Diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) in subtropical salt marshes of southern Brazil: an omnivorous species dependent on two key plant species of the local flora

Diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) in subtropical salt marshes of southern Brazil: an omnivorous species dependent on two key plant species of the local flora | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) in subtropical salt marshes of southern Brazil: an omnivorous species dependent on two key plant species of the local flora Marcos R. Bornschein, Lucas Bovo Nunes de Pinho, Gabriela Villalobo, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8770035/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Armases rubripes (Sesarmidae) is a small, semiterrestrial brachyuran crab found in salt marshes, mangroves, and other environments along the western Atlantic, from Nicaragua to Argentina. It spends most of its time climbing vegetation and sheltering in mud cavities. Its diet is omnivorous, including arthropod larvae, invertebrates, algae, grasses, leaves, flowers, and organic matter. However, it is considered a functional herbivore due to the predominance of vegetation in its diet. This study aims to describe the diet of A. rubripes in subtropical salt marshes, an ecosystem recently distinguished from tidal marshes, and compare its herbivorous diet to the local plant abundance. We documented the species’ diet through opportunistic observations of vegetation and objects at heights from 0.30 to 2.0 m using binoculars. Observations took place monthly, over 3–30-day campaigns from 2006 to 2026, across 36.5 ha of herbaceous or arboreal-dominated marshes in Guaratuba Bay, Paraná, southern Brazil. We recorded A. rubripes consuming leaves, bracts, floral parts, and/or sporangia from 20 plant species across 12 families. Fifteen of these species were herbaceous, primarily from Cyperaceae and Poaceae. The crab fed on six of the seven abundant and 10 of the 12 common plant species. It also consumed body parts or eggs from seven animal species, including decomposing bird nestlings. Our results confirm an omnivorous diet and functional herbivory of A. rubripes . Since Crinum americanum (Amaryllidaceae) and Schoenoplectus californicus (Cyperaceae) were abundant year-round in the studied areas, we propose that folivory of these plants forms the local diet’s basis for A. rubripes . estuaries plant richness phytosociology folivory Crinum americanum Schoenoplectus californicus Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Brachyuran crabs are the dominant faunal group in estuaries (Kathiresan and Qasim 2005 ; Ribeiro and Bezerra 2014 ), where they account for up to 80% of the macrofaunal biomass (Lacerda 2002 ; Olmos and Silva e Silva 2003 ). They play ecological roles in nutrient cycling and sediment consolidation (Ribeiro and Bezerra 2014 ). Herbivorous crabs of the Sesarmidae family can consume more than 30% of mangrove plant material (Brogim and Lana 1997 ), preferentially feeding on fallen leaves during decomposition (Hogarth 2007 ). Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897), here proposed to be called the “Acrobatic Crab” ( caranguejo-acrobata , in Portuguese) due to its typical resting position on vegetation, is a small semiterrestrial brachyuran crab (size ranging from 8–20 mm) distributed in salt marshes, mangroves, beaches, and associated environments (Capítoli et al. 1977 ). It occurs along the western Atlantic coast, from Nicaragua to the La Plata River, between Uruguay and Argentina (Niem 1993 ; Melo 1996 ; Luppi et al. 2003 ). Lacking established shelters, it spends most of its time climbing in vegetation and taking refuge in halophyte plants, roots, tree trunk crevices, bromeliad leaves, and cavities of mud substrate (Capítoli et al. 1977 ; Niem 1993 ; Teixeira and Sá 1998 ; Luppi et al. 2003 ; Lima 2007 ; Ribeiro and Bezerra 2014 ). Its omnivorous diet includes arthropod larvae, small invertebrates, rotifers, algae, grasses, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, and organic matter (Capítoli et al. 1977 ; Fischer et al. 1997 ; Lima 2007 ). However, it has been classified as a functional herbivore due to the predominance of vegetation in its diet (Brogim and Lana 1997 ; Lima 2007 ). In the present study, we report the omnivorous diet of Armases rubripes in subtropical salt marshes ( sensu Bornschein et al. 2017 ) of southern Brazil, based on opportunistic observations collected over 19 years. We also compare the abundance of the plant species consumed to phytosociological analyses of the entire flora in the study region. Methods Study Areas We conducted the study in the estuary of Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba (https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2317) , in the municipality of Guaratuba, on the southern coast of Paraná, southern Brazil (Figure 1). Specifically, we worked at two upstream areas in the estuary and one downstream area. Upstream, we worked on Jundiaquara Island ( c . 25°52’28”S, 48°45’33”W; 11.5 ha; Figure 1 and 2a) and at the confluence of the Claro and São João Rivers (“Continente”; c . 25°52’28”S, 48°45’44”W; 8.7 ha; Figure 1). Downstream, we worked on part of Folharada Island ( c . 25°51’58”S, 48°43’23”W; 16.3 ha; Figure 1 and 2b). The mean annual rainfall ranges from 1900 to 2200 mm, and the mean annual temperature varies between 20–22 °C. The climate, according to Köppen’s classification, is characterized as a subtropical humid zone (C) with an oceanic climate, without a dry season ( Cf ), and hot summers ( Cfa; Alvares et al. [2014]). The study areas are estuarine marshes ( sensu Doody [2001:65]). The studied environments include tidal marshes (Figure 2a–c), mangroves (Figure 2b), and a tree formation dominated by Brazilian Calophyllum Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Figure 2a). For additional details on vegetation and flora composition, see Reinert et al. (2007), Favretto et al. (2022), and Bornschein et al. (2022, 2024). Recently, the tidal marshes have been reclassified as a distinct ecosystem, treated as subtropical salt marshes (Bornschein et al. 2017). According to the criteria for the classification of Brazilian vegetation proposed by the RADAMBRASIL Project (Veloso et al. 1991), these environments are classified as p ioneer formations under fluvio-marine influence (Formação Pioneira de Influência Fluviomarinha) . Subtropical salt marshes are flooded daily by two high tides and two low tides with unequal heights, characteristics of a semidiurnal tide with inequalities (Lee and Chang 2019). Field time and Procedure We made opportunistic observations of the diet of Armases rubripes while studying the biology of a bird, the Parana Antwren Formicivora acutirostris (Bornschein, Reinert & Teixeira, 1995) (Thamnophilidae; e.g., Sandretti-Silva et al. [2024]). We searched for the crab by examining vegetation (leaves, roots, and trunks), fallen logs, and any human-made structures (such as photography blinds) located at heights from 30 cm to approximately 2 m above the sediment. In other words, we did not observe the species in or near the sediment. When evidence of A. rubripes feeding was observed, it was confirmed using binoculars (9 x 40 mm; minimum focus distance of 2.5 m). We considered an observation of diet as valid if we saw the crab removing fragments of vegetation, animals or other organic matter with its claws and bringing them to its mouth. The observations took place from January 2006 to January 2026. From January 2006 to February 2008, we conducted daily fieldwork with a team of 2–3 people; from March 2008 to January 2026, we worked 3–5 days per month with a team of 2–6 people. All team members were focused on observing the crab diet. For the comparison of plants used in the diet of A. rubripes with the abundance of the local flora, we conducted a phytosociological analysis of the study areas based on Braun-Blanquet (1979), as adapted by Bolòs et al. (1991). This adaptation involved describing phytosociological parameters (see below) by walking through extensive areas. We did this routinely walking in the study areas, covering the entire sampled area during both winters and summers. Obligate epiphytic plants were excluded, as well as aquatic plants that are permanently submerged or floating. We recorded the coverage and sociability of each plant species. Coverage refers to the percentage of the sediment area covered by the living aerial parts of each species (Braun-Blanquet 1979), noted as follows: rr = coverage approx. 0.001–0.009% (very rare); r = coverage approx. 0.01–0.09% (rare); 0.5 = coverage approx. 0.1–1.0%; 3 = coverage approx. 1.1–5.0%; 15 = coverage approx. 5.1–25.0%; 37.5 = coverage approx. 25.1–50.0%; 62.5 = coverage approx. 50.1–75.0%; and 87.5 = coverage greater than 75.1%. We categorized species with coverage up to 1% as uncommon, those with coverage between 1.1% and 25.0% as common, and those with 25.1% or greater coverage as abundant. This metric includes the highest abundance in at least one area during at least one of the three periods of phytosociological analysis. Sociability indicates how closely the individuals of a species are clustered (Braun-Blanquet 1979), noted as follows: 1 = isolated individuals; 2 = individuals forming small groups; 3 = individuals forming large groups; 4 = individuals forming very large groups; and 5 = continuous population. For the purposes of the phytosociological analysis, each distinct living aerial part was counted as an individual (Braun-Blanquet 1979). For conciseness, we present the phytosociological results for three periods within the sampling timeframe: initial (2008), including observations from 2006–2008, intermediate (2017), including observations from 2016–2017, and final (2025), including observations from 2023–2026. Results Armases rubripes individuals (Figure 3) were found in all three studied areas throughout the year and during the 20 years of research. They were more frequently observed on warm days, particularly during the more humid periods (mornings and evenings). The species is locally abundant, with hundreds of individuals occasionally observed in the vegetation (Figure 4a). Despite this abundance, feeding individuals were rarely observed; instead, evidence of feeding was more commonly inferred from plant material consumed by the crab (Figure 4b). When approached by humans, individuals engaged in feeding or moving within the vegetation ceased their activities and remained motionless for a short period. Subsequently, both these individuals and those that were already stationary moved down through the vegetation toward the sediment or water, occasionally jumping when the human approach was too abrupt. We observed A. rubripes consuming leaves, leaf bracts, floral bracts, petals, stamens, and/or sporangia from 20 plant species across 12 families (Table 1). Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Pteridaceae were the most represented families in their diet, with five, four, and two species in each, respectively. The remaining nine botanical families consumed by the crab were represented by a single species each (Table 1). Of the consumed plants, fifteen were herbaceous, two arboreal, one a shrubby, one a liana, and one a hemiparasite (Table 1). We also recorded A. rubripes feeding on body parts or eggs from seven animal species (Table 2). These items included eggs, decomposing bird nestlings, rat viscera, and a fly ( Tabanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1758) captured by an A. rubripes inside a photography blind (this behavior was filmed by Bianca L. Reinert and observed in detail by M.R.B., but the video file was lost). The plant species in the diet of A. rubripes accounted for 40.0% of the total plant species recorded in the study areas (50 species; Table 1). Six consumed species were classified as abundant, 10 as common, and four as uncommon (Table 1). Armases rubripes fed on 85.7% of the abundant plant species in the study areas, 83.3% of the common ones, and 12.9% of the uncommon ones. Discussion We observed an omnivorous diet in A. rubripes , which fed on various parts of several plants as well as parts of the bodies of a few animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the consumption of animal items is rare, supporting its classification as a functional herbivore (Brogim and Lana, 1997; Lima, 2007). Among the abundant and common plants present in all three study areas and included in the diet of A. rubripes , are Brazilian Burhead Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltr.) Micheli, Crinum Lily Crinum americanum L., and California bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A.Mey.) Soják (Table 1). Echinodorus grandiflorus is seasonal, with its aerial parts dying in the autumn and winter (Figure 2c), making this resource temporarily unavailable. In contrast, the other two species, whose adult leaves are consistently consumed by A. rubripes (see Figure 4b), are available year-round. Consequently, we suggest that folivory on C. americanum and S. californicus constitutes the primary component of the diet of A. rubripes in the study areas. Calophyllum brasiliense is an abundant plant in two of the three study areas, but that was not observed being used as food by A. rubripes (Table 1). This may be due to the latex produced by this tree, which could act as a chemical defense against herbivory (e.g., Konno 2011; Rabelo et al. 2011). Alternatively, it is possible that the crab feeding on this plant was not observed because most of its leaves, flowers, and fruits are situated at a height beyond the authors’ field observation limit (up to 2 m). The common plants Hygrophila costata Nees & T. Nees and Hairy Cowpea Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. were also not recorded in the diet of A. rubripes (Table 1). The slender structure of the latter species may limit the crab’s access to their leaves and inflorescences. The Poaceae in the study areas, ranging from uncommon to abundant species, were poorly represented in the diet of A. rubripes (Table 1). The spicules present on the leaves of members of this family, which may act as a mechanical defense against herbivory (e.g., Hanley et al. 2007), could explain the low number of species whose leaves were consumed by the crab. Notably, A. rubripes was observed feeding on young, still undeveloped leaves covering the stolon of Stephostachys mertensii (Roth) Zuloaga & Morrone on one occasion, and on young leaves of the Tanner Grass Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga on three occasions. Urochloa arrecta is an invasive African grass with significant environmental impacts and high eradication costs (Reinert et al. 2007; Bornschein et al. 2022). However, as indicated above, records of A. rubripes feeding on these grasses were rare (M.R.B. et al., unp. data). The initial list of plants recorded in subtropical salt marshes (Table 1) shows an increase in species richness and cover values in recent years. The effects of these changes on the diet of A. rubripes require further investigation. While the crab may consume other plant species, it may encounter challenges accessing the leaves of C. americanum and S. californicus due to the increasing density of vegetation near the sediment, which could exert negative pressure on the local population. An additional negative pressure on local populations of A. rubripes could potentially be the increased exposure of the species to avian predators, as individuals may become more easily detectable in areas with reduced availability of tall plants used for feeding. In the study areas, we occasionally observed juveniles and adults of A. rubripes being preyed upon by F. acutirostris , Wren-like Rushbird Phleocryptes melanops (Vieillot, 1817), Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766), Yellow-winged Blackbird Agelasticus thilius (Molina, 1782), and Brazilian Tanager Ramphocelus bresilia (Linnaeus, 1766) (M.R.B., unp. data). Declarations Ethics approval Ethics approval was not required for this study, as it did not involve human participants, animal experimentation, or the use of identifiable personal data. Consent for publication All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript and confirm that they have approved the submitted version. Availability of data and material The raw data in this article are included in the tables and figures. Competing interests The authors have no relevant competing interests to disclose. Funding This study was supported by Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (FGBPN; projects #0682/20052, #0740/20071, #0908_20112, #BL0001_20111, #0004_2012, and #1110_20172), Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade (FUNBIO), and 1ª Vara Federal de Paranaguá (process #50005063420184047008). Giovana Sandretti-Silva received grants from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP; process numbers #2022/04847-7, and #2023/09718-3). Gabriela Villalobo received grant from the Pró Reitoria de Pesquisa UNESP (PROPe; process number #11415) and currently receives another grant from the same agency (#/17242). Lucas B.N. de Pinho receives grant from Coordenadoria de Permanência Estudantil (COPE CONECTA public notice #03/2024). Alexandre de Campos-Fernandes received a grant from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP; process #2024/22450-2). Author contributions M.R.B. conceived the study; M.R.B., L.B.N. de P., G.V., and G.S.-S. collected the data in the field; M.R.B. wrote the manuscript; M.R.B., A. de C.-F., and G.S.-S. prepared figures and tables; M.R.B. acquired funding; all authors revised and approved the final manuscript. References Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Gonçalves JLM, Sparovek G (2014). Koppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorol Z 22:711–718. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507 Bolòs O de, Cervi AC, Hatschbach G (1991) Estudios sobre la vegetación del estado de Paraná (Brasil Meridional). Collect Bot 20:79–182. https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.1991.v20.107 Bornschein MR, Reinert BL, Machado-de-Souza T, Golec C, Whitney BM, Favretto MA (2017) Abundance, occurrence, and seasonality of the Subtropical Doradito ( Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis ) on the coast of Brazil. 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Front Ecol Evol 2:1497317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1497317 Teixeira RL, Sá HS (1998) The use of bromeliads as an alternative shelter by the grapsid crab, Metasesarma rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) of southeast Brazil. Boletim do MBML 8:13–20. Veloso HP, Rangel Filho ALR, Lima JC (1991) Classificação da vegetação brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. Tables Table 1. Phytosociological analysis a of the study areas in Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná, southern Brazil, for comparison with the plant species used in the diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897 ) . Study areas: Jundiaquara Island ( c. 25°52’28”S, 48°45’33”W; 11.5 ha), confluence of the Claro and São João rivers (“Continente”; c. 25°52’28”S, 48°45’44”W; 8.7 ha), and part of Folharada Island ( c. 25°51’58”S, 48°43’23”W; 16.3 ha). We present the phytosociological data as coverage b and sociability c , separated by a slash, for three periods: 2008 (observations conducted from 2006–2008), 2017 (observations conducted from 2016–2017), and 2025 (observations conducted from 2023–2026). Obligate epiphytic were excluded, as well as aquatic plants that are permanently submerged or floating. The species were listed in alphabetical order (families and species within families), according to the nomenclature of Flora e Funga do Brasil (https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/). Note: The symbol “---” indicates that the plant species was not recorded in that period. Family Taxon Biologic form Jundiaquara Island Continente Folharada Island Ingested item 2008 2017 2025 2008 2017 2025 2008 2017 2025 Acanthaceae