Impact of Straw Return Rate, Nitrogen Rates and Split Nitrogen Management on Winter Wheat Performance and soil fertility

Impact of Straw Return Rate, Nitrogen Rates and Split Nitrogen Management on Winter Wheat Performance and soil fertility | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of Straw Return Rate, Nitrogen Rates and Split Nitrogen Management on Winter Wheat Performance and soil fertility PAVEL DARYL KEM SENOU, zheng jie qin, Gabriel Hopla Akwakwa, Mengjuan Li, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7689110/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Plant Production → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optimizing straw and nitrogen (N) management is critical for sustainable crops production, but their interactive effects on yield, soil fertility, and plant traits remain understudied. this 2-year (2023–2024, 2024–2025) randomized block design field experiment with three factors, rice straw return [0%RST,50%RST, 100%RST], nitrogen rate [0 (ck), 180 (n), 220 (h) kg N ha⁻¹], and splitting regimen [1:0:0(n1/h1),7:3:0(n2/h2), 1:1:1 (n3/h3)], were examined. Grain yield (GY) and its components, soil fertility, partitioning of plant nitrogen (N), dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning, and photosynthetic traits (SPAD, LAI) were measured in the experiment.Straw return, N rate, N splits, and their interactions had significant impact over all the measured traits (p < 0.05). The 50%RST + h₃ treatment achieved highest, 7.64 ± 0.08 t ha⁻¹(2023–2024) and 9.61 ± 0.24 t ha⁻¹(2024–2025)—grain yields ca. 24.3–35.5% greater than 100%RST or 0%RST on the same h₃ regime. This was also supported by improved yield components (spike no., grains per spike), dry matter accumulation, and photosynthesis capacity.Conversely, 100% straw returning had the best impact on soil fertility for instance ,the 100%RST + h₃ treatment was optimal, producing the highest Soil SN (0.45% and 0.78% at flowering) and Soil SAN (222 and 290 mg·kg⁻¹ at maturity) in the respective seasons—values 28.3 to 48.7% higher than other straw treatments under h₃. Plant N partitioning showed that 50%RST favored N uptake at flowering, while 100%RST enhanced grain N content at maturity. Correlation analysis revealed that GY was very significantly and positively correlated with SPAD (r = 0.90), grains per spike (r = 0.87), and maturity dry matter (r = 0.88).These results suggest a significant trade-off: 50%RST + h₃ maximizes current productivity, and 100%RST + h₃ enhances long-term soil nitrogen pools. This article outlines a definite recipe for the custom fitting of straw and N management (220 kg N ha⁻¹ in three splits) to specific winter wheat production goals, an avenue towards the attainment of both high yield and enduring soil health. Winter wheat Straw management Nitrogen rates Nitrogen splitting Grain yield Dry matter accumulation Photosynthetic traits plants nitrogen content Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Being one of the most commonly cultivated crop in the world after corn and rice, Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global staple crop that is vital for the food security of millions of individuals but facing production limitations by global climate change, land degradation, and unsustainable agriculture practices (Asseng et al., 2011 ; Sun et al., 2024 ). In order to follow the threat of a projected 9.7 billion population in 2050, a 60% increase in yield is called for, demanding breakthrough of traditional strategies and create new one that could enhance productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability (Gu et al., 2021 ; Jaiswal et al., 2017 ; Tilman et al., 2002 ). Being the most important fertilizer for crops, Nitrogen (N) fertilization plays a key role in achieving high wheat yields encouraging major processes like tillering, elongation and grain filling (Ali et al., 2005 ; Ullah et al., 2018 ). inapropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer, reduces crops yield, declines nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and causes severe environmental pollution (Ghaly & Ramakrishnan, 2015 ; Peel et al., 2013 ). Split N application is a proven method of handling precision with synchronised N supply based on crop N requirement, improving yield and NUE (Hamani et al., 2023 ; Sajjad et al., 2024 ). Straw return, widely practiced to improve soil quality through the supply of organic matter and greater carbon sequestration (Xin et al., 2024 ), can significantly increase yields (Zhang et al., 2024 ). But its use is highly specific in context; misuse will immobilize N, make the crop more susceptible to disease, and even reduce yields. ( Xu et al., 2021 ; Yao et al., 2017 ). Optimal benefits require strict monitoring of method of application, quantity, and local soil-climate Straw return-N management relationship is a synergistic complex. While straw decomposition may temporarily immobilize N, necessitating altered fertilisation practices (Wang et al., 2023 ), it may also stimulates microbial activities and soil health and can offset split N application diminution of effectiveness(Zhang et al., 2022 ). However, these processes remain insufficiently quantified with different straw return rates, N spliting and N levels. This study fills these critical knowledge gaps by analyzing rigorously: (1) the impact of straw return level on the yield response to N splitting management, and (2) whether a slightly higher N level can counteract immobilization without compromising sustainability. Our study aims to provide pragmatic advice for low-environmental-cost, high-efficiency winter wheat production. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental SiteExperimental Site and Planting Material This experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 growing seasons at the Taihu Experimental Farm Station of Yangtze University, located in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China (30°03′N, 112°00′E). The monthly total rainfall and average temperature throughout these growing seasons are depicted in Fig. 1 . The experimental site has calcareous alluvial soil with a sandy loam texture (Qi & Pan, 2022 ). Prior to the experiment, the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the 0–20 cm soil layer were determined as follows: organic matter content of 23.39 g/kg, total nitrogen of 1.19 g/kg, nitrate nitrogen of 39.56 mg/kg, available phosphorus of 27.67 mg/kg, available potassium of 87.51 mg/kg, and a pH value of 7.2. The wheat cultivar employed in this study was Yangmai 23 (YM23), a high-yielding winter wheat variety extensively grown in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region in China (Akwakwa & Xiaoyan, 2023 ). The wheat seeds were supplied by Jiangsu Golden Land Seed Industry Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). 2.2 experiment description This experiment comport 3 factors ,Treatments included three straw return levels [100%RST (8000–9000 kg N ha⁻¹), 50%RST (3500–4800 kg N ha⁻¹), 0%RST (100–500 kg N ha⁻¹)], three N rates [180 kg N ha⁻¹ (n), 220 kg N ha⁻¹ (h), 0 kg N ha⁻¹ (ck)], and three N splitting regimens [single application (n1/h1), two splits (n2/h2), three splits (n3/h3)], as detailed in Table 1 .The experiment used a randomized block design with three replications(n = 3). Plots were 20 m × 2 m (40 m², 0.5 m apart), and wheat seeds were sown at 10.93 g/m². Potash (105 kg/ha K₂O) and phosphate (105 kg/ha P₂O₅) fertilizers were uniformly applied at planting. Table 1 Description of experimental factors and treatment levels. straw DESCRIPTION Nrates DESCRIPTION NSplitting DESCRIPTION 100%RST 100% rice straw return (8000-9000kg N ha⁻¹ ) n 180 kg N ha⁻¹ n1/h1 Single application (100% basal) - (1:0:0) 50%RST 50% rice straw return(3500-4800kg N ha⁻¹ ) h 220 kg N ha⁻¹ n2/h2 Two splits (70% basal + 30% tillering) - (7/10:3/10:0) 0%RST No rice straw return (500-800kg N ha⁻¹ ) ck 0kg N ha⁻¹ n3/h3 Three splits (1/3 basal + 1/3 tillering + 1/3 booting) - (1/3:1/3:1/3) 4.3 Sample Collection and Measurement Methods 4.3.1 Grain Yield and Yield Components At maturity, grain yield was determined by harvesting all plants from a representative 2 m² area of each plot (to avoid edge effects). Harvested plants were air-dried, and grains were manually threshed. For yield components: spike number was determined by manually counting spikes in a 1 m 2 area of a representative area per plot; grain number per spike was assessed by randomly selecting 15 spikes per plot and counting grains; 1000-grain weight was measured using an electronic device to count and weigh 1000 grains from each plot. 4.3.2 Soil total nitrogen (N) and available nitrogen (AN). Soil samples were collected at two growth stages, flowering (FLW) and maturation (MAT), from the 0–10cm, 10-20cm depth following recommended procedures ([Marschner, Umar, & Baumann, 2011]). Briefly, five soil samples were taken from each plot in an “S” pattern and mixed into a composite sample. Total nitrogen (TN) was determined via the Kjeldahl method, while soil available nitrogen (AN) was measured using the alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method. 4.3.3 Field Biomass,dry matter repartion and plant nitrogen At five critical growth periods—wintering, jointing, flowering (FLW), grain filling, and maturity (MAT)—15 plants were randomly selected from each plot and processed within 24 hours of collection. First, the total number of spikes per selected plant was manually counted. For biomass and dry matter measurements, plant samples were initially dehydrated in an oven at 105°C for 30 minutes, then dried at 70°C for 3–4 days until a constant weight was achieved. At the FLW and MAT stages, plants were further separated into distinct organs before oven-drying: flag leaf (FL), other leaves (OL), stem, and spike (with spikes split into glume and grain at MAT). After drying, the Kjeldahl method was used to determine the nitrogen content of each plant organ. Total above-ground biomass for each plot was calculated using the following formula: Total biomass = \(\:\text{}\frac{\text{weig}\text{h}\text{t}\text{}\text{of}\text{15}\text{plants}}{\text{number}\text{}\text{of}\text{}\text{spikes}\text{}\text{in}\text{15}\text{plants}}\text{*}\text{total}\text{}\text{spike}\text{}\text{number}\text{}\text{in}\text{}\text{t}\text{h}\text{e}\text{}\text{field}\) 4.3.4 SPAD Value and LAI Determination Flag leaf SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) values were measured using a portable SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Konica Minolta, Japan) at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering. For each treatment, 15 flag leaves were sampled, and the average SPAD value was recorded. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured simultaneously using a Sunscan LP-80 plant canopy analyzer. A 1 m-long light-sensing probe (photosensitive area: 0.01 m²) was positioned with the photosensitive side facing upward, at 0.5 m above the ground and aligned with the wheat canopy. Each LAI measurement was repeated four times per plot, and the average value was calculated. 4.4 Statistical Analysis Preliminary data validation, standardization, and preprocessing were conducted using Microsoft Excel 2018 to ensure data quality. To assess treatment effects, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 29.0.2.0, using a 95% confidence interval to identify significant differences among treatments. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out in OriginPro 2024b to explore relationships between key variables (e.g., yield components, nitrogen content, SPAD, LAI). Monthly average precipitation and temperature data (presented in Fig. 1 ) were obtained from the Jingzhou Prefecture Meteorological Office. 