Modeling the motion of disease-associated KIF1A heterodimers

ABSTRACT KIF1A is a member of the kinesin-3 family motor protein that transports synaptic vesicle precursors in axons. Mutations in the Kif1a gene cause neuronal diseases. Most patients are heterozygous and have both mutated and intact KIF1A alleles, suggesting that heterodimers composed of wild-type KIF1A and mutant KIF1A are likely involved in pathogenesis. In this study, we propose mathematical models to describe the motility of KIF1A heterodimers composed of wild-type KIF1A and mutant KIF1A. Our models precisely describe run length, run time, and velocity of KIF1A heterodimers using a few parameters obtained from two homodimers. The independent head model is a simple hand-over-hand model in which stepping and detachment rates from a microtubule of each head are identical to those in the respective homodimers. Although the velocities of heterodimers expected from the independent head model were in good agreement with the experimental results, this model underestimated the run lengths and run times of some heterodimeric motors. To address this discrepancy, we propose the coordinated head model, in which we hypothesize a tethered head, in addition to a microtubule-binding head, contributes to microtubule binding in a vulnerable one-head-bound state. The run lengths and run times of the KIF1A heterodimers predicted by the coordinated head model matched well with experimental results, suggesting a possibility that the tethered head affects the microtubule binding of KIF1A. Our models provide insights into how each head contributes to the processive movement of KIF1A and can be used to estimate motile parameters of KIF1A heterodimers. SIGNIFICANCE KIF1A is responsible for transporting synaptic vesicle precursors in axons. KIF1A mutations are associated with neurodegener-ative diseases. Most of these mutations are de novo and autosomal dominant, suggesting that half of the motors in patients are heterodimers composed of wild-type and mutant KIF1A. However, reliable theoretical models to explain the behavior of heterodimeric motors are lacking. In this study, we obtained exact analytical solutions to describe run length, run time, and velocity of heterodimeric motors which move in a hand-over-hand fashion. Our models provide valuable tools for quantitatively understanding the impact of heterodimerization with mutant KIF1A and the cooperative behavior of KIF1A dimers.