Hygrophila costata Nees & T. Nees herbaceous --- --- 15/3 --- 3/3 15/3 --- --- --- Acanthaceae Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke arboreal --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- rr/1 Alismataceae Echinodorus grandiflorus d (Cham. & Schltr.) Micheli herbaceous 37.5/4 37.5/4 37.5/4 37.5/4 37.5/4 37.5/4 15/3 15/3 15/3 adult leaf, floral bract, petal, stamen Amaryllidaceae Crinum americanum L. herbaceous 87.5/5 87.5/5 87.5/5 87.5/5 87.5/5 87.5/5 62.5/5 62.5/5 62.5/5 adult leaf, floral bract, petal, stamen Anonnaceae Annona glabra L. arboreal 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 fruit Apocynaceae Oxypetalum sp. liana rr/1 --- rr/1 --- --- rr/1 --- --- --- Asteraceae Adenostemma brasilianum (Pers.) Cass. herbaceous rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 --- --- --- Asteraceae Vernonanthura beyrichii (Less.) H.Rob. shrubby --- rr/1 rr/1 --- --- --- --- --- --- Calophyllaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. arboreal 15/3 15/3 15/3 37.5/3 37.5/3 37.5/3 rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 Combretaceae Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F.Gaertn. arboreal --- --- --- --- --- --- 15/2 15/3 37.5/4 adult leaf, young leaf, flower bud, petal Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm.f. herbaceous rr/2 0.5/2 3/3 rr/2 0.5/2 3/3 --- --- --- adult leaf, petal Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Soják herbaceous --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.5/2 0.5/2 3/2 adult leaf Cyperaceae Carex sp. herbaceous rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 Cyperaceae Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl herbaceous 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 --- rr /2 rr /2 stamen Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. herbaceous 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 --- --- --- Cyperaceae Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. herbaceous rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 0.5/2 Cyperaceae Fuirena robusta Kunth herbaceous 15/3 15/3 37.5/4 15/3 15/3 15/3 r/1 r/1 0.5/2 adult leaf, stamen Cyperaceae Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton herbaceous rr/1 r/2 0.5/2 r/2 r/2 0.5/2 --- --- --- stamen Cyperaceae Rhynchospora sp. 1 herbaceous --- rr/1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Cyperaceae Rhynchospora sp. 2 herbaceous --- --- rr/1 --- --- r/1 --- --- --- Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A.Mey.) Soják herbaceous 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 15/3 adult leaf, stamen Fabaceae Canavalia bonariensis Lindl. liana rr/1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Fabaceae Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. shrubby --- --- --- rr/1 rr/1 r/1 --- --- --- Fabaceae Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. liana --- 0.5/2 3/3 rr/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 --- --- --- Haloragaceae Laurembergia tetrandra (Schott) Kanitz herbaceous --- rr/1 r/2 --- --- r/2 --- --- --- Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. herbaceous --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- rr/1 Juncaceae Juncus microcephalus Kunth herbaceous --- rr/1 r/1 rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 --- --- --- Loranthaceae Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) G.Don hemiparasite --- --- --- --- --- --- 3/2 3/2 15/2 adult leaf Malpighiaceae Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) A.Juss. liana 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 --- --- --- petal Malvaceae Talipariti pernambucense (Arruda) Bovini shrubby --- --- rr/1 3/3 3/3 3/3 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 adult leaf, young leaf, leaf bract, petal Mayacaceae Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. herbaceous r/2 r/2 r/2 rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 --- --- --- Menyanthaceae Nymphoides humboldtiana (Kunth) Kuntze herbaceous r/2 r/2 r/2 r/2 r/2 rr/2 --- --- --- Myrtaceae Eugenia astringens Cambess. arboreal rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 r/1 r/1 r/1 --- --- --- Myrtaceae Myrcia palustris DC. arboreal rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 --- --- --- --- --- --- Onagraceae Ludwigia elegans (Cambess.) H.Hara shrubby rr/1 rr/1 rr/1 --- --- --- --- --- --- Orchidaceae Habenaria sp. herbaceous rr/1 rr/2 rr/2 --- --- rr/1 --- --- --- Plantaginaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell herbaceous 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 r/2 r/2 0.5/2 Poaceae Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. herbaceous 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 0.5/1 Poaceae Oryza latifolia Desv. herbaceous rr/1 r/1 0.5/1 rr/1 r/1 0.5/2 --- --- --- fruit Poaceae Poaceae herbaceous --- --- --- r/2 r/2 rr/2 --- --- --- Poaceae Poaceae cf. Luziola sp. herbaceous rr/1 rr/1 r/2 rr/1 rr/1 r/2 --- --- 0.5/2 Poaceae Spartina alterniflora Loisel. herbaceous --- --- --- --- --- --- rr/1 r/1 3/2 adult leaf Poaceae Stephostachys mertensii (Roth) Zuloaga & Morrone herbaceous 0.5/2 37.5/3 15/3 0.5/2 15/3 15/3 --- --- --- young leaf, stamen Poaceae Urochloa arrecta e (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga herbaceous --- rr/1 3/3 0.5/2 --- 0.5/2 --- --- --- young leaf Poaceae Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen herbaceous --- --- --- rr/2 rr/2 rr/2 --- --- --- Primulaceae Myrsine sp. arboreal --- --- --- --- --- rr/1 --- --- --- Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum L. herbaceous --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.5/2 f 0.5/2 f 0.5/2 f young leaf, sporangium Pteridaceae Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch. herbaceous 3/2 3/2 0.5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 0.5/2 g 0.5/2 g 0.5/2 g young leaf, sporangium Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle L. arboreal --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.5/2 0.5/2 0.5/2 Typhaceae Typha domingensis Pers. herbaceous --- --- --- --- --- --- 15/4 37.5 37.5 adult leaf, stamen, fruit a Adapted from Braun-Blanquet (1979) to phytosociologically characterize extensive areas (Bolòs et al. 1991). b Coverage refers to the percentage of the sediment area covered by the living aerial parts of each species. It was recorded as follows: rr = very rare (coverage approx. 0.001–0.009%); r = rare (coverage approx. 0.01–0.09%); 0.5 = coverage approx. 0.1–1.0%; 3 = coverage approx. 1.1–5.0%; 15 = coverage approx. 5.1–25.0%; 37.5 = coverage approx. 25.1–50.0%; 62.5 = coverage approx. 50.1–75.0%; and 87.5 = coverage greater than 75.1%. c Sociability indicates how closely the individuals of a species are clustered, noted as follows: 1 = isolated individuals; 2 = individuals forming small groups; 3 = individuals forming large groups; 4 = individuals forming very large groups; and 5 = continuous population. d We recorded the values of coverage and sociability in the summer, as their leaves fall in the winter. e An invasive exotic species targeted by an eradication program (see Bornschein et al. 2022). Despite this, individuals carried by the rivers continuously recolonize Jundiaquara Island and the Continente which is why the phytosociological parameters change and do not necessarily express stability, retraction, or population growth. f Possibly hybridizes with A. danaeifolium . g Possibly hybridizes with A. aureum . Table 2. Animal species documented in the diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) in the study areas in Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná, southern Brazil. Class Family Species Part ingested Aves Furnariidae Phleocryptes melanops (Vieillot, 1817) decomposing body parts of nestlings Aves Thamnophilidae Formicivora acutirostris (Bornschein, Reinert & Teixeira, 1995) decomposing body parts of nestlings Aves Tachurisidae Tachuris rubrigastra (Vieillot, 1817) decomposing body parts of nestlings Aves Icteridae Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) decomposing body parts of nestlings Gastropoda Ampullariidae Pomacea sp. fertile eggs Mammalia Cricetidae cf. Holochilus brasiliensis (Desmarest, 1819) or cf. Nectomys squamipes (Brants, 1827) viscera from a recently predated individual. Insecta Tabanidae Tabanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1758 body of a predated live specimen Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8770035","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587892489,"identity":"630615ca-2814-4ef5-96d1-acaeff9138fe","order_by":0,"name":"Marcos R. Bornschein","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcos","middleName":"R.","lastName":"Bornschein","suffix":""},{"id":587892496,"identity":"c179183e-55a2-4ec5-be6b-9b6b8a7aee0b","order_by":1,"name":"Lucas Bovo Nunes de Pinho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lucas","middleName":"Bovo Nunes","lastName":"de Pinho","suffix":""},{"id":587892502,"identity":"7bbeeb4f-be4e-4497-9113-264f967bfa7a","order_by":2,"name":"Gabriela Villalobo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gabriela","middleName":"","lastName":"Villalobo","suffix":""},{"id":587892506,"identity":"6a884083-bef0-465e-8ff4-05942d9f60e3","order_by":3,"name":"Alexandre de Campos-Fernandes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexandre","middleName":"","lastName":"de Campos-Fernandes","suffix":""},{"id":587892507,"identity":"8ec0bac3-564d-4c0f-a5d9-57f2da2a9d10","order_by":4,"name":"Giovanna Sandretti-Silva","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giovanna","middleName":"","lastName":"Sandretti-Silva","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-03 02:24:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8770035/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8770035/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102237730,"identity":"bf8125f6-fa96-484b-b030-ce7d04bc2eb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 16:37:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5452345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. General view of the study areas of Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná, southern Brazil. \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of \u003cstrong\u003eJundiaquara Island\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25°52’28”S, 48°45’33”W; 11.5 ha) and confluence of the Claro and São João Rivers (“Continente”; \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25°52’28”S, 48°45’44”W; 8.7 ha). \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of part of \u003cstrong\u003eFolharada Island\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25°51’58”S, 48°43’23”W; 16.3 ha).The boundaries of each study area are represented by colored polygons. Background images: Geomorphometric Database of Brazil (TOPODATA), and OpenStreetMap\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1map.