3. Results 3.1 Grain Yield and Yield Components As shown in Table 2 , grain yield (GY) was significantly impacted by straw return (p < 0.05) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer strategy (p 100%RST > 0%RST. For example, from 2023–2024, average GY of 50%RST (across all N treatments) was 5.13 ± 2.12 t ha⁻¹, which was ~ 24.3% higher compared to 100%RST at 3.79 ± 1.59 t ha⁻¹ and ~ 35.5% higher than 0%RST at 4.12 ± 1.59 t ha⁻¹.GY, across all N treatments, was in the order h₃ >h₂ >n₂ >h₁ >n₃ >n₁ >ck, and this persisted across all straw return treatments as well as seasons. Specifically, under 180 kg N ha⁻¹ (n), split application was the best with n₂ >n₃ >n₁; while, under 220 kg N ha⁻¹ (h), three-split application (h₃) was the best. More importantly, joint application of 50%RST and h₃ had the maximum GY in all treatment and years and was recorded as 7.64 ± 0.08 t ha⁻¹ in 2023–2024 and 9.61 ± 0.24 t ha⁻¹ in 2024–2025. These yields were accounted for to a great extent by the concomitant changes of spike number (SN) and grains per spike (GN/S), which showed similar patterns of variation.These findings collectively demonstrate the synergistic efficiencies of optimized straw return and nitrogen management for boosting winter wheat grain yield. Table 2 Impact of straw return rate and nitrogen fertilization strategy on winter wheat grain yield and yield components. GY (t ha⁻¹) SN (10^4ha⁻¹) GN/S TGW (g) Straw Nitrogen 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 100%RST n1 3.08 ± 0.19d 6.84 ± 0.24c 237.6 ± 32.7d 253 ± 30c 34.8 ± 0.6d 54.4 ± 1.7d 34.8 ± 1.3b 48.67 ± 1.2a n2 4.70 ± 0.14b 7.26 ± 0.46b 294.7 ± 9.5b 309.6 ± 37b 37.5 ± 2c 57.7 ± 0.6c 37.9 ± 0.5a 48.7 ± 3.a n3 4.25 ± 0.08c 6.86 ± 0.12b 238.3 ± 2.08c 292.3 ± 11a 38.9 ± 1.04b 57.8 ± 4b 36.94 ± 0.35a 47.3 ± 2a ck 1.43 ± 0.14e 2.88 ± 0.16d 106 ± 5.57e 212.3 ± 18c 29.3 ± 0.51e 34.67 ± 2e 31.64 ± 0.7b 46 ± 2a h1 4.27 ± 0.11c 7.13 ± 0.39b 273.7 ± 6.0c 290.3 ± 8.5b 40.6 ± 1.18b 60 ± 4.6b 38.09 ± 0.64a 48 ± 3a h2 5.47 ± 0.11a 7.40 ± 0.33b 305.6 ± 22ab 320.3 ± 35a 43.6 ± 0.9a 69.5 ± 2.6a 35.2 ± 0.56a 47 ± 2a h3 5.68 ± 0.18a 7.87 ± 0.58a 329.3 ± 6.66a 349.6 ± 14a 44.0 ± 1.58a 61.8 ± 3a 33.16 ± 3.8a 45.3 ± 1.5a 100% ms 3.79 ± 1.59c 6.14 ± 1.97b 236 ± 83.5c 280 ± 52b 37.3 ± 5.6b 53.8 ± 12b 34.9 ± 2.8a 47.12 ± 2a 50%RST n1 4.18 ± 0.09d 6.99 ± 0.39c 312.9 ± 2.7d 214.7 ± 58c 35.2 ± 1.5d 69.6 ± 6.7d 31.7 ± 0.48b 46.6 ± 1.1a n2 6.29 ± 0.17b 8.81 ± 0.40b 408.2 ± 16.9b 313.3 ± 39b 37.7 ± 1.69c 66.8 ± 1.4c 40.61 ± 2.22a 46 ± 0.6a n3 5.66 ± 0.50c 8.32 ± 0.36b 330.2 ± 11.9c 420.3 ± 73a 40.3 ± 0.98b 66.7 ± 5b 35.81 ± 0.36a 46.3 ± 1a ck 2.02 ± 0.13e 4.12 ± 0.10d 155.1 ± 10.5e 255.3 ± 34c 30.9 ± 0.18e 36.5 ± 4.4e 35.56 ± 3.33b 45.3 ± 2a h1 5.71 ± 0.20c 8.74 ± 0.25b 290.3 ± 7.9c 298.3 ± 3.5b 41.29 ± 1.26b 61.5 ± 2.9b 35.3 ± 0.6a 45.3 ± 0.5a h2 7.53 ± 0.06a 8.84 ± 0.49b 405.6 ± 16.9ab 405.3 ± 13.05a 44.24 ± 0.91a 64 ± 1.6a 38.1 ± 1.76a 44.3 ± 1.5a h3 7.64 ± 0.08a 9.61 ± 0.24a 428.1 ± 32.5a 402.3 ± 22a 44.44 ± 0.7a 63 ± 1.8a 38.89 ± 4.45a 45.6 ± 1.1a 50% ms 5.13 ± 2.12a 7.44 ± 2.10a 310.7 ± 104a 320.6 ± 83.1a 38.14 ± 5.24b 58.1 ± 13a 36.44 ± 3.34a 45.6 ± 1.3b 0%RST n1 3.11 ± 0.08d 6.67 ± 0.31c 197.6 ± 9.9d 294.3 ± 17c 37.5 ± 0.9d 63.8 ± 2.6d 35.22 ± 0.36b 46 ± 1a n2 4.90 ± 0.92b 7.10 ± 0.47b 336.3 ± 6.8b 309.6 ± 8.9b 39.35 ± 1.48c 64.7 ± 2c 35.2 ± 1.08a 45.3 ± 1.2a n3 4.49 ± 0.09c 7.52 ± 0.61b 272.3 ± 16.0c 377.6 ± 45a 41.1 ± 0.2b 62.5 ± 0.6b 37.31 ± 0.2a 48 ± 2.6a ck 1.90 ± 0.14e 3.04 ± 0.45d 145.7 ± 14.3e 198 ± 38c 31.9 ± 1.04e 34.7 ± 1.4e 32.65 ± 1.3b 45.3 ± 0.6a h1 4.74 ± 0.07c 6.84 ± 0.24b 306 ± 11.3c 327.7 ± 34b 43.35 ± 0.86b 61.5 ± 4.6b 36.23 ± 0.4a 46.6 ± 2.1a h2 5.91 ± 0.12a 6.95 ± 1.13b 335.7 ± 13ab 353 ± 19.3a 45.67 ± 0.9a 68.7 ± 1a 34.28 ± 1.57a 45.7 ± 2.1a h3 6.04 ± 0.09a 8.19 ± 0.38a 348 ± 8a 375.7 ± 7.5a 45.27 ± 1.53a 66.7 ± 4a 37.96 ± 0.2a 47 ± 1.7a 0% ms 4.12 ± 1.59b 6.17 ± 1.96b 260.9 ± 83b 304.25 ± 73a 39.5 ± 5.3a 57.2 ± 13.6a 35.19 ± 2.04a 46.2 ± 1.7a GY (kg/ha) SN (10^4/ha) GN/S TGW (g) Straw(s) * ** ** ns Nitrogen (n) *** *** *** * years(y) *** *** *** *** s*n ** *** ns ** y*s ns *** ** *** y*n *** *** ** ** y*s*n ns *** ns * GY, grain yield (t ha⁻¹); SN, spike number (×10⁴ ha⁻¹); GNS, grains per spike; TGW, 1000-grain weight (g); RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n = 180 kg N ha⁻¹, h = 220 kg N ha⁻¹, ck = 0 kg N ha⁻¹. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3). Values are means ± SD (n = 3). 100%ms,50%ms and 0%ms ; means for (100%,50% and 0%) Column means with different lowercase letters differ at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD). ANOVA: ***/p < 0.001/**p < 0.01*/p < 0.05/ns (not significant); factors: straw return (Straw), N rate (Nitrogen), year, and interactions. 3.2 Soil Total Nitrogen and Available Nitrogen Content As shown in Fig. 2 , nitrogen (N) fertilization mode and straw return rate significantly influenced soil total nitrogen (Soil N) and available nitrogen (Soil AN) content. In the two cropping seasons, straw return followed a consistent trend of 100%RST > 50%RST > 0%RST. in favor of Soil N and Soil AN. For example, at the maturity time of 2024–2025, in the 0–10 cm soil layer, the Soil AN content under 100%RST + h₃ treatment accumulated to 290 mg·kg⁻¹, 28.3% higher than under 50%RST + h₃ treatment (226 mg·kg⁻¹), and 48.7% higher than under the 0%RST + h₃ treatment (195 mg·kg⁻¹).Among various N fertilizer treatments, 220 kg N ha⁻¹ (h) treatments had better performance than 180 kg N ha⁻¹ (n) treatments, and three-split N application(n3/h3) results in better soil AN and N than two-split or single-split applications for all straw return rates for all growth seasons. The order of N treatment for Soil N and AN was h₃ >h₂ >n₃ >n₂ >h₁ >n₁ >ck, and the order was the same in all seasons. Surprisingly, the addition of 100%RST and h₃ gave maximum Soil N and AN in both the growing seasons. For instance, at flowering in 2024–2025 (0–10 cm soil layer), the treatment contained 0.78% Soil N and 300 mg·kg⁻¹ Soil AN—both higher than for all other treatment combinations.These data indicate that straw return coupled with three-split application of N (particularly 100%RST + h₃) considerably enhances soil fertility during crucial phases of growth (flowering and maturity). 3.3 Plant Nitrogen Distribution As presented in Table 3 , straw return rate and nitrogen fertilizer strategy significantly impacted plant nitrogen content but the impact was different across growth stages and plant parts.At the flowering stage, 50%RST generally dominated in nitrogen content for all plant parts across both growing seasons, followed by 100%RST and then 0%RST. In contrast, at the maturity stage, the trend for grain nitrogen content shifted to 100%RST > 50%RST > 0%RST. For example, the mean grain nitrogen content in 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 was 3.50%and 5.98%for 100%RST, respectively—~25.0–8.5% higher than 50%RST (2.80 and 5.51, respectively in 2023–2024 and 2024–2025) and ~ 28.2–20.3% higher than 0%RST (2.73 and 4.97, respectively in 2023–2024 and 2024–2025).Regarding the impact of N fertilizer strategy, across all plant parts, growth stages, and growing seasons, the trend consistently followed h₃ >h₂ >n₂ >n₃ >h₁ >n₁ >ck. The h₃ treatment combined with 50%RST achieved the best results at the flowering stage, while at the maturity stage, h₃ + 100%RST was generally higher or nearly equal to h₃ + 50%RST in nitrogen content.These findings indicate that higher N application with three-split dosing, paired with 100% or 50% straw return, substantially benefits plant nitrogen uptake. Table 3 Impact of straw return rate, nitrogen fertilization strategy, and growing season on winter wheat plant nitrogen partition FLW FL FLW OL FLW Stem FLW Spike Straw Nitrogen 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 100%RST n1 0.78 ± 0.13d 1.6 ± 0.5d 0.41 ± 0.08d 1.3 ± 0.5d 0.14 ± 0.01e 0.14 ± 0.08d 0.18 ± 0.01d 0.91 ± 0.007cd n2 1.03 ± 0.015bc 2.09 ± 0.04c 0.64 ± 0.06bc 1.6 ± 0.03c 0.21 ± 0.01bc 0.37 ± 0.015bc 0.37 ± 0.02c 0.88 ± 0.03abc n3 0.87 ± 0.16cd 2.00 ± 0.1c 0.50 ± 0.015cd 1.7 ± 0.05c 0.16 ± 0.003de 0.35 ± 0.02c 0.23 ± 0.03d 0.89 ± 0.02bc ck 0.42 ± 0.03e 0.88 ± 0.04e 0.23 ± 0.03e 0.64 ± 0.04e 0.07 ± 0.009f 0.17 ± 0.01e 0.13 ± 0.02e 0.68 ± 0.03d h1 1.01 ± 0.003bc 1.6 ± 0.1d 0.56 ± 0.11c 1.7 ± 0.1c 0.19 ± 0.08cd 0.35 ± 0.01c 0.33 ± 0.01c 0.95 ± 0.03abc h2 1.15 ± 0.036ab 2.1 ± 0.07b 0.76 ± 0.11ab 1.7 ± 0.09b 0.24 ± 0.018ab 0.39 ± 0.08b 0.44 ± 0.005b 0.92 ± 0.01ab h3 1.23 ± 0.04a 2.28 ± 0.05a 0.87 ± 0.19a 1.8 ± 0.1a 0.27 ± 0.03a 0.34 ± 0.02a 0.49 ± 0.01a 0.98 ± 0.02a ms 0.86 ± 0.30b 1.68 ± 0.5a 0.52 ± 0.24b 1.37 ± 0.49b 0.17 ± 0.07b 0.29 ± 0.1b 0.29 ± 0.1b 0.86 ± 0.1a 50%RST n1 1.80 ± 0.08d 1.6 ± 0.05d 1.33 ± 0.02d 1.06 ± 0.002d 0.26 ± 0.009e 0.27 ± 0.02d 0.38 ± 0.01d 0.79 ± 0.03cd n2 1.91 ± 0.07bc 2 ± 0.005c 1.49 ± 0.06bc 1.3 ± 0.02c 0.39 ± 0.009bc 0.4 ± 0.01bc 0.59 ± 0.01c 0.82 ± 0.015abc n3 1.86 ± 0.21cd 2.01 ± 0.1c 1.39 ± 0.17cd 1.4 ± 0.05c 0.29 ± 0.001de 0.4 ± 0.02c 0.48 ± 0.02d 0.87 ± 0.02bc ck 0.89 ± 0.09e 0.96 ± 0.02e 0.8 ± 0.12e 0.7 ± 0.02e 0.17 ± 0.03f 0.23 ± 0.001e 0.23 ± 0.03e 0.68 ± 0.13d h1 1.92 ± 0.05bc 1.8 ± 0.004d 1.45 ± 0.04c 1.2 ± 0.001c 0.35 ± 0.03cd 0.36 ± 0.03c 0.56 ± 0.02c 0.93 ± 0.02abc h2 1.96 ± 0.06ab 2.08 ± 0.01b 1.54 ± 0.09ab 1.6 ± 0.1b 0.48 ± 0.02ab 0.47 ± 0.007b 0.67 ± 0.04b 0.93 ± 0.021ab h3 1.98 ± 0.015a 2.5 ± 0.04a 1.59 ± 0.02a 1.9 ± 0.06a 0.54 ± 0.05a 0.61 ± 0.0002a 0.74 ± 0.03a 0.98 ± 0.03a ms 1.65 ± 0.46a 1.75 ± 0.5b 1.3 ± 0.3a 1.21 ± 0.4c 0.33 ± 0.13a 0.35 ± 0.13a 0.48 ± 0.18a 0.83 ± 0.12a 0%RST n1 0.75 ± 0.02d 2.01 ± 0.005d 0.38 ± 0.02d 1.4 ± 0.03d 0.13 ± 0.05e 0.25 ± 0.05d 0.34 ± 0.02d 0.61 ± 0.55cd n2 0.86 ± 0.02bc 2.2 ± 0.02c 0.52 ± 0.01bc 1.6 ± 0.02c 0.24 ± 0.12bc 0.4 ± 0.009bc 0.33 ± 0.02c 0.86 ± 0.03abc n3 0.80 ± 0.005cd 2.03 ± 0.003c 0.44 ± 0.06cd 1.5 ± 0.02c 0.16 ± 0.03de 0.27 ± 0.015c 0.26 ± 0.07d 0.72 ± 0.02bc ck 0.46 ± 0.03e 1.4 ± 0.09e 0.26 ± 0.03e 1.03 ± 0.01e 0.07 ± 0.01f 0.16 ± 0.01e 0.17 ± 0.02e 0.51 ± 0.01d h1 0.82 ± 0.01bc 2.09 ± 0.01d 0.47 ± 0.02c 1.5 ± 0.07c 0.19 ± 0.007cd 0.31 ± 0.02c 0.32 ± 0.005c 0.8 ± 0.01abc h2 0.89 ± 0.002ab 2.6 ± 0.02b 0.57 ± 0.01ab 1.76 ± 0.04b 0.26 ± 0.03ab 0.36 ± 0.08b 0.39 ± 0.006b 0.94 ± 0.06ab h3 0.91 ± 0.001a 2.7 ± 0.06a 0.64 ± 0.04a 1.9 ± 0.07a 0.31 ± 0.06a 0.4 ± 0.09a 0.47 ± 0.02a 1.03 ± 0.01a ms 0.74 ± 0.18c 2.05 ± 0.4a 0.44 ± 0.1c 1.46 ± 0.3a 0.18 ± 0.09b 0.29 ± 0.1b 0.31 ± 0.1b 0.74 ± 0.25b FLW FL FLW OL FLW Stem FLW Spike straw(s) ns ns *** *** NAR(n) *** *** *** *** years(y) *** *** *** *** s*n * * *** ns y*s *** *** *** *** y*n *** ** ** ns y*s*n ns *** *** * MAT FL MAT OL MAT Stem MAT Glume MAT Grain Straw Nitrogen 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 2023–2024 2024–2025 100%RST n1 0.06 ± 0.01cd 0.37 ± 0.03f 0.12 ± 0.01d 0.38 ± 0.05f 0.14 ± 0.03e 0.19 ± 0.01e 0.10 ± 0.00d 0.15 ± 0.02e 3.20 ± 0.24e 5.60 ± 0.08f n2 0.08 ± 0.00bc 0.50 ± 0.01c 0.16 ± 0.02bc 0.51 ± 0.00c 0.23 ± 0.02bc 0.22 ± 0.01c 0.18 ± 0.01b 0.23 ± 0.02c 4.10 ± 0.29b 7.05 ± 0.04c n3 0.07 ± 0.00bc 0.40 ± 0.04e 0.13 ± 0.02cd 0.43 ± 0.01e 0.16 ± 0.01de 0.20 ± 0.00e 0.14 ± 0.01c 0.18 ± 0.01d 3.65 ± 0.05d 5.30 ± 0.26e ck 0.04 ± 0.01e 0.20 ± 0.03g 0.08 ± 0.01e 0.32 ± 0.02g 0.09 ± 0.01f 0.15 ± 0.01f 0.08 ± 0.00e 0.12 ± 0.01f 2.00 ± 0.28f 4.09 ± 0.06g h1 0.08 ± 0.01bcd 0.46 ± 0.04d 0.14 ± 0.01bcd 0.45 ± 0.02d 0.19 ± 0.01cd 0.21 ± 0.01d 0.17 ± 0.03b 0.19 ± 0.01d 3.80 ± 0.29c 5.87 ± 0.70d h2 0.09 ± 0.01ab 0.50 ± 0.00b 0.17 ± 0.04ab 0.56 ± 0.03b 0.25 ± 0.01ab 0.25 ± 0.01b 0.21 ± 0.01a 0.24 ± 0.01b 4.40 ± 0.05b 7.61 ± 0.43b h3 0.09 ± 0.00a 0.60 ± 0.01a 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.61 ± 0.00a 0.28 ± 0.04a 0.30 ± 0.00a 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.29 ± 0.02a 4.80 ± 0.19a 8.19 ± 0.00a ms 0.07 ± 0.02b 0.41 ± 0.12a 0.13 ± 0.04a 0.44 ± 0.11a 0.18 ± 0.07b 0.21 ± 0.05a 0.14 ± 0.05b 0.19 ± 0.06c 3.50 ± 1.03a 5.98 ± 1.48a 50%RST n1 0.05 ± 0.01cd 0.31 ± 0.01f 0.07 ± 0.00d 0.34 ± 0.01f 0.03 ± 0.00e 0.15 ± 0.02e 0.12 ± 0.02d 0.19 ± 0.01e 2.70 ± 0.09e 4.50 ± 0.38f n2 0.08 ± 0.01bc 0.42 ± 0.01c 0.09 ± 0.00bc 0.46 ± 0.02c 0.05 ± 0.00bc 0.24 ± 0.01c 0.17 ± 0.00b 0.28 ± 0.02c 3.50 ± 0.01b 6.29 ± 0.10c n3 0.06 ± 0.01bc 0.34 ± 0.02e 0.08 ± 0.00cd 0.39 ± 0.01e 0.04 ± 0.00de 0.18 ± 0.02e 0.14 ± 0.02c 0.23 ± 0.04d 2.80 ± 0.38d 5.48 ± 0.05e ck 0.05 ± 0.00e 0.30 ± 0.03g 0.05 ± 0.00e 0.24 ± 0.01g 0.03 ± 0.00f 0.11 ± 0.01f 0.08 ± 0.00e 0.15 ± 0.03f 1.20 ± 0.27f 4.07 ± 0.06g h1 0.07 ± 0.0bcd 0.37 ± 0.02d 0.09 ± 0.01cd 0.45 ± 0.03d 0.05 ± 0.00cd 0.21 ± 0.01d 0.16 ± 0.01b 0.25 ± 0.02d 3.20 ± 0.11c 6.09 ± 0.04d h2 0.09 ± 0.01ab 0.48 ± 0.02b 0.10 ± 0.02ab 0.56 ± 0.02b 0.05 ± 0.00ab 0.28 ± 0.01b 0.19 ± 0.00a 0.34 ± 0.03b 3.70 ± 0.10b 6.59 ± 0.06b h3 0.11 ± 0.05a 0.58 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.04a 0.68 ± 0.04a 0.07 ± 0.00a 0.34 ± 0.01a 0.20 ± 0.00a 0.38 ± 0.02a 4.10 ± 0.30a 6.98 ± 0.01a ms 0.07 ± 0.03a 0.38 ± 0.10b 0.08 ± 0.03b 0.41 ± 0.15b 0.04 ± 0.01a 0.20 ± 0.08a 0.14 ± 0.05b 0.25 ± 0.08b 2.80 ± 1.06b 5.51 ± 1.10b 0%RST n1 0.09 ± 0.00cd 0.39 ± 0.02f 0.11 ± 0.00d 0.34 ± 0.04f 0.03 ± 0.00e 0.13 ± 0.03e 0.20 ± 0.01d 0.25 ± 0.01e 2.10 ± 0.30e 4.29 ± 0.03f n2 0.13 ± 0.02bc 0.46 ± 0.01c 0.15 ± 0.01bc 0.47 ± 0.02c 0.05 ± 0.00bc 0.22 ± 0.00c 0.23 ± 0.01b 0.34 ± 0.04c 3.60 ± 0.03b 5.32 ± 0.07c n3 0.10 ± 0.00bc 0.41 ± 0.01e 0.13 ± 0.02cd 0.38 ± 0.02e 0.04 ± 0.00de 0.15 ± 0.02e 0.22 ± 0.01c 0.28 ± 0.02d 2.70 ± 0.10d 4.86 ± 0.06e ck 0.06 ± 0.00e 0.28 ± 0.00g 0.08 ± 0.00e 0.27 ± 0.02g 0.02 ± 0.00f 0.10 ± 0.00f 0.12 ± 0.01e 0.21 ± 0.00f 1.03 ± 0.04f 3.71 ± 0.05g h1 0.1 ± 0.02bcd 0.44 ± 0.04d 0.14 ± 0.04bcd 0.43 ± 0.03d 0.06 ± 0.02cd 0.19 ± 0.02d 0.25 ± 0.02b 0.30 ± 0.00d 3.10 ± 0.15c 5.15 ± 0.05d h2 0.15 ± 0.01ab 0.52 ± 0.01b 0.17 ± 0.02ab 0.52 ± 0.01b 0.06 ± 0.00ab 0.24 ± 0.03b 0.26 ± 0.01a 0.36 ± 0.01b 3.90 ± 0.00b 5.95 ± 0.03b h3 0.16 ± 0.04a 0.55 ± 0.04a 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.56 ± 0.03a 0.07 ± 0.00a 0.27 ± 0.02a 0.28 ± 0.02a 0.39 ± 0.02a 4.30 ± 0.16a 6.75 ± 0.05a ms 0.11 ± 0.04b 0.41 ± 0.10a 0.13 ± 0.04a 0.40 ± 0.10a 0.04 ± 0.02b 0.18 ± 0.06b 0.21 ± 0.06a 0.29 ± 0.06a 2.73 ± 1.19b 4.97 ± 1.02b MAT FL MAT OL MAT Stem MAT Glume MAT Grain Straw (s) * ** *** * *** Nitrogen (n) *** *** *** *** *** years(y) *** *** *** *** *** s*n * ns ns ns *** y*s *** *** *** *** *** y*n *** *** *** ** *** y*s*n ns ns ** ns *** FLW FL, nitrogen in flag leaf at flowering stage; FLW OL, nitrogen in other leaves at flowering stage; FLW Stem, nitrogen in stem at flowering stage; FLW Spike, nitrogen in spike at flowering stage; MAT FL, nitrogen in flag leaf at maturity stage; MAT OL, nitrogen in other leaves at maturity stage; MAT Stem, nitrogen in stem at maturity stage; MAT Glume, nitrogen in glume at maturity stage; MAT Grain, nitrogen in grain at maturity stage.RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n = 180 kg N ha⁻¹, h = 220 kg N ha⁻¹, ck = 0 kg N ha⁻¹. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3). Values are means ± SD (n = 3). Column means with different lowercase letters differ at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD). ANOVA: ***/p < 0.001/**p < 0.01/p < 0.05/ns (not significant); factors: straw return (Straw), N rate (Nitrogen), year, and interactions. 3.4 Dry Matter distribution and biomass dinamic Dry matter partitioning As indicated by Fig. 3 ., straw return rate and nitrogen (N) fertilization strategy had a profound impact on dry matter distribution in winter wheat plant organs (p 100%RST > 0%RST for dry matter in all plant organs (flag leaf, leaves, stems, and spikes). This trend was independent of growth phase, with 50%RST always sustaining greater dry matter partitioning compared to the other straw treatments. With regard to N fertilization strategy, high N rates (220 kg N ha⁻¹, h) greatly increased dry matter partitioning compared to the lower N rates (180 kg N ha⁻¹, n) and the control (ck, 0 kg N ha⁻¹). In addition, the rank order of N treatments was the same at all the straw return levels, growth stages, and seasons: h₃ >h₂ >n₂ >n₃ >h₁ >n₁ >ck. Notably, the combination of h₃ and 50%RST was the optimal treatment for obtaining the highest dry matter partitioning, outperforming all the other combinations in all the parameters. For example, at maturity in 2023–2024, 50%RST + h₃ achieved a total dry matter accumulation of 7471 kg·ha⁻¹—beating the second best treatment (50%RST + h₂) by 546 kg·ha⁻¹ (6925 kg·ha⁻¹).These results confirm that straw return optimization (50%RST) and N fertilization (h₃, 220 kg N ha⁻¹ with three splits) have a synergistic effect of enhancing dry matter partitioning in winter wheat, facilitating vigorous accumulation in all plant organs. 3.5 Biomass Dynamics As indicated in Fig. 4 , both straw return rate and N fertilization practice exerted considerable effects on field total biomass accumulation across growth phases (winter, jointing, flowering, grain filling, maturity) and growing seasons.Straw return rate exhibited a discernible pattern whereby 50%RST dominated over 100%RST and 0%RST in promoting biomass growth. With respect to N strategy, the rank order was also not altered and was in agreement with earlier findings: h₃ >h₂ >n₂ >n₃ >h₁ >n₁ >ck. For instance, at maturity stage, 50%RST + h₃ achieved 13999.4 kg·ha⁻¹ in 2023–2024, which was ~ 27.1% greater than 100%RST + h₃ (11010.6 kg·ha⁻¹) and ~ 32.5% greater than 0%RST + h₃ (10566.3 kg·ha⁻¹). In 2024–2025, 50%RST + h₃ had 23793.4 kg·ha⁻¹, ~ 13.1% more than 100%RST + h₃ (21045.9 kg·ha⁻¹) and ~ 23.8% more than 0%RST + h₃ (19210.5 kg·ha⁻¹).These results altogether establish that 50% straw return significantly enhanced field biomass, and three-split N application with higher N rate (220 kg N ha⁻¹) also contributed toward elevated biomass at every growth phase, from the winter phase to maturity. 3.6 Photosynthetic Characteristics (SPAD, LAI) As illustrated in Fig. 5 , nitrogen (N) fertilizing approach and straw return rate both had significant impacts on leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD).For straw return, there was a regular tendency that 50%RST dominated 100%RST and 0%RST in enhancing SPAD and LAI. In terms of the N strategy, overall the pattern of variation didn't shift and remained as before: h₃ >h₂ >n₂ >n₃ >h₁ >n₁ >ck for SPAD and for 2 season. At day 34 after flowering in the 2024–2025 season, 50%RST + h₃ had a reading of 41.2 SPAD, which was ~ 59.1% higher than 0%RST + h₃ (25.9) and ~ 100.9% higher than 100%RST + h₃ (20.5). The same trend was observed in LAI: 50%RST + h₃, at 34 DAF in 2024–2025, had a LAI of 2.8, ~ 55.6% higher than 0%RST + h₃ (1.8) and ~ 7.7% higher than 100%RST + h₃ (2.6).The above observations indicate that 50% straw return combined with three-split N application at raised N rate (220 kg N ha⁻¹) had a significant impact on leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index and favouring increased photosynthetic ability during the crop growth period. 3.7 Correlation Analysis As shown in Fig. 5 , grain yield (GY) was significantly positively correlated with mat dry matter (mat dm, r = 0.88), plant nitrogen content (PL N, r = 0.82), soil available nitrogen (S A N, r = 0.72), spike number (SN, r = 0.82), number of grains per spike (GN/S, r = 0.87), flag leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD, r = 0.90), and leaf area index (LAI, r = 0.84). These correlations reinforced the fact that higher dry matter accumulation, sufficient nitrogen availability (plant and soil), improved spike and grain qualities, and good photosynthetic intensity all contributed collectively towards higher GY. Relative to these, nitrogen status of the soil (S N, r = 0.49) and 1000-grain weight (TGW, r = 0.58) had lesser correlations with GY. Notably, mat dm and PL N (r = 0.92), and SPAD and LAI (r = 0.87) were significantly intercorrelated. 4. Discussion Intensive rice-wheat agricultural systems are subjected to soil degradation and nutrient loss, need integrated management(S. Yang et al., 2018 ). Rice straw return can improves soil fertility and nutrient cycling, avoid environmental degradation caused by burning and also raising wheat yield by 5–15% through organic matter addition and microbial action (Jin et al., 2017 ). However, inapropriate straw return rate application may can harm the soil environment and reduce crop productivity may increase soil porosity, leading to more significant water and nutrient loss and potentially increase the risk of patogen apparition (Che et al., 2024 ; Wang et al., 2018 )Optimized application of nitrogen (N) fertilization, particularly higher rates (200–250 kg ha⁻¹) and split applications, enhances growth in winter wheat and leaching reduction by 20–30% by synchronizing N availability with crop need (Y.-d. Wang et al., 2022 ). Synergy is achieved by integrating moderate straw return with three-split N application, as shown by our research with 50%RST + h₃ reaching maximum yield and soil health, allowing for sustainable intensification in rice-wheat rotation. 4.1 Grain Yield and Yield Components Our findings show that winter wheat grain yield is highly dependent on the combined influence of straw return and nitrogen (N) management. The 50% straw return (50%RST) had significantly higher yield than 0% and 100% return, a benefit complemented by a three-split N application at 220 kg N ha⁻¹(h₃ regimen), collectively having the highest yield. This is in accord with 7–25% yield gain evidence of optimized N splitting in hamni's work (Hamani et al., 2023 ; Hu et al., 2021 ). However, 50%RST being better than 100%RST is still not totally aligned whit other researchs who showed that total straw return is best eg. (Y. Yang et al., 2018 ), in line with broader inconsistencies in the literature where effects range from positive (Huang et al., 2017 ) to negative (Xu et al., 2021 ; Yao et al., 2017 ) or remain neutral (Zhang et al., 2017 ). As highlighted by a meta-analysis conducted by(Islam et al., 2022 ), this difference can be ascribed to climate and soil geographical differences. We opine that in our situation, the nitrogen immobilization temporarily through the addition of high-carbon straw contributes to the nutritional deficiency at the initial stages and significantly reduce the spike differentiation. Our findings indicate that this constraint is overcome through a split-N, high-rate approach in which nutrient supply is synchronized with crop demand for the highest return on yield components. 4.2 Soil Nitrogen (Total and Available) Dynamics Our results indicate that 100% straw return (100%RST), especially together with a high-rate, three-split N application (h₃), performed the best in terms of enhancing soil fertility and considerably increasing both soil total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN) content.This finding is consistent with numerous studies advocating straw return as a cornerstone of sustainable soil management (Ghimire et al., 2015 ).These increments in Soil N and AN under 100%RST are in line with proof showing that the addition of straw increases soil organic matter as well as total nitrogen(Wang et al., 2015 ; S. Yang et al., 2018 ), while (Zhang et al., 2016 ) particularly documented 10.8% and 27.5% increment, respectively, in the concentration of soil nitrogen as well as soil available nitrogen.This enhancement is largely attributed to straw providing a carbon substrate that stimulates microbial activity and facilitates nitrogen mineralization and retention (Cui et al., 2022 ; Garg & Bahl, 2008 ). The superior performance of the split-N (h₃) regimen underscores that synchronizing nitrogen application with crop demand not only boosts yield but also improves nitrogen availability in the soilWang 2025, reducing potential losses. Hence, even if 50%RST yielded the highest, 100%RST + h₃ remains unquestionably superior as a method for long-term development of soil nitrogen pool and soil health, an exceedingly valuable trade-off for sustainable intensification. 4.3 Plant Nitrogen and dry matter The data for nitrogen distribution, dry matter partitioning, and biomass accumulation show a clear mechanism for the resulting yield trends. The 50% straw return rate significantly enhanced nitrogen uptake in vegetative organs at flowering. This early lead is critical as it promotes the early growth and biomass accumulation. This outcome agrees with (DARYL et al., 2025 ; J. Wang et al., 2022 ), who found that nitrogen accumulation during flowering mainly occurs in vegetative tissues (leaf > stem sheath > glume + cob) before remobilization to the grain. This intense initiation contributed more partitioning of dry matter to the plant organs directly and resulted in maximum total biomass under the 50%RST + h₃ regime, which is consistent with results that straw return increases dry matter yield (Zhao et al., 2014 ) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (Chen et al., 2015 (Chen Jin et al., 2015 ; Duan et al., 2025 ). The 100%RST treatment resulted in maximum grain nitrogen content at maturity. This suggests a different physiological process, whereby total straw incorporation supports slow, extended release of nitrogen, hence more positively contributing to grain development and quality formation, albeit at the cost of total vegetative biomass. The prolonged nitrogen supply accords with the role of straw to promote microbial growth and mineralization(Xu GuoWei et al., 2009 ). Above all nitrogen strategies, the three-split nitrogen plus 220 kgN.ha -1 application (h₃) was the most efficient strategies. This result was similare to the one of (J. Wang et al., 2022 ) who showed that 225 kgN.ha-1 was most efficient the research of (Ke et al., 2020 ; Yang et al., 2015 ; Zhao & Si, 2015 ) also demontrate that the spliting and application of nitrogen top dressing greatly improve the plant nitrogen use efficiency and plant dry matter. The coordination of nutrient availability created by spliting application with high nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhances nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield, as reported by(Zhao & Si, 2015 ) and (Sajjad et al., 2024 ), and effectively neutralizes the risk of short-term nitrogen immobilization that otherwise delays initial growth with the increased straw input (Kong, 2014 ). Thus, the path to maximum yield was achieved by 50%RST + h₃, which optimized the entire cycle of nitrogen buildup and biomass growth. 