Demand and Supply Side Factors Associated with the Use of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan: A Contemplative Study of Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018

Demand and Supply Side Factors Associated with the Use of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan: A Contemplative Study of Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Demand and Supply Side Factors Associated with the Use of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan: A Contemplative Study of Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018 Sadia Jabeen, Adnan Rathor, Maria Riaz, Rubeena Zakar, Florian Fischer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.19399/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background A remarkable decline in fertility rates has been observed in many countries, with a primary determinant being an increase in the use of contraceptives. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of demand and supply-side factors associated with the use of contraceptive measures in Pakistan. Method Secondary data analysis of four data series of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18) were used. The data includes ever-married women aged 15–49 years who had given birth in the previous five years and participated in the family-planning module of the PDHS. A total number of 25,318 women were included in the analysis. Data was analysed by investigating the associations between independent variables (demand and supply-side factors) and the use of contraceptive measures through unadjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR). Results A majority of the women were illiterate and not in employment. There was an increase in the number of women who did not use contraceptive methods in rural areas over time. Among demand-side factors, the results indicated that, in 2012–13, women without media exposure were less likely to use contraceptives (OR 0.396, 95% CI 0.353–0.442), and the trend remains almost constant for 2017–18 (OR 0.432, 95% CI 0.391–0.477). These findings change slightly in the adjusted analysis (AOR 0.664, 95% CI 0.562–0.784) in 2012–13 and (AOR 0.654, 95% CI 0.483–0.885) in 2017–18; however, they still show a lower likelihood of using contraceptives without media exposure. Among supply-side factors, the results indicated that absence of transport (2012–13) and limited visits by family-planning workers over the previous 12 months (2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18) remained significant factors for not using contraceptive methods. Conclusion The results of the study indicate that certain demand and supply-side factors are associated with the use of contraceptive measures in Pakistan. It highlights the need for the provision of family-planning resources and further structural factors, particularly in remote areas. Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Health Economics and Outcomes Research Contraception Demand Supply Pakistan Plain English summary Globally, the use of contraceptives has increased. However, the use of contraceptives is not equally distributed. Several factors drive the demand for contraceptive methods, including the reproductive age of women, knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards the use of contraceptive methods. If there is demand, then there is a compulsion to provide a supply as well. Supply-side factors include the provision of family-planning resources, health facilities, and the availability of transport as an indicator of the infrastructure. Within this study, we focussed on factors which are associated with the use of contraceptives in Pakistan. The study is based on four large survey within the time frame from 1990 to 2018, to be able to represent changes over time. Data was collected from women at the reproductive age (15–49 years) who had given birth in the previous five years before data collection. The results indicate that women without media exposure were less likely to use contraceptives. The absence of transport availabilities and limited visits by family-planning workers over the previous 12 months were significant factors for not using contraceptive methods. This highlights the need for the provision of family-planning resources and further structural factors, particularly in remote areas. Background Over the last twenty years, a remarkable decline in global fertility rates has been observed. A primary determinant of this decline is an increase in the use of contraceptives in many countries (1–3). Despite this overall increase, it is unevenly distributed, with lower use in developing nations (4–5). Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world and has one of the highest fertility rates in the South Asian region. The contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 4–28% between 1991 and 2000, but thereafter the rate of increase has diminished, with prevalence only rising from 30% in 2006 to 35% in 2012–13 (6). High fertility is an effect of low use of contraceptives, which also hampers socio-economic development, as indicated in the inverse relationship between high population and low economic indicators (7–9). Although family-planning programmes were launched in Pakistan during the 1990s, effective implementation remains challenging due to multiple socio-cultural, economic and political factors, together with unmet needs, a preference for male children, supply issues and the strong patriarchal structure (10). The low use of contraceptives and associated hindrances has been explained by different studies examining various dimensions. A few studies have identified the socio-cultural reasons related to the use of contraceptives, and others have explained it in terms of geographical and financial inhibitions limiting access to family-planning services, limited availability, and associated side effects that damage a mother’s health (11–13). Other barriers include the quality of services and legal restrictions. Network barriers, such as misconceptions and myths associated with contraceptive use, and the need for approval from husband and family to adopt any contraceptive measures, are other contextual factors. Furthermore, the status of women, their independence in decision-making, financial autonomy, religious inspirations, and cultural beliefs that high fertility is good are the factors that affect the use of contraceptives in the developing world (14–16). Several factors drive the demand for contraceptive methods, including the reproductive age of women, knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards the use of contraceptive methods. If there is demand, then there is a compulsion to provide a supply as well. Supply-side factors include the provision of family-planning resources, health facilities, and the availability of transport as an indicator of the infrastructure. A number of intrusions are required to balance between the demand and supply side in the use of contraceptive measures. The failure to provide a supply to women may affect various female health issues, including unintended pregnancies and abortions (17–18). In Pakistan, the influence of husbands and mothers-in-law in family matters is so strong that they are considered a central decision-making authority in family-planning decisions as well (19). The literature suggests that women’s own knowledge, their perception of their husband’s reaction to the use of contraceptives and their acceptability are the basic determinants of contraceptive use (20–21). Another important indicator in this regard is violence. A meta-analysis revealed that women who face intimate partner violence are more likely not to use contraceptive methods (22). Similar findings have been described by Teitelman et al. (23): Young women who do not experience intimate partner violence are more consistent in their use of condoms than abused women. Supporting this, Fanslow et al. (24) explained that the use of condoms and other contraceptives is low among those women who experience violence from their partners because it further increases the risk of emotional and verbal abuse. The majority of family-planning services are supplied in urban localities, and the provision and supply of such services is insufficient in rural areas. Access to information and low-cost supply-side services facilitates women to continue their use of contraceptives. Supply-side services include clinic location, well-equipped and trained staff, convenient opening hours, low fees and easy availability of condoms and pills (25). A client’s satisfaction and long-term acceptance of the use of contraceptives has an impact on their decision about whether to go on with the services. Many studies have argued that the failure of family-planning programmes in Pakistan is mainly due to the inadequate and limited supply of services (26). Although previous research has identified several predictors for contraceptive use in Pakistan, a holistic view and the inclusion of a trend analysis of contraceptive use is missing. Therefore, the present study uses data from four Demographic and Health Surveys in Pakistan in order to gain a clear understanding of the determinants for the use of contraceptives, allowing us to explore how demand and supply-side factors and sociodemographic characteristics have influenced the use of contraceptives over the years in Pakistan. Methods We used a data-set series of four nationally representative Pakistan Demographic Health Surveys (1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18). These PDHS surveys are conducted in order to gain information on mother and child health, fertility, family planning, reproductive health, nutritional status, and immunisation status. The representative samples and response rates of each PDHS of ever-married women were 6,611 (95%) in 1990–91, 10,023 (95%) in 2006–07, 13,558 (93%) in 2012–13 and 15,509 (96%) in 2017–18. Our study focused on the personal, socio-cultural, community-level, and supply-side factors dealing with the use of contraceptives. To obtain the sample for this study, women who had given birth in the previous five years and participated in the family planning module were selected. The sample from each data set is: 4,092 women in 1990–91, 5,742 women in 2006–07, 7,461 women in 2012–13, and 8,219 in 2017–18 (27–30). Instrumentation and data classification Current use of contraceptive methods was defined as the dependent variable, including traditional methods (periodic abstinence [rhythm], withdrawal, and abstinence) and modern methods (pill, intrauterine devices, injections, diaphragm, condom, female or male sterilisation, implants, female condom, foam/jelly, and lactational amenorrhea). Women’s socio-demographic, demand and supply-side factors were considered as independent variables. Women’s socio-demographic factors were: age, type of residence (urban vs. rural), region, ethnicity, education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), women’s occupation/employment status (not working, unskilled employment [sales, household domestic, unskilled manual], skilled employment [sales, agriculture self-employed, agriculture employees, skilled manual, clerical], and professional [professional/technical/managerial services]). The wealth index of women was calculated through quintiles and categorised into three categories (poor, middle, rich) for this analysis. Among the demand-side factors, questions regarding media exposure, desire for children, number of living sons, number of living daughters, history of intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, permission to attend medical or health facilities, as well as unwillingness to go alone and concerns about going to female health providers were included. Exposure to any source of information (TV, radio, newspaper) was computed and recoded as overall media exposure. Desire for more children was categorised into two categories: Either “No” (wanted no more children, sterilised [respondent or partner], declared infecund) or “Yes” (wanted within or after the next two years, unsure about timing, undecided). Intimate partner violence was part of PDHS 2012–13 in which emotional, physical, and sexual violence were included. Women were asked if they had ever faced any humiliating attitude from their husband, physical violence such as being beaten, having their arms twisted, hair pulled or threatened with a harmful weapon such as a knife or gun, or sexual violence from their husbands, which includes forced sex. All forms of violence were coded as binary categories and, thereafter, combined as overall violence by intimate partners. In women’s decisional autonomy, their independent or joint control of income, purchases, healthcare decisions, and visits to relatives were included. Each variable was first coded into two categories: “Yes” if the respondent contributed to any type of decision either individually or jointly, and “No” if she did not participate in any decision-making. Then all types were combined into overall autonomy as women who have any type of autonomy and those who do not have autonomy. The responses to questions regarding permission to attend medical or health facilities were categorised into two categories (“Big problem” and “Not a big problem”). Similarly, going alone to get medical treatment was categorised into the same two categories. The number of living sons has also been taken as a variable to determine whether use of contraceptives is contingent upon son preference. It has been coded as “No living son”, “1–3”, “4–6”, and “7–10”. Among supply-side factors, the facilitation and provision of governmental and non-governmental family-planning services was measured through questions about distance to health facilities, transport availability, visits by lady health workers, unmet needs and the availability of contraceptives through different sources. Distance to health facilities and transport availability were categorised as either “Big problem” or “Not a big problem”. The sources of family planning were first categorised into public (government hospitals, family-planning clinics, lady health workers), private (private hospitals, pharmacies, and clinics), and others (such as shops, friends or relatives, and traditional practitioners). Unmet needs included those for the spacing and limiting of births. Statistical analysis Data was analysed using SPSS version 24. Absolute numbers and weighted percentages were obtained through descriptive analysis. The relationship between demographic characteristics, demand and supply-side factors, along with current use and non-use of contraceptives was assessed through the Chi square test (X 2 ) on categorical variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Associations between demand and supply-side indicators of non-use of contraceptives were measured using binary logistic regression models to present Odds Ratios (OR). Multivariate analysis was conducted by assessing Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) through controlling the demographic variables (age, education, income, wealth, residence). In PDHS 1990–91 and 