Adsorption potential of polymer metal oxide composites for crystal violet and basic fuchsin: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies

Adsorption potential of polymer metal oxide composites for crystal violet and basic fuchsin: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Adsorption potential of polymer metal oxide composites for crystal violet and basic fuchsin: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies Ruksana Sirach, Pragnesh N Dave This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419377/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Dyes are water-soluble color contaminants. The presence of color contaminants is known to disturb the lifecycle of the marine ecosystem. In this work, we have investigated the utilization of three previously synthesized composites i.e., β -cyclodextrin ( β -CD) polymer-metal oxide composites namely β -CD-epichlorohdrin-tetrafluroterephthalonitrile polymer/zinc ferrite composite ( β -CDZnF), carboxymethyl cellulose- β -cyclodextrin-succinic acid/nickel cobaltite composite ( β -CDCMCNC), and carboxymethyl cellulose- β -cyclodextrin- epichlorohydrin-tetrafluroterephthalonitrile/zinc oxide composite ( β -CDCMCZO) for the adsorptive removal of two cationic dyes [i.e., crystal violet (CV) and basic fuchsin (BF)]. The present work explores the effect of parameters like pH, salt, time, temperature, composite dose, and initial dye concentration on the adsorption performance. Additionally, the experimental data have been trained using artificial neural networks to predict the adsorption output. The results suggested that the composites were exhibiting good adsorptive removal for CV and BF. The isotherm studies suggested a monolayer accumulation of dyes on the composite surface. The adsorption performance of different composites was comparable for both BF and CV. ANN predictions were more accurate for equilibrium adsorption capacity outcome than R% outcome. The presence of high-concentration salts declined the adsorption performance of all three composites. Adsorption cyclodextrin polymer composite carboxymethyl cellulose crystal violet Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction With a rising population, a rise in demand for resources is expected but because of the limited resource availability scarcity is created. Water is one of the very essential resources. Water covers most of the earth but all water sources are not usable. The utilization of groundwater is continuously increasing and therefore, a large amount of wastewater is created. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the water to produce water that can be repurposed for uses such as industrial and agricultural applications. Color impurities such as dyes can interfere with the normal functioning of the aqueous ecosystem. Crystal violet (CV) and basic fuchsin (BF) are water-soluble dyes known for their cytotoxicity [ 1 , 2 ]. The dyes belong to the triphenyl methane group of dyes. Triarylmethane dyes belong to the monomethine water-soluble dye class and consist of three aryl rings connected to a central methine carbon. These aromatic rings often contain functional groups such as amino groups [1 o (-NH 2 ), 2 o (-NHR), or 3 0 (-NR 2 )] or –OH groups positioned at the para position [ 3 ]. Both CV and BF are structurally similar except in CV all three amines functional groups are N-alkylated. Polymer composites are materials containing filler material reinforced in the polymer matrix. Materials like carbon-based materials, metal oxides, metals, and clays are some of the commonly used filler materials. Polymers containing biodegradable constituents are of special interest because of the increased environmental and safety concerns [ 4 ]. