Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Passive Leg Raising in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Passive Leg Raising in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. 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A Randomized Clinical Trial. Youcef Azeli, Alfredo Bardají, Eneko Barbería, Vanesa Lopez-Madrid, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-258801/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : There are data suggesting that passive leg raising (PLR) improves hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This trial aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of PLR during CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: We conducted a randomized clinical trial with blinded assessment of the outcomes that assigned adults OHCA to be treated with PLR or in the flat position. The trial was conducted in the Camp de Tarragona region. The main end point was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome defined as Cerebral Performance Category (CPC 1-2). To study possible adverse effects, we assessed the presence of pulmonary complications on the first chest X-rays in survivors and lungs weight from autopsies in non-survivors. Results: In total, 445 randomized CPR attempts were included, 234 were treated with PLR and 211 were controls. Overall, 71.5% were men and the median age was 69 IQR (58-78) years old. At hospital discharge, 4.3% in the PLR group and 4.7% in the control group were alive with CPC 1-2 (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.4-2.2, p=0.81). A higher survival at hospital admission was found among patients with a shockable rhythm, but there were no significant differences (OR 1.6; 95% CI 0.8-3.4, p=0.18). There were no differences in pulmonary complication rates in chest X-rays (25.9% vs 17.9%, p=0.47) or lung weight 1223 IQR (909.5-1500) mg vs. 1239 IQR (900-1507) mg. Conclusion: In this trial, PLR during CPR did not improve survival to hospital discharge with CPC 1-2. No evidence of adverse effects has been found. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01952197, registration date: Sept 27, 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01952197. Critical Care & Emergency Medicine cardiopulmonary resuscitation passive leg raising adverse effect out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Figures Figure 1 Introduction Despite the efforts made in the last two decades, survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) hardly reaches 10% (1,2). Survival is determined by several factors such as the performance of early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the use of public automatic external desfibrillators (AEDs), the performance of high-quality CPR, or the post-resuscitation care provided in the hospital (3). Performing chest compressions at an appropriate depth, at a frequency of between 100 and 120 pm, while ensuring the return of the sternum to its original position during decompression, are key elements of quality CPR that aim to optimize cardiac output during CPR (4). In early CPR guidelines, passive leg raising (PLR) was considered to be a maneuver that could promote venous return and increase artificial circulation during chest compressions (5). In 1992, this statement was removed due to lack of evidence (6). PLR mimics rapid volume expansion and is often used in intensive care units during the hemodynamic assessment of patients (7). PLR stresses the volume of the venous reservoir, increasing the mean systemic filling pressure, which is the driving pressure of the venous return flow (8). A series of piglets resuscitated with PLR showed improved coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) compared to a control group (9). A study of OHCA showed that 20º of leg elevation helped to increase End Tidal CO2 (ETCO2) during CPR (10). Despite these promising hemodynamic results, a recent observational study introducing PLR into the standard treatment of patients with OHCA found no difference in survival compared to a control group (11). In recent years, there has been growing concern about the safety of various interventions performed by emergency teams during resuscitation, such as the use of mechanical chest compressors or the saline infusion load in post-cardiac arrest patients (12,13). There are no data about the safety of PLR during CPR and the beneficial effect of PLR performed during CPR is still unknown. We hypothesized that PLR performed at the beginning of OHCA treatment by a medical emergency system will be a safe maneuver and will improve survival at discharge with good neurological outcomes compared to patients treated in a standard way. Methods Trial design and setting This is a randomized clinical trial with blinded assessment of the outcome (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01952197). This study was conducted by the Emergency Medical System (EMS) of Catalonia in the region of Camp de Tarragona. It is the only EMS in the Camp de Tarragona region, and provides assistance to 100% of the territory. This study region has an area of 2704.3 km 2 and 511,622 inhabitants. The population density varies between urban and rural areas and was mainly distributed close to the coast. The mean density in 2014 was 190.7 hab/km 2 . The two main municipalities form together the second largest metropolitan area in Catalonia. A multiple information source prospective registry for the study of sudden death and adverse effects of CPR was conducted (ReCaPTa Study) during the study period (14). When this study began, there were two types of ambulances regularly distributed in the territory: 42 basic life support (BLS) staffed by two sanitary technicians and 4 advanced life support (ALS) staffed by one physician, one nurse and one sanitary technician. The study has the ethical approval of the Ethical Research Committee in Tarragona (15/2013) and Reus (13-04-25/4aclaobs1) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Consent to participate was not required. Intervention and randomization We included all patients who presented an OHCA in which the EMS performed a CPR attempt between April 2014 and April 2017. Patients under 18 years of age were excluded. We also excluded patients whose pathology or previous condition made PLR contraindicated or unfeasible according to the treating physician's criteria such as traumatic patients with suspected pelvic or lower limb fracture or pregnant women. When a cardiac arrest is suspected, the dispatch center activates two ambulances, a BLS, which usually arrives first, equipped with an AED, and an ALS. Enrolment was performed on the scene at the initial cardiac arrest assessment. Manual CPR was started, and if there were no exclusion criteria, randomization and allocation concealment was performed via an opaque and sealed envelope system. The randomization process and the description of the protocol are detailed in the published study design (15). PLR was performed within the first 5 minutes after the arrival of the first ambulance and was maintained until the end of CPR or until the patient presented return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The angle of PLR was set between 20º and 45º following previous data (10). To ensure that the legs were lifted at this angle different assays were made, so all ambulances were equipped with a 20 cm high stool and it was recommended that one of the bags of the resuscitation equipment be placed between the stool and the patient's legs. Prior to the start of the study, all staff were provided with training sessions, study protocol documentation which included photos on how the intervention was to be performed and an instructional video. The study was promoted on social networks and the percentage of cases enrolled in the study was monitored. The sample of the study was initially calculated for an incidence of 40/100,000 inhabitants and for an increase of survival to discharge from 7% to 10%. The power was set at 80% and a bilateral two-tailed significance of 5%. The plan was to include 300 patients in each group during the first three years of the study in the whole district of Tarragona and 188 patient in each group for the region of Camp de Tarragona. (15). Data collection and quality control The resuscitation-related data were prospectively collected by the medical crew after attending the OHCA following the Utstein style using an online application available in the computer system of each base or in the personal mobile devices (16). The data collected were: date of the alarm, age, sex, reasons for not attempting resuscitation, non-randomization reasons, performance of passive leg raising, randomization number, first monitored rhythm, witnessed status, type of first ambulance to provide assistance, bystander CPR before ambulance arrival, cardiac arrest location, presumed cardiac arrest etiology, treatment provided including mechanical chest compression, intubation, drugs such as adrenaline and amiodarone and defibrillation, and number of defibrillations. The times of cardiac arrest, call, first defibrillation and arrival of EMS are based on the times automatically collected by the coordination center. The shock from an AED used by a bystander or by a BLS prior to the arrival of the ALS was recorded as a shockable rhythm (ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia). This study did not collect information from public AEDs. The sensitivity and specificity of an AED shock is high, making it difficult to over-diagnose shockable rhythms (17,18). The initial ETCO2 measurement was collected immediately after orotracheal intubation (19). The database obtained was subjected to an exhaustive quality control by trained personnel who reviewed all the case reports generated by the dispatch center. Case reports coded with the all used CIE.9 code related to the OHCA were reviewed (798.1 (instantaneous death), 798.9 (Unattended death), 427.5 (cardiac arrest) and 427.41 (ventricular fibrillation). All of the BLS manual paper records in which resuscitation was initiated were also collected and reviewed. The missing information was completed through medical reports or requests to the medical crews who attended the case. Survivors were followed by hospital and primary care investigators who did not have access to the intervention performed. The neurological assessment of the survivors was performed using the Pittsburgh cerebral performance category (CPC) at discharge and at one year. CPC 1 indicates no disability, CPC 2 slight disability, CPC 3 moderate disability, CPC 4 comatose/vegetative state and CPC 5 death. For the assessment of post-resuscitation pulmonary complications, the report of the attending physician