2017–18, data on ethnicity is missing, so it was not included in the analysis. Furthermore, several variables relating to demand-side factors (media exposure, intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, permission to attend medical or health facilities, not wanting to go alone for medical help) and supply-side factors (distance to health facility, transport availability, visit by a family-planning worker during the previous 12 months) were not included in the questionnaire in 1990–91 or 2006–07, and therefore were not included in the analysis for these years. Results The total sample across all four surveys includes 25,415 ever-married women aged 15–49 years having children under 5 years of age. The mean age of the women was approximately 29 years for each survey. A majority of women (76.7%) in 1990–91 were uneducated. This proportion decreased in each survey, reducing to 50.7% in 2017–18. The women were mainly not employed, showing proportions of about three quarters or more for unemployment in all surveys. Association between socio-demographic factors and current non-use of contraceptives Four data series illustrate that, in the years 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13 and 2017–18, the proportions of women who did not currently use any contraceptive method were 86.9%, 72.2%, 63.0%, and 65.6% respectively. The highest use of contraceptives was observed in the age group of 26–34 years. A majority of women with poor wealth index did not use contraceptive methods; this proportion remained almost constant, ranging from 51.8% in 2006–07 to 50.0% in 2012–13 and 51.8% in 2017–18. In rich families, the use of contraceptives decreased over time, from 55.2% in 2006–07 to 47.8% in 2017–18. The non-use of contraceptive methods among illiterate women declined from 81.4% (1990–91), to 71.9% (2006–07) 63.3% (2012–13), and 57.0% (2017–18) (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographic indicators of the current use and non-use of contraceptive among women in reproductive age in Pakistan (all PDHS, n = 25,415, weighted n = 25,318) Current use of contraceptives Current non-use of contraceptives 1990-91 n = 521 2006-07 n = 1574 2012-13 n = 2674 2017-18 n = 2783 1990-91 n = 3501 2006-07 n = 4132 2012-13 n = 4697 2017-18 n = 5436 Age f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) 15–25 128 (24.6) 331 (21) 651 (23.6) 583 (20.9) 1300 (37.1) 1448 (35.0) 1585 (33.7) 1848 (34) 26–34 282 (54.1) 887 (56.4) 1543 (55.8) 1623 (58.3) 1611 (46.0) 1931 (46.7) 2309 (49.2) 2677 (49.2) 36–49 111 (21.3) 356 (22.6) 570 (20.6) 577 (20.7) 590 (16.9) 753 (18.2) 803 (17.1) 911 (16.8) Type of residence Rural 113 (21.7) 779 (50.5) 1507 (54.5) 1490 (53.5) 1903 (54.4) 2921 (70.7) 1771 (33.7) 2216 (40.8) Urban 408 (78.3) 795 (49.5) 1257 (45.5) 1293 (46.5) 1598 (45.6) 1211 (29.3) 2926 (62.3) 3220 (59.2) Region Punjab 219 (42) 775 (49.2) 905 (32.7) 696 (25.0) 1133 (32.4) 1519 (36.8) 1103 (23.5) 1030 (18.9) Sindh 169 (32.4) 371 (23.6) 504 (18.2) 457 (16.4) 896 (25.6) 1250 (30.3) 1087 (23.1) 984 (18.1) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 107 (20.5) 322 (20.5) 518 (18.7) 516 (18.5) 936 (26.7) 791 (19.1) 1014 (21.6) 866 (15.9) Balochistan 26 (5) 106 (6.7) 270 (9.8) 182 (6.5) 538 (25.3) 572 (13.8) 879 (18.7) 820 (15.1) Gilgit Baltistan NA NA 264 (9.6) 246 (8.8) NA NA 445 (9.5) 368 (6.8) Islamabad (ICT) NA NA 303 (11.0) 256 (9.2) NA NA 169 (3.6) 285 (5.2) AJK NA NA NA 272 (9.8) NA NA NA 590 (10.9) Federally Administered Tribal Areas NA NA NA 158 (5.7) NA NA NA 493 (9.1) Wealth index Poor NA 376 (23.9) 758 (27.4) 835 (30.0) NA 2141 (51.8) 2348 (50) 2817 (51.8) Middle NA 329 (20.9) 515 (18.6) 619 (22.2) NA 788 (19.1) 914 (19.5) 990 (18.2) Rich NA 869 (55.2) 1491 (53.9) 1329 (47.8) NA 1203 (29.1) 1435 (30.6) 1629 (30.0) Mother’s education No education 236 (45.3) 826 (52.2) 1148 (41.5) 1033 (37.1) 2851 (81.4) 2972 (71.9) 2973 (63.3) 3101 (57.0) Primary 72 (13.8) 270 (17.2) 455 (16.5) 420 (15.1) 299 (8.5) 518 (12.5) 610 (13) 673 (12.4) Secondary 181 (34.7) 300 (19.1) 648 (23.4) 739 (26.6) 318 (9.1) 459 (11.1) 725 (15.4) 1000 (18.4) Higher 32 (6.1) 178 (11.3) 513 (18.6) 591 (21.2) 33 (0.9) 183 (4.4) 389 (8.3) 662 (12.2) Respondents occupation Not working 450 (86.4) 1166 (75.6) 2213 (80.1) 2372 (85.3) 2965 (84.8) 2915 (72.1) 3723 (79.3) 4753 (87.5) Skilled 10 (1.9) 180 (11.7) 234 (8.5) 94 (3.4) 215 (6.1) 521 (12.9) 559 (11.9) 216 (4.0) Unskilled 41 (7.9) 127 (8.2) 40 (1.4) 191 (6.9) 281 (8.0) 530 (13.1) 76 (1.6) 341 (6.3) Professional 20 (3.8) 69 (4.5) 277 (10.0) 124 (4.5) 37 (1.1) 79 (2.0) 338 (7.2) 125 (2.3) Ethnicity Punjabi NA 568 (37.2) 738 (26.7) NA NA 1023 (25.7) 818 (17.4) NA Sindhi NA 140 (9.2) 181 (6.6) NA NA 679 (17.0) 561 (11.9) NA Pashto NA 342 (22.4) 583 (21.1) NA NA 930 (23.3) 1116 (23.8) NA Balochi NA 40 (6.2) 81 (2.9) NA NA 274 (6.9) 269 (5.7) NA Others NA 437 (28.6) 1179 (42.7) NA NA 1080 (27.1) 1931 (41.1) NA In each sub-sample data was weighted, leading to differences in absolute values. Overall, 585 cases had missing values. Demand-side factors and current non-use of contraceptives Data regarding media exposure and non-use of contraceptive methods showed decreasing trends, from 63.4% in 2012–13 to 54.9% in 2017–18. Women aged 15–49 who desired (more) children who did not use contraceptive methods accounted for 64.6% in 1990–91, 57.4% in 2006–07, 53.4% in 2012–13 and 70.8% in 2017–18. In 2012–13, 41.0% of women who had faced intimate partner violence did not use any contraceptive methods, whereas this number declined to 29.4% in 2017–18. About 59.9% of women who had not faced any kind of violence used contraceptive measures in 2012–13, and this percentage increased to 71.5% in 2017–18. About 41.6% who did not have decisional autonomy did not use any contraceptive methods in 2012–13, and there was an increase in this proportion to 71.8% in 2017–18. About 30.8% of the women who did not use contraceptives reported that it was a big problem to attend any medical facility in 2012–13; this figure remained almost constant, being 30.5% in 2017–18. About 65.3% in 2012–13 and 70.0% in 2017–18 who did not want to go alone to seek medical healthcare and reported this as a problem never used any contraceptive measures. Among those women who did not have sons, 17.8% (1990–91), 20.1% (2006–07), 21.1% (2012–13), and 23.1% (2017–18) did not use any contraceptive methods; this shows an increasing trend of not using contraceptives over the years (Table 2 ). Table 2 Frequency and weighted percentages of demand and supply side factors of the women who currently use and do not use contraceptive methods in Pakistan Current use of contraceptives Current non-use of contraceptives 1990-91 n = 528 2006-07 n = 1574 2012-13 n = 2674 2017-18 n = 2783 1990-91 n = 3501 2006-07 n = 4132 2012-13 n = 4697 2017-18 n = 5438 Demand side factors f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) Media exposure No NA NA 511 (18.6) 728 (26.2) NA NA 1715 (36.6) 2449 (45.1) Yes NA NA 2238 (81.4) 2053 (73.8) NA NA 2966 (63.4) 2982 (54.9) Desire for more children No 392 (75.4) 1010 (64.2) 1732 (62.9) 1626 (58.6) 1218 (35.4) 1757 (42.6) 2150 (46.6) 1557 (29.2) Yes 128 (24.6) 563 (35.8) 1022 (37.1) 1148 (41.4) 2225 (64.6) 2364 (57.4) 2460 (53.4) 3775 (70.8) Intimate partner violence No NA NA 489 (59.9) 581 (71.5) NA NA 722 (59.0) 1011 (70.6) Yes NA NA 327 (40.1) 232 (28.5) NA NA 501 (41.0) 420 (29.4) Decisional autonomy No NA NA 487 (25.1) 1243 (66.5) NA NA 1270 (41.6) 3166 (71.8) Yes NA NA 1450 (74.9) 820 (33.5) NA NA 1780 (58.4) 1631 (28.2) Permission to go for medical or health facility Big problem NA NA 410 (14.9) 564 (20.3) NA NA 1442 (30.8) 1656 (30.5) Not a big problem NA NA 2347 (85.1) 2217 (79.7) NA NA 3247 (69.2) 3776 (69.5) Getting medical help for self: Not wanting to go alone Big problem NA NA 1298 (47.1) 1617 (58.1) NA NA 3061 (65.3) 3800 (70.0) Not a big problem NA 1459 (52.9) 1164 (41.9) 3061 (65.3) 3061 (65.3) 1628 (34.7) 1632 (30.0) Having sons No 53 (10.2) 167 (10.6) 363 (13.1) 340 (12.2) 622 (17.8) 823 (20.1) 993 (21.1) 1257 (23.1) 1–3 366 (70.2) 1145 (72.7) 2078 (75.2) 2174 (78.1) 2359 (67.4) 2779 (67.3) 3219 (68.5) 3731 (68.6) 4–6 85 (18.2) 249 (15.8) 311 (11.3) 263 (9.5) 488 (13.9) 495 (12.0) 451 (9.6) 424 (7.8) 7–10 7 (1.3) 13 (0.8) 12 (0.4) 6 (0.2) 32 (0.9) 26 (0.6) 34 (0.7) 24 (0.4) Supply side factors Distance to health facility Not a big problem NA NA 2381 (50.8) 3008 (55.4) NA NA 856 (31.0) 3008 (55.4) Big problem NA NA 2308 (49.2) 2423 (44.6) NA NA 1901(69.0) 2423 (44.6) Transport availability Not a big problem NA NA 2621 (55.9) NA NA NA 934 (33.9) NA Big problem NA NA 2067 (44.1) NA NA NA 1823 (66.1) NA Visited by family planning worker in past 12 months No NA NA 1526 (53.0) 1112 (40.0) NA NA 860 (44.1) 2826 (52.0) Yes NA NA 1353 (47.0) 1671 (60.0) NA NA 1089 (55.9) 2609 (48.0) Unmet need No NA 1574 (100.0) NA 0 (0.0) NA 2915 (48.2) NA 2906 (55.7) Yes NA 0 (0.0) NA 2777 (100.0) NA 2059 (51.8) NA 2310 (44.3) Supply-side factors and current non-use of contraceptives Among supply-side factors, of those women who considered distance to a health facility a big problem, 69.0% in 2012–13 and 44.6% in 2017–18 never used any contraceptive measures. Of those who did not consider access to a health facility a big problem, 50.8% in 2012–13 and 55.4% in 2017–18 used contraceptive measures. Of those who considered transportation a big problem, 66.0% in 2012–13 did not currently use contraceptive methods. In 2012–13, 47.0% and in 2017–18, 60.0% of women who were visited by family-planning workers used contraceptive measures. Of those who were not visited by family-planning workers, 44.1% in 2012–13 and 52.0% in 2017–18 did not use contraceptive measures. In 2006–07, of those who had unmet needs for contraception, 48.2% never used any contraceptive measures and this percentage increased to 55.7% in 2017–18 (Table 2 ). Association between demand and supply-side factors and non-use of contraceptives Demand-side factors The odds of non-use of contraceptive methods were significantly lower among women who reported any source of media exposure in 2012–13 (OR 0.396, 95% CI: 0.353–9.442) and in 2017–18 (OR 0.432, 95% CI 0.391–0.477) compared to those who did not have any media exposure. The odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly higher for respondents who reported a desire for more children in all four waves of data collection. Respondents with decisional autonomy were more likely to use contraceptive methods. Similarly, the likelihood of using contraceptive methods was significantly higher among the respondents who had permission to attend medical or health facilities (Table 3 ). Table 3 Association between non-user of contraceptives with demand and supply side factors OR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) 1990-91 2006-07 2012-13 2017-18 1990-91 2006-07 2012-13 2017-18 Demand side factors Media exposure NA NA 0.396 (0.353–0.442) 0.432 (0.391–0.477) NA NA 0.664 (0.562–0.784) 0.654 (0.483–0.885) Desire for more children 5.594 (4.528–6.911) 2.414 (2.140–2.722) 1.939 (1.761–2.136) 3.434 (3.120–3.780) 4.835 (3.803–6.147) 4.817 (3.972–5.841) 0.838 (0.627–1.119) 0.860 (0.632–1.161) Intimate partner violence NA NA 1.038 (0.866–1.243) 1.040 (0.860–1.258) NA NA 0.801 (0.625–1.026) 0.875 (0.658–1.164) Decisional autonomy NA NA 0.471 (0.415–0.534) 0.781 (0.702–0.869) NA NA 0.928 (0.799–1.077) 0.853 (0.647–1.125) Permission to go for medical or health facility NA NA 0.393 (0.348–0.444) 0.580 (0.520–0.647) NA NA 0.729 (0.606–0.870) 1.238 (0.888–1.727) Getting medical help for self: Not wanting to go alone NA NA 0.473 (0.430–0.521) 0.597 (0.543–0.656) NA NA 0.901 (0.780–1.040) 1.119 (0.816–1.534) Having sons No 0.390 (0.164–0.925) 0.401 (0.202–0.797) 1.036 (0.531–2.022) 1.082 (0.439–2.668) 0.692 (0.262–1.830) 0.112 (0.022–0.583) 0.900 (0.413–1.961) 0.271 (0.150–0.490) 1–3 0.709 (0.311–1.619) 0.824 (0.422–1.609) 1.829 (0.945–3.540 2.331 (0.951–5.711) 1.280 (0.534–3.073) 0.211 (0.041–1.076) 1.574 (0.743–3.338) 1.516 (0.846–2.716) 4–6 0.890 (0.382–2.076) 1.006 (0.508–1.992) 1.954 (0.996–3.833) 2.481 (1.001–6.150) 0.923 (0.376–2.263) 0.323 (0.063–1.663) 1.795 (0.840–3.834) 1.779 (0.985–3.216) Supply side factors Distance to health facility NA NA 0.436 (0.395–0.482) 0.552 (0.503–0.606) NA NA 0.775 (0.656–0.916) 0.773 (0.554–1.078) Transport availability NA NA 2.474 (2.244–2.728) NA NA NA 0.654 (0.555–0.777) NA Visited by family planning worker in past 12 months NA 0.583 (0.514–0.660) 1.428(1.271–1.603) 0.614 (0.560–0.674) NA 0.668 (0.558-0.800) 0.732 (0.651–0.823) 0.631 (0.480–0.828) Analysis is adjusted for age of mother, type of residence, region, mothers’ education, wealth, and occupation. Binary logistic results also indicate that the odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly lower among respondents who reported fewer than 7 sons compared to the respondents who reported having 7 or more sons in 1990–91. This association was insignificant in 2006–07. However, in 2012–13 and 2017–18, the odds of not using contraceptive methods was higher among the respondents who reported 0–6 sons compared to participants with 7 or more (Table 3 ). Supply-side factors The results for supply-side factors also indicate that the odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly lower among respondents who reported distance from a health facility in 2012–13 (OR 0.436, 95% CI 0.395–0.482) and in 2017–18 (OR 0.552, 95% CI 0.503–0.606). The likelihood of not using contraceptive methods was significantly higher among respondents who reported availability of transport facilities (OR 2.474, 95% CI 2.244–2.728) in 2012–13. The odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly lower among respondents who reported a visit by a family-planning worker during the previous 12 months in 2006–07 (OR 0.583, 95% CI 0.514–0.660) and in 2017–18 (OR 0.614, 95% CI 0.560–0.674). However, the odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly higher among respondents who reported a visit by a family-planning worker during the previous 12 months in 2012–13 (Table 3 ). Multivariate results Table 3 also includes the results of a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. These results indicate that the odds of not using contraceptive methods are higher among respondents who had exposure to any source of information compared to respondents who did not have any media exposure, both in 2012–13 (AOR 0.664, 95% CI 0.562–0.784) and 2017–18 (AOR 0.654, 95% CI 0.483–0.885). The odds of not using contraceptive methods was higher among respondents who reported a desire for more children in 1990–91 (AOR 4.835, 95% CI 3.803–6.147) and in 2006–07 (AOR 4.817, 95% CI 3.972–5.841). However, the desire for more children lost significance in 2012–13 and in 2017–18. Multivariate results indicate that the odds of using contraceptive methods were lower among respondents who reported that they had permission to attend a medical or health facility in 2012–13 (AOR 0.729, 95% CI 0.606–0.870) compared to respondents who reported that they did not have permission. However, this variable lost its significance in 2017–18. The odds of