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and β -cyclodextrin ( β -CD) are biodegradable materials derived from naturally occurring cellulose and starch polysaccharides. The abundance of -OH and –COO 1− in CMC and –OH in β -CD makes them suitable for the decontamination of various color impurities. However, both are water soluble at higher temperatures and hence, their direct application as an adsorbent is not feasible. Therefore, various crosslinkers like epichlorohydrin/tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile and succinic acid have been used to produce water-insoluble adsorbent. Metal oxides are known to possess high specific surface area and active metallic center which has captured the attention of scientists working in the field of adsorption treatment and photocatalytic treatment [ 5 , 6 ]. Many studies have reported that the filling of a polymer matrix with metal oxides yields a better-performing composite adsorbent material [ 7 – 9 ] . In the present work, we extend the application of previously reported adsorbents[ 10 , 11 ] for the adsorption remediation of structurally comparable CV and BF dyes. In this works three polymer-metal oxide adsorbents namely β -CD/epichlorohydrin/tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile polymer reinforced with ZnFe 2 O 4 ( β -CDZnF), CMC/ β -CD/epichlorohydrin/tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile polymer reinforced with ZnO ( β -CDCMCZO), CMC/ β -CD/succinic acid reinforced with NiCo 2 O 4 ( β -CDCMCNC) has been used to decontaminate the CV and BF from the aqueous solution. The effect of various adsorption conditions was studied and the data were trained using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the adsorption outcome. Further, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies were investigated to understand the adsorption uptake. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Three polymer metal oxide composites β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCNC, and β -CDCMCZO were synthesized in our previous work [ 10 , 11 ]. CV (Sigma Aldrich, India) and BF (Himedia, India) were acquired from their respective suppliers. 2.2. Adsorption studies The adsorption studies were carried out by adding varying adsorbent doses (10–70 mg) in the aqueous solution of CV and BF. The pH of the solution varied between 3–10 and the effect of 0.005 M, 0.01 M, and 0.1 M chloride salts like Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ on the CV and BF adsorption capacity of the three composites was also investigated. The contact time between the adsorbent and CV or BF solution was studied up to 180 or 240 minutes. The temperature range of 30–60 o C was selected for the isotherm and thermodynamic studies. The amount of dye adsorbed on the composite surface was studied by measuring the absorbance (λ m = 590 nm for CV and 547 nm for BF) of initial dye concentration and concentration after contact with the adsorbent surface at equilibrium using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU TCC-240 A). Eq. 1 – 3 were used to calculate the removal % (R %) and adsorption capacity at equilibrium (q e ) and at ‘t’ contact time (q t ). $$\:R\%=\frac{\left({C}_{o}-{C}_{e}\right)\times\:100}{{C}_{o}}$$ 1 $$\:{q}_{t}=\frac{\left({C}_{o}-{C}_{t}\right)\times\:V}{m}$$ 2 $$\:{q}_{e}=\frac{\left({C}_{o}-{C}_{e}\right)\times\:V}{m}$$ 3 Where V, m, and C o correspond to the volume of the dye solution (L), the mass of the composite added (g), and the initial concentration of the aqueous solution (mg L − 1 ). C e represents the equilibrium dye concentration and C t indicates the concentration of BF or CV at a given time. For regeneration and reuse studies, the adsorbent was recovered from the aqueous solution and thereafter stirred in acetone solvent to remove the adsorbed BF and CV molecules from the composite surface. Thereafter, this recovered adsorbent was subjected to further adsorption cycles to assess its reusability up to five regeneration reuse cycles. 