or radiologist on the first X-ray taken upon arrival at the hospital was evaluated (8). Lung complications were considered when bilateral lung opacities, edema, pulmonary congestion or bilateral alveolar pattern were described. Where required by law, non-survivors were studied by autopsy following the protocol of the Institute of Legal and Forensic Medicine of Catalonia, which is focused on the study of sudden death and the adverse effects of CPR (20). Lung weight at autopsy is routinely collected as a part of the sudden death protocol study and is a good indicator of the extravascular lung water found in the pulmonary edema (21). Autopsies were performed by a forensic team specialized in the study of the causes of sudden death blinded to the intervention studied within the first 24 hours after death. Outcomes The primary end point was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcomes (CPC 1-2). The secondary end points were the initial ETCO2; survival at hospital admission; survival at hospital discharge with good neurological outcomes (CPC 1-2) in all patients and in patients with initial shockable rhythm; survival at one year with good neurological outcomes (CPC 1-2) in all patients and in patients with shockable rhythm; pulmonary complications on the first chest radiography at the hospital; and lung weight from autopsies. Statistical Analyses The continuous variables were described with median and interquartile ranges and the categorical ones with number of cases and percentages. The Student’s T or Mann-Whitney’s U and the chi-square were used to compare the subgroups The end point variables in this study were categorical, and data were presented in proportions, percentages and 95% confidence interval (CI). To find out the possible differences between patients of the subgroups, Pearson χ2 tests for comparison of proportions were conducted and Odds ratios with their 95% CIs were calculated. All tests were two-tailed and p-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.0.0. Results During the study period, BLS was initiated in 1157 patients who presented an OHCA and were assessed for eligibility. The enrolment, the allocation process and the follow-up are shown in the Fig.1. Most patients (n=605, 57%) were randomized. Among them, in 143 patients, CPR maneuvers were interrupted on arrival of the ALS physician due to futility. The main causes of futility were medical background (56.6%), advanced age (45.4%) and injuries incompatible with life (5.6%). After exclusions, 445 resuscitation attempts were included in the final analysis, of which 234 (52.5%) were treated with PLR and 211 (47.4%) were controls. Given the neutral result obtained in the interim analysis and the difficulties in following up the survivors in other study areas, the steering committee of the study interrupted the recruitment of patients. The characteristics of the study population and the comparison of Utstein variables are show in Table 1. The initial ETCO2 measurement was recorded in 207 of 374 intubated patients. The median of the initial ETCO2 in the PLR group was 27 mmHg (IQR 17-45) and 28 mmHg (IQR 14-48) in the control group (p=0.99). The hospital variables and outcomes according to the intervention performed are shown in Table 2. Safety data Regarding adverse effects, the incidence of pulmonary complications in the first chest X-rays was similar in the PLR group and the control group, 17.9% vs 25.9% (p=0.47). Among the 445 patients included in the final analysis, 112 were studied by autopsy. The autopsy findings including the cause of death and anthropometric variables are shown in Table 4. There was no difference in lung weight collected in the autopsy study 1239 mg (IQR 900-1507) in the PLR group vs 1223 (IQR 909-1500) in the control group (p=0.82). No other adverse effects were reported. Clinical outcomes data The detail of the survival outcomes analysis among all patients and patients with shockable rhythm are shown in Table 4. The number of patients who survived hospital discharge with good neurological outcome (CPC 1-2) was 10 of 234 (4.3%) in the PLR group vs 10 of 211 (4.7%) in the control group (OR: 0.9; 95% CI 0.4-2.2, p=0.81). Survival at hospital admission among patients with a shockable rhythm was higher in the PLR group, 28 of 63 (44.4%) vs 21 of 64 (32.8%) but significant difference was not reached (OR: 1.6; 95% IC 0.8-3.4, p=0.18). Discussion The results of this randomized clinical trial studying the effectiveness of PLR in the treatment of OHCA reveal no differences between the PLR group and the control group with regard survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome. The baseline characteristics of each group are comparable. There is a slight increase in the proportion of women in the PLR group, but this was not associated with worse outcomes (22). The survival results in our study are in the same line as those obtained by an observational study that introduced PLR in the treatment of OHCA and compared its effectiveness with a matched group that received standard treatment. In this Swedish study, PLR was performed more often in cases with a worse clinical scenario and it was suggested that early leg elevation could improve its benefit on survival (11). According to the results obtained, PLR during CPR is a safe intervention. The pulmonary complications rate observed in the first chest X-rays was similar to that of other studies (23). The autopsy study provides objective data on lung congestion. Approximately 1/3 of non-survivors underwent an autopsy, which is similar to or even higher than other safety OHCA studies (24,25). The idea of an unstained effect of PLR over time has been described in cases of septic patients and is attributed to capillary leak (26) . During cardiac arrest, maintained hypoxia has a similar effect on capillary permeability, which could favor the shortened effect of PLR on systemic mean filling pressure (Pmsf) and cardiac output (27). In any case, optimizing Pmsf and venous return is key to improving survival outcomes. A personalized physiology-guided resuscitation protocol recently published considers increase the circulatory volume in patients with pre-arrest CVP <2 mmHg using PLR (28). Experimental data support the distinct hemodynamic effect of PLR and volume load during CPR. Volume loading has been associated with a decrease in CPP due to the detrimental effect of the increase in right atrial pressure (RAP) in the decompression phase (29). However, PLR seems not to alter RAP and has been associated with an increase in CPP which is key to obtain ROSC (9). The trend found in our study in favor of PLR among patients with a shockable rhythm suggests that PLR may be useful in optimizing the conditions prior to an attempt of defibrillation during hemodynamically-guided CPR (30) (31). It should be considered that the greatest change in cardiac output due to PLR occurs after 1 minute of the procedure (10). On the other hand, PLR could trigger the Bainbridge reflex and might help to restart the electrical activity after ventricular fibrillation termination (32). The ETCO2 concentration is a practical non-invasive method for monitoring blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and it is used as a prognostic factor (32,33). The initial ETCO2 <10 mmHg has been proposed as a predictor of bad outcome in OHCA (35). No differences have been found between the initial ETCO2 between the two groups studied. The effect of PLR on ETCO2 does not appear to be maintained beyond the first 4 minutes (10). This could justify our findings due to a longer delay between PLR at the BLS arrival, and intubation during the ALS assistance. Regarding new study designs it would be helpful to keep in mind the time of the maximum hemodynamic effect of PLR and the trend in our study favor PLR among shockable patients. Measuring the effectiveness on survival outcomes of PLR performed 1 minute prior to a first or a second defibrillation attempt may be the basis for new studies. Further investigations are warranted to establish the utility of PLR in the setting of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation hemodynamically guided or in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation. Strength and limitations The main strength of this research is a robust randomization process as a consequence of the easy performance of the studied intervention. In very few patients the maneuver was considered contraindicated by medical criteria. It only occurred in one case with a lower limb amputation or two cases of traumatic shock in which an unstable pelvis or lower limb fracture was suspected. There was little loss of cases in the follow-up of the survivors and in the main outcome variables. The safety study included the objective data from autopsies that were performed on a high proportion of the patients. Therefore, the safety study involved both survivors and non-survivors, allowing us to assess the risk-benefit of PLR. The difference between the samples obtained and the required samples set out in the design probably resulted in a lack of power to detect significant differences in the clinical outcomes, which is the main limitation. The low rate of bystander CPR found in our study which can lead to a low survival rate may have also contributed to neutral survival results. Therefore, the results of this first randomized trial in this topic should be interpreted with care. The angle of leg elevation performed in each case was not measured and we cannot rule out variability in how the intervention was performed. The time between the cardiac arrest and the PLR was not collected which could be a potential confounder. During this study, some patients received CPR during transport to the hospital when presenting a re-arrest or when being enrolled in an ongoing CPR protocol with direct transfer to the cath lab. In these cases, we cannot guarantee that PLR was maintained during the entire period of CPR. Lung weights as a safety outcome were only measured in autopsied patients. Only a few autopsies were from survivors, but it is possible that some may have been treated for lung edema in the hospital prior to death. Conclusion Passive leg raising in the treatment of OHCA did not improve survival at discharge with good neurological outcome in this trial. We found a trend towards improved survival to hospital admission in patients with an initial shockable rhythm who were treated with PLR, despite the diminished power of this study. PLR during CPR is a safe intervention. No adverse effects were found. New studies are warranted to establish the effectiveness of this simple maneuver. Abbreviations AED = automatic external defibrillator ALS = advance life support BLS = basic life support CI= confidence interval CPC= Cerebral Performance Category CPP= coronary perfusion pressure CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation ETCO2= end tidal CO 2 IQR = interquartile range EMS= emergency medical system OHCA= out-of-hospital cardiac arrest PLR= passive leg raising Pmsf= mean systemic filling pressure RAP= right atrial pressure ROSC = return of spontaneous circulation Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This trial has the ethical approval of the Ethical Research Committee in Tarragona (15/2013) and Reus (13-04-25/4aclaobs1) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Consent to participate was not required. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that there are no disclosures, conflicts of interest or relationships with industry. Funding: Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund (PI14/01390). Authors’ contributions YA was responsible for the study design, study execution, study coordination, oversight of data management, data interpretation, and manuscript writing and editing. MJH and CA was responsible for the conception, study design, study execution, oversight of data management, and manuscript reviewing and editing. AB was responsible for data management, data interpretation, and manuscript reviewing and editing. EB, VLM, JBC, GB LFS were responsible for data management. AF, ER, SA were responsible for study data analysis. All authors have read, reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the Swedish national registry of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests for their collaboration. We would like to thank Alfonso Lopez-Gomariz, Eva Valero-Mora, Elena Castro-Naval, Xavier Escalada, Isaac Lucas Guarque, Angels Mora, Xavi Jiménez Fábrega and especially all the basic life support ambulance teams from the Sistema d’Emergències Mèdiques de Catalunya who collaborated in the trial. References Chan PS, McNally B, Tang F, Kellermann A. Recent trends in survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Circulation. 2014;130(21):1876–82. Gräsner J-T, Lefering R, Koster RW, Masterson S, Böttiger BW, Herlitz J, et al. EuReCa ONE—27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry. Resuscitation. 2016;105:188–95. Buick JE, Drennan IR, Scales DC, Brooks SC, Byers A, Cheskes S, et al. Improving Temporal Trends in Survival and Neurological Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. 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Variation and correlation of end–tidal CO2 and amplitude spectrum area in a refractory ventricular fibrillation. A case from the ReCaPTa study. Resuscitation. 2018 Jan;122:e19–20. Savastano S, Baldi E, Raimondi M, Palo A, Belliato M, Cacciatore E, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide and defibrillation success in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2017;121:71–5. Azeli Y, Jimenez-Herrera M, Ordoñez A, Axelsson C. Might the Bainbridge reflex have a role in resuscitation when chest compression is combined with passive leg raising? Resuscitation. 2013;85:e21. Falk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH. End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Concentration during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(10):607–11. Levine RL, Wayne MA, Miller CC. End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. New Engl J of Med. 1997;337(5):301–6. Rognås L, Hansen TM, Kirkegaard H, Tønnesen E. Predicting the lack of ROSC during pre-hospital CPR: Should an end-tidal CO2 of 1.3kPa be used as a cut-off value? Resuscitation. 2014;85(3):332–5. Tables Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population Passive leg raising (n=234) Control (n=211) p Value Age (years) 70 (59-80) 69 (57-77) 0.09 Sex (female) 75 (32.1) 52 (24.6) 0.08 Location of Cardiac arrest Home 169 (72.2) 141 (66.8) 0.22 Public Place 55 (23.5) 63 (29.9) 0.13 Witnessed status Bystander witnessed 171 (73.4) 148 (70.8) 0.55 Crew witnessed 19 (8.1) 11 (5.2) 0.22 Bystander CPR 86 (37.1) 80 (37.9) 0.85 Initial assistance by BLS 119 (71.7) 102 (68.9) 0.59 Initial Rhythm Shockable rhythm 63 (26.9) 4 (1.7) 167 (71.4) 64 (30.5) 0.41 PEA 8 (3.8) 0.17 Asystole 138 (65.7) 0.20 Treatment Adrenalin 220 (94.0) 192 (82.1) 40 (17.1) 87 (37.2) 2 (1-4) 40 (17.1) 195 (92.4) 0.50 Intubation 182 (86.7) 0.18 Amiodarone 38 (18.0) 0.80 Defibrillation * 92 (43.6) 0.17 Number of defibrillation 3 (2-5) 0.08 Mechanical chest compressions 37 (17.5) 0.90 Initial ETCO2, mmHg Initial ETCO2 in all patients 28 (14-48) 27 (17-45) 0.99 Initial ETCO2 in patients with shockable rhythm † 30 (22-50.5) 26 (17.75-48) 0.38 Presumed cardiac arrest etiology Cardiac 179 (76,5) 144 (68,6) 0.06 Toxics 1 (0,4) 3 (1,4) 0.26 Traumatic 5 (2,1) 7 (3,3) 0.44 Respiratory 13 (5,6) 11 (5,2) 0.88 Neurologic 1 (0,4) 0 (0,0) 0.34 Drowning 6 (2,6) 11 (5,2) 0.14 Pulmonary embolism 1 (0,4) 2 (1,0) 0.50 Others 28 (12,0) 31 (14,8) 0.39 Delay Collapse to call EMS, min 5 (2-11) 4 (2-6) 0.09 Collapse to start CPR, min 6 (2-11) 8 (3-11) 0.42 Collapse to first defibrillation, min 14 (8-28) 12 (8-21) 0.39 Call to EMS to EMS arrival, min 10 (7-13) 9 (7-11) 0.29 Values are n (%) and median (Interquartile range) EMS= Emergency Medical System; BLS= Basic life support ambulance; PEA= Pulseless electrical activity; CPR= cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ETCO2= End tidal CO 2 . *Number of patients who received defibrillation in any moment during CPR † Only patients with initial shockable rhythm were included Table 2. Hospital Data Passive leg raising (n=234) Control (n=211) p Value Return of spontaneous circulation 65 (27.8) 57 (27.0) 0.86 Transport to the hospital 59 (25.21) 57 (27.01) 0.67 Survival at hospital admission 52 (22.2) 49 (23.2) 0.80 Initial pH at hospital admission 7.17 (6.99-7.46) 7.18 (7.09-7.28) 0.79 Pulmonary complications on chest X-rays 7 (25.9) 5 (17.9) 0.47 Post resuscitation care* Percutaneous cardiac intervention 7 (13.46) 6 (12.24) 0.86 Hypothermia 10 (19.23) 12 (24.49) 0.52 Vasoactive drugs 17 (32.69) 22 (44.90) 0.21 Hospital cause of death Cardiac 26 (57.78) 22 (53.66) 0.70 Respiratory 5 (11.11) 3 (6,67) 4 (8.89) 2 (4.44) 2 (4.44) 0 3 (6.67) 15 (6.4) 10 (4.31) 6 (14.63) 0.63 Neurologic 4 (9.76) 0.60 Drowning 3 (7.32) 0.79 Traumatic 2 (4.88) 0.92 Pulmonary embolism 1 (2.44) 0.61 Toxics 2(4.88) 0.13 Others 1 (2.44) 0.35 Survival at hospital discharge 14 (6.6) 0.92 Survival at one year 11 (5.29) 0.63 Values are n (%) or median (Interquartile range). * Calculated ratio among all the survivors at hospital admission Table 3. Autopsy Findings Passive leg raising (n=55) Control (n= 51) p Value Autopsy causes of death Cardiac 29 (56.86) 29 (59.18) 0.81 Drowning 3 (5.88) 6 (12.24) 0.27 Pulmonary embolism 3 (5.88) 6 (12.24) 0.27 Toxics 2 (3.92) 4 (8.16) 0.37 Traumatic 2 (3.92) 1 (2.04) 0.58 Respiratory 3 (5.88) 0 0.08 Neurologic 2 (3.92) 1 (2.04) 0.58 Vascular 3 (5.88) 0 0.08 Digestive 2 (3.92) 1 (2.04) 0.58 Others 2 (3.92) 1 (2.04) 0.58 Anthropometric variables Weight, Kg 80 (72-95) 86 (70-96) 0.43 Height, m 1.65 (1.61-1.71) 1.67 (1.61-1.74) 0.38 Body Mass Index, Kg/m 2 30.12 (26.4-33.4) 30.4 (27.2-33.6) 0.81 Intrathoracic visceral findings Heart weight, mg 457 (394-600) 500 (410-578) 0.51 Lung weight, mg 1223 (909-1500) 1239 (900-1507) 0.82 Values are n (%) or median (Interquartile range) Table 4. Survival Outcomes. Passive Leg Raising Control Odds ratio (95%CI) p Value Survival at hospital admission All Patients 52/234 (22.2) 49/211(23.2) 0.9 (0.6-1.5) 0.80 Patients with shockable rhythm 28/63 (44.4) 21/64 (32.8) 1.6 (0.8-3.4) 0.18 Survival at hospital discharge CPC 1-2 All patients 10/234 (4.3) 10/211 (4.7) 0.9 (0.4-2.2) 0.81 Patients with shockable rhythm 8/63 (12.7) 6/64 (9.4) 1.4 (0.5-4.3) 0.55 Survival at one year with CPC 1-2 All patients 9/232 (3.9) 8/208 (3.8) 1.0 (0.4-2.7) 0.99 Patients with shockable rhythm 8/63 (12.7) 5/62 (8.1) 1.7 (0.5-5.4) 0.40 Values are n of patients with outcome/total n patients (%) CPC= cerebral performance category; CI= confidence interval. Supplementary Files VisualAbstract.png A visual abstract is included in the supplementary material. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 12 Mar, 2021 Review # 2 received at journal 11 Mar, 2021 Review # 3 received at journal 08 Mar, 2021 Review # 1 received at journal 04 Mar, 2021 Reviewer # 3 agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2021 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 24 Feb, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 21 Feb, 2021 Editor invited by journal 21 Feb, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Feb, 2021 Reviews received at journal 21 Feb, 2021 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 21 Feb, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Feb, 2021 First submitted to journal 18 Feb, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-258801","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":13216637,"identity":"7f36600e-1e90-4037-973d-8f89ee47e321","order_by":0,"name":"Youcef 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12:01:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-258801/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-258801/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":6354530,"identity":"9eab28b5-0f9b-4a5e-9afa-9581a6ec44e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-25 15:07:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Trial Flow Chart.","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-258801/v1/2a294a87f58eba3dcae4ecb0.png"},{"id":13672215,"identity":"5f60d690-14b2-49d4-a267-1d65f6f72a0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 11:12:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":407568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-258801/v1/82d70295-1e05-47e6-84f3-f031cb3cf7d5.pdf"},{"id":6354531,"identity":"82ba2043-78d4-4506-b8cb-f60054a296e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-25 15:07:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":302540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\nA visual abstract is included in the supplementary material. \n","description":"","filename":"VisualAbstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-258801/v1/5b41a446746884672e6a3e4b.png"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Passive Leg Raising in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. A Randomized Clinical Trial.