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8770035/v1/87046da907c8b2deb981415c.png"},{"id":102297222,"identity":"5e90854c-e745-46a5-b9e5-b98dc8211ae6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 10:26:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4617333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSubtropical salt marshes studied in Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná, southern Brazil. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eJundiaquara Island\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25°52’28”S, 48°45’33”W; 11.5 ha). The lower herbaceous vegetation is dominated by Crinum Lily \u003cem\u003eCrinum americanum \u003c/em\u003eL.and \u003cem\u003eFuirena robusta \u003c/em\u003eKunth, with high abundance of Brazilian Burhead\u003cem\u003e Echinodorus grandiflorus\u003c/em\u003e (Cham. \u0026amp; Schltr.) Micheliand California Bulrush \u003cem\u003eSchoenoplectus californicus \u003c/em\u003e(C.A.Mey.) Soják. Taller herbaceous vegetation patches are dominated by Mangrove Fern \u003cem\u003eAcrostichum danaeifolium\u003c/em\u003e Langsd. \u0026amp; Fisch. (dark green to brown coloration) and Great Fen-sedge \u003cem\u003eCladium mariscus \u003c/em\u003e(L.) Pohl (light green coloration). The trees are individuals of Brazilian Calophyllum \u003cem\u003eCalophyllum brasiliense \u003c/em\u003eCambess. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. Part of \u003cstrong\u003eFolharada Island\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25°51’58”S, 48°43’23”W; 16.3 ha). The light-green herbaceous vegetation is dominated by \u003cem\u003eC. americanum\u003c/em\u003e and Southern Cattail \u003cem\u003eTypha domingensis \u003c/em\u003ePers., with high abundance of \u003cem\u003eE. grandiflorus\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eS. californicus\u003c/em\u003e. The brown-toned herbaceous vegetation is composed of \u003cem\u003eA. danaeifolium\u003c/em\u003e and Golden leather fern \u003cem\u003eAcrostichum aureum \u003c/em\u003eL. The trees are individuals of White Mangrove\u003cem\u003e Laguncularia racemosa\u003c/em\u003e(L.) C.F.Gaertn. \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Dieback of the aerial portions of \u003cem\u003eE. grandiflorus\u003c/em\u003ebeginning in early autumn, representing the only pronounced seasonal variation in plant composition in the studied subtropical salt marshes. The remaining plant species observed in the figure are \u003cem\u003eC. americanum \u003c/em\u003eand S. californicus. The study area known as “Continente”, located immediately to the left of panel \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e, exhibits virtually identical vegetation composition and structure. Photographs: M.R.B.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2environments.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8770035/v1/89068783e3d4861f3352c215.png"},{"id":102237731,"identity":"ba0641b3-651c-4dd1-b50b-56cea17296af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 16:37:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3322485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Armases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun, 1897) in the study area of Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paraná, southern Brazil. The peculiar position of some pereiopods underlies the proposed common name “Acrobatic Crab”. Photographs: M.R.B.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3Armasesrubripes.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8770035/v1/5d21f58bb13180f726edce03.png"},{"id":102237728,"identity":"c2ee4d15-34f2-40bc-9a7a-8c1ece24b57c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 16:37:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3671002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. Delimitation of the localization of 115 \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun, 1897) individuals. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. Evidence of leaf consumption of the Crinum Lily \u003cem\u003eCrinum americanum\u003c/em\u003e L. by \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e. Photographs: M.R.B.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4abundance.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8770035/v1/61543c691b01c219167f268a.png"},{"id":105563697,"identity":"3651c308-03f4-43ae-bc15-233e7fe3a1df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 12:47:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":19928028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8770035/v1/65f992ab-50f5-4553-8a87-f8f2aa21ca4b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) in subtropical salt marshes of southern Brazil: an omnivorous species dependent on two key plant species of the local flora","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBrachyuran crabs are the dominant faunal group in estuaries (Kathiresan and Qasim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Ribeiro and Bezerra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), where they account for up to 80% of the macrofaunal biomass (Lacerda \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Olmos and Silva e Silva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). They play ecological roles in nutrient cycling and sediment consolidation (Ribeiro and Bezerra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Herbivorous crabs of the Sesarmidae family can consume more than 30% of mangrove plant material (Brogim and Lana \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), preferentially feeding on fallen leaves during decomposition (Hogarth \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun, 1897), here proposed to be called the \u0026ldquo;Acrobatic Crab\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003ecaranguejo-acrobata\u003c/em\u003e, in Portuguese) due to its typical resting position on vegetation, is a small semiterrestrial brachyuran crab (size ranging from 8\u0026ndash;20 mm) distributed in salt marshes, mangroves, beaches, and associated environments (Cap\u0026iacute;toli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e). It occurs along the western Atlantic coast, from Nicaragua to the La Plata River, between Uruguay and Argentina (Niem \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Melo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Luppi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Lacking established shelters, it spends most of its time climbing in vegetation and taking refuge in halophyte plants, roots, tree trunk crevices, bromeliad leaves, and cavities of mud substrate (Cap\u0026iacute;toli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Niem \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Teixeira and S\u0026aacute; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Luppi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Lima \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Ribeiro and Bezerra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Its omnivorous diet includes arthropod larvae, small invertebrates, rotifers, algae, grasses, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, and organic matter (Cap\u0026iacute;toli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Fischer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Lima \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). However, it has been classified as a functional herbivore due to the predominance of vegetation in its diet (Brogim and Lana \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Lima \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we report the omnivorous diet of \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e in subtropical salt marshes (\u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e Bornschein et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) of southern Brazil, based on opportunistic observations collected over 19 years. We also compare the abundance of the plant species consumed to phytosociological analyses of the entire flora in the study region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Areas\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted the study in the estuary of Guaratuba Bay, \u003cstrong\u003eRamsar Site Guaratuba (https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2317)\u003c/strong\u003e, in the municipality of Guaratuba, on the southern coast of Paran\u0026aacute;, southern Brazil (Figure 1). Specifically, we worked at two upstream areas in the estuary and one downstream area. Upstream, we worked on \u003cstrong\u003eJundiaquara Island\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25\u0026deg;52\u0026rsquo;28\u0026rdquo;S, 48\u0026deg;45\u0026rsquo;33\u0026rdquo;W; 11.5 ha; Figure 1 and 2a) and at the confluence of the Claro and S\u0026atilde;o Jo\u0026atilde;o Rivers (\u0026ldquo;Continente\u0026rdquo;; \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25\u0026deg;52\u0026rsquo;28\u0026rdquo;S, 48\u0026deg;45\u0026rsquo;44\u0026rdquo;W; 8.7 ha; Figure 1). Downstream, we worked on part of \u003cstrong\u003eFolharada Island\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e. 25\u0026deg;51\u0026rsquo;58\u0026rdquo;S, 48\u0026deg;43\u0026rsquo;23\u0026rdquo;W; 16.3 ha; Figure 1 and 2b). The mean annual rainfall ranges from 1900 to 2200 mm, and the mean annual temperature varies between 20\u0026ndash;22 \u0026deg;C. The climate, according to K\u0026ouml;ppen\u0026rsquo;s classification, is characterized as a \u003cstrong\u003esubtropical humid zone (C)\u003c/strong\u003e with an oceanic climate, without a dry season (\u003cstrong\u003eCf\u003c/strong\u003e), and hot summers (\u003cstrong\u003eCfa;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAlvares et al. [2014]).