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Effect of Salt, Composite Dose, and pH Changes in pH can cause structural changes in the dye as well as protonation or deprotonation of the available functional groups on the adsorbent’s surface. The variation q e and R % with increasing pH from 3–10 is depicted in Fig. 1 a & b. The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH. The adsorption investigations were studied at 30 o C using 40 mL aqueous solution and 180 min contact time. For the removal of CV and BF using β -CDZnF, the initial dye concentration was 150 mg L − 1 and the β -CDZnF dose was 10 mg. For the adsorption of cationic dyes on 10 mg β -CDCMCNC BF or CV concentration C o = 40 mg L − 1 was used. For adsorption onto β -CDCMCZO, 20 mg β -CDCMCZO was added to 50 mg L − 1 BF or CV aqueous solution. The effect of change in the solution pH on the BF and CV R % was drastic when β -CDZnF was used as an adsorbent (Fig. 1 a & b). For both BF and CV, under very acidic conditions (pH 3), the removal was negligible (R % = 8–25% only). With a further increase in pH, the R % was continuously increased for BF reaching maximum removal at pH 8. For CV, R % was enhanced up to pH 5, then it remained stable between pH 5–8, achieving maximum R % under alkaline pH 10. The results point towards the great influence of electrostatic attraction towards the adsorption of BF and CV on β -CDZnF composite. The results also suggested favorable adsorption of CV and BF on β -CDZnF under basic conditions. This could be because of the presence of more deprotonated functional groups, which can enhance the negative surface on β -CDZnF leading to a good CV and BF removal. The influence of pH variation on CV and BF removal using β -CDCMCNC was slightly different than β -CDZnF. The initial increase in solution pH from 3–4 enhanced CV and BF uptake accumulation on the β -CDCMCNC surface. The highest R % for CV and BF using β -CDCMCNC adsorbent was achieved under acidic conditions ( pH 4 for BF and pH 6 for CV). Past pH 5 the R % of CV and BF was not altered by increasing the solution pH. This means that CV and BF can be easily removed using β -CDCMCNC over wide pH conditions (pH 4–10). The influence of pH on the removal of BF and CV using β -CDCMCZO was almost similar to β -CDCMCNC because of the similarity of CMC and β -CD inclusion. The lowest BF and CV removal was achieved when the solution pH was adjusted to 3. Thereafter, the enhancement in pH enhances the availability of the negative surface groups on β -CDCMCZO, leading to high removal of CV and BF beyond pH 4, exceeding 85%. Maximum R% was achieved at pH 8 for both BF and CV. Moreover, β -CDCMCZO was highly effective for CV and BF removal between pH 4 to 10. The effect of the adsorbent dose on CV and BF removal was studied at T = 30 o C, t = 180 min, and V = 40 mL as mentioned above. The pH of the solution for β -CDZnF/CV (C 0 = 150 mg L − 1 ), β -CDZnF/BF (C 0 = 150 mg L − 1 ), β -CDCMCNC/CV (C 0 = 40 mg L − 1 ), β -CDCMCNC/BF (C 0 = 40 mg L − 1 ), β -CDCMCZO/CV (C 0 = 50 mg L − 1 ), and β -CDCMCZO/BF (C 0 = 50 mg L − 1 ) was 10, 8, 6, 4, 8, and 8, respectively. The composite adsorbent dose was varied between 10–70 mg. The results are depicted in Fig. 1 c & d. When a low adsorbent dose (i.e., 5 mg) was used, the R % was very low because of the limitation of adsorption sites on the surface that can capture dye molecules from the solution. Increasing the composite dose from 5 to 10 mg significantly enhances the CV and BF R %. The enhancement in CV and BF R % was more than 30% when 10 mg adsorbent was used compared to 5 mg dose for all adsorbents. β -CDCMCNC exhibited a high R% exceeding 97% BF and CV removal at a 10 mg dose. Thereafter, further addition of β -CDCMCNC from 30–70 mg does not cause any change in the CV and BF removal retaining 97–98% removal performance for both CV and BF. This indicates that a 10 mg β -CDCMCNC dose is an optimized dose for both CV and BF. As depicted in Fig. 1 c & d, the adsorption capacity for a similar initial dye concentration continuously declines with a rising composite dose, following Eq. 3 . For a similar BF and CV R % performance, an increase in β -CDCMCNC dose from 10 to 70 mg led to ~ 135 mg g − 1 decline in adsorption capacity. Therefore, considering high removal and high adsorption capacity, 10 mg β -CDCMCNC was selected for further studies. The R % of CV and BF was increased when the composite dose of β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCZO was increased from 5 mg to 20 mg. The composite dose ≥ 20 mg resulted in high BF and CV removal achieving R % ≥ 92%. Considering high R % and good adsorption