4.4 Photosynthetic Performance (SPAD, LAI) The superior grain yield achieved under the 50%RST + h₃ regimen was fundamentally driven by a significant enhancement of the crop's photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by the highest recorded SPAD values (chlorophyll content) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The markedly higher values in this treatment (~ 60% higher SPAD than 0%RST) underscore the critical role of optimized nitrogen management in promoting vigorous photosynthetic machinery. This aligns consistently with literature stating that optimizing the nitrogen application methode increases the green area and promotes photosynthesis (Kubar et al., 2022 ), and specifically that a split application strategy prolongs the photosynthetic period of activity during grain filling (Hamani et al., 2023 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ). The h₃ splitting treatment (220 kg N ha⁻¹ in three equal splits) was optimal, in line with findings that such synchronization of N provision to crop requirement is optimal compared to fewer splits or reduced applications in maximizing chlorophyll synthesis and leaf area growth (An et al., 2025 ; Chen et al., 2018 ; J. Wang et al., 2022 ). This physiological advantage is explained by the correlation analysis. The positive correlations among Grain Yield (GY) and both SPAD (r = 0.90) and LAI (r = 0.84) indicate that yield was directly correlated with the ability of the plant to intercept light and create better photosynthesy. Moreover, the strong intercorrelation between maturity dry matter and both plant N content (r = 0.92) and yield (r = 0.88) reveals a sound pathway: the 50%RST + h₃ treatment optimized nitrogen uptake (as documented in section 3.3 ), which subsequently fueled development of larger, more efficient photosynthetic canopy (LAI) that lasted longer (high SPAD after flowering). This process led to greater dry matter accumulation, which was then successfully partitioned to the grains, as supported by the strong correlations with spike number (r = 0.82) and grains per spike (r = 0.87). This integrated mechanism—where improved N management under moderate straw return promotes photosynthesis, leading to greater biomass and its successful partitioning to the yield components—is well substantiated through current literature (Li et al., 2023 ; Wu et al., 2022 ). The weaker correlation of yield with 1000-grain weight (TGW) tells us that initially, the effect of these management practices was to establish yield potential (grains number and spikes) more than final grain size. Finally, the encouragement of photosynthetic traits is the most important physiological link explaining why 50%RST + h₃ produced the highest grain yield, basically connecting improved nitrogen management with improved crop performance. 5. Conclusion Straw return, nitrogen (N) rate, N split pattern, and interactions among these traits strongly regulated winter wheat grain yield (GY), soil nitrogen (Soil N/Soil AN), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic traits (SPAD/LAI), and yield components (spike number, grains per spike) during two seasons (2023–2024, 2024–2025). Straw return and N management optimization synergistically promoted GY and soil fertility, although optimal mixtures depended on objective: to maximize GY, 50% straw return (50%RST) + 220 kg N ha⁻¹ three-split (h₃) treatment produced highest, with 7.64 ± 0.08 t ha⁻¹ (2023–2024) and 9.61 ± 0.24 t ha⁻¹ (2024–2025)—~24.3–35.5% higher than 100%RST and 0%RST with the same N program. For the greatest soil fertility in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer, the 100% straw return (100%RST) + h₃ treatment was superior with 0.45% (2023–2024) and 0.78% (2024–2025) Soil N at flowering, and 222 mg·kg⁻¹ (2023–2024) and 290 mg·kg⁻¹ (2024–2025) Soil AN at maturity—28.3–48.7% greater than 50%RST + h₃ and 0%RST + h₃. These results provide a valuable reference for straw-N optimization of winter wheat production, balancing short-term yield goals (50%RST + h₃) and long-term soil health (100%RST + h₃). . Implications and Limitations This study provides a clear, practical framework for optimizing straw and nitrogen management, demonstrating that 50%RST + h₃ maximizes immediate productivity while 100%RST + h₃ enhances long-term soil nitrogen and grain quality. However, these findings are derived from a two-season study, and longer-term research is needed to fully assess soil carbon sequestration and microbial community dynamics. A key limitation is the lack of detailed physiological data from the earliest growth stages. Future research should specifically investigate the impact of straw incorporation on nitrogen immobilization and crop development during stem elongation and differentiation, to directly validate the mechanistic postulations proposed in this study. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Yangtze University, the National Key R&D Program of China, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for their financial and institutional support. We also extend our gratitude to all laboratory colleagues, field technicians, and advisors for their invaluable assistance and insightful discussions throughout this research. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no competing financial interests or personal interest that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. Authors’ Contribution Statement KSPD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation,data collection, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft. Z.Q ML, YY, GHA, LS: datas collection Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing – Review & Editing. XW: Supervision, Project Administration, Funding Acquisition, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing. Funding Declaration This research was supported by Yangtze University, specifically via the Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China, and the Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou 434025, China. 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Long-term effects of potassium fertilization and straw return on soil potassium levels and crop yields in north-central China. Field Crops Research , 169 , 116-122. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Plant Production → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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11:53:05","extension":"html","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":231328,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/e12841621ddb50e4f9d3e1c7.html"},{"id":92942511,"identity":"33eaf59b-0b3b-4e30-9029-0fdee9c4cf65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 11:45:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":160153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeteorological conditions during the winter wheat growing seasons. \u003c/strong\u003eDaily mean temperature (°C) and cumulative monthly precipitation (mm) for the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 growing seasons at the experimental site.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/eb7dd203fb36e1471911dacf.png"},{"id":92942512,"identity":"7a0139aa-a43c-497d-944e-2c9dc499986e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 11:45:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":725531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImpact of straw return rate, nitrogen fertilization strategy, and growing season on Soil Nitrogen and Available Nitrogen Content.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/5ba1c1f59f31faa3f54a26a2.png"},{"id":92942514,"identity":"0f15fc56-9194-4e51-9c8e-e34145cb52d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 11:45:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":667309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of straw return rate, nitrogen fertilization strategy, and growing season on Biomass Partitioning.\u003c/strong\u003e FL, nitrogen in flag leaf at flowering stage; FLW OL, nitrogen in other leaves at flowering stage; FLW Stem, nitrogen in stem at flowering stage; FLW Spike, nitrogen in spike at flowering stage; MAT FL, nitrogen in flag leaf at maturity stage; MAT OL, nitrogen in other leaves at maturity stage; MAT Stem, nitrogen in stem at maturity stage; MAT Glume, nitrogen in glume at maturity stage; MAT Grain, nitrogen in grain at maturity stage.RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n = 180 kg N ha⁻¹, h = 220 kg N ha⁻¹, ck = 0 kg N ha⁻¹. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3). Values are means ± SD (n = 3). Column means with different lowercase letters differ at p \u0026lt; 0.05(Tukey’s HSD).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/9da8e379219fd169eb6f893f.png"},{"id":92942519,"identity":"9a43084b-0f0a-4c5d-a740-e88e7ec70f73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 11:45:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":394049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of straw return rate, nitrogen fertilization strategy, and growing season on Dynamics of Winter Wheat Field Total Biomass.\u003c/strong\u003e Wint; wintering,joint; jointing, flow; flowering, gfill; grain filling, and mat; maturity. RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n = 180 kg N ha⁻¹, h = 220 kg N ha⁻¹, ck = 0 kg N ha⁻¹. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/c02067a9ab9ca4cef640f422.png"},{"id":92942921,"identity":"cdf26e63-5c31-4fae-8122-b3c09bdf07e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 11:53:04","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":651275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of straw return rate, nitrogen fertilization strategy, and growing season on Dynamics of Flag Leaf SPAD and Leaf Area Index (LAI).\u003c/strong\u003e SPAD, soil–plant analysis development (chlorophyll meter reading); LAI, leaf area index, RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n = 180 kg N ha⁻¹, h = 220 kg N ha⁻¹, ck = 0 kg N ha⁻¹. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3). Values are means ± SD (n = 3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/100f3e6919c7b204c07aa422.png"},{"id":92943895,"identity":"20cb99ff-4b84-43b0-b775-796ca89ca0bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:01:04","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation Heatmap of Key Variables mat dm, maturity dry matter; PL N, plant nitrogen content; S N, soil nitrogen content; S A N, soil available nitrogen; GY, grain yield; SN, spike number; GN/S, grains per spike; TGW (g), 1000-grain weight; SPAD, flag leaf chlorophyll content; LAI, leaf area index. Values within circles are Pearson correlation coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/9742a6c433179bc28ae18705.png"},{"id":100616192,"identity":"d5d90b99-3356-4909-b980-bd6e3d724440","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-19 17:41:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4747623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7689110/v1/d06075e6-1fff-4909-843c-99a0568a333b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Straw Return Rate, Nitrogen Rates and Split Nitrogen Management on Winter Wheat Performance and soil fertility","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBeing one of the most commonly cultivated crop in the world after corn and rice, Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global staple crop that is vital for the food security of millions of individuals but facing production limitations by global climate change, land degradation, and unsustainable agriculture practices (Asseng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In order to follow the threat of a projected 9.7\u0026nbsp;billion population in 2050, a 60% increase in yield is called for, demanding breakthrough of traditional strategies and create new one that could enhance productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability (Gu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Jaiswal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Tilman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeing the most important fertilizer for crops, Nitrogen (N) fertilization plays a key role in achieving high wheat yields encouraging major processes like tillering, elongation and grain filling (Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Ullah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). inapropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer, reduces crops yield, declines nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and causes severe environmental pollution (Ghaly \u0026amp; Ramakrishnan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Peel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Split N application is a proven method of handling precision with synchronised N supply based on crop N requirement, improving yield and NUE (Hamani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sajjad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStraw return, widely practiced to improve soil quality through the supply of organic matter and greater carbon sequestration (Xin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), can significantly increase yields (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). But its use is highly specific in context; misuse will immobilize N, make the crop more susceptible to disease, and even reduce yields. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eXu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Optimal benefits require strict monitoring of method of application, quantity, and local soil-climate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStraw return-N management relationship is a synergistic complex. While straw decomposition may temporarily immobilize N, necessitating altered fertilisation practices (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), it may also stimulates microbial activities and soil health and can offset split N application diminution of effectiveness(Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, these processes remain insufficiently quantified with different straw return rates, N spliting and N levels. This study fills these critical knowledge gaps by analyzing rigorously: (1) the impact of straw return level on the yield response to N splitting management, and (2) whether a slightly higher N level can counteract immobilization without compromising sustainability. Our study aims to provide pragmatic advice for low-environmental-cost, high-efficiency winter wheat production.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Experimental SiteExperimental Site and Planting Material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis experiment was carried out during the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and 2024\u0026ndash;2025 growing seasons at the Taihu Experimental Farm Station of Yangtze University, located in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China (30\u0026deg;03\u0026prime;N, 112\u0026deg;00\u0026prime;E). The monthly total rainfall and average temperature throughout these growing seasons are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The experimental site has calcareous alluvial soil with a sandy loam texture (Qi \u0026amp; Pan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Prior to the experiment, the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the 0\u0026ndash;20 cm soil layer were determined as follows: organic matter content of 23.39 g/kg, total nitrogen of 1.19 g/kg, nitrate nitrogen of 39.56 mg/kg, available phosphorus of 27.67 mg/kg, available potassium of 87.51 mg/kg, and a pH value of 7.2. The wheat cultivar employed in this study was Yangmai 23 (YM23), a high-yielding winter wheat variety extensively grown in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region in China (Akwakwa \u0026amp; Xiaoyan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The wheat seeds were supplied by Jiangsu Golden Land Seed Industry Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 experiment description\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis experiment comport 3 factors ,Treatments included three straw return levels [100%RST (8000\u0026ndash;9000 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;), 50%RST (3500\u0026ndash;4800 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;), 0%RST (100\u0026ndash;500 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;)], three N rates [180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (n), 220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (h), 0 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (ck)], and three N splitting regimens [single application (n1/h1), two splits (n2/h2), three splits (n3/h3)], as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.The experiment used a randomized block design with three replications(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Plots were 20 m \u0026times; 2 m (40 m\u0026sup2;, 0.5 m apart), and wheat seeds were sown at 10.93 g/m\u0026sup2;. Potash (105 kg/ha K₂O) and phosphate (105 kg/ha P₂O₅) fertilizers were uniformly applied at planting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of experimental factors and treatment levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003estraw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDESCRIPTION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNrates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDESCRIPTION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNSplitting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDESCRIPTION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%RST\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100% rice straw return (8000-9000kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en1/h1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle application (100% basal) - (1:0:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%RST\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50% rice straw return(3500-4800kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en2/h2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo splits (70% basal\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% tillering) - (7/10:3/10:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%RST\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo rice straw return (500-800kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en3/h3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree splits (1/3 basal\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1/3 tillering\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1/3 booting) - (1/3:1/3:1/3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3 Sample Collection and Measurement Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3.1 Grain Yield and Yield Components\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt maturity, grain yield was determined by harvesting all plants from a representative 2 m\u0026sup2; area of each plot (to avoid edge effects). Harvested plants were air-dried, and grains were manually threshed. For yield components: spike number was determined by manually counting spikes in a 1 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e area of a representative area per plot; grain number per spike was assessed by randomly selecting 15 spikes per plot and counting grains; 1000-grain weight was measured using an electronic device to count and weigh 1000 grains from each plot.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3.2 Soil total nitrogen (N) and available nitrogen (AN).\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil samples were collected at two growth stages, flowering (FLW) and maturation (MAT), from the 0\u0026ndash;10cm, 10-20cm depth following recommended procedures ([Marschner, Umar, \u0026amp; Baumann, 2011]). Briefly, five soil samples were taken from each plot in an \u0026ldquo;S\u0026rdquo; pattern and mixed into a composite sample. Total nitrogen (TN) was determined via the Kjeldahl method, while soil available nitrogen (AN) was measured using the alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3.3 Field Biomass,dry matter repartion and plant nitrogen\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt five critical growth periods\u0026mdash;wintering, jointing, flowering (FLW), grain filling, and maturity (MAT)\u0026mdash;15 plants were randomly selected from each plot and processed within 24 hours of collection. First, the total number of spikes per selected plant was manually counted. For biomass and dry matter measurements, plant samples were initially dehydrated in an oven at 105\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes, then dried at 70\u0026deg;C for 3\u0026ndash;4 days until a constant weight was achieved. At the FLW and MAT stages, plants were further separated into distinct organs before oven-drying: flag leaf (FL), other leaves (OL), stem, and spike (with spikes split into glume and grain at MAT). After drying, the Kjeldahl method was used to determine the nitrogen content of each plant organ. Total above-ground biomass for each plot was calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal biomass =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{}\\frac{\\text{weig}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\text{}\\text{of}\\text{15}\\text{plants}}{\\text{number}\\text{}\\text{of}\\text{}\\text{spikes}\\text{}\\text{in}\\text{15}\\text{plants}}\\text{*}\\text{total}\\text{}\\text{spike}\\text{}\\text{number}\\text{}\\text{in}\\text{}\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{}\\text{field}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3.4 SPAD Value and LAI Determination\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlag leaf SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) values were measured using a portable SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Konica Minolta, Japan) at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering. For each treatment, 15 flag leaves were sampled, and the average SPAD value was recorded. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured simultaneously using a Sunscan LP-80 plant canopy analyzer. A 1 m-long light-sensing probe (photosensitive area: 0.01 m\u0026sup2;) was positioned with the photosensitive side facing upward, at 0.5 m above the ground and aligned with the wheat canopy. Each LAI measurement was repeated four times per plot, and the average value was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreliminary data validation, standardization, and preprocessing were conducted using Microsoft Excel 2018 to ensure data quality. To assess treatment effects, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD post-hoc test were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 29.0.2.0, using a 95% confidence interval to identify significant differences among treatments. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out in OriginPro 2024b to explore relationships between key variables (e.g., yield components, nitrogen content, SPAD, LAI). Monthly average precipitation and temperature data (presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) were obtained from the Jingzhou Prefecture Meteorological Office.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Grain Yield and Yield Components\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, grain yield (GY) was significantly impacted by straw return (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer strategy (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Overall the two seasons, straw return followed a consistent trend of 50%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0%RST. For example, from 2023\u0026ndash;2024, average GY of 50%RST (across all N treatments) was 5.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, which was ~\u0026thinsp;24.3% higher compared to 100%RST at 3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; and ~\u0026thinsp;35.5% higher than 0%RST at 4.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;.GY, across all N treatments, was in the order h₃ \u0026gt;h₂ \u0026gt;n₂ \u0026gt;h₁ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;n₁ \u0026gt;ck, and this persisted across all straw return treatments as well as seasons. Specifically, under 180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (n), split application was the best with n₂ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;n₁; while, under 220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (h), three-split application (h₃) was the best. More importantly, joint application of 50%RST and h₃ had the maximum GY in all treatment and years and was recorded as 7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; in 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and 9.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; in 2024\u0026ndash;2025. These yields were accounted for to a great extent by the concomitant changes of spike number (SN) and grains per spike (GN/S), which showed similar patterns of variation.These findings collectively demonstrate the synergistic efficiencies of optimized straw return and nitrogen management for boosting winter wheat grain yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpact of straw return rate and nitrogen fertilization strategy on winter wheat grain yield and yield components.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY (t ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSN (10^4ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGN/S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTGW (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%RST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.7d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.57e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.66a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100% ms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e236\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.5c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%RST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5d\u003c/p\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.9c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.5a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7a\u003c/p\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e35.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.8b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.0c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e377.