess all of the statistics in this manuscript (please refer to checklist above)**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Quality of written English: **Needs some language corrections before being published**\n* Should the manuscript be highlighted for promotional activity?: **No**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **This reviewer has been recruited by a partner organization, Research Square. Reviewers with declared or apparent competing interests are not utilized for these reviews. This reviewer has agreed to publication of their comments online under a Creative Commons Attribution License attributed to Research Square and was paid a small honorarium for completing the review within a specified timeframe. Honoraria for reviews such as this are paid regardless of the reviewer recommendation.**\n* I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal. I understand that my name will be included on my report to the authors and, if the manuscript is accepted for publication, my named report including any attachments I upload will be posted on the website along with the authors' responses. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). I understand that any comments which I do not wish to be included in my named report can be included as confidential comments to the editors, which will not be published.: ** I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal**\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-03-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-02-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nOverview\n\nThe authors sought to examine the association between vegetarian diets and kidney function in 269 vegetarian and 269 sex- and age-matched nonvegetarian healthy adults, average age 35 years, in cross section fashion with daily diets assessed by face-to-face interviews. They report that vegetarians had higher eGFR and lower BUN, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, and that dietary fiber intake was significantly positively associated with eGFR and negatively with serum BUN and serum creatinine. They conclude that healthy adult vegetarians have better kidney function than omnivores, and that the higher dietary fiber intake associated with vegetarian diets may contribute a protective effect on kidney function.\n\nMajor Comments\n\n1. Historic studies show that vegetarians have lower eGFR than non-vegetarians, due in part to the acute and presumably hormonal effects of intake of animal-sourced foods to increase GFR(Hirschberg, et al. Klinische Wochenschrit 63:217, 1985). By contrast, the authors show higher steady-state eGFR in vegetarians. The authors suggest that a vegetarian diet has a protective effect on kidney function and that a non-vegetarian diet has a less protective effect. One possible explanation is that a non-vegetarian diet causes kidney injury. Do the authors have any measures that provide insight as to whether the non-vegetarians have kidney injury compared to the vegetarians, for example, that they have higher urine albumin or total protein excretion?\n\n2. Animal studies show that caloric restriction preserves GFR (Xu, et al. PloS One. 2015; 10(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144442) and that individuals who are more physically active have less incidence of chronic kidney disease (Guo, et al. Brit J of Sports Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100989). The authors report that the vegetarians had less energy intake and were more physically active, so that these 2 factors might have contributed to the higher eGFR in the vegetarians. Although the authors apparently included these factors in their adjusted analysis, this reviewer asks the author to comment on the possible contributors of these 2 factors to higher eGFR in the vegetarians.\n\n3. The authors report no association between dietary protein intake and eGFR. They presumably used total dietary protein intake. This reviewer asks if they see an association between plant-sourced protein vs. animal-sourced protein, recognizing studies showing greater propensity of animal-sourced protein, particularly red meat (Haring, et al. J Renal Nutrition 27:233, 2017 and , Lew, et al. JASN 28:304, 2017) to be associated with lower eGFR and/or kidney injury.\n\n4. The authors report no influence of duration of vegetarian diet on eGFR yet postulate that one potential mechanism for the apparent benefit of increased dietary fiber is its beneficial effect on the gut microbiome. Do the authors postulate that the kidney benefits of gut microbiome changes associated with dietary fiber occur in a short time frame, as opposed to requiring many years of the sustained diet to manifest with benefits on kidney function?\n\nMinor Comments\n\n1. The authors presumably mean \"participants\" rather than \"participates\" at line 75* Please confirm that you have included your review in the ‘Comments to Author’ box?: ** Yes**\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described to allow independent reproduction of experiments?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess the statistics?: ** There are statistical tests that I am unable to assess and recommend seeking additional advice (please specify which tests these are in the ‘Comments to Editor’ box)**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Quality of written English: **Needs some language corrections before being published**\n* Should the manuscript be highlighted for promotional activity?: **No**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I receive salary support paid through my employing institution that offsets, but does not add to, my salary to serve as a consultant for Tricida, Inc.**\n* I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal. I understand that my name will be included on my report to the authors and, if the manuscript is accepted for publication, my named report including any attachments I upload will be posted on the website along with the authors' responses. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). I understand that any comments which I do not wish to be included in my named report can be included as confidential comments to the editors, which will not be published.: ** I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal**\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-02-12T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-12-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-10-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-10-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-10-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nephrology](http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bnep/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nephrology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"314c6575-9421-4a55-96e3-f6897de2c637","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 30th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":129148,"name":"Urology \u0026 Nephrology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-07-12T15:01:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8103","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-01918-2","journal":{"identity":"bmc-nephrology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Nephrology"},"publishedOn":"2020-07-11 12:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 11th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-06-30 22:02:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12882-020-01918-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-01918-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v4","identity":"rs-8103","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-8103","version":["v4"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}