capacity for CV and BF, 20 mg was found to be an optimized dose of β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCZO. At a 20 mg dose, both β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCZO exhibited a similar adsorption performance for BF and CV but the adsorption capacity of β -CDZnF was very three times than that of β -CDCMCZO for cationic colorant contaminants because of high initial CV and BF concentration (nearly three times higher). Further adsorption studies were carried out using optimized composite adsorbent doses of 10, 20, and 20 mg for β -CDCMCNC, β -CDZnF, and β -CDCMCZO, respectively for both CV and BF removal. The influence of the presence of monovalent and divalent salts on the BF and CV adsorption using three composite adsorbents is reported in Fig. 2 . The addition of ionic salts caused the decline in the adsorption performance of all three composites for both BF and CV indicating that the electrostatic interaction may have played a role in the capturing of BF and CV on the active adsorption sites. Two general trends were observed from the addition of ionic salts during the adsorption process: (i) an increase in the salt concentration from 0.05 M to 0.1 M led to a decline in the overall adsorption capacity and (ii) the adsorption capacity decline in the presence of divalent salts like Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ was more severe than monovalent salts like Na 1+ and K 1+ . There was no considerable decline in the R % of BF and CV using β -CDZnF when 0.005 M K 1+ and 0.005 M Na 1+ were used. Further, an increase in the monovalent salt concentration to 0.01 M only caused a minor decline. A considerable decline in the adsorption capacity was observed for BF and CV at 0.1 M K 1+ and Na 1+ concentrations. However, the decline in BF and CV q e using β -CDZnF in the presence of 0.1 M K 1+ and Na 1+ was not greater than 87 mg g − 1 . There was no drastic variation in the adsorption capacity of β -CDZnF for either CV or BF in the presence of similar K 1+ and Na 1+ concentrations. Except for 0.01 M Na 1+ or K 1+ dose, the effect decline in q e varied between 5–19 mg g − 1 comparing the effect of decline in q e on CV or BF. The highest decline in the presence of monovalent salts was observed for 0.1 M Na 1+ for BF and 0.1 M K 1+ for CV adsorption onto β -CDZnF. The presence of divalent salts led to the decline in q e ≥ 77 mg g − 1 even at a low 0.005 M concentration. The decline in q e observed for 0.1 M monovalent salt was comparable with the decline when 0.005 M divalent salt was incorporated. The decline in the BF q e of β -CDZnF was more severe than the CV q e of β -CDZnF. β -CDZnF exhibited lower than 50 mg g − 1 adsorption capacity for both CV and BF when 0.1 M Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ salts were added. The results suggested that in the presence of 0.1 M Na 1+ and 0.1 M K 1+ salts decline in adsorption capacity compared to the adsorption capacity of β -CDZnF for BF and CV was ≤ 30%. However, the presence of 0.1 M Mg 2+ and 0.1 M Ca 2+ led to a 48–66% decline in q e of β -CDZnF for BF and an 86–94% decline in q e of β -CDZnF for CV. The order of the effect of the decline in q e of β -CDZnF for CV followed Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > K 1+ > Na 1+ and that for BF followed Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > Na 1+ > K 1+ at high salt concentrations. The presence of ionic salts on the q e of β -CDCMCZO for BF and CV led to a 1–95% decline in the q e depending on the type and concentration of the salts. Compared to the similar concentration of Na 1+ , the addition of K 1+ caused a slightly greater decline in the adsorption performance of β -CDCMCZO for BF. The opposite was true for the adsorption of CV on β -CDCMCZO. The presence of 0.005–0.1 M Na 1+ restricted the uptake of CV by β -CDCMCZO more than 0.005–0.1 M K 1+ . The presence of 0.005 M and 0.1 M K 1+ /Na 1+ caused only a minor decline in BF q e ≤ 9 mg g − 1 . Compared to a similar concentration of monovalent salts, the decline in CV q e of β -CDCMCNC was more than that for BF adsorption, except 0.1 M K 1+ . A