Review of Acute and Chronic Biomarkers of Fluoride Exposure and Their Significance for Public Health

Fluoride, a trace element, plays a crucial role in dental health, primarily by preventing dental caries and promoting enamel remineralization. However, excessive exposure to fluoride can result in adverse health effects, including dental and skeletal fluorosis. This review provides a critical analysis of the clinical manifestations of fluorosis, highlighting the physiological signs associated with chronic fluoride exposure, such as osteocondensation, cortical thickening, and skeletal deformities.