using no contraceptive methods were lower among respondents who reported distance from a health facility (AOR 0.775, 95% CI 0.656–0.916) compared to respondents who did not report distance from a health facility in 2012–13. However, it lost its significance in 2017–18. The results also indicated that non-availability of transport (2012–13) and limited visits by family-planning workers over the previous 12 months (2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18) were significant factors for not using contraceptive methods. On the other hand, a desire for more children, intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, getting medical help, and number of sons lost significance in the multivariate analysis in 2012–13. Similarly, a desire for more children, intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, permission to attend a medical or health facility, getting medical help and distance from medical care lost significance in 2017–18 (Table 3 ). Discussion The use of contraceptives is considered to be a poverty-reduction mechanism. It is also considered to be a tool to achieve human rights for women in terms of equitable health facilities, allowing decisional autonomy and control over their reproductive rights (31–33). However, in spite of efforts to increase contraceptive use, high fertility rates and population growth have continued to threaten the socio-economic development of many countries (34). Various interventions have been introduced to address this issue over a significant period of time. This study is designed to investigate the effects of various factors associated with birth control. For that reason, this study is based on a trend analysis of four PDHS data collections to determine the trends in demand and supply-side factors associated with the non-use of contraceptives in Pakistan, along with socio-demographic variables. The study found that socio-demographic factors play a significant role in the use of contraceptive measures. Those who live in rural areas are less likely to use contraceptive measures, with a trend that is increasing over time. These findings are similar to those of studies conducted by Adebowale et al. (35), who stated that geographical location limits access to family-planning services. Rural residents have less access to health facilities. This trend is the same in this province-wide analysis as in those provinces where health facilities are better and accessibility issues are lower, with a greater prevalence of contraceptives. In Punjab province, a greater use of contraceptives is observed (36). Comparing results across the years 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13 and 2017–18, it is pertinent to note that there is a declining trend in not using contraceptives among illiterate women. The majority of women with a higher level of education are using contraceptive methods and this trend has increased over the years. The findings confirm the findings indicated by previous research that higher fertility is mostly associated with a lower level of education (37–38). Wealth quintile is also significantly linked with the ever-use of contraceptive methods. Those in the poor quintile use contraceptive methods less than those in other quintiles. There is an increasing trend observed in the number of not-working women who have ever used contraceptive methods. Similar findings appear in a study conducted by Islam et al. (39), which indicates that among unemployed women in Bangladesh the use of contraceptive measures was lower than in employed ones. A higher prevalence of contraceptive measures is found among women who have more knowledge, awareness, and media exposure (40–41). Our findings are consistent with these studies as those women (aged 15–49) who have greater media exposure have more knowledge about contraceptive measures, and among them the use of contraceptives measures is also more likely. Ethnicity is also significantly associated with ever-use of contraceptive measures (42). In our study, among different ethnic groups, use of contraceptives was higher among Punjabi women. The findings of our study also suggest that those who have a greater desire for children have a lower likelihood of using contraceptive measures (43). This is also associated with the women’s decisional autonomy; those women who had more decisional autonomy in their household and health-related decision-making power use contraceptives more than women who do not have autonomy in making decisions (44). Lack of decision-making power, discussion of health issues, permission to attend medical or health facilities, and the demand for sons are the socio-cultural factors that also influence the use of contraceptives (45). Our findings show that women who see attending health facilities as a big problem and experience pressure to give birth to more sons are less likely to have ever used any method of family planning. When there is a demand for contraceptives, there is also an obligation to provide the supply. It requires a considerable effort to provide adequate accessibility and supply of contraceptive measures (46). Our findings show that there is a significant association between distance to health facilities and availability of transport with current use of contraceptive measures. Among those who have access to healthcare facilities, have transport facilities, and are being visited by family-planning workers, the use of contraceptive measures is more likely. Limitations This study involves the data series provided by four PDHSs, in which a lack of uniformity was found, because not all variables were included in all data sets, leading to missing variables in PDHS 1990–91 and 2006–07. Lack of uniformity was also found in the variables of ethnicity, wealth quintile, and women’s occupation in three sets of data. Therefore, the analysis remains limited to one or two data sets. Due to the cross-sectional study design, causal relationships cannot be determined. A risk of bias is pertinent because information was gained through self-reported measures. Conclusion This study concludes that, although the use of contraceptive methods has increased over time, the rate of growth is inconsistent. Several socio-demographic characteristics and demand-side factors, such as media exposure, a desire for more children and the decisional autonomy of mothers, are associated with the use of contraceptives. Among these factors, differences are evident in rural, illiterate, and non-working mothers. Access to family-planning resources, the availability of transport, a supply of contraceptives in the locality, and unmet needs are the associated supply-side factors found in this study. Overall, the results highlight a need to provide affordable family-planning services to women near their homes, especially for disadvantaged sub-groups of women. Targeted community mobilisation and increasing educational levels among mothers in rural communities can further increase awareness about and use of contraceptives. List of Abbreviations AOR Adjusted odds ratio CI Confidence interval DHS Demographic and health survey OR Odds ratio PDHS Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey SPSS Statistical Package of Social Science Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study is based on a secondary data analysis based on data from PDHSs 1990-91, 2006-07, 2012-13, and 2017-18, a publicly available dataset. Therefore, an ethical approval is not required. Consent to participate has been obtained before data collection. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Secondary data, available from the Demographic and Health Survey programme. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The study received no funding. Authors’ contribution RZ conceived the idea. SJ, MR and AR conducted data analysis and drafted the manuscript. RZ and FF supervised and reviewed manuscript writing and data analysis. All authors reviewed the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements We acknowledge support of the publication fee by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Open Access Publication Funds of Bielefeld University. References Butawa NN, Tukur B, Idris H, Adiri F, Taylor KD. Knowledge and perceptions of maternal health in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2010;14(3):71– Mondal MN, Ullah MM, Islam MR, Rahman MS, Khan MN, Ahmed KM, Islam MS. Socio demographic and Health Determinants of Inequalities in Life Expectancy in Least Developed Countries. International Journal of MCH and AIDS. 2015;4(1):1– Mondal MN, Shitan M. Relative importance of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors on life expectancy in low-and lower-middle-income countries. 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Desire for more children, contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning in a remote area of Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2010;42(4):549– Fanslow J, Whitehead A, Silva M, Robinson E. Contraceptive use and associations with intimate partner violence among a population‐based sample of New Zealand women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008;48(1):83– RamaRao S, Mohanam R. The quality of family planning programs: concepts, measurements, interventions, and effects. Studies in Family Planning. 2003;34(4):227– Sultana A, Qazilbash AA. Factors associated with failure of family planning methods in Pakistan: Burhan village case study. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute; 2004. National Institute of Population Studies. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 1990/1991. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR29/FR29.pdf (1992). Accessed 10 June 2019. National Institute of Population Studies. 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International Journal of MCH and AIDS 2016;5(2):92– Cheng KW. The effect of contraceptive knowledge on fertility: The roles of mass media and social networks. Journal of family and economic issues. 2011;32(2):257– Kwankye SO, Augustt E. Media exposure and reproductive health behaviour among young females in Ghana. African Population Studies. 2007;22(2):79–108. Callegari LS, Zhao X, Schwarz EB, Rosenfeld E, Mor MK, Borrero S. Racial/ethnic differences in contraceptive preferences, beliefs, and self-efficacy among women veterans. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;216(5):504-e1. Withers M, Kano M, Pinatih GN. Desire for more children, contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning in a remote area of Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2010;42(4):549– Hameed W, Azmat SK, Ali M, Sheikh MI, Abbas G, Temmerman M, Avan BI. Women’s empowerment and contraceptive use: the role of independent versus couples’ decision-making, from a lower middle income country perspective. PloS One. 2014 13;9(8):e104633. Kabagenyi A, Reid A, Ntozi J, Atuyambe L. Socio-cultural inhibitors to use of modern contraceptive techniques in rural Uganda: a qualitative study. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2016;25:78. Belaid L, Dumont A, Chaillet N, Zertal A, De Brouwere V, Hounton S, Ridde V. Effectiveness of demand generation interventions on use of modern contraceptives in low‐and middle‐income countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2016;21(10):1240–54. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-10011","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":263225,"identity":"4aec13e0-0f8f-4ddf-a2e6-e9ca71532745","order_by":1,"name":"Sadia Jabeen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Virtual University Lahore","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sadia","middleName":"","lastName":"Jabeen","suffix":""},{"id":263226,"identity":"0c4cb1f9-594e-437d-a922-244758430cd4","order_by":2,"name":"Adnan Rathor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Social and Cultural Studies; University of the Punjab","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adnan","middleName":"","lastName":"Rathor","suffix":""},{"id":263227,"identity":"e2eaf734-c3d0-42ec-a60f-1ab9f8d5ec95","order_by":3,"name":"Maria Riaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Social and Cultural Studies; University of the Punjab","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"","lastName":"Riaz","suffix":""},{"id":263228,"identity":"de3e0b7e-fe10-4a17-a90f-3354112b5106","order_by":4,"name":"Rubeena Zakar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Public Health; University of the Punjab","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rubeena","middleName":"","lastName":"Zakar","suffix":""},{"id":263229,"identity":"6442e59d-dd23-4190-a78d-a5bd974fcb27","order_by":5,"name":"Florian Fischer","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIie2PsUrDUBSG/3ChWY7NeoOlvsItQjJ0yKski106OIlDobdkcPEB4os433DALnkAwYARoZNDu0UQMU0de+3qcL/hcriHj//8gMPxD/G11xjA7CcghSH4wBbXov88BhmhDgqZX0XAK6D+VtBvZYrDcFKB8Mp2UY/jh4+oaVCPAiFKvVVTDNfapoDpaXM5epnHKsWGwnyQrQo1Q1gdj0kQGPY0Z8X5PJLZN5Niit+7F+o5taaUn5qXRVhFXR2mhINd/rVXXhurYs40p1LSQVGCvBx9iqW+6LvwpKCrG7nvInkwWd2rGYWV5TA/F7t2wRfS58ewRZ0Ed/mbbm+n4+H6eP3uLgtkWzgcDofjND8kOV349ztnHQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-1245","institution":"Bielefeld University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Florian","middleName":"","lastName":"Fischer","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-12-19 13:52:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.19399/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.19399/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13482954,"identity":"a90488ed-cd97-416a-8fc6-f0491a26ec7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 21:51:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":458539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-10011/v1/292df2df-8c7c-4a5e-97a8-35285e8aadca.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Demand and Supply Side Factors Associated with the Use of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan: A Contemplative Study of Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018","fulltext":[{"header":"Plain English summary","content":" \u003cp\u003eGlobally, the use of contraceptives has increased. However, the use of contraceptives is not equally distributed. Several factors drive the demand for contraceptive methods, including the reproductive age of women, knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards the use of contraceptive methods. If there is demand, then there is a compulsion to provide a supply as well. Supply-side factors include the provision of family-planning resources, health facilities, and the availability of transport as an indicator of the infrastructure. Within this study, we focussed on factors which are associated with the use of contraceptives in Pakistan. The study is based on four large survey within the time frame from 1990 to 2018, to be able to represent changes over time. Data was collected from women at the reproductive age (15\u0026ndash;49\u0026nbsp;years) who had given birth in the previous five years before data collection. The results indicate that women without media exposure were less likely to use contraceptives. The absence of transport availabilities and limited visits by family-planning workers over the previous 12\u0026nbsp;months were significant factors for not using contraceptive methods. This highlights the need for the provision of family-planning resources and further structural factors, particularly in remote areas.