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the efforts made in the last two decades, survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) hardly reaches 10% (1,2). Survival is determined by several factors such as the performance of early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the use of public automatic external desfibrillators (AEDs), the performance of high-quality CPR, or the post-resuscitation care provided in the hospital (3). Performing chest compressions at an appropriate depth, at a frequency of between 100 and 120 pm, while ensuring the return of the sternum to its original position during decompression, are key elements of quality CPR that aim to optimize cardiac output during CPR (4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn early CPR guidelines, passive leg raising (PLR) was considered to be a maneuver that could promote venous return and increase artificial circulation during chest compressions (5). In 1992, this statement was removed due to lack of evidence (6). PLR mimics rapid volume expansion and is often used in intensive care units during the hemodynamic assessment of patients (7). PLR stresses the volume of the venous reservoir, increasing the mean systemic filling pressure, which is the driving pressure of the venous return flow (8). A series of piglets resuscitated with PLR showed improved coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) compared to a control group (9). A study of OHCA showed that 20\u0026ordm; of leg elevation helped to increase End Tidal CO2 (ETCO2) during CPR (10). Despite these promising hemodynamic results, a recent observational study introducing PLR into the standard treatment of patients with OHCA found no difference in survival compared to a control group (11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, there has been growing concern about the safety of various interventions performed by emergency teams during resuscitation, such as the use of mechanical chest compressors or the saline infusion load in post-cardiac arrest patients (12,13). There are no data about the safety of PLR during CPR and the beneficial effect of PLR performed during CPR is still unknown. We hypothesized that PLR performed at the beginning of OHCA treatment by a medical emergency system will be a safe maneuver and will improve survival at discharge with good neurological outcomes compared to patients treated in a standard way.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrial design and setting\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a randomized clinical trial with blinded assessment of the outcome (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01952197). This study was conducted by the Emergency Medical System (EMS) of Catalonia in the region of Camp de Tarragona. It is the only EMS in the Camp de Tarragona region, and provides assistance to 100% of the territory. This study region has an area of 2704.3 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and 511,622 inhabitants. The population density varies between urban and rural areas and was mainly distributed close to the coast. The mean density in 2014 was 190.7 hab/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The two main municipalities form together the second largest metropolitan area in Catalonia. A multiple information source prospective registry for the study of sudden death and adverse effects of CPR was conducted (ReCaPTa Study) during the study period (14).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen this study began, there were two types of ambulances regularly distributed in the territory: 42 basic life support (BLS) staffed by two sanitary technicians and 4 advanced life support (ALS) staffed by one physician, one nurse and one sanitary technician. The study has the ethical approval of the Ethical Research Committee in Tarragona (15/2013) and Reus (13-04-25/4aclaobs1) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Consent to participate was not required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntervention and randomization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe included all patients who presented an OHCA in which the EMS performed a CPR attempt between April 2014 and April 2017. Patients under 18 years of age were excluded. We also excluded patients whose pathology or previous condition made PLR contraindicated or unfeasible according to the treating physician's criteria such as traumatic patients with suspected pelvic or lower limb fracture or pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen a cardiac arrest is suspected, the dispatch center activates two ambulances, a BLS, which usually arrives first, equipped with an AED, and an ALS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnrolment was performed on the scene at the initial cardiac arrest assessment. Manual CPR was started, and if there were no exclusion criteria, randomization and allocation concealment was performed via an opaque and sealed envelope system. The randomization process and the description of the protocol are detailed in the published study design (15). PLR was performed within the first 5 minutes after the arrival of the first ambulance and was maintained until the end of CPR or until the patient presented return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The angle of PLR was set between 20\u0026ordm; and 45\u0026ordm; following previous data (10). To ensure that the legs were lifted at this angle different assays were made, so all ambulances were equipped with a 20 cm high stool and it was recommended that one of the bags of the resuscitation equipment be placed between the stool and the patient's legs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to the start of the study, all staff were provided with training sessions, study protocol documentation which included photos on how the intervention was to be performed and an instructional video. The study was promoted on social networks and the percentage of cases enrolled in the study was monitored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample of the study was initially calculated for an incidence of 40/100,000 inhabitants and for an increase of survival to discharge from 7% to 10%. The power was set at 80% and a bilateral two-tailed significance of 5%. The plan was to include 300 patients in each group during the first three years of the study in the whole district of Tarragona and 188 patient in each group for the region of Camp de Tarragona. (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData collection and quality control \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe resuscitation-related data were prospectively collected by the medical crew after attending the OHCA following the Utstein style using an online application available in the computer system of each base or in the personal mobile devices (16). The data collected were: date of the alarm, age, sex, reasons for not attempting resuscitation, non-randomization reasons, performance of passive leg raising, randomization number, first monitored rhythm, witnessed status, type of first ambulance to provide assistance, bystander CPR before ambulance arrival, cardiac arrest location, presumed cardiac arrest etiology, treatment provided including mechanical chest compression, intubation, drugs such as adrenaline and amiodarone and defibrillation, and number of defibrillations. The times of cardiac arrest, call, first defibrillation and arrival of EMS are based on the times automatically collected by the coordination center. The shock from an AED used by a bystander or by a BLS prior to the arrival of the ALS was recorded as a shockable rhythm (ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia). This study did not collect information from public AEDs. The sensitivity and specificity of an AED shock is high, making it difficult to over-diagnose shockable rhythms (17,18). The initial ETCO2 measurement was collected immediately after orotracheal intubation (19).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe database obtained was subjected to an exhaustive quality control by trained personnel who reviewed all the case reports generated by the dispatch center. Case reports coded with the all used CIE.9 code related to the OHCA were reviewed (798.1 (instantaneous death), 798.9 (Unattended death), 427.5 (cardiac arrest) and 427.41 (ventricular fibrillation). All of the BLS manual paper records in which resuscitation was initiated were also collected and reviewed. The missing information was completed through medical reports or requests to the medical crews who attended the case.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvivors were followed by hospital and primary care investigators who did not have access to the intervention performed. The neurological assessment of the survivors was performed using the Pittsburgh cerebral performance category (CPC) at discharge and at one year. CPC 1 indicates no disability, CPC 2 slight disability, CPC 3 moderate disability, CPC 4 comatose/vegetative state and CPC 5 death.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the assessment of post-resuscitation pulmonary complications, the report of the attending physician or radiologist on the first X-ray taken upon arrival at the hospital was evaluated (8). Lung complications were considered when bilateral lung opacities, edema, pulmonary congestion or bilateral alveolar pattern were described. Where required by law, non-survivors were studied by autopsy following the protocol of the Institute of Legal and Forensic Medicine of Catalonia, which is focused on the study of sudden death and the adverse effects of CPR (20). Lung weight at autopsy is routinely collected as a part of the sudden death protocol study and is a good indicator of the extravascular lung water found in the pulmonary edema (21). Autopsies were performed by a forensic team specialized in the study of the causes of sudden death blinded to the intervention studied within the first 24 hours after death.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOutcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary end point was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcomes (CPC 1-2). The secondary end points were the initial ETCO2; survival at hospital admission; survival at hospital discharge with good neurological outcomes (CPC 1-2) in all patients and in patients with initial shockable rhythm; survival at one year with good neurological outcomes (CPC 1-2) in all patients and in patients with shockable rhythm; pulmonary complications on the first chest radiography at the hospital; and lung weight from autopsies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe continuous variables were described with median and interquartile ranges and the categorical ones with number of cases and percentages. The Student\u0026rsquo;s T or Mann-Whitney\u0026rsquo;s U and the chi-square were used to compare the subgroups\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe end point variables in this study were categorical, and data were presented in proportions, percentages and 95% confidence interval (CI). To find out the possible differences between patients of the subgroups, Pearson \u0026chi;2 tests for comparison of proportions were conducted and Odds ratios with their 95% CIs were calculated. All tests were two-tailed and p-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.0.0.