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study areas are estuarine marshes (\u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e Doody [2001:65]). The studied environments include tidal marshes (Figure 2a\u0026ndash;c), mangroves (Figure 2b), and a tree formation dominated by Brazilian Calophyllum \u003cem\u003eCalophyllum brasiliense\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCambess. (Figure 2a). For additional details on vegetation and flora composition, see Reinert et al. (2007), Favretto et al. (2022), and Bornschein et al. (2022, 2024). Recently, the tidal marshes have been reclassified as a distinct ecosystem, treated as \u003cstrong\u003esubtropical salt marshes\u003c/strong\u003e (Bornschein et al. 2017). According to the criteria for the classification of Brazilian vegetation proposed by the RADAMBRASIL Project (Veloso et al. 1991), these environments are classified as p\u003cstrong\u003eioneer formations under fluvio-marine influence (Forma\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Pioneira de Influ\u0026ecirc;ncia Fluviomarinha)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eSubtropical salt marshes\u003c/strong\u003e are flooded daily by two high tides and two low tides with unequal heights, characteristics of a semidiurnal tide with inequalities (Lee and Chang 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField time and Procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe made opportunistic observations of the diet of \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e while studying the biology of a bird, the Parana Antwren \u003cem\u003eFormicivora acutirostris\u003c/em\u003e (Bornschein, Reinert \u0026amp; Teixeira, 1995) (Thamnophilidae; e.g., Sandretti-Silva et al. [2024]). We searched for the crab by examining vegetation (leaves, roots, and trunks), fallen logs, and any human-made structures (such as photography blinds) located at heights from 30 cm to approximately 2 m above the sediment. In other words, we did not observe the species in or near the sediment. When evidence of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e feeding was observed, it was confirmed using binoculars (9 x 40 mm; minimum focus distance of 2.5 m). We considered an observation of diet as valid if we saw the crab removing fragments of vegetation, animals or other organic matter with its claws and bringing them to its mouth. The observations took place from January 2006 to January 2026. From January 2006 to February 2008, we conducted daily fieldwork with a team of 2\u0026ndash;3 people; from March 2008 to January 2026, we worked 3\u0026ndash;5 days per month with a team of 2\u0026ndash;6 people. All team members were focused on observing the crab diet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the comparison of plants used in the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e with the abundance of the local flora, we conducted a phytosociological analysis of the study areas based on Braun-Blanquet (1979), as adapted by Bol\u0026ograve;s et al. (1991). This adaptation involved describing phytosociological parameters (see below) by walking through extensive areas. We did this routinely walking in the study areas, covering the entire sampled area during both winters and summers. Obligate epiphytic plants were excluded, as well as aquatic plants that are permanently submerged or floating. We recorded the coverage and sociability of each plant species. Coverage refers to the percentage of the sediment area covered by the living aerial parts of each species (Braun-Blanquet 1979), noted as follows: rr = coverage approx. 0.001\u0026ndash;0.009% (very rare); r = coverage approx. 0.01\u0026ndash;0.09% (rare); 0.5 = coverage approx. 0.1\u0026ndash;1.0%; 3 = coverage approx. 1.1\u0026ndash;5.0%; 15 = coverage approx. 5.1\u0026ndash;25.0%; 37.5 = coverage approx. 25.1\u0026ndash;50.0%; 62.5 = coverage approx. 50.1\u0026ndash;75.0%; and 87.5 = coverage greater than 75.1%. We categorized species with coverage up to 1% as uncommon, those with coverage between 1.1% and 25.0% as common, and those with 25.1% or greater coverage as abundant. This metric includes the highest abundance in at least one area during at least one of the three periods of phytosociological analysis. Sociability indicates how closely the individuals of a species are clustered (Braun-Blanquet 1979), noted as follows: 1 = isolated individuals; 2 = individuals forming small groups; 3 = individuals forming large groups; 4 = individuals forming very large groups; and 5 = continuous population. For the purposes of the phytosociological analysis, each distinct living aerial part was counted as an individual (Braun-Blanquet 1979). For conciseness, we present the phytosociological results for three periods within the sampling timeframe: initial (2008), including observations from 2006\u0026ndash;2008, intermediate (2017), including observations from 2016\u0026ndash;2017, and final (2025), including observations from 2023\u0026ndash;2026.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e individuals (Figure 3) were found in all three studied areas throughout the year and during the 20 years of research. They were more frequently observed on warm days, particularly during the more humid periods (mornings and evenings). The species is locally abundant, with hundreds of individuals occasionally observed in the vegetation (Figure 4a). Despite this abundance, feeding individuals were rarely observed; instead, evidence of feeding was more commonly inferred from plant material consumed by the crab (Figure 4b). When approached by humans, individuals engaged in feeding or moving within the vegetation ceased their activities and remained motionless for a short period. Subsequently, both these individuals and those that were already stationary moved down through the vegetation toward the sediment or water, occasionally jumping when the human approach was too abrupt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe observed \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e consuming leaves, leaf bracts, floral bracts, petals, stamens, and/or sporangia from 20 plant species across 12 families (Table 1). Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Pteridaceae were the most represented families in their diet, with five, four, and two species in each, respectively. The remaining nine botanical families consumed by the crab were represented by a single species each (Table 1). Of the consumed plants, fifteen were herbaceous, two arboreal, one a shrubby, one a liana, and one a hemiparasite (Table 1). We also recorded \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e feeding on body parts or eggs from seven animal species (Table 2). These items included eggs, decomposing bird nestlings, rat viscera, and a fly (\u003cem\u003eTabanus occidentalis\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus, 1758) captured by an \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e inside a photography blind (this behavior was filmed by Bianca L. Reinert and observed in detail by M.R.B., but the video file was lost).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plant species in the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e accounted for 40.0% of the total plant species recorded in the study areas (50 species; Table 1). Six consumed species were classified as abundant, 10 as common, and four as uncommon (Table 1). \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e fed on 85.7% of the abundant plant species in the study areas, 83.3% of the common ones, and 12.9% of the uncommon ones.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe observed an omnivorous diet in \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e, which fed on various parts of several plants as well as parts of the bodies of a few animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the consumption of animal items is rare, supporting its classification\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eas a functional herbivore (Brogim and Lana, 1997; Lima, 2007). Among the abundant and common plants present in all three study areas and included in the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e, are\u0026nbsp;Brazilian Burhead\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Echinodorus grandiflorus\u003c/em\u003e (Cham. \u0026amp; Schltr.) Micheli, Crinum Lily \u003cem\u003eCrinum americanum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL., and California bulrush \u003cem\u003eSchoenoplectus californicus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(C.A.Mey.) Soj\u0026aacute;k (Table 1). \u003cem\u003eEchinodorus grandiflorus\u003c/em\u003e is seasonal, with its aerial parts dying in the autumn and winter (Figure 2c), making this resource temporarily unavailable. In contrast, the other two species, whose adult leaves are consistently consumed by \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes (see Figure 4b), are available\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eyear-round. Consequently, we suggest that folivory on \u003cem\u003eC. americanum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. californicus\u003c/em\u003e constitutes the primary component of the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e in the study areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalophyllum brasiliense\u003c/em\u003e is an abundant plant in two of the three