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eOver the last twenty years, a remarkable decline in global fertility rates has been observed. A primary determinant of this decline is an increase in the use of contraceptives in many countries (1\u0026ndash;3). Despite this overall increase, it is unevenly distributed, with lower use in developing nations (4\u0026ndash;5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world and has one of the highest fertility rates in the South Asian region. The contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 4\u0026ndash;28% between 1991 and 2000, but thereafter the rate of increase has diminished, with prevalence only rising from 30% in 2006 to 35% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 (6). High fertility is an effect of low use of contraceptives, which also hampers socio-economic development, as indicated in the inverse relationship between high population and low economic indicators (7\u0026ndash;9). Although family-planning programmes were launched in Pakistan during the 1990s, effective implementation remains challenging due to multiple socio-cultural, economic and political factors, together with unmet needs, a preference for male children, supply issues and the strong patriarchal structure (10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe low use of contraceptives and associated hindrances has been explained by different studies examining various dimensions. A few studies have identified the socio-cultural reasons related to the use of contraceptives, and others have explained it in terms of geographical and financial inhibitions limiting access to family-planning services, limited availability, and associated side effects that damage a mother\u0026rsquo;s health (11\u0026ndash;13). Other barriers include the quality of services and legal restrictions. Network barriers, such as misconceptions and myths associated with contraceptive use, and the need for approval from husband and family to adopt any contraceptive measures, are other contextual factors. Furthermore, the status of women, their independence in decision-making, financial autonomy, religious inspirations, and cultural beliefs that high fertility is good are the factors that affect the use of contraceptives in the developing world (14\u0026ndash;16).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral factors drive the demand for contraceptive methods, including the reproductive age of women, knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards the use of contraceptive methods. If there is demand, then there is a compulsion to provide a supply as well. Supply-side factors include the provision of family-planning resources, health facilities, and the availability of transport as an indicator of the infrastructure. A number of intrusions are required to balance between the demand and supply side in the use of contraceptive measures. The failure to provide a supply to women may affect various female health issues, including unintended pregnancies and abortions (17\u0026ndash;18).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Pakistan, the influence of husbands and mothers-in-law in family matters is so strong that they are considered a central decision-making authority in family-planning decisions as well (19). The literature suggests that women\u0026rsquo;s own knowledge, their perception of their husband\u0026rsquo;s reaction to the use of contraceptives and their acceptability are the basic determinants of contraceptive use (20\u0026ndash;21). Another important indicator in this regard is violence. A meta-analysis revealed that women who face intimate partner violence are more likely not to use contraceptive methods (22). Similar findings have been described by Teitelman et al. (23): Young women who do not experience intimate partner violence are more consistent in their use of condoms than abused women. Supporting this, Fanslow et al. (24) explained that the use of condoms and other contraceptives is low among those women who experience violence from their partners because it further increases the risk of emotional and verbal abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of family-planning services are supplied in urban localities, and the provision and supply of such services is insufficient in rural areas. Access to information and low-cost supply-side services facilitates women to continue their use of contraceptives. Supply-side services include clinic location, well-equipped and trained staff, convenient opening hours, low fees and easy availability of condoms and pills (25). A client\u0026rsquo;s satisfaction and long-term acceptance of the use of contraceptives has an impact on their decision about whether to go on with the services. Many studies have argued that the failure of family-planning programmes in Pakistan is mainly due to the inadequate and limited supply of services (26).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough previous research has identified several predictors for contraceptive use in Pakistan, a holistic view and the inclusion of a trend analysis of contraceptive use is missing. Therefore, the present study uses data from four Demographic and Health Surveys in Pakistan in order to gain a clear understanding of the determinants for the use of contraceptives, allowing us to explore how demand and supply-side factors and sociodemographic characteristics have influenced the use of contraceptives over the years in Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":" \u003cp\u003eWe used a data-set series of four nationally representative Pakistan Demographic Health Surveys (1990\u0026ndash;91, 2006\u0026ndash;07, 2012\u0026ndash;13, and 2017\u0026ndash;18). These PDHS surveys are conducted in order to gain information on mother and child health, fertility, family planning, reproductive health, nutritional status, and immunisation status. The representative samples and response rates of each PDHS of ever-married women were 6,611 (95%) in 1990\u0026ndash;91, 10,023 (95%) in 2006\u0026ndash;07, 13,558 (93%) in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 15,509 (96%) in 2017\u0026ndash;18. Our study focused on the personal, socio-cultural, community-level, and supply-side factors dealing with the use of contraceptives. To obtain the sample for this study, women who had given birth in the previous five years and participated in the family planning module were selected. The sample from each data set is: 4,092 women in 1990\u0026ndash;91, 5,742 women in 2006\u0026ndash;07, 7,461 women in 2012\u0026ndash;13, and 8,219 in 2017\u0026ndash;18 (27\u0026ndash;30).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInstrumentation and data classification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent use of contraceptive methods was defined as the dependent variable, including traditional methods (periodic abstinence [rhythm], withdrawal, and abstinence) and modern methods (pill, intrauterine devices, injections, diaphragm, condom, female or male sterilisation, implants, female condom, foam/jelly, and lactational amenorrhea).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s socio-demographic, demand and supply-side factors were considered as independent variables. Women\u0026rsquo;s socio-demographic factors were: age, type of residence (urban vs. rural), region, ethnicity, education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), women\u0026rsquo;s occupation/employment status (not working, unskilled employment [sales, household domestic, unskilled manual], skilled employment [sales, agriculture self-employed, agriculture employees, skilled manual, clerical], and professional [professional/technical/managerial services]). The wealth index of women was calculated through quintiles and categorised into three categories (poor, middle, rich) for this analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the demand-side factors, questions regarding media exposure, desire for children, number of living sons, number of living daughters, history of intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, permission to attend medical or health facilities, as well as unwillingness to go alone and concerns about going to female health providers were included. Exposure to any source of information (TV, radio, newspaper) was computed and recoded as overall media exposure. Desire for more children was categorised into two categories: Either \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; (wanted no more children, sterilised [respondent or partner], declared infecund) or \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; (wanted within or after the next two years, unsure about timing, undecided). Intimate partner violence was part of PDHS 2012\u0026ndash;13 in which emotional, physical, and sexual violence were included. Women were asked if they had ever faced any humiliating attitude from their husband, physical violence such as being beaten, having their arms twisted, hair pulled or threatened with a harmful weapon such as a knife or gun, or sexual violence from their husbands, which includes forced sex. All forms of violence were coded as binary categories and, thereafter, combined as overall violence by intimate partners. In women\u0026rsquo;s decisional autonomy, their independent or joint control of income, purchases, healthcare decisions, and visits to relatives were included. Each variable was first coded into two categories: \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; if the respondent contributed to any type of decision either individually or jointly, and \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; if she did not participate in any decision-making. Then all types were combined into overall autonomy as women who have any type of autonomy and those who do not have autonomy. The responses to questions regarding permission to attend medical or health facilities were categorised into two categories (\u0026ldquo;Big problem\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Not a big problem\u0026rdquo;). Similarly, going alone to get medical treatment was categorised into the same two categories. The number of living sons has also been taken as a variable to determine whether use of contraceptives is contingent upon son preference. It has been coded as \u0026ldquo;No living son\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;3\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;4\u0026ndash;6\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;7\u0026ndash;10\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong supply-side factors, the facilitation and provision of governmental and non-governmental family-planning services was measured through questions about distance to health facilities, transport availability, visits by lady health workers, unmet needs and the availability of contraceptives through different sources. Distance to health facilities and transport availability were categorised as either \u0026ldquo;Big problem\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;Not a big problem\u0026rdquo;. The sources of family planning were first categorised into public (government hospitals, family-planning clinics, lady health workers), private (private hospitals, pharmacies, and clinics), and others (such as shops, friends or relatives, and traditional practitioners). Unmet needs included those for the spacing and limiting of births.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was analysed using SPSS version 24. Absolute numbers and weighted percentages were obtained through descriptive analysis. The relationship between demographic characteristics, demand and supply-side factors, along with current use and non-use of contraceptives was assessed through the Chi square test (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) on categorical variables. A p-value of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Associations between demand and supply-side indicators of non-use of contraceptives were measured using binary logistic regression models to present Odds Ratios (OR). Multivariate analysis was conducted by assessing Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) through controlling the demographic variables (age, education, income, wealth, residence). In PDHS 1990\u0026ndash;91 and 2017\u0026ndash;18, data on ethnicity is missing, so it was not included in the analysis. Furthermore, several variables relating to demand-side factors (media exposure, intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, permission to attend medical or health facilities, not wanting to go alone for medical help) and supply-side factors (distance to health facility, transport availability, visit by a family-planning worker during the previous 12\u0026nbsp;months) were not included in the questionnaire in 1990\u0026ndash;91 or 2006\u0026ndash;07, and therefore were not included in the analysis for these years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Results","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe total sample across all four surveys includes 25,415 ever-married women aged 15\u0026ndash;49\u0026nbsp;years having children under 5\u0026nbsp;years of age. The mean age of the women was approximately 29\u0026nbsp;years for each survey. A majority of women (76.7%) in 1990\u0026ndash;91 were uneducated. This proportion decreased in each survey, reducing to 50.7% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. The women were mainly not employed, showing proportions of about three quarters or more for unemployment in all surveys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociation between socio-demographic factors and current non-use of contraceptives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour data series illustrate that, in the years 1990\u0026ndash;91, 2006\u0026ndash;07, 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 2017\u0026ndash;18, the proportions of women who did not currently use any contraceptive method were 86.9%, 72.2%, 63.0%, and 65.6% respectively. The highest use of contraceptives was observed in the age group of 26\u0026ndash;34\u0026nbsp;years. A majority of women with poor wealth index did not use contraceptive methods; this proportion remained almost constant, ranging from 51.8% in 2006\u0026ndash;07 to 50.0% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 51.8% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. In rich families, the use of contraceptives decreased over time, from 55.2% in 2006\u0026ndash;07 to 47.8% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. The non-use of contraceptive methods among illiterate women declined from 81.4% (1990\u0026ndash;91), to 71.9% (2006\u0026ndash;07) 63.3% (2012\u0026ndash;13), and 57.0% (2017\u0026ndash;18) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSocio-demographic indicators of the current use and non-use of contraceptive among women in reproductive age in Pakistan (all PDHS, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25,415, weighted n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25,318)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCurrent use of contraceptives\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCurrent non-use of contraceptives\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1990-91\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;521\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2006-07\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1574\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2674\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2017-18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2783\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1990-91\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3501\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2006-07\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4132\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4697\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2017-18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5436\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u0026ndash;25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e128 (24.