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.3e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.3a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0% ms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e260.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e304.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.6a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.04a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSN (10^4/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGN/S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTGW (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyears(y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003es*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*s*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY, grain yield (t ha⁻\u0026sup1;); SN, spike number (\u0026times;10⁴ ha⁻\u0026sup1;); GNS, grains per spike; TGW, 1000-grain weight (g); RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;, h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;, ck\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3). Values are means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). 100%ms,50%ms and 0%ms ; means for (100%,50% and 0%) Column means with different lowercase letters differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD). ANOVA: ***/p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001/**p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01*/p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05/ns (not significant); factors: straw return (Straw), N rate (Nitrogen), year, and interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Soil Total Nitrogen and Available Nitrogen Content\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, nitrogen (N) fertilization mode and straw return rate significantly influenced soil total nitrogen (Soil N) and available nitrogen (Soil AN) content. In the two cropping seasons, straw return followed a consistent trend of 100%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0%RST. in favor of Soil N and Soil AN. For example, at the maturity time of 2024\u0026ndash;2025, in the 0\u0026ndash;10 cm soil layer, the Soil AN content under 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment accumulated to 290 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1;, 28.3% higher than under 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment (226 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1;), and 48.7% higher than under the 0%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment (195 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1;).Among various N fertilizer treatments, 220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (h) treatments had better performance than 180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; (n) treatments, and three-split N application(n3/h3) results in better soil AN and N than two-split or single-split applications for all straw return rates for all growth seasons. The order of N treatment for Soil N and AN was h₃ \u0026gt;h₂ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;n₂ \u0026gt;h₁ \u0026gt;n₁ \u0026gt;ck, and the order was the same in all seasons. Surprisingly, the addition of 100%RST and h₃ gave maximum Soil N and AN in both the growing seasons. For instance, at flowering in 2024\u0026ndash;2025 (0\u0026ndash;10 cm soil layer), the treatment contained 0.78% Soil N and 300 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1; Soil AN\u0026mdash;both higher than for all other treatment combinations.These data indicate that straw return coupled with three-split application of N (particularly 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃) considerably enhances soil fertility during crucial phases of growth (flowering and maturity).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Plant Nitrogen Distribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, straw return rate and nitrogen fertilizer strategy significantly impacted plant nitrogen content but the impact was different across growth stages and plant parts.At the flowering stage, 50%RST generally dominated in nitrogen content for all plant parts across both growing seasons, followed by 100%RST and then 0%RST. In contrast, at the maturity stage, the trend for grain nitrogen content shifted to 100%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0%RST. For example, the mean grain nitrogen content in 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and 2024\u0026ndash;2025 was 3.50%and 5.98%for 100%RST, respectively\u0026mdash;~25.0\u0026ndash;8.5% higher than 50%RST (2.80 and 5.51, respectively in 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and 2024\u0026ndash;2025) and ~\u0026thinsp;28.2\u0026ndash;20.3% higher than 0%RST (2.73 and 4.97, respectively in 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and 2024\u0026ndash;2025).Regarding the impact of N fertilizer strategy, across all plant parts, growth stages, and growing seasons, the trend consistently followed h₃ \u0026gt;h₂ \u0026gt;n₂ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;h₁ \u0026gt;n₁ \u0026gt;ck. The h₃ treatment combined with 50%RST achieved the best results at the flowering stage, while at the maturity stage, h₃ + 100%RST was generally higher or nearly equal to h₃ + 50%RST in nitrogen content.These findings indicate that higher N application with three-split dosing, paired with 100% or 50% straw return, substantially benefits plant nitrogen uptake.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpact of straw return rate, nitrogen fertilization strategy, and growing season on winter wheat plant nitrogen partition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFLW FL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFLW OL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFLW Stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFLW Spike\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%RST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21cd\u003c/p\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02ab\u003c/p\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%RST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFLW\u003c/strong\u003e FL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFLW\u003c/strong\u003e OL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFLW\u003c/strong\u003e Stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFLW\u003c/strong\u003e Spike\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estraw(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNAR(n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyears(y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003es*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*s*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAT FL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAT OL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAT Stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAT Glume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAT Grain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStraw\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNitrogen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%RST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAT\u003c/strong\u003e FL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAT\u003c/strong\u003e OL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAT\u003c/strong\u003e Stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAT\u003c/strong\u003e Glume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAT\u003c/strong\u003e Grain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStraw\u003c/strong\u003e(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNitrogen\u003c/strong\u003e(n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyears(y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003es*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey*s*n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFLW FL, nitrogen in flag leaf at flowering stage; FLW OL, nitrogen in other leaves at flowering stage; FLW Stem, nitrogen in stem at flowering stage; FLW Spike, nitrogen in spike at flowering stage; MAT FL, nitrogen in flag leaf at maturity stage; MAT OL, nitrogen in other leaves at maturity stage; MAT Stem, nitrogen in stem at maturity stage; MAT Glume, nitrogen in glume at maturity stage; MAT Grain, nitrogen in grain at maturity stage.RST, rice straw return rate. Straw return: 100%RST (100% straw returned), 50%RST (50% straw returned), 0%RST (no straw returned). Nitrogen (N) rates: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;, h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;, ck\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;. N splitting: n1, h1 (single split, 1:0:0), n2, h2 (two splits, 7/10:3/10:0), n3, h3 (three splits, 1/3:1/3:1/3). Values are means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Column means with different lowercase letters differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD). ANOVA: ***/p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001/**p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01/p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05/ns (not significant); factors: straw return (Straw), N rate (Nitrogen), year, and interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Dry Matter distribution and biomass dinamic\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter partitioning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs indicated by Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e., straw return rate and nitrogen (N) fertilization strategy had a profound impact on dry matter distribution in winter wheat plant organs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the identical trend recurring in all plant organs, and growing seasons. During 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and 2024\u0026ndash;2025, straw return consistently ranked as 50%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100%RST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0%RST for dry matter in all plant organs (flag leaf, leaves, stems, and spikes). This trend was independent of growth phase, with 50%RST always sustaining greater dry matter partitioning compared to the other straw treatments. With regard to N fertilization strategy, high N rates (220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;, h) greatly increased dry matter partitioning compared to the lower N rates (180 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;, n) and the control (ck, 0 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;). In addition, the rank order of N treatments was the same at all the straw return levels, growth stages, and seasons: h₃ \u0026gt;h₂ \u0026gt;n₂ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;h₁ \u0026gt;n₁ \u0026gt;ck. Notably, the combination of h₃ and 50%RST was the optimal treatment for obtaining the highest dry matter partitioning, outperforming all the other combinations in all the parameters. For example, at maturity in 2023\u0026ndash;2024, 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ achieved a total dry matter accumulation of 7471 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u0026mdash;beating the second best treatment (50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₂) by 546 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1; (6925 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;).These results confirm that straw return optimization (50%RST) and N fertilization (h₃, 220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; with three splits) have a synergistic effect of enhancing dry matter partitioning in winter wheat, facilitating vigorous accumulation in all plant organs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Biomass Dynamics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs indicated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, both straw return rate and N fertilization practice exerted considerable effects on field total biomass accumulation across growth phases (winter, jointing, flowering, grain filling, maturity) and growing seasons.Straw return rate exhibited a discernible pattern whereby 50%RST dominated over 100%RST and 0%RST in promoting biomass growth. With respect to N strategy, the rank order was also not altered and was in agreement with earlier findings: h₃ \u0026gt;h₂ \u0026gt;n₂ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;h₁ \u0026gt;n₁ \u0026gt;ck. For instance, at maturity stage, 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ achieved 13999.4 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1; in 2023\u0026ndash;2024, which was ~\u0026thinsp;27.1% greater than 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (11010.6 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;) and ~\u0026thinsp;32.5% greater