Development of the noise theoretical formula for analyzing noise components on CT images

Development of the noise theoretical formula for analyzing noise components on CT images | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Development of the noise theoretical formula for analyzing noise components on CT images Keisuke Fujii, Kuniharu Imai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099207/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study derived a theoretical formula for analyzing noise components in computed tomography (CT) images and evaluated the relationship between CT doses and each noise component on CT images. We devised a theoretical formula for estimating the noise components using CT numbers and the relative noise standard deviation (SD) of the CT images. The CT quality control phantom’s CT images were obtained at different CT doses using two CT scanners. We measured the mean CT numbers and relative noise SD at each rod position on the CT images and estimated each noise component on the CT images using a theoretical formula. The relative noise SD on CT images was represented as a function of the CT doses corresponding to the number of photons penetrating the phantom. The second-order, first-order, and constant terms in the theoretical formula indicate the structural, quantum, and electronic noise components, respectively. The content ratio of quantum noise exceeded 70% at CT doses routinely used in clinical settings and was higher than that of the other noise components. The theoretical formula developed in this study can be useful for optimizing CT doses and developing image reconstruction methods to reduce noise on CT images. Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Health sciences/Medical research Physical sciences/Physics CT image image noise structural noise quantum noise and electronic noise Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7099207","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501998821,"identity":"ebe556f2-1029-4674-bb8b-3ed8010dcc5f","order_by":0,"name":"Keisuke Fujii","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIie2QP2rDMBSHnwhYy2tmG5fmCg6GQAnFV3nGQ5fSpYuH0AoC7qIjlB4ja1UEnnyAFC31DWroIMhShf5Zgly6FaIPgX4gPn56DyAQ+IdwAaSoPnyIvAqqvdK58BcFgDWHih+MqVf94+asgJPn4b3WM4iJvVmYXo8opMqNyRGmVXra6bmIaZJIiG58SvGllBIwS5NGs6ctQepmKcVoy4O5c0q+c0qxb9n9rghDCLhIhkaXTonGW/DVLbk1c6lxsYTushLYN+cy88+C/Koa7MrM+L3MX2y9vBC80ltbt96NOYk+74k7CGuXmPtS1pJf4eonMgu333k1ogQCgcCR8QG57FXnTJ0HTgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keisuke","middleName":"","lastName":"Fujii","suffix":""},{"id":501998822,"identity":"e58c82a8-b0d6-4075-b0db-52712b1ef8e6","order_by":1,"name":"Kuniharu Imai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kuniharu","middleName":"","lastName":"Imai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-11 08:08:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099207/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099207/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102011017,"identity":"b02a887b-747e-4457-8474-bf978f23de72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-06 06:10:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":517200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7099207/v1_covered_ff639acd-8888-4416-9649-5fb66ed94e1c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Development of the noise theoretical formula for analyzing noise components on CT images","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CT image, image noise, structural noise, quantum noise, and electronic noise","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099207/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7099207/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study derived a theoretical formula for analyzing noise components in computed tomography (CT) images and evaluated the relationship between CT doses and each noise component on CT images. 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