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the study period, BLS was initiated in 1157 patients who presented an OHCA and were assessed for eligibility. The enrolment, the allocation process and the follow-up are shown in the Fig.1. Most patients (n=605, 57%) were randomized. Among them, in 143 patients, CPR maneuvers were interrupted on arrival of the ALS physician due to futility. The main causes of futility were medical background (56.6%), advanced age (45.4%) and injuries incompatible with life (5.6%). After exclusions, 445 resuscitation attempts were included in the final analysis, of which 234 (52.5%) were treated with PLR and 211 (47.4%) were controls. Given the neutral result obtained in the interim analysis and the difficulties in following up the survivors in other study areas, the steering committee of the study interrupted the recruitment of patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe characteristics of the study population and the comparison of Utstein variables are show in Table 1. The initial ETCO2 measurement was recorded in 207 of 374 intubated patients. The median of the initial ETCO2 in the PLR group was 27 mmHg (IQR 17-45) and 28 mmHg (IQR 14-48) in the control group (p=0.99). The hospital variables and outcomes according to the intervention performed are shown in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSafety data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding adverse effects, the incidence of pulmonary complications in the first chest X-rays was similar in the PLR group and the control group, 17.9% vs 25.9% (p=0.47). Among the 445 patients included in the final analysis, 112 were studied by autopsy. The autopsy findings including the cause of death and anthropometric variables are shown in Table 4. There was no difference in lung weight collected in the autopsy study 1239 mg (IQR 900-1507) in the PLR group vs 1223 (IQR 909-1500) in the control group (p=0.82). No other adverse effects were reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical outcomes data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detail of the survival outcomes analysis among all patients and patients with shockable rhythm are shown in Table 4. The number of patients who survived hospital discharge with good neurological outcome (CPC 1-2) was 10 of 234 (4.3%) in the PLR group vs 10 of 211 (4.7%) in the control group (OR: 0.9; 95% CI 0.4-2.2, p=0.81). Survival at hospital admission among patients with a shockable rhythm was higher in the PLR group, 28 of 63 (44.4%) vs 21 of 64 (32.8%) but significant difference was not reached (OR: 1.6; 95% IC 0.8-3.4, p=0.18).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this randomized clinical trial studying the effectiveness of PLR in the treatment of OHCA reveal no differences between the PLR group and the control group with regard survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe baseline characteristics of each group are comparable. There is a slight increase in the proportion of women in the PLR group, but this was not associated with worse outcomes (22).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survival results in our study are in the same line as those obtained by an observational study that introduced PLR in the treatment of OHCA and compared its effectiveness with a matched group that received standard treatment. In this Swedish study, PLR was performed more often in cases with a worse clinical scenario and it was suggested that early leg elevation could improve its benefit on survival (11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results obtained, PLR during CPR is a safe intervention. The pulmonary complications rate observed in the first chest X-rays was similar to that of other studies (23). The autopsy study provides objective data on lung congestion. Approximately 1/3 of non-survivors underwent an autopsy, which is similar to or even higher than other safety OHCA studies (24,25).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe idea of an unstained effect of PLR over time has been described in cases of septic patients and is attributed to capillary leak (26)\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003eDuring cardiac arrest, maintained hypoxia has a similar effect on capillary permeability, which could favor the shortened effect of PLR on systemic mean filling pressure (Pmsf) and cardiac output (27). In any case, optimizing Pmsf and venous return is key to improving survival outcomes. A personalized physiology-guided resuscitation protocol recently published considers increase the circulatory volume in patients with pre-arrest CVP \u0026lt;2 mmHg using PLR (28).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental data support the distinct hemodynamic effect of PLR and volume load during CPR. Volume loading has been associated with a decrease in CPP due to the detrimental effect of the increase in right atrial pressure (RAP) in the decompression phase (29). However, PLR seems not to alter RAP and has been associated with an increase in CPP which is key to obtain ROSC (9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe trend found in our study in favor of PLR among patients with a shockable rhythm suggests that PLR may be useful in optimizing the conditions prior to an attempt of defibrillation during hemodynamically-guided CPR (30) (31). It should be considered that the greatest change in cardiac output due to PLR occurs after 1 minute of the procedure (10). On the other hand, PLR could trigger the Bainbridge reflex and might help to restart the electrical activity after ventricular fibrillation termination (32).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ETCO2 concentration is a practical non-invasive method for monitoring blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and it is used as a prognostic factor (32,33). The initial ETCO2 \u0026lt;10 mmHg has been proposed as a predictor of bad outcome in OHCA (35). No differences have been found between the initial ETCO2 between the two groups studied. The effect of PLR on ETCO2 does not appear to be maintained beyond the first 4 minutes (10). This could justify our findings due to a longer delay between PLR at the BLS arrival, and intubation during the ALS assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding new study designs it would be helpful to keep in mind the time of the maximum hemodynamic effect of PLR and the trend in our study favor PLR among shockable patients. Measuring the effectiveness on survival outcomes of PLR performed 1 minute prior to a first or a second defibrillation attempt may be the basis for new studies. Further investigations are warranted to establish the utility of PLR in the setting of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation hemodynamically guided or in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStrength and limitations \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main strength of this research is a robust randomization process as a consequence of the easy performance of the studied intervention. In very few patients the maneuver was considered contraindicated by medical criteria. It only occurred in one case with a lower limb amputation or two cases of traumatic shock in which an unstable pelvis or lower limb fracture was suspected. There was little loss of cases in the follow-up of the survivors and in the main outcome variables. The safety study included the objective data from autopsies that were performed on a high proportion of the patients. Therefore, the safety study involved both survivors and non-survivors, allowing us to assess the risk-benefit of PLR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe difference between the samples obtained and the required samples set out in the design probably resulted in a lack of power to detect significant differences in the clinical outcomes, which is the main limitation. The low rate of bystander CPR found in our study which can lead to a low survival rate may have also contributed to neutral survival results. Therefore, the results of this first randomized trial in this topic should be interpreted with care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe angle of leg elevation performed in each case was not measured and we cannot rule out variability in how the intervention was performed. The time between the cardiac arrest and the PLR was not collected which could be a potential confounder. During this study, some patients received CPR during transport to the hospital when presenting a re-arrest or when being enrolled in an ongoing CPR protocol with direct transfer to the cath lab. In these cases, we cannot guarantee that PLR was maintained during the entire period of CPR. Lung weights as a safety outcome were only measured in autopsied patients. Only a few autopsies were from survivors, but it is possible that some may have been treated for lung edema in the hospital prior to death.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePassive leg raising in the treatment of OHCA did not improve survival at discharge with good neurological outcome in this trial. We found a trend towards improved survival to hospital admission in patients with an initial shockable rhythm who were treated with PLR, despite the diminished power of this study. PLR during CPR is a safe intervention. No adverse effects were found. New studies are warranted to establish the effectiveness of this simple maneuver.