maximum decline in the presence of monovalent salt on the adsorption performance of β -CDCMCZO was observed up to 44% decline in the BF q e under 0.1 M K 1+ and 56% decline in CV q e under 0.1 M Na 1+ . As observed in the case of β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCZO also exhibited a very low adsorption performance for both BF and CV when Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions were present in the solution. The decline in q e ranged between 43–95% in the presence of 0.005–0.1 M Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ . The variation in BF q e using β -CDCMCZO for a similar concentration of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ was between 0 ≤ q e ≤4 mg g − 1 , indicating almost a similar impact of the presence of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ on the adsorption of BF by β -CDCMCZO. The effect of 0.1 M Ca 2+ and 0.1 M Mg 2+ on the decline in the CV q e of β -CDCMCZO was identical. However, in the presence of low divalent salt concentration (0.005–0.01 M), the variation in the effect of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ was different by a margin of 36–31 mg g − 1 , with Mg 2+ causing more decline in CV q e . The order of the effect of the decline in q e of β -CDCMCNC for CV followed Mg 2+ ≥ Ca 2+ > Na 1+ > K 1+ and that for BF followed Ca 2+ ≥ Mg 2+ > K 1+ ≥ Na 1+ . More often than not, β -CDCMCNC’s adsorption performance declined more for BF than for CV. The decline in β -CDCMCNC’s was 37–71% towards BF. Except heavy decline in the CV adsorption by β -CDCMCNC in the presence of 0.1 M Na 1+ , the composite’s adsorption performance declined more for BF than for CV in the presence of monovalent salts. The decline in β -CDCMCNC’s adsorption capacity was evident even at 0.005 M Na 1+ (q e decline ~ 37%) and K 1+ (q e decline ~ 41%) loading. The presence of divalent salts led to a higher decline in β -CDCMCNC’s adsorption capacity for both CV and BF. Even in the presence of 0.005 M Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ salts, the decline in β -CDCMCNC’s adsorption exceeded 75% compared to the adsorption performance in the absence of salts. β -CDCMCNC’s decline in BF and CV q e was not found to follow a particular order but in general impact of monovalent salts was less severe compared to divalent salts (74–94% q e decline). Therefore, from the effect of ionic salts, it was evident that electrostatic interactions may have facilitated the CV and BF uptake by all three composite adsorbents. The monovalent ionic salts may neutralize the positive charge on the composite’s surface and therefore, minimize the positive-negative surface interaction between BF or CV and negative composite surface. With increasing concentration or going from mono cationic Na 1+ or K 1+ to divalent Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ , the more composite surface is covered by the cations and thereby, a significant drop in the adsorption performance is observed for cationic dyes. The % decline in β -CDZnF’s adsorption performance was least followed by β -CDCMCZO and β -CDCMCNC, compared to the composite’s performance in the absence of salts. 3.2. Effect of initial CV and BF concentrations and Isotherm investigations The influence of changes in initial concentration of CV and BF on the adsorption uptake using β -CDZnF [pH = 10 for CV and 8 for BF, T = 30–60 o C, t = 180 min, m = 20 mg, V = 0.04 L], β -CDCMCNC [pH = 6 for CV and 4 for BF, T = 30–60 o C, t = 180 min, m = 10 mg, V = 0.04 L], and β -CDCMCZO [ pH = 8 for CV and BF, T = 30–60 o C, t = 180 min, m = 20 mg, V = 0.04 L] is depicted in Fig. 3 a-f. A 20 mg β -CDZnF dose was able to decontaminate > 92% CV and BF from the aqueous solution between 25–150 mg L − 1 dye loading (Fig. 3 a & c). At low concentrations, the adsorption capacity of β -CDZnF was also low because of less number of CV and BF contaminants present in the aqueous solution. Increasing the BF and CV concentration also resulted in higher adsorption retaining > 92% removal achieving a high adsorption capacity. The increased adsorption capacity while maintaining high removal