than 0%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (10566.3 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;). In 2024\u0026ndash;2025, 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ had 23793.4 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;, ~\u0026thinsp;13.1% more than 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (21045.9 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;) and ~\u0026thinsp;23.8% more than 0%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (19210.5 kg\u0026middot;ha⁻\u0026sup1;).These results altogether establish that 50% straw return significantly enhanced field biomass, and three-split N application with higher N rate (220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;) also contributed toward elevated biomass at every growth phase, from the winter phase to maturity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Photosynthetic Characteristics (SPAD, LAI)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, nitrogen (N) fertilizing approach and straw return rate both had significant impacts on leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD).For straw return, there was a regular tendency that 50%RST dominated 100%RST and 0%RST in enhancing SPAD and LAI. In terms of the N strategy, overall the pattern of variation didn\u0026apos;t shift and remained as before: h₃ \u0026gt;h₂ \u0026gt;n₂ \u0026gt;n₃ \u0026gt;h₁ \u0026gt;n₁ \u0026gt;ck for SPAD and for 2 season. At day 34 after flowering in the 2024\u0026ndash;2025 season, 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ had a reading of 41.2 SPAD, which was ~\u0026thinsp;59.1% higher than 0%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (25.9) and ~\u0026thinsp;100.9% higher than 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (20.5). The same trend was observed in LAI: 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃, at 34 DAF in 2024\u0026ndash;2025, had a LAI of 2.8, ~\u0026thinsp;55.6% higher than 0%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (1.8) and ~\u0026thinsp;7.7% higher than 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ (2.6).The above observations indicate that 50% straw return combined with three-split N application at raised N rate (220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;) had a significant impact on leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index and favouring increased photosynthetic ability during the crop growth period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Correlation Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, grain yield (GY) was significantly positively correlated with mat dry matter (mat dm, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88), plant nitrogen content (PL N, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82), soil available nitrogen (S A N, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72), spike number (SN, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82), number of grains per spike (GN/S, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87), flag leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90), and leaf area index (LAI, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.84). These correlations reinforced the fact that higher dry matter accumulation, sufficient nitrogen availability (plant and soil), improved spike and grain qualities, and good photosynthetic intensity all contributed collectively towards higher GY. Relative to these, nitrogen status of the soil (S N, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.49) and 1000-grain weight (TGW, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.58) had lesser correlations with GY. Notably, mat dm and PL N (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92), and SPAD and LAI (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87) were significantly intercorrelated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntensive rice-wheat agricultural systems are subjected to soil degradation and nutrient loss, need integrated management(S. Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Rice straw return can improves soil fertility and nutrient cycling, avoid environmental degradation caused by burning and also raising wheat yield by 5\u0026ndash;15% through organic matter addition and microbial action (Jin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, inapropriate straw return rate application may can harm the soil environment and reduce crop productivity may increase soil porosity, leading to more significant water and nutrient loss and potentially increase the risk of patogen apparition (Che et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)Optimized application of nitrogen (N) fertilization, particularly higher rates (200\u0026ndash;250 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;) and split applications, enhances growth in winter wheat and leaching reduction by 20\u0026ndash;30% by synchronizing N availability with crop need (Y.-d. Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Synergy is achieved by integrating moderate straw return with three-split N application, as shown by our research with 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ reaching maximum yield and soil health, allowing for sustainable intensification in rice-wheat rotation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1 Grain Yield and Yield Components\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings show that winter wheat grain yield is highly dependent on the combined influence of straw return and nitrogen (N) management. The 50% straw return (50%RST) had significantly higher yield than 0% and 100% return, a benefit complemented by a three-split N application at 220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;(h₃ regimen), collectively having the highest yield. This is in accord with 7\u0026ndash;25% yield gain evidence of optimized N splitting in hamni's work (Hamani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Hu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, 50%RST being better than 100%RST is still not totally aligned whit other researchs who showed that total straw return is best eg. (Y. Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), in line with broader inconsistencies in the literature where effects range from positive (Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) to negative (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) or remain neutral (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). As highlighted by a meta-analysis conducted by(Islam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), this difference can be ascribed to climate and soil geographical differences. We opine that in our situation, the nitrogen immobilization temporarily through the addition of high-carbon straw contributes to the nutritional deficiency at the initial stages and significantly reduce the spike differentiation. Our findings indicate that this constraint is overcome through a split-N, high-rate approach in which nutrient supply is synchronized with crop demand for the highest return on yield components.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2 Soil Nitrogen (Total and Available) Dynamics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur results indicate that 100% straw return (100%RST), especially together with a high-rate, three-split N application (h₃), performed the best in terms of enhancing soil fertility and considerably increasing both soil total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN) content.This finding is consistent with numerous studies advocating straw return as a cornerstone of sustainable soil management (Ghimire et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).These increments in Soil N and AN under 100%RST are in line with proof showing that the addition of straw increases soil organic matter as well as total nitrogen(Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; S. Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), while (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) particularly documented 10.8% and 27.5% increment, respectively, in the concentration of soil nitrogen as well as soil available nitrogen.This enhancement is largely attributed to straw providing a carbon substrate that stimulates microbial activity and facilitates nitrogen mineralization and retention (Cui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Garg \u0026amp; Bahl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The superior performance of the split-N (h₃) regimen underscores that synchronizing nitrogen application with crop demand not only boosts yield but also improves nitrogen availability in the soilWang 2025, reducing potential losses. Hence, even if 50%RST yielded the highest, 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ remains unquestionably superior as a method for long-term development of soil nitrogen pool and soil health, an exceedingly valuable trade-off for sustainable intensification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3 Plant Nitrogen and dry matter\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data for nitrogen distribution, dry matter partitioning, and biomass accumulation show a clear mechanism for the resulting yield trends. The 50% straw return rate significantly enhanced nitrogen uptake in vegetative organs at flowering. This early lead is critical as it promotes the early growth and biomass accumulation. This outcome agrees with (DARYL et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; J. Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who found that nitrogen accumulation during flowering mainly occurs in vegetative tissues (leaf\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;stem sheath\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;glume\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cob) before remobilization to the grain. This intense initiation contributed more partitioning of dry matter to the plant organs directly and resulted in maximum total biomass under the 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ regime, which is consistent with results that straw return increases dry matter yield (Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (Chen et al., 2015 (Chen Jin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Duan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The 100%RST treatment resulted in maximum grain nitrogen content at maturity. This suggests a different physiological process, whereby total straw incorporation supports slow, extended release of nitrogen, hence more positively contributing to grain development and quality formation, albeit at the cost of total vegetative biomass. The prolonged nitrogen supply accords with the role of straw to promote microbial growth and mineralization(Xu GuoWei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Above all nitrogen strategies, the three-split nitrogen plus 220 kgN.ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e application (h₃) was the most efficient strategies. This result was similare to the one of (J. Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) who showed that 225 kgN.ha-1 was most efficient the research of (Ke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao \u0026amp; Si, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) also demontrate that the spliting and application of nitrogen top dressing greatly improve the plant nitrogen use efficiency and plant dry matter. The coordination of nutrient availability created by spliting application with high nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhances nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield, as reported by(Zhao \u0026amp; Si, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and (Sajjad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and effectively neutralizes the risk of short-term nitrogen immobilization that otherwise delays initial growth with the increased straw input (Kong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the path to maximum yield was achieved by 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃, which optimized the entire cycle of nitrogen buildup and biomass growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4 Photosynthetic Performance (SPAD, LAI)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe superior grain yield achieved under the 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ regimen was fundamentally driven by a significant enhancement of the crop's photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by the highest recorded SPAD values (chlorophyll content) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The markedly higher values in this treatment (~\u0026thinsp;60% higher SPAD than 0%RST) underscore the critical role of optimized nitrogen management in promoting vigorous photosynthetic machinery. This aligns consistently with literature stating that optimizing the nitrogen application methode increases the green area and promotes photosynthesis (Kubar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and specifically that a split application strategy prolongs the photosynthetic period of activity during grain filling (Hamani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The h₃ splitting treatment (220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; in three equal splits) was optimal, in line with findings that such synchronization of N provision to crop requirement is optimal compared to fewer splits or reduced applications in maximizing chlorophyll synthesis and leaf area growth (An et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; J. Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis physiological advantage is explained by the correlation analysis. The positive correlations among Grain Yield (GY) and both SPAD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90) and LAI (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.84) indicate that yield was directly correlated with the ability of the plant to intercept light and create better photosynthesy. Moreover, the strong intercorrelation between maturity dry matter and both plant N content (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92) and yield (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88) reveals a sound pathway: the 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment optimized nitrogen uptake (as documented in section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e), which subsequently fueled development of larger, more efficient photosynthetic canopy (LAI) that lasted longer (high SPAD after flowering). This process led to greater dry matter accumulation, which was then successfully partitioned to the grains, as supported by the strong correlations with spike number (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82) and grains per spike (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87). This integrated mechanism\u0026mdash;where improved N management under moderate straw return promotes photosynthesis, leading to greater biomass and its successful partitioning to the yield components\u0026mdash;is well substantiated through current literature (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The weaker correlation of yield with 1000-grain weight (TGW) tells us that initially, the effect of these management practices was to establish yield potential (grains number and spikes) more than final grain size. Finally, the encouragement of photosynthetic traits is the most important physiological link explaining why 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ produced the highest grain yield, basically connecting improved nitrogen management with improved crop performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eStraw return, nitrogen (N) rate, N split pattern, and interactions among these traits strongly regulated winter wheat grain yield (GY), soil nitrogen (Soil N/Soil AN), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic traits (SPAD/LAI), and yield components (spike number, grains per spike) during two seasons (2023\u0026ndash;2024, 2024\u0026ndash;2025). Straw return and N management optimization synergistically promoted GY and soil fertility, although optimal mixtures depended on objective: to maximize GY, 50% straw return (50%RST)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; three-split (h₃) treatment produced highest, with 7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; (2023\u0026ndash;2024) and 9.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; (2024\u0026ndash;2025)\u0026mdash;~24.3\u0026ndash;35.5% higher than 100%RST and 0%RST with the same N program. For the greatest soil fertility in the 0\u0026ndash;10 cm topsoil layer, the 100% straw return (100%RST)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment was superior with 0.45% (2023\u0026ndash;2024) and 0.78% (2024\u0026ndash;2025) Soil N at flowering, and 222 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1; (2023\u0026ndash;2024) and 290 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1; (2024\u0026ndash;2025) Soil AN at maturity\u0026mdash;28.3\u0026ndash;48.7% greater than 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ and 0%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃. These results provide a valuable reference for straw-N optimization of winter wheat production, balancing short-term yield goals (50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃) and long-term soil health (100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e. \u003cb\u003eImplications and Limitations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study provides a clear, practical framework for optimizing straw and nitrogen management, demonstrating that \u003cb\u003e50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃\u003c/b\u003e maximizes immediate productivity while \u003cb\u003e100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃\u003c/b\u003e enhances long-term soil nitrogen and grain quality. However, these findings are derived from a two-season study, and longer-term research is needed to fully assess soil carbon sequestration and microbial community dynamics. A key limitation is the lack of detailed physiological data from the earliest growth stages. Future research should specifically investigate the impact of straw incorporation on nitrogen immobilization and crop development during stem elongation and differentiation, to directly validate the mechanistic postulations proposed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors sincerely thank Yangtze University, the National Key R\u0026amp;D Program of China, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for their financial and institutional support. We also extend our gratitude to all laboratory colleagues, field technicians, and advisors for their invaluable assistance and insightful discussions throughout this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare no competing financial interests or personal\u0026nbsp;interest\u0026nbsp;that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contribution Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKSPD:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation,data collection, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft. Z.Q\u003cstrong\u003eML, YY, GHA, LS:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edatas collection\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eXW:\u003c/strong\u003e Supervision, Project Administration, Funding Acquisition, Resources, Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by Yangtze University, specifically via the Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China, and the Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou 434025, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study, including additional supporting information and field images, are available from the first author (KSPD: [email protected] ) upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkwakwa, G. 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Long-term effects of potassium fertilization and straw return on soil potassium levels and crop yields in north-central China. \u003cem\u003eField Crops Research\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 169\u003c/em\u003e, 116-122.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-plant-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijpo","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Plant Production](https://link.springer.com/journal/42106)","snPcode":"42106","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijpo/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Plant Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Winter wheat, Straw management, Nitrogen rates, Nitrogen splitting, Grain yield, Dry matter accumulation, Photosynthetic traits, plants nitrogen content","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7689110/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7689110/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOptimizing straw and nitrogen (N) management is critical for sustainable crops production, but their interactive effects on yield, soil fertility, and plant traits remain understudied. this 2-year (2023\u0026ndash;2024, 2024\u0026ndash;2025) randomized block design field experiment with three factors, rice straw return [0%RST,50%RST, 100%RST], nitrogen rate [0 (ck), 180 (n), 220 (h) kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1;], and splitting regimen [1:0:0(n1/h1),7:3:0(n2/h2), 1:1:1 (n3/h3)], were examined. Grain yield (GY) and its components, soil fertility, partitioning of plant nitrogen (N), dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning, and photosynthetic traits (SPAD, LAI) were measured in the experiment.Straw return, N rate, N splits, and their interactions had significant impact over all the measured traits (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment achieved highest, 7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;(2023\u0026ndash;2024) and 9.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;(2024\u0026ndash;2025)\u0026mdash;grain yields ca. 24.3\u0026ndash;35.5% greater than 100%RST or 0%RST on the same h₃ regime. This was also supported by improved yield components (spike no., grains per spike), dry matter accumulation, and photosynthesis capacity.Conversely, 100% straw returning had the best impact on soil fertility for instance ,the 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ treatment was optimal, producing the highest Soil SN (0.45% and 0.78% at flowering) and Soil SAN (222 and 290 mg\u0026middot;kg⁻\u0026sup1; at maturity) in the respective seasons\u0026mdash;values 28.3 to 48.7% higher than other straw treatments under h₃. Plant N partitioning showed that 50%RST favored N uptake at flowering, while 100%RST enhanced grain N content at maturity. Correlation analysis revealed that GY was very significantly and positively correlated with SPAD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90), grains per spike (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87), and maturity dry matter (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88).These results suggest a significant trade-off: 50%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ maximizes current productivity, and 100%RST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;h₃ enhances long-term soil nitrogen pools. This article outlines a definite recipe for the custom fitting of straw and N management (220 kg N ha⁻\u0026sup1; in three splits) to specific winter wheat production goals, an avenue towards the attainment of both high yield and enduring soil health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Straw Return Rate, Nitrogen Rates and Split Nitrogen Management on Winter Wheat Performance and soil fertility","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-07 11:44:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7689110/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-03T14:28:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-03T07:04:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"22821035590406170190892480561375741093","date":"2025-11-10T03:52:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T11:55:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T11:04:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T11:04:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Plant Production","date":"2025-09-23T03:23:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-plant-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijpo","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Plant Production](https://link.springer.com/journal/42106)","snPcode":"42106","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijpo/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Plant Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d6723876-177e-4f57-8d52-239343d6492b","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T17:06:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7689110","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-025-00403-w","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-plant-production","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Plant Production"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-12 16:30:36","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 12th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-07 11:44:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42106-025-00403-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-025-00403-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7689110","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7689110","identity":"rs-7689110","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}