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAED = \u003c/strong\u003eautomatic external defibrillator\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALS = \u003c/strong\u003eadvance life support\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBLS = \u003c/strong\u003ebasic life support\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI=\u003c/strong\u003e confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPC=\u003c/strong\u003e Cerebral Performance Category\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPP=\u003c/strong\u003e coronary perfusion pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCPR =\u003c/strong\u003e cardiopulmonary resuscitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETCO2=\u003c/strong\u003e end tidal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIQR = \u003c/strong\u003einterquartile range\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMS=\u003c/strong\u003e emergency medical system\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOHCA= \u003c/strong\u003eout-of-hospital cardiac arrest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePLR=\u003c/strong\u003e passive leg raising\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePmsf=\u003c/strong\u003e mean systemic filling pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRAP=\u003c/strong\u003e right atrial pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eROSC =\u003c/strong\u003e return of spontaneous circulation\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis trial has the ethical approval of the Ethical Research Committee in Tarragona (15/2013) and Reus (13-04-25/4aclaobs1) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Consent to participate was not required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no disclosures, conflicts of interest or relationships with\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eindustry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpanish Ministerio de Econom\u0026iacute;a, Industria y Competitividad, the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund (PI14/01390).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYA was responsible for the study design, study execution, study coordination, oversight of data management, data interpretation, and manuscript writing and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMJH and CA was responsible for the conception, study design, study execution, oversight of data management, and manuscript reviewing and editing. AB was responsible for data management, data interpretation, and manuscript reviewing and editing. EB, VLM, JBC, GB LFS were responsible for data management. AF, ER, SA were responsible for study data analysis. All authors have read, reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Swedish national registry of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests for their collaboration. We would like to thank Alfonso Lopez-Gomariz, Eva Valero-Mora, Elena Castro-Naval, Xavier Escalada, Isaac Lucas Guarque, Angels Mora, Xavi Jim\u0026eacute;nez F\u0026aacute;brega and especially all the basic life support ambulance teams from the Sistema d\u0026rsquo;Emerg\u0026egrave;ncies M\u0026egrave;diques de Catalunya who collaborated in the trial.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChan PS, McNally B, Tang F, Kellermann A. Recent trends in survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Circulation. 2014;130(21):1876\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGr\u0026auml;sner J-T, Lefering R, Koster RW, Masterson S, B\u0026ouml;ttiger BW, Herlitz J, et al. EuReCa ONE\u0026mdash;27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry. Resuscitation. 2016;105:188\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuick JE, Drennan IR, Scales DC, Brooks SC, Byers A, Cheskes S, et al. Improving Temporal Trends in Survival and Neurological Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2018;11(1):e003561\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster RW, Castr\u0026eacute;n M, Smyth MA, Olasveengen T, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Resuscitation. 2015;95:81\u0026ndash;99.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStandards and Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC). JAMA. 1986;255(21):2905\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdult Basic Life Support. JAMA. 1992 Oct 28;268(16):2184\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRutlen DL, Wackers FJ, Zaret BL. Radionuclide assessment of peripheral intravascular capacity: a technique to measure intravascular volume changes in the capacitance circulation in man. Circulation. 1981;64(1):146\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonnet X, Teboul J-L. Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Medicine. 2008;34(4):659\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDragoumanos V, Iacovidou N, Chalkias A, Lelovas P, Koutsovasilis A, Papalois A, et al. Passive leg raising during cardiopulmonary resuscitation results in improved neurological outcome in a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2012;30(9):1935\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAxelsson C, Holmberg S, Karlsson T, Axelsson \u0026aring;. B, Herlitz J. Passive leg raising during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest\u0026mdash;Does it improve circulation and outcome? Resuscitation. 2010;81(12):1615\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolm\u0026eacute;n J, Herlitz J, Jimenez-Herrera M, Karlsson T, Axelsson C. Passive leg raising in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2019;137:94\u0026ndash;101.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoster RW, Beenen LF, van der Boom EB, Spijkerboer AM, Tepaske R, van der Wal AC, et al. Safety of mechanical chest compression devices AutoPulse and LUCAS in cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial for non-inferiority. European Heart Journal. 2017;38(40):3006\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim F, Nichol G, Maynard C, Hallstrom A, Kudenchuk PJ, Rea T, et al. Effect of Prehospital Induction of Mild Hypothermia on Survival and Neurological Status Among Adults With Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2014;311(1):45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzeli Y, Barber\u0026iacute;a E, Jim\u0026eacute;nez-Herrera M, Bonet G, Valero-Mora E, Lopez-Gomariz A, et al. The ReCaPTa study - a prospective out of hospital cardiac arrest registry including multiple sources of surveillance for the study of sudden cardiac death in the Mediterranean area. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.2016;24(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJim\u0026eacute;nez-Herrera MF, Azeli Y, Mora EV, Lucas-Guarque I, L\u0026oacute;pez-Gomariz A, Castro-Naval E, et al. Passive leg raise (PLR) during cardiopulmonary (CPR)-a method article on a randomised study of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). BMC emergency medicine. 2014;14(1):15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerkins GD, Jacobs IG, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA, Bhanji F, Biarent D, et al. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: Update of the Utstein resuscitation registry templates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2015;96:328-340.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLoma-Osorio P, Nu\u0026ntilde;ez M, Aboal J, Bosch D, Batlle P, Ruiz de Morales E, et al. The Girona Territori Cardioprotegit Project: Performance Evaluation of Public Defibrillators. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2018;71:79-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacDonald RD, Swanson JM, Mottley JL, Weinstein C. Performance and error analysis of automated external defibrillator use in the out-of-hospital setting. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001;38(3):262\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLah K, Kri\\vzmarić M, Grmec S. The dynamic pattern of end-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: difference between asphyxial cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011;15(1):R13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzeli Y, Barber\u0026iacute;a E, Land\u0026iacute;n I, Torralba P, Amaya C, Laguna C. Lesiones por reanimaci\u0026oacute;n cardiopulmonar en autopsias forenses: protocolo del Registro Cl\u0026iacute;nico-Patol\u0026oacute;gico de Tarragona (ReCaPTa). Revista Espa\u0026ntilde;ola de Medicina Legal. 2016;42(3):120\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTagami T, Kushimoto S, Yamamoto Y, Atsumi T, Tosa R, Matsuda K, et al. Validation of extravascular lung water measurement by single transpulmonary thermodilution: human autopsy study. Crit Care. 2010;14(5):R162.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoto Y, Funada A, Maeda T, Okada H, Goto Y. Sex-specific differences in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide, population-based observational study. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):263.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScales DC, Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Pinto R, Austin D, Brooks SC, et al. Prehospital cooling to improve successful targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest: A randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2017;121:187\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoster RW, Beenen LF, van der Boom EB, Spijkerboer AM, Tepaske R, van der Wal AC, et al. Safety of mechanical chest compression devices AutoPulse and LUCAS in cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial for non-inferiority. European Heart Journal. 2017;38:3006\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmekal D, Lindgren E, Sandler H, Johansson J, Rubertsson S. CPR-related injuries after manual or mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS\u003csup\u003eTM\u003c/sup\u003e device: A multicentre study of victims after unsuccessful resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2014;85(12):1708\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, Anguel N, Richard C, Pinsky MR, et al. Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill*. Crit Care Medicine. 2006;34(5):1402\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChalkias A, Xanthos T. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of post-resuscitation myocardial stunning. Heart Fail Rev. 2011;17(1):117\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChalkias A, Arnaoutoglou E, Xanthos T. Personalized physiology-guided resuscitation in highly monitored patients with cardiac arrest\u0026mdash;the PERSEUS resuscitation protocol. Heart Fail Rev. 2019;24:473-80.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDitchey RV, Lidenfeld J. Potential adverse effects of volume loading on perfusion of vital organs during closed-chest resuscitation. Circulation. 1984;69(1):181-89.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzeli Y, Herrero J, Fortuny G, Puigjaner D, Lopez JM, Puig A, et al. Variation and correlation of end\u0026ndash;tidal CO2 and amplitude spectrum area in a refractory ventricular fibrillation. A case from the ReCaPTa study. Resuscitation. 2018 Jan;122:e19\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSavastano S, Baldi E, Raimondi M, Palo A, Belliato M, Cacciatore E, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide and defibrillation success in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2017;121:71\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzeli Y, Jimenez-Herrera M, Ordo\u0026ntilde;ez A, Axelsson C. Might the Bainbridge reflex have a role in resuscitation when chest compression is combined with passive leg raising? Resuscitation. 