study areas, but that was not observed being used as food by \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Table 1). This may be due to the latex produced by this tree, which could act as a chemical defense against herbivory (e.g., Konno 2011; Rabelo et al. 2011). Alternatively, it is possible that the crab feeding on this plant was not observed because most of its leaves, flowers, and fruits are situated at a height beyond the authors\u0026rsquo; field observation limit (up to 2 m). The common plants \u003cem\u003eHygrophila costata\u003c/em\u003e Nees \u0026amp; T. Nees and Hairy Cowpea\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eVigna luteola\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Jacq.) Benth. were also not recorded in the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Table 1). The slender structure of the latter species may limit the crab\u0026rsquo;s access to their leaves and inflorescences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Poaceae in the study areas, ranging from uncommon to abundant species, were poorly represented in the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Table 1). The spicules present on the leaves of members of this family, which may act as a mechanical defense against herbivory (e.g., Hanley et al. 2007), could explain the low number of species whose leaves were consumed by the crab. Notably, \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e was observed feeding on young, still undeveloped leaves covering the stolon of \u003cem\u003eStephostachys mertensii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Roth) Zuloaga \u0026amp; Morrone on one occasion, and on young leaves of the Tanner Grass\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Urochloa arrecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hack. ex T.Durand \u0026amp; Schinz) Morrone \u0026amp; Zuloaga on three occasions. \u003cem\u003eUrochloa arrecta\u003c/em\u003e is an invasive African grass with significant environmental impacts and high eradication costs (Reinert et al. 2007; Bornschein et al. 2022). However, as indicated above, records of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e feeding on these grasses were rare (M.R.B. et al., unp. data).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial list of plants recorded in subtropical salt marshes (Table 1) shows an increase in species richness and cover values in recent years. The effects of these changes on the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e require further investigation. While the crab may consume other plant species, it may encounter challenges accessing the leaves of \u003cem\u003eC. americanum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. californicus\u003c/em\u003e due to the increasing density of vegetation near the sediment, which could exert negative pressure on the local population. An additional negative pressure on local populations of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e could potentially be the increased exposure of the species to avian predators, as individuals may become more easily detectable in areas with reduced availability of tall plants used for feeding. In the study areas, we occasionally observed juveniles and adults of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e being preyed upon by \u003cem\u003eF. acutirostris\u003c/em\u003e, Wren-like Rushbird \u003cem\u003ePhleocryptes melanops\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Vieillot, 1817), Great Kiskadee \u003cem\u003ePitangus sulphuratus\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1766), Yellow-winged Blackbird \u003cem\u003eAgelasticus thilius\u003c/em\u003e (Molina, 1782), and Brazilian Tanager \u003cem\u003eRamphocelus bresilia\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1766) (M.R.B., unp. data).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval was not required for this study, as it did not involve human participants, animal experimentation, or the use of identifiable personal data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors consent to the publication of this manuscript and confirm that they have approved the submitted version.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe raw data in this article are included in the tables and figures.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant competing interests to disclose.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Grupo Botic\u0026aacute;rio de Prote\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o \u0026agrave; Natureza (FGBPN; projects #0682/20052, #0740/20071, #0908_20112, #BL0001_20111, #0004_2012, and #1110_20172), Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade (FUNBIO), and 1\u0026ordf; Vara Federal de Paranagu\u0026aacute; (process #50005063420184047008). Giovana Sandretti-Silva received grants from the Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (FAPESP; process numbers #2022/04847-7, and #2023/09718-3). Gabriela Villalobo received grant from the Pr\u0026oacute; Reitoria de Pesquisa UNESP (PROPe; process number #11415) and currently receives another grant from the same agency (#/17242). Lucas B.N. de Pinho receives grant from Coordenadoria de Perman\u0026ecirc;ncia Estudantil (COPE CONECTA public notice #03/2024). Alexandre de Campos-Fernandes received a grant from the Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (FAPESP; process #2024/22450-2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.R.B. conceived the study; M.R.B., L.B.N. de P., G.V., and G.S.-S. collected the data in the field; M.R.B. wrote the manuscript; M.R.B., A. de C.-F., and G.S.-S. prepared figures and tables; M.R.B. acquired funding; all authors revised and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Gon\u0026ccedil;alves JLM, Sparovek G (2014). Koppen\u0026rsquo;s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorol Z 22:711\u0026ndash;718. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBol\u0026ograve;s O de, Cervi AC, Hatschbach G (1991) Estudios sobre la vegetaci\u0026oacute;n del estado de Paran\u0026aacute; (Brasil Meridional). Collect Bot 20:79\u0026ndash;182. https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.1991.v20.107\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBornschein MR, Reinert BL, Machado-de-Souza T, Golec C, Whitney BM, Favretto MA (2017) Abundance, occurrence, and seasonality of the Subtropical Doradito (\u003cem\u003ePseudocolopteryx acutipennis\u003c/em\u003e) on the coast of Brazil. Wilson J Ornithol 129(1):199\u0026ndash;206. https://doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-129.1.199\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBornschein MR, Sandretti-Silva G, Sobotka DD, Corr\u0026ecirc;a L, Reinert BL, Vannucchi FS, Pie MR (2024) Revision of the conservation status and assessment of the Green Status of the Parana Antwren \u003cem\u003eFormicivora acutirostris\u003c/em\u003e, with management proposals. Bird Conserv. Int. 34(e21):1\u0026ndash;15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095927092400008X\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBornschein MR, Teixeira L, Guerra B de M, Melchiori BL, Reinert BL, Sandretti-Silva G (2022) Appearance of a population of the mangrove rail \u003cem\u003eRallus longirostris\u003c/em\u003e (Rallidae) in salt marshes invaded by the exotic tanner grass \u003cem\u003eUrochloa arrecta\u003c/em\u003e (Poaceae) and its disappearance after plant management. Wetlands 42:124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-022-01642-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBraun-Blanquet J (1979) Fitosociologia: bases para el est\u0026uacute;dio de las comunidades vegetales, 1st edn. H. Blume Ediciones, Madrid.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBrogim RA, Lana, PC (1997) Espectro alimentar de \u003cem\u003eAratus pisonii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChasmagnathus granulata\u003c/em\u003e e \u003cem\u003eSesarma rectum\u003c/em\u003e (Decapoda, Grapsidae) em um manguezal da ba\u0026iacute;a de Paranagu\u0026aacute;, Paran\u0026aacute;. Iheringia Ser. Zool 83:35\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCap\u0026iacute;toli RR, Benvenuti CE, Gianuca NM (1977) Ocorr\u0026ecirc;ncia e observa\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es bioecol\u0026oacute;gicas do caranguejo \u003cem\u003eMetasesarma rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun) na regi\u0026atilde;o estuarina da Lagoa dos Patos. 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Springer, Berlin.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLee SH, Chang YS (2019) Classification of the global tidal types based on auto-correlation analysis. Ocean Sci 52(2):279\u0026ndash;286. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-019-0009-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLima GV (2007) Bioecologia do caranguejo \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun, 1897) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) na ba\u0026iacute;a de Sepetiba, RJ. PhD thesis, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLuppi TA, Spivak ED, Bas CC (2003) The effects of temperature and salinity on larval development of \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRathbun, 1987 (Brachyura, Grapsoidea, Sesarmidae), and the southern limit of its geographical distribution. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 58:575\u0026ndash;585. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00136-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMelo GAS (1996) Manual de identifica\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o dos Brachyura (caranguejos e siris) do litoral brasileiro. Pl\u0026ecirc;iade, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNiem VH (1993) Phylogenetic and systematic position of \u003cem\u003eSesarma rubripes\u003c/em\u003e Rathbun, 1897 (Brachyura: Grapsidae). Zool Meded 67:185\u0026ndash;195.