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e331 (21)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e651 (23.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e583 (20.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1300 (37.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1448 (35.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1585 (33.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1848 (34)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u0026ndash;34\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e282 (54.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e887 (56.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1543 (55.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1623 (58.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1611 (46.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1931 (46.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2309 (49.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2677 (49.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36\u0026ndash;49\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e111 (21.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e356 (22.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e570 (20.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e577 (20.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e590 (16.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e753 (18.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e803 (17.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e911 (16.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eType of residence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRural\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e113 (21.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e779 (50.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1507 (54.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1490 (53.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1903 (54.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2921 (70.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1771 (33.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2216 (40.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUrban\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e408 (78.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e795 (49.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1257 (45.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1293 (46.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1598 (45.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1211 (29.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2926 (62.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3220 (59.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRegion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePunjab\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e219 (42)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e775 (49.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e905 (32.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e696 (25.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1133 (32.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1519 (36.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1103 (23.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1030 (18.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSindh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e169 (32.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e371 (23.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e504 (18.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e457 (16.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e896 (25.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1250 (30.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1087 (23.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e984 (18.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eKhyber Pakhtunkhwa\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e107 (20.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e322 (20.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e518 (18.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e516 (18.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e936 (26.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e791 (19.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1014 (21.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e866 (15.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBalochistan\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26 (5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e106 (6.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e270 (9.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e182 (6.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e538 (25.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e572 (13.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e879 (18.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e820 (15.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGilgit Baltistan\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e264 (9.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e246 (8.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e445 (9.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e368 (6.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIslamabad (ICT)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e303 (11.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e256 (9.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e169 (3.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e285 (5.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAJK\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e272 (9.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e590 (10.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFederally Administered Tribal Areas\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e158 (5.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e493 (9.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eWealth index\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoor\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e376 (23.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e758 (27.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e835 (30.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2141 (51.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2348 (50)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2817 (51.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMiddle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e329 (20.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e515 (18.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e619 (22.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e788 (19.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e914 (19.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e990 (18.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRich\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e869 (55.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1491 (53.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1329 (47.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1203 (29.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1435 (30.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1629 (30.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo education\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e236 (45.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e826 (52.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1148 (41.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1033 (37.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2851 (81.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2972 (71.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2973 (63.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3101 (57.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e72 (13.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e270 (17.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e455 (16.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e420 (15.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e299 (8.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e518 (12.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e610 (13)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e673 (12.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e181 (34.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e300 (19.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e648 (23.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e739 (26.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e318 (9.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e459 (11.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e725 (15.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1000 (18.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32 (6.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e178 (11.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e513 (18.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e591 (21.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33 (0.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e183 (4.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e389 (8.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e662 (12.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRespondents occupation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot working\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e450 (86.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1166 (75.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2213 (80.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2372 (85.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2965 (84.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2915 (72.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3723 (79.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4753 (87.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSkilled\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10 (1.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e180 (11.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e234 (8.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e94 (3.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e215 (6.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e521 (12.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e559 (11.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e216 (4.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUnskilled\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41 (7.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e127 (8.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40 (1.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e191 (6.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e281 (8.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e530 (13.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76 (1.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e341 (6.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eProfessional\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20 (3.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69 (4.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e277 (10.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e124 (4.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37 (1.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79 (2.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e338 (7.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e125 (2.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEthnicity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePunjabi\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e568 (37.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e738 (26.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1023 (25.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e818 (17.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSindhi\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e140 (9.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e181 (6.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e679 (17.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e561 (11.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePashto\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e342 (22.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e583 (21.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e930 (23.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1116 (23.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBalochi\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40 (6.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81 (2.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e274 (6.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e269 (5.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOthers\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e437 (28.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1179 (42.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1080 (27.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1931 (41.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eIn each sub-sample data was weighted, leading to differences in absolute values.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eOverall, 585 cases had missing values.