is an indication of free available adsorption sites that can interact and trap CV and BF molecules from the solution. The effect of concentration on the R % and q e was almost identical for CV and BF. However, β -CDZnF did exhibit a slightly improved CV adsorption (~ by 2–4 mg g − 1 ) than BF adsorption between 75–150 mg L − 1 initial concentrations, which falls in the error value and hence is insignificant. After 150 mg L − 1 , increasing the concentration of BF by 100 mg L − 1 led to a 17% decline in the adsorption performance of β -CDZnF and the decline was 16% when the concentration of CV was increased by 50 mg L − 1 . Therefore, 20 mg β -CDZnF dose can effectively decontaminate up to 150 mg L − 1 BF and CV solutions. Thereafter, because of the saturation of the adsorption sites, a further decline did not yield a high removal as maximum dyes have already accumulated on β -CDZnF’s surface and no vacant sites are available for the adsorption interactions. As the concentration of dye is increased, no vacant sites are available and most dye remains un-adsorbed in the solution, resulting in a decline in R %. β -CDCMCNC (Fig. 3 b & d) exhibited a low removal when 5 mg L − 1 BF and CV solution was used. The low removal is associated with less interaction between BF or CV and β -CDCMCNC because of the low availability of the dye molecules near the surface of β -CDCMCNC. Increasing the concentration of BF and CV from 5 to 25 mg L − 1 resulted in improved R % reaching 97–98% efficiency. β -CDCMCNC showed a high removal efficiency between 25 mg L − 1 ≤ C 0 ≤ 75 mg L − 1 exceeding 93% removal for both CV and BF. The effective concentration of CV and BF for 10 mg β -CDCMCNC loading was 75 mg L − 1 . At 75 mg L − 1 , maximum BF and CV removal with good adsorption capacity q e = 280–290 mg g − 1 was achieved using β -CDCMCNC composite. Maximum adsorption sites on 10 mg adsorbent dose were occupied under 75 mg L − 1 loading and a further rise in the BF and CV concentration only resulted in more un-adsorbed dye molecules persisting in the aqueous solution and thereby, resulting in 6–10% lower R % at 100 mg L − 1 dye concentration compared to 75 mg L − 1 concentration. β -CDCMCZO exhibited a low BF and CV adsorption compared to β -CDCMCNC and β -CDZnF (Fig. 3 e & f). 20 mg β -CDCMCZO retained higher than 90% removal efficiency for 25–100 mg L − 1 BF solution and 25–75 mg L − 1 CV solution. The results suggested that BF uptake onto β -CDCMCZO is slightly more favorable than CV. When CV and BF concentrations were 50, 150, and 200 mg L − 1 , the adsorption efficiency of β -CDCMCZO was nearly identical for both CV and BF. At a low initial dye concentration (BF or CV C 0 = 25 mg L − 1 ), β -CDCMCZO was able to capture 97% BF from the solution but it exhibited only 90% CV adsorption. This suggests that for similar molecules of BF and CV, the composite was able to attract more BF molecules to its surface. When C 0 = 75 and 100 mg L − 1 , the β -CDCMCZO exhibited 4–5% higher BF removal than CV removal. However, the reduction in the R % was not severe and β -CDCMCZO can be considered equally effective for the decontamination of BF and CV. Moreover, the influence of change in the equilibrium dye concentration and adsorption capacity of the composites for CV and BF at four temperatures and their non-linear isotherm fit are shown in Fig. 4 . The details of the equation are given in the supplementary file. Four isotherm models namely Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Liu were fitted to the plot of q e vs C e and the parameters obtained are reported in Tables 1 and 2 . β -CDZnF exhibited a slow rise in the equilibrium concentration of BF and CV up to 150 mg L − 1 dose and at 200 and 250 mg L − 1 large equilibrium concentration was observed because of the near saturation of the adsorption site when C 0 = 150 mg L − 1 BF (Fig. 4 a-d) and CV was used (Fig. 5 a-d). The equilibrium concentration of CV at 200 mg L − 1 was ~ 45 mg L − 1 and that of BF at 250 mg L − 1 was ~ 63 mg L − 1 was nearly five times the C e of BF and CV when 150 mg L − 1 initial concentration was used at 30 o C. With increasing