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOlmos F, Silva e Silva R (2003) Guar\u0026aacute;: ambiente, flora e fauna dos manguezais de Santos-Cubat\u0026atilde;o, Brasil.\u0026nbsp;Empresa das Artes, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRabelo GR, Marques J de BC, Zottich U, Germana BD, Miguel EC, Gomes VM, Cunha M da (2011) Leaf structure, microanalysis and characterization of the l\u0026aacute;tex protein profi le of \u003cem\u003ePachystroma longifolium\u003c/em\u003e (Nees) I.M. Jonhst. (Euphorbiaceae) in a seasonally dry Atlantic Forest. Acta Bot Bras 25(1):150\u0026ndash;159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062011000100018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReinert BL, Bornschein MR, Firkowski C\u0026nbsp;(2007) Distribui\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o, tamanho populacional, h\u0026aacute;bitat e conserva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o do bicudinho-do-brejo \u003cem\u003eStymphalornis acutirostris\u003c/em\u003e Bornschein, Reinert e Teixeira, 1995 (Thamnophilidae). Rev Bras Ornitol 15:493\u0026ndash;519.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRibeiro FB, Bezerra LEA (2014) Population ecology of mangrove crabs in Brazil: Sesarmid and fiddler crabs. In: Ardovini C. (ed) Crabs. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 19\u0026ndash;56.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSandretti-Silva G, Corr\u0026ecirc;a L, Amirati M, Laurino IRA, Passos FC, Pie MR, Bornschein MR (2024) The win-stay, lose-switch renesting strategy of a territorial bird endemic to subtropical salt marshes. Front Ecol Evol 2:1497317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1497317\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTeixeira RL, S\u0026aacute; HS (1998) The use of bromeliads as an alternative shelter by the grapsid crab, \u003cem\u003eMetasesarma rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun, 1897) of southeast Brazil. Boletim do MBML 8:13\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVeloso HP, Rangel Filho ALR, Lima JC (1991) Classifica\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o da vegeta\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Phytosociological analysis\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e of the study areas in Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paran\u0026aacute;, southern Brazil, for comparison with the plant species used in the diet of \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Rathbun, 1897\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e. Study areas: Jundiaquara Island (\u003cem\u003ec.\u003c/em\u003e 25\u0026deg;52\u0026rsquo;28\u0026rdquo;S, 48\u0026deg;45\u0026rsquo;33\u0026rdquo;W; 11.5 ha), confluence of the Claro and S\u0026atilde;o Jo\u0026atilde;o rivers (\u0026ldquo;Continente\u0026rdquo;; \u003cem\u003ec.\u003c/em\u003e 25\u0026deg;52\u0026rsquo;28\u0026rdquo;S, 48\u0026deg;45\u0026rsquo;44\u0026rdquo;W; 8.7 ha), and part of Folharada Island (\u003cem\u003ec.\u003c/em\u003e 25\u0026deg;51\u0026rsquo;58\u0026rdquo;S, 48\u0026deg;43\u0026rsquo;23\u0026rdquo;W; 16.3 ha). We present the phytosociological data as coverage\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e and sociability\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e, separated by a slash, for three periods: 2008 (observations conducted from 2006\u0026ndash;2008), 2017 (observations conducted from 2016\u0026ndash;2017), and 2025 (observations conducted from 2023\u0026ndash;2026). Obligate epiphytic were excluded, as well as aquatic plants that are permanently submerged or floating. The species were listed in alphabetical order (families and species within families), according to the nomenclature of Flora e Funga do Brasil (https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/). Note: The symbol \u0026ldquo;---\u0026rdquo; indicates that the plant species was not recorded in that period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"980\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaxon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiologic form\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJundiaquara Island\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContinente\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFolharada Island\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngested item\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHygrophila costata\u003c/em\u003e Nees \u0026amp; T. Nees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvicennia schaueriana\u003c/em\u003e Stapf \u0026amp; Leechm. ex Moldenke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlismataceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEchinodorus grandiflorus\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e (Cham. \u0026amp; Schltr.) Micheli\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, floral bract, petal, stamen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmaryllidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrinum americanum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, floral bract, petal, stamen\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnonnaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnnona glabra\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxypetalum\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eliana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdenostemma brasilianum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pers.) Cass.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVernonanthura beyrichii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Less.) H.Rob.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eshrubby\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalophyllaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalophyllum brasiliense\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCambess.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombretaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaguncularia racemosa\u003c/em\u003e (L.) C.F.Gaertn.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, young leaf, flower bud, petal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommelinaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommelina diffusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBurm.f.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, petal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBolboschoenus robustus\u003c/em\u003e (Pursh) Soj\u0026aacute;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladium mariscus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Pohl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err /2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err /2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estamen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyperus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEleocharis geniculata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Roem. \u0026amp; Schult.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFuirena robusta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKunth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, stamen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchospora corymbosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Britton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estamen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchospora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchospora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchoenoplectus californicus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(C.A.Mey.) Soj\u0026aacute;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, stamen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCanavalia bonariensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eliana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDalbergia ecastaphyllum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Taub.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eshrubby\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVigna luteola\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Jacq.) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eliana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaloragaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaurembergia tetrandra\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Schott) Kanitz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaloragaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyriophyllum aquaticum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Vell.) Verdc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuncaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJuncus microcephalus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKunth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStruthanthus marginatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Desr.) G.Don\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehemiparasite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalpighiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStigmaphyllon ciliatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Lam.) A.Juss.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eliana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epetal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTalipariti pernambucense\u003c/em\u003e (Arruda) Bovini\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eshrubby\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, young leaf, leaf bract, petal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMayacaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMayaca fluviatilis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAubl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMenyanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNymphoides humboldtiana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Kunth) Kuntze\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEugenia astringens\u003c/em\u003e Cambess.