2013;85:e21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFalk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH. End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Concentration during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(10):607\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLevine RL, Wayne MA, Miller CC. End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. New Engl J of Med. 1997;337(5):301\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRogn\u0026aring;s L, Hansen TM, Kirkegaard H, T\u0026oslash;nnesen E. Predicting the lack of ROSC during pre-hospital CPR: Should an end-tidal CO2 of 1.3kPa be used as a cut-off value? Resuscitation. 2014;85(3):332\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. \u003c/strong\u003eCharacteristics of the Study Population\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"198\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Passive leg raising \u0026nbsp;(n=234)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; (n=211)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; p Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70 (59-80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69 (57-77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex (female)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLocation of Cardiac arrest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"105\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Home\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e169 (72.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e141 (66.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Public Place\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63 (29.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWitnessed status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"105\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Bystander witnessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e171 (73.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e148 (70.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Crew witnessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBystander CPR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86 (37.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80 (37.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitial assistance by BLS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e119 (71.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102 (68.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitial Rhythm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"105\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"32\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Shockable rhythm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"3\" width=\"156\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63 (26.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e167 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; PEA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Asystole\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e138 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"191\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"28\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Adrenalin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e220 (94.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192 (82.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87 (37.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (1-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195 (92.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Intubation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182 (86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Amiodarone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Defibrillation\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Number of defibrillation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (2-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Mechanical chest compressions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"341\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitial ETCO2, mmHg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"28\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Initial ETCO2 in all patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;28 (14-48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27 (17-45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Initial ETCO2 in patients with\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; shockable rhythm\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (22-50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (17.75-48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"341\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresumed cardiac arrest etiology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"28\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Cardiac\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e179 (76,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e144 (68,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Toxics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (1,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Traumatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (2,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (3,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Respiratory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (5,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (5,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Neurologic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Drowning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (2,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (5,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Pulmonary embolism\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (1,0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (12,0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31 (14,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDelay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"28\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"227\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Collapse to call EMS, min\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (2-11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (2-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Collapse to start CPR, min\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (2-11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (3-11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Collapse to first defibrillation, min\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (8-28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (8-21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Call to EMS to EMS arrival, min\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (7-13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (7-11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are n (%) and median (Interquartile range)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEMS= Emergency Medical System; BLS= Basic life support ambulance; PEA= Pulseless electrical activity; CPR= cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ETCO2= End tidal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Number of patients who received defibrillation in any moment during CPR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; Only patients with initial shockable rhythm were included\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Hospital Data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassive leg raising (n=234)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=211)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReturn of spontaneous circulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65 (27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57 (27.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTransport to the hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59 (25.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57 (27.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvival at hospital admission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49 (23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitial pH at hospital admission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.17 (6.99-7.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.18 (7.09-7.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePulmonary complications on chest X-rays\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePost resuscitation care*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Percutaneous cardiac intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (13.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (12.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Hypothermia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (19.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (24.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Vasoactive drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (32.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (44.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHospital cause of death\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Cardiac\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (57.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (53.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Respiratory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"9\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (11.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (6,67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (8.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (4.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (4.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (6.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (4.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (14.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Neurologic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (9.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Drowning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Traumatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (4.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Pulmonary embolism\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Toxics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2(4.