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemand-side factors and current non-use of contraceptives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData regarding media exposure and non-use of contraceptive methods showed decreasing trends, from 63.4% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 to 54.9% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. Women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 who desired (more) children who did not use contraceptive methods accounted for 64.6% in 1990\u0026ndash;91, 57.4% in 2006\u0026ndash;07, 53.4% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 70.8% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. In 2012\u0026ndash;13, 41.0% of women who had faced intimate partner violence did not use any contraceptive methods, whereas this number declined to 29.4% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. About 59.9% of women who had not faced any kind of violence used contraceptive measures in 2012\u0026ndash;13, and this percentage increased to 71.5% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. About 41.6% who did not have decisional autonomy did not use any contraceptive methods in 2012\u0026ndash;13, and there was an increase in this proportion to 71.8% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. About 30.8% of the women who did not use contraceptives reported that it was a big problem to attend any medical facility in 2012\u0026ndash;13; this figure remained almost constant, being 30.5% in 2017\u0026ndash;18. About 65.3% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 70.0% in 2017\u0026ndash;18 who did not want to go alone to seek medical healthcare and reported this as a problem never used any contraceptive measures. Among those women who did not have sons, 17.8% (1990\u0026ndash;91), 20.1% (2006\u0026ndash;07), 21.1% (2012\u0026ndash;13), and 23.1% (2017\u0026ndash;18) did not use any contraceptive methods; this shows an increasing trend of not using contraceptives over the years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFrequency and weighted percentages of demand and supply side factors of the women who currently use and do not use contraceptive methods in Pakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCurrent use of contraceptives\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCurrent non-use of contraceptives\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1990-91\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;528\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2006-07\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1574\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2674\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2017-18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2783\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1990-91\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3501\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2006-07\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4132\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4697\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2017-18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5438\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDemand side factors\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ef (%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e511 (18.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e728 (26.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1715 (36.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2449 (45.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2238 (81.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2053 (73.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2966 (63.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2982 (54.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDesire for more children\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e392 (75.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1010 (64.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1732 (62.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1626 (58.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1218 (35.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1757 (42.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2150 (46.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1557 (29.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e128 (24.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e563 (35.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1022 (37.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1148 (41.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2225 (64.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2364 (57.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2460 (53.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3775 (70.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eIntimate partner violence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e489 (59.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e581 (71.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e722 (59.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1011 (70.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e327 (40.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e232 (28.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e501 (41.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e420 (29.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDecisional autonomy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e487 (25.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1243 (66.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1270 (41.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3166 (71.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1450 (74.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e820 (33.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1780 (58.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1631 (28.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePermission to go for medical or health facility\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e410 (14.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e564 (20.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1442 (30.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1656 (30.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2347 (85.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2217 (79.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3247 (69.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3776 (69.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGetting medical help for self: Not wanting to go alone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1298 (47.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1617 (58.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3061 (65.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3800 (70.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1459 (52.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1164 (41.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3061 (65.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3061 (65.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1628 (34.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1632 (30.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHaving sons\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53 (10.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e167 (10.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e363 (13.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e340 (12.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e622 (17.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e823 (20.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e993 (21.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1257 (23.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e366 (70.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1145 (72.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2078 (75.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2174 (78.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2359 (67.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2779 (67.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3219 (68.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3731 (68.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85 (18.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e249 (15.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e311 (11.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e263 (9.5)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e488 (13.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e495 (12.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e451 (9.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e424 (7.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7 (1.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13 (0.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12 (0.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6 (0.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32 (0.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26 (0.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34 (0.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24 (0.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSupply side factors\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDistance to health facility\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2381 (50.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3008 (55.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e856 (31.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3008 (55.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2308 (49.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2423 (44.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1901(69.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2423 (44.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTransport availability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2621 (55.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e934 (33.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2067 (44.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1823 (66.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eVisited by family planning worker in past 12 months\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1526 (53.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1112 (40.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e860 (44.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2826 (52.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1353 (47.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1671 (60.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1089 (55.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2609 (48.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eUnmet need\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1574 (100.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2915 (48.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2906 (55.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2777 (100.0)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2059 (51.8)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2310 (44.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSupply-side factors and current non-use of contraceptives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong supply-side factors, of those women who considered distance to a health facility a big problem, 69.0% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 44.6% in 2017\u0026ndash;18 never used any contraceptive measures. Of those who did not consider access to a health facility a big problem, 50.8% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 55.4% in 2017\u0026ndash;18 used contraceptive measures. Of those who considered transportation a big problem, 66.0% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 did not currently use contraceptive methods. In 2012\u0026ndash;13, 47.0% and in 2017\u0026ndash;18, 60.0% of women who were visited by family-planning workers used contraceptive measures. Of those who were not visited by family-planning workers, 44.1% in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 52.0% in 2017\u0026ndash;18 did not use contraceptive measures. In 2006\u0026ndash;07, of those who had unmet needs for contraception, 48.2% never used any contraceptive measures and this percentage increased to 55.7% in 2017\u0026ndash;18 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociation between demand and supply-side factors and non-use of contraceptives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemand-side factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds of non-use of contraceptive methods were significantly lower among women who reported any source of media exposure in 2012\u0026ndash;13 (OR 0.396, 95% CI: 0.353\u0026ndash;9.442) and in 2017\u0026ndash;18 (OR 0.432, 95% CI 0.391\u0026ndash;0.477) compared to those who did not have any media exposure. The odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly higher for respondents who reported a desire for more children in all four waves of data collection. Respondents with decisional autonomy were more likely to use contraceptive methods. Similarly, the likelihood of using contraceptive methods was significantly higher among the respondents who had permission to attend medical or health facilities (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAssociation between non-user of contraceptives with demand and supply side factors\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1990-91\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2006-07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2017-18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1990-91\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2006-07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2017-18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDemand side factors\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.396 (0.353\u0026ndash;0.442)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.432 (0.391\u0026ndash;0.477)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.664 (0.562\u0026ndash;0.784)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.654 (0.483\u0026ndash;0.885)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDesire for more children\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.594 (4.528\u0026ndash;6.911)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.414 (2.140\u0026ndash;2.722)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.939 (1.761\u0026ndash;2.136)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.434 (3.120\u0026ndash;3.780)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.835 (3.803\u0026ndash;6.147)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.817 (3.972\u0026ndash;5.841)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.838 (0.627\u0026ndash;1.119)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.860 (0.632\u0026ndash;1.161)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIntimate partner violence\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.038 (0.866\u0026ndash;1.243)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.040 (0.860\u0026ndash;1.258)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.801 (0.625\u0026ndash;1.026)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.875 (0.658\u0026ndash;1.164)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDecisional autonomy\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.471 (0.415\u0026ndash;0.534)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.781 (0.702\u0026ndash;0.869)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.928 (0.799\u0026ndash;1.077)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.853 (0.647\u0026ndash;1.125)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePermission to go for medical or health facility\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.393 (0.348\u0026ndash;0.444)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.580 (0.520\u0026ndash;0.647)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.729 (0.606\u0026ndash;0.870)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.238 (0.888\u0026ndash;1.727)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGetting medical help for self: Not wanting to go alone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.473 (0.430\u0026ndash;0.521)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.597 (0.543\u0026ndash;0.656)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.901 (0.780\u0026ndash;1.040)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.119 (0.816\u0026ndash;1.534)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHaving sons\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.390 (0.164\u0026ndash;0.925)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.401 (0.202\u0026ndash;0.797)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.036 (0.531\u0026ndash;2.022)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.082 (0.439\u0026ndash;2.668)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.692 (0.262\u0026ndash;1.830)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.112 (0.022\u0026ndash;0.583)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.900 (0.413\u0026ndash;1.961)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.271 (0.150\u0026ndash;0.490)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.709 (0.311\u0026ndash;1.619)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.824 (0.422\u0026ndash;1.609)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.829 (0.945\u0026ndash;3.540\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.331 (0.951\u0026ndash;5.711)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.280 (0.534\u0026ndash;3.073)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.211 (0.041\u0026ndash;1.076)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.574 (0.743\u0026ndash;3.338)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.516 (0.846\u0026ndash;2.716)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.890 (0.382\u0026ndash;2.076)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.006 (0.508\u0026ndash;1.992)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.954 (0.996\u0026ndash;3.833)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.481 (1.001\u0026ndash;6.150)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.923 (0.376\u0026ndash;2.263)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.323 (0.063\u0026ndash;1.663)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.795 (0.840\u0026ndash;3.834)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.779 (0.985\u0026ndash;3.216)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSupply side factors\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDistance to health facility\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.436 (0.395\u0026ndash;0.482)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.552 (0.503\u0026ndash;0.606)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.775 (0.656\u0026ndash;0.916)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.773 (0.554\u0026ndash;1.078)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTransport availability\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.474 (2.244\u0026ndash;2.728)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.654 (0.555\u0026ndash;0.777)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVisited by family planning worker in past 12 months\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.583 (0.514\u0026ndash;0.660)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.428(1.271\u0026ndash;1.603)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.614 (0.560\u0026ndash;0.674)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.668 (0.558-0.800)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.732 (0.651\u0026ndash;0.823)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.631 (0.480\u0026ndash;0.828)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eAnalysis is adjusted for age of mother, type of residence, region, mothers\u0026rsquo; education, wealth, and occupation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinary logistic results also indicate that the odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly lower among respondents who reported fewer than 7 sons compared to the respondents who reported having 7 or more sons in 1990\u0026ndash;91. This association was insignificant in 2006\u0026ndash;07. However, in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 2017\u0026ndash;18, the odds of not using contraceptive methods was higher among the respondents who reported 0\u0026ndash;6 sons compared to participants with 7 or more (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSupply-side factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for supply-side factors also indicate that the odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly lower among respondents who reported distance from a health facility in 2012\u0026ndash;13 (OR 0.436, 95% CI 0.395\u0026ndash;0.482) and in 2017\u0026ndash;18 (OR 0.552, 95% CI 0.503\u0026ndash;0.606). The likelihood of not using contraceptive methods was significantly higher among respondents who reported availability of transport facilities (OR 2.474, 95% CI 2.244\u0026ndash;2.728) in 2012\u0026ndash;13. The odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly lower among respondents who reported a visit by a family-planning worker during the previous 12 months in 2006\u0026ndash;07 (OR 0.583, 95% CI 0.514\u0026ndash;0.660) and in 2017\u0026ndash;18 (OR 0.614, 95% CI 0.560\u0026ndash;0.674). However, the odds of not using contraceptive methods were significantly higher among respondents who reported a visit by a family-planning worker during the previous 12 months in 2012\u0026ndash;13 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultivariate results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e also includes the results of a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. These results indicate that the odds of not using contraceptive methods are higher among respondents who had exposure to any source of information compared to respondents who did not have any media exposure, both in 2012\u0026ndash;13 (AOR 0.664, 95% CI 0.562\u0026ndash;0.784) and 2017\u0026ndash;18 (AOR 0.654, 95% CI 0.483\u0026ndash;0.885). The odds of not using contraceptive methods was higher among respondents who reported a desire for more children in 1990\u0026ndash;91 (AOR 4.835, 95% CI 3.803\u0026ndash;6.147) and in 2006\u0026ndash;07 (AOR 4.817, 95% CI 3.972\u0026ndash;5.841). However, the desire for more children lost significance in 2012\u0026ndash;13 and in 2017\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate results indicate that the odds of using contraceptive methods were lower among respondents who reported that they had permission to attend a medical or health facility in 2012\u0026ndash;13 (AOR 0.729, 95% CI 0.606\u0026ndash;0.870) compared to respondents who reported that they did not have permission. However, this variable lost its significance in 2017\u0026ndash;18. The odds of using no contraceptive methods were lower among respondents who reported distance from a health facility (AOR 0.775, 95% CI 0.656\u0026ndash;0.916) compared to respondents who did not report distance from a health facility in 2012\u0026ndash;13. However, it lost its significance in 2017\u0026ndash;18. The results also indicated that non-availability of transport (2012\u0026ndash;13) and limited visits by family-planning workers over the previous 12 months (2006\u0026ndash;07, 2012\u0026ndash;13, and 2017\u0026ndash;18) were significant factors for not using contraceptive methods. On the other hand, a desire for more children, intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, getting medical help, and number of sons lost significance in the multivariate analysis in 2012\u0026ndash;13. Similarly, a desire for more children, intimate partner violence, decisional autonomy, permission to attend a medical or health facility, getting medical help and distance from medical care lost significance in 2017\u0026ndash;18 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe use of contraceptives is considered to be a poverty-reduction mechanism. It is also considered to be a tool to achieve human rights for women in terms of equitable health facilities, allowing decisional autonomy and control over their reproductive rights (31\u0026ndash;33). However, in spite of efforts to increase contraceptive use, high fertility rates and population growth have continued to threaten the socio-economic development of many countries (34). Various interventions have been introduced to address this issue over a significant period of time. This study is designed to investigate the effects of various factors associated with birth control. For that reason, this study is based on a trend analysis of four PDHS data collections to determine the trends in demand and supply-side factors associated with the non-use of contraceptives in Pakistan, along with socio-demographic variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that socio-demographic factors play a significant role in the use of contraceptive measures. Those who live in rural areas are less likely to use contraceptive measures, with a trend that is increasing over time. These findings are similar to those of studies conducted by Adebowale et al. (35), who stated that geographical location limits access to family-planning services. Rural residents have less access to health facilities. This trend is the same in this province-wide analysis as in those provinces where health facilities are better and accessibility issues are lower, with a greater prevalence of contraceptives. In Punjab province, a greater use of contraceptives is observed (36).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing results across the years 1990\u0026ndash;91, 2006\u0026ndash;07, 2012\u0026ndash;13 and 2017\u0026ndash;18, it is pertinent to note that there is a declining trend in not using contraceptives among illiterate women. The majority of women with a higher level of education are using contraceptive methods and this trend has increased over the years. The findings confirm the findings indicated by previous research that higher fertility is mostly associated with a lower level of education (37\u0026ndash;38). Wealth quintile is also significantly linked with the ever-use of contraceptive methods. Those in the poor quintile use contraceptive methods less than those in other quintiles. There is an increasing trend observed in the number of not-working women who have ever used contraceptive methods. Similar findings appear in a study conducted by Islam et al. (39), which indicates that among unemployed women in Bangladesh the use of contraceptive measures was lower than in employed ones.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA higher prevalence of contraceptive measures is found among women who have more knowledge, awareness, and media exposure (40\u0026ndash;41). Our findings are consistent with these studies as those women (aged 15\u0026ndash;49) who have greater media exposure have more knowledge about contraceptive measures, and among them the use of contraceptives measures is also more likely. Ethnicity is also significantly associated with ever-use of contraceptive measures (42). In our study, among different ethnic groups, use of contraceptives was higher among Punjabi women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of our study also suggest that those who have a greater desire for children have a lower likelihood of using contraceptive measures (43). This is also associated with the women\u0026rsquo;s decisional autonomy; those women who had more decisional autonomy in their household and health-related decision-making power use contraceptives more than women who do not have autonomy in making decisions (44). Lack of decision-making power, discussion of health issues, permission to attend medical or health facilities, and the demand for sons are the socio-cultural factors that also influence the use of contraceptives (45). Our findings show that women who see attending health facilities as a big problem and experience pressure to give birth to more sons are less likely to have ever used any method of family planning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen there is a demand for contraceptives, there is also an obligation to provide the supply. It requires a considerable effort to provide adequate accessibility and supply of contraceptive measures (46). Our findings show that there is a significant association between distance to health facilities and availability of transport with current use of contraceptive measures. Among those who have access to healthcare facilities, have transport facilities, and are being visited by family-planning workers, the use of contraceptive measures is more likely.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study involves the data series provided by four PDHSs, in which a lack of uniformity was found, because not all variables were included in all data sets, leading to missing variables in PDHS 1990\u0026ndash;91 and 2006\u0026ndash;07. Lack of uniformity was also found in the variables of ethnicity, wealth quintile, and women\u0026rsquo;s occupation in three sets of data. Therefore, the analysis remains limited to one or two data sets. Due to the cross-sectional study design, causal relationships cannot be determined. A risk of bias is pertinent because information was gained through self-reported measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that, although the use of contraceptive methods has increased over time, the rate of growth is inconsistent. Several socio-demographic characteristics and demand-side factors, such as media exposure, a desire for more children and the decisional autonomy of mothers, are associated with the use of contraceptives. Among these factors, differences are evident in rural, illiterate, and non-working mothers. Access to family-planning resources, the availability of transport, a supply of contraceptives in the locality, and unmet needs are the associated supply-side factors found in this study. Overall, the results highlight a need to provide affordable family-planning services to women near their homes, especially for disadvantaged sub-groups of women. Targeted community mobilisation and increasing educational levels among mothers in rural communities can further increase awareness about and use of contraceptives.