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrcia palustris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDC.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnagraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLudwigia elegans\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Cambess.) H.Hara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eshrubby\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlantaginaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacopa monnieri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Pennell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEchinochloa polystachya\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Kunth) Hitchc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOryza latifolia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDesv.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae cf. \u003cem\u003eLuziola\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpartina alterniflora\u003c/em\u003e Loisel.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStephostachys mertensii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Roth) Zuloaga \u0026amp; Morrone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyoung leaf, stamen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrochloa arrecta\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e (Hack. ex T.Durand \u0026amp; Schinz) Morrone \u0026amp; Zuloaga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyoung leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrochloa mutica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrsine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003err/1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePteridaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrostichum aureum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyoung leaf, sporangium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePteridaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrostichum danaeifolium\u003c/em\u003e Langsd. \u0026amp; Fisch.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyoung leaf, sporangium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRhizophoraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizophora mangle\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003earboreal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5/2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTyphaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTypha domingensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eherbaceous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15/4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadult leaf, stamen, fruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Adapted from Braun-Blanquet (1979) to phytosociologically characterize extensive areas (Bol\u0026ograve;s et al. 1991).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Coverage refers to the percentage of the sediment area covered by the living aerial parts of each species. It was recorded as follows: rr = very rare (coverage approx. 0.001\u0026ndash;0.009%); r = rare (coverage approx. 0.01\u0026ndash;0.09%); 0.5 = coverage approx. 0.1\u0026ndash;1.0%; 3 = coverage approx. 1.1\u0026ndash;5.0%; 15 = coverage approx. 5.1\u0026ndash;25.0%; 37.5 = coverage approx. 25.1\u0026ndash;50.0%; 62.5 = coverage approx. 50.1\u0026ndash;75.0%; and 87.5 = coverage greater than 75.1%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Sociability indicates how closely the individuals of a species are clustered, noted as follows: 1 = isolated individuals; 2 = individuals forming small groups; 3 = individuals forming large groups; 4 = individuals forming very large groups; and 5 = continuous population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e We recorded the values of coverage and sociability in the summer, as their leaves fall in the winter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e An invasive exotic species targeted by an eradication program (see Bornschein et al. 2022). Despite this, individuals carried by the rivers continuously recolonize Jundiaquara Island and the Continente which is why the phytosociological parameters change and do not necessarily express stability, retraction, or population growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e Possibly hybridizes with \u003cem\u003eA. danaeifolium\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e Possibly hybridizes with \u003cem\u003eA. aureum\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Animal species documented in the diet of \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Rathbun, 1897) in the study areas in Guaratuba Bay, Ramsar Site Guaratuba, municipality of Guaratuba, Paran\u0026aacute;, southern Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart ingested\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurnariidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhleocryptes melanops\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Vieillot, 1817)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edecomposing body parts of nestlings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThamnophilidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFormicivora acutirostris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Bornschein, Reinert \u0026amp; Teixeira, 1995)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edecomposing body parts of nestlings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTachurisidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTachuris rubrigastra\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Vieillot, 1817)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edecomposing body parts of nestlings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIcteridae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMolothrus bonariensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gmelin, 1789)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edecomposing body parts of nestlings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastropoda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmpullariidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePomacea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efertile eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMammalia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCricetidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003eHolochilus brasiliensis\u003c/em\u003e (Desmarest, 1819) or cf. \u003cem\u003eNectomys squamipes\u003c/em\u003e (Brants, 1827)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eviscera from a recently predated individual.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsecta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTabanidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTabanus occidentalis\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus, 1758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebody of a predated live specimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"estuaries, plant richness, phytosociology, folivory, Crinum americanum, Schoenoplectus californicus","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8770035/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8770035/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eArmases rubripes\u003c/em\u003e (Sesarmidae) is a small, semiterrestrial brachyuran crab found in salt marshes, mangroves, and other environments along the western Atlantic, from Nicaragua to Argentina. It spends most of its time climbing vegetation and sheltering in mud cavities. Its diet is omnivorous, including arthropod larvae, invertebrates, algae, grasses, leaves, flowers, and organic matter. However, it is considered a functional herbivore due to the predominance of vegetation in its diet. This study aims to describe the diet of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e in subtropical salt marshes, an ecosystem recently distinguished from tidal marshes, and compare its herbivorous diet to the local plant abundance. We documented the species\u0026rsquo; diet through opportunistic observations of vegetation and objects at heights from 0.30 to 2.0 m using binoculars. Observations took place monthly, over 3\u0026ndash;30-day campaigns from 2006 to 2026, across 36.5 ha of herbaceous or arboreal-dominated marshes in Guaratuba Bay, Paran\u0026aacute;, southern Brazil. We recorded \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e consuming leaves, bracts, floral parts, and/or sporangia from 20 plant species across 12 families. Fifteen of these species were herbaceous, primarily from Cyperaceae and Poaceae. The crab fed on six of the seven abundant and 10 of the 12 common plant species. It also consumed body parts or eggs from seven animal species, including decomposing bird nestlings. Our results confirm an omnivorous diet and functional herbivory of \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e. Since \u003cem\u003eCrinum americanum\u003c/em\u003e (Amaryllidaceae) and \u003cem\u003eSchoenoplectus californicus\u003c/em\u003e (Cyperaceae) were abundant year-round in the studied areas, we propose that folivory of these plants forms the local diet\u0026rsquo;s basis for \u003cem\u003eA. rubripes\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Diet of Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) in subtropical salt marshes of southern Brazil: an omnivorous species dependent on two key plant species of the local flora","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-09 16:37:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8770035/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cdb2ac77-fe84-4156-b8dd-3a5af3e6cf85","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-21T20:08:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-09 16:37:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8770035","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8770035","identity":"rs-8770035","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}