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvival at hospital discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"297\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvival at one year\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (5.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are n (%) or median (Interquartile range).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Calculated ratio among all the survivors at hospital admission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. \u003c/strong\u003eAutopsy Findings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 59px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 59px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 59px;\" width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassive leg raising\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=55)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 59px;\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; (n= 51)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 59px;\" colspan=\"4\" width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAutopsy causes of death\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"4\" width=\"141\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"72\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Cardiac\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (56.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (59.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Drowning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (5.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (12.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Pulmonary embolism\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (5.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (12.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Toxics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (8.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Traumatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Respiratory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (5.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Neurologic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Vascular\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (5.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Digestive\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1 (2.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnthropometric variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"4\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"72\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Weight, Kg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80 (72-95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86 (70-96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Height, m\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.65 (1.61-1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.67 (1.61-1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 37px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Body Mass Index, Kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.12 (26.4-33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.4 (27.2-33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 37px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntrathoracic visceral findings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"4\" width=\"141\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"72\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Heart weight, mg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e457 (394-600)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"147\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e500 (410-578)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"204\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Lung weight, mg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; 1223 (909-1500)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; 1239 (900-1507)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Values are n (%) or median (Interquartile range)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Survival Outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassive Leg Raising\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOdds ratio (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvival at hospital admission\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; All Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52/234 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49/211(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.6-1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Patients with shockable rhythm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28/63 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21/64 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6 (0.8-3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvival at hospital discharge CPC 1-2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; All patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10/234 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10/211 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.4-2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Patients with shockable rhythm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8/63 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6/64 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4 (0.5-4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvival at one year with CPC 1-2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; All patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9/232 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8/208 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.4-2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Patients with shockable rhythm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"106\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8/63 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5/62 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.5-5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eValues are n of patients with outcome/total n patients (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCPC= cerebral performance category; CI= confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"critical-care","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cric","sideBox":"Learn more about [Critical Care](http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13054","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13054/3","title":"Critical Care","twitterHandle":"@Crit_Care","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"cardiopulmonary resuscitation, passive leg raising, adverse effect, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-258801/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-258801/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: There are data suggesting that passive leg raising (PLR) improves hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This trial aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of PLR during CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e We conducted a randomized clinical trial with blinded assessment of the outcomes that assigned adults OHCA to be treated with PLR or in the flat position. The trial was conducted in the Camp de Tarragona region. The main end point was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome defined as Cerebral Performance Category (CPC 1-2). To study possible adverse effects, we assessed the presence of pulmonary complications on the first chest X-rays in survivors and lungs weight from autopsies in non-survivors. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e In total, 445 randomized CPR attempts were included, 234 were treated with PLR and 211 were controls. Overall, 71.5% were men and the median age was 69 IQR (58-78) years old. At hospital discharge, 4.3% in the PLR group and 4.7% in the control group were alive with CPC 1-2 (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.4-2.2, p=0.81). A higher survival at hospital admission was found among patients with a shockable rhythm, but there were no significant differences (OR 1.6; 95% CI 0.8-3.4, p=0.18). There were no differences in pulmonary complication rates in chest X-rays (25.9% vs 17.9%, p=0.47) or lung weight 1223 IQR (909.5-1500) mg vs. 1239 IQR (900-1507) mg. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eIn this trial, PLR during CPR did not improve survival to hospital discharge with CPC 1-2. No evidence of adverse effects has been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial Registration: \u003c/strong\u003eClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01952197, registration date: Sept 27, 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01952197.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Passive Leg Raising in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. A Randomized Clinical Trial.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-02-25 15:07:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-258801/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-03-13T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-03-12T00:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-03-09T00:00:00+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-03-05T00:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2021-02-27T00:00:00+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2021-02-25T00:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Critical Care","date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-02-21T23:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Critical Care","date":"2021-02-19T04:37:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"critical-care","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cric","sideBox":"Learn more about [Critical Care](http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13054","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13054/3","title":"Critical Care","twitterHandle":"@Crit_Care","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"71e57eb8-dace-4c6b-8ffa-94a30f90467b","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 25th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":2617168,"name":"Critical Care \u0026 Emergency Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-05-30T15:16:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-02-25 15:07:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-258801","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-258801","identity":"rs-258801","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"-HB7Z8yhvgn0wM9Nzuekk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}