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"List of Abbreviations","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDHS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic and health survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePDHS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePakistan Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical Package of Social Science\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study is based on a secondary data analysis based on data from PDHSs 1990-91, 2006-07, 2012-13, and 2017-18, a publicly available dataset. Therefore, an ethical approval is not required. Consent to participate has been obtained before data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary data, available from the Demographic and Health Survey programme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study received no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRZ conceived the idea. SJ, MR and AR conducted data analysis and drafted the manuscript. RZ and FF supervised and reviewed manuscript writing and data analysis. All authors reviewed the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe acknowledge support of the publication fee by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Open Access Publication Funds of Bielefeld University.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":" \u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eButawa NN, Tukur B, Idris H, Adiri F, Taylor KD. Knowledge and perceptions of maternal health in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2010;14(3):71\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMondal MN, Ullah MM, Islam MR, Rahman MS, Khan MN, Ahmed KM, Islam MS. Socio demographic and Health Determinants of Inequalities in Life Expectancy in Least Developed Countries. International Journal of MCH and AIDS. 2015;4(1):1\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMondal MN, Shitan M. Relative importance of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors on life expectancy in low-and lower-middle-income countries. Journal of Epidemiology. 2014;24(2):117\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOye-Adeniran BA, Adewole IF, Umoh AV, Oladokun A, Gbadegesin A, Ekanem EE. Community-based study of contraceptive behaviour in Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2006;10(2):90\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller G, Babiarz KS. Family planning program effects: Evidence from microdata. Population and Development Review. 2016;42(1):7\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan A. Changes in the contraceptive prevalence: Comparison of PDHS 2006-7 with 2012-13. Research and Development Solutions; Policy Briefs 43; 2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGovernment of Pakistan. 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Determinants of unmet need for modern contraception and reasons for non-use among married women in rural areas of Burkina Faso. African Population Studies. 2014;28(1):499\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell M, Sahin‐Hodoglugil NN, Potts M. Barriers to fertility regulation: a review of the literature. Studies in Family Planning. 2006;37(2):87\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamid S, Stephenson R. Provider and health facility influences on contraceptive adoption in urban Pakistan. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006;32(2):71\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsekun-Olarinmoye EO, Adebimpe WO, Bamidele JO, Odu OO, Asekun-Olarinmoye IO, Ojofeitimi EO. Barriers to use of modern contraceptives among women in an inner city area of Osogbo metropolis, Osun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Women\u0026rsquo;s health. 2013;5:647.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOchako R, Mbondo M, Aloo S, Kaimenyi S, Thompson R, Temmerman M, Kays M. Barriers to modern contraceptive methods uptake among young women in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):118.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStephenson R, Baschieri A, Clements S, Hennink M, Madise N. Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97(7):1233\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnsor T, Cooper S. Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side. Health Policy and Planning. 2004;19(2):69\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArends-Kuenning M, Kessy FL. The impact of demand factors, quality of care and access to facilities on contraceptive use in Tanzania. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007;39(1):1\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJones RK, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Contraceptive use among U.S. women having abortions in 2000-2001. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2002;34(6):294\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrossman D, Ellertson C, Abuabara K, Blanchard K, Rivas FT. Barriers to contraceptive use in product labeling and practice guidelines. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96(5):791\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePasha O, Fikree FF, Vermund S. Determinants of unmet need for family planning in squatter settlements in Karachi Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2001;16(2):93\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaxwell L, Devries K, Zionts D, Alhusen JL, Campbell J. Estimating the effect of intimate partner violence on women\u0026rsquo;s use of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2015;10(2):e0118234.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWithers M, Kano M, Pinatih GN. Desire for more children, contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning in a remote area of Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2010;42(4):549\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFanslow J, Whitehead A, Silva M, Robinson E. Contraceptive use and associations with intimate partner violence among a population‐based sample of New Zealand women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008;48(1):83\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamaRao S, Mohanam R. The quality of family planning programs: concepts, measurements, interventions, and effects. Studies in Family Planning. 2003;34(4):227\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSultana A, Qazilbash AA. Factors associated with failure of family planning methods in Pakistan: Burhan village case study. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute; 2004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Institute of Population Studies. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 1990/1991. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR29/FR29.pdf (1992). Accessed 10 June 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Institute of Population Studies. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR200/FR200.pdf (2006). Accessed 10 June 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Institute of Population Studies. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf (2013). Accessed 10 June 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Institute of Population Studies. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR290/FR290.pdf (2019). Accessed 10 June 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas Gupta M, Bongaarts J, Cleland J. Population, poverty, and sustainable development: A review of the evidence. Policy Research Working Paper WPS5719. Washington: The World Bank; 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllen RH. The role of family planning in poverty reduction. Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology. 2007;110(5):999\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAshford LS. Addressing population in poverty reduction strategies. Policy Brief. Washington: USAID; 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBongaarts J, Cleland J, Townsend JW, Bertrand JT, Gupta MD. Family planning programs for the 21st century. New York: Population Council; 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdebowale SA, Adedini SA, Ibisomi LD, Palamuleni ME. Differential effect of wealth quintile on modern contraceptive use and fertility: evidence from Malawian women. BMC Women\u0026rsquo;s Health. 2014;14(1):40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzmat SK, Ali M, Hameed W, Mustafa G, Abbas G, Ishaque M, Bilgrami M, Temmerman M. A study protocol: using demand-side financing to meet the birth spacing needs of the underserved in Punjab Province in Pakistan. Reproductive Health. 2014;11(1):39.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuyinza F, Hisali E. Microeffects of women\u0026rsquo;s education on contraceptive use and fertility: the case of Uganda. Journal of International Development. 2014;26(6):763\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArokiasamy P. Gender preference, contraceptive use and fertility in India: Regional and development influences. International Journal of Population Geography. 2002;8(1):49\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam AZ, Mondal MZI, Khatun ML, Rahman MM, Islam AR, Mostofa MG, Hoque MN. Prevalence and determinants of contraceptive use among employed and unemployed women in Bangladesh. International Journal of MCH and AIDS 2016;5(2):92\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng KW. The effect of contraceptive knowledge on fertility: The roles of mass media and social networks. Journal of family and economic issues. 2011;32(2):257\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKwankye SO, Augustt E. Media exposure and reproductive health behaviour among young females in Ghana. African Population Studies. 2007;22(2):79\u0026ndash;108.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCallegari LS, Zhao X, Schwarz EB, Rosenfeld E, Mor MK, Borrero S. Racial/ethnic differences in contraceptive preferences, beliefs, and self-efficacy among women veterans. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;216(5):504-e1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWithers M, Kano M, Pinatih GN. Desire for more children, contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning in a remote area of Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2010;42(4):549\u0026ndash;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHameed W, Azmat SK, Ali M, Sheikh MI, Abbas G, Temmerman M, Avan BI. Women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment and contraceptive use: the role of independent versus couples\u0026rsquo; decision-making, from a lower middle income country perspective. PloS One. 2014 13;9(8):e104633.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKabagenyi A, Reid A, Ntozi J, Atuyambe L. Socio-cultural inhibitors to use of modern contraceptive techniques in rural Uganda: a qualitative study. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2016;25:78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBelaid L, Dumont A, Chaillet N, Zertal A, De Brouwere V, Hounton S, Ridde V. Effectiveness of demand generation interventions on use of modern contraceptives in low‐and middle‐income countries. Tropical Medicine \u0026amp; International Health. 2016;21(10):1240\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Contraception, Demand, Supply, Pakistan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.19399/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.19399/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground A remarkable decline in fertility rates has been observed in many countries, with a primary determinant being an increase in the use of contraceptives. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of demand and supply-side factors associated with the use of contraceptive measures in Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethod Secondary data analysis of four data series of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18) were used. The data includes ever-married women aged 15–49 years who had given birth in the previous five years and participated in the family-planning module of the PDHS. A total number of 25,318 women were included in the analysis. Data was analysed by investigating the associations between independent variables (demand and supply-side factors) and the use of contraceptive measures through unadjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults A majority of the women were illiterate and not in employment. There was an increase in the number of women who did not use contraceptive methods in rural areas over time. Among demand-side factors, the results indicated that, in 2012–13, women without media exposure were less likely to use contraceptives (OR 0.396, 95% CI 0.353–0.442), and the trend remains almost constant for 2017–18 (OR 0.432, 95% CI 0.391–0.477). These findings change slightly in the adjusted analysis (AOR 0.664, 95% CI 0.562–0.784) in 2012–13 and (AOR 0.654, 95% CI 0.483–0.885) in 2017–18; however, they still show a lower likelihood of using contraceptives without media exposure. Among supply-side factors, the results indicated that absence of transport (2012–13) and limited visits by family-planning workers over the previous 12 months (2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18) remained significant factors for not using contraceptive methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion The results of the study indicate that certain demand and supply-side factors are associated with the use of contraceptive measures in Pakistan. It highlights the need for the provision of family-planning resources and further structural factors, particularly in remote areas.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Demand and Supply Side Factors Associated with the Use of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan: A Contemplative Study of Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2019-12-20 18:45:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.19399/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"97628a65-722c-4a09-94a0-f70d7f500664","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 20th, 2019","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":44476,"name":"Sexual \u0026 Reproductive Medicine"},{"id":44477,"name":"Health Economics and Outcomes Research"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2019-12-20 18:45:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-10011","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-10011","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"zQwnuV7TCBrMSSSToR1PI","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}