temperature, the equilibrium concentration of BF and CV for most concentrations specifically at a high concentration was continuously declined and therefore, the adsorption of CV and BF on β -CDZnF was high at 60 o C compared to 30 o C for a similar initial concentration. The change in BF and CV C e between C 0 = 25–100 mg L − 1 with temperature was less compared to C 0 = 150–250 mg L − 1 . More often than not the non-linear fit plot for the adsorption of BF onto β -CDZnF (Fig. 4 a-d) suggests that Freundlich was the least suitable to describe the adsorption. A similar observation was also observed in the adsorption of CV onto β -CDZnF (Fig. 5 a-d). Among Langmuir, Temkin, and Liu, Liu isotherm was found to be in good agreement with the adsorption of BF onto β -CDZnF. Liu was also found to be a more suitable model to describe the adsorption of CV on β -CDZnF at 30, 40, and 60 o C. However, the Liu isotherm did not produce a good fit for the adsorption data of accumulation of CV onto β -CDZnF at 50 o C (Fig. 5 c). Therefore, Liu/Langmuir were found to be suitable isotherms for describing the experimental data of the adsorption of CV and BF onto β -CDZnF (Tables 1 and 2 ). The maximum adsorption capacity (q m ) of β -CDZnF for CV and BF predicted using Liu and Langmuir isotherm was continuously increasing with temperature. The q m predicted by Langmuir and Liu isotherm models were almost consistent with minor variation. The difference in Langmuir q m between the lowest 30 o C and highest 60 o C was more than that of Liu q m . The maximum adsorption capacity of β -CDZnF obtained using both Liu and Langmuir fitting was higher for BF than for CV. The Langmuir q m of β -CDZnF for BF and CV at 30 o C was 402 ± 32 mg g − 1 and 331 ± 19 mg g − 1 , respectively. The effect of temperature enhancement on the adsorption capacity of β -CDCMCNC for BF and CV is given in Fig. 4 e-h and Fig. 5 e-h. The increase in the CV and BF equilibrium concentration with increasing initial concentration between 5–75 mg L − 1 was consistent but at C o = 100 mg L − 1 , the equilibrium concentration of CV and BF was increased 3–4 times than that of C e at 75 mg L − 1 initial concentration at 30 o C. An increase in the temperature from 30–60 o C led to a decline in the adsorption capacity of β -CDCMCNC for both BF and CV as more BF and CV remained in the solution leading to increased C e concentration. The adsorption of BF and CV on β -CDCMCNC was well described by Langmuir, Temkin, and Liu isotherm than Freundlich isotherm. However, the experimental data for the adsorption of CV using β -CDCMCNC did not yield accurate fitting at 40 o C. The q m of β -CDCMCNC for both CV and BF obtained using Langmuir and Liu declined from the rise in temperature from 30–60 o C, indicating less favorable adsorption at higher temperatures. Therefore, the adsorption of CV and BF on β -CDCMCNC was favorable at 30 o C and did not require additional heating to achieve the maximum adsorption outcome. The q m calculated by Langmuir and Liu fit for the adsorption of CV by β -CDCMCNC at 30 o C temperature was comparatively lower than BF. Therefore, β -CDCMCNC exhibited a slightly improved adsorption performance for BF than CV. Using β -CDCMCZO at 30 o C, the C e of CV enhanced slowly upto 50 mg L − 1 , thereafter, the enhancement in CV C e was enhanced greatly by increasing C 0 from 75–200 mg L − 1 due to the presence of a high concentration of un-adsorbed CV present in the solution. For the adsorption of BF onto β -CDCMCZO at 30 o C, the high variation in C e compared to the preceding initial BF C 0 was observed by increasing the initial BF concentration from 100–200 mg L − 1 . A similar trend was also observed at all temperatures 30–60 o C for both CV and BF adsorbed on β -CDCMCNC. With increasing temperature, BF and CV C e were reduced, achieving higher adsorption capacity at higher temperatures than at room temperature. The results indicated that the adsorption of BF and CV on β -CDCMCZO was more favorable at higher temperatures. Thereby, the adsorption efficiency of the β -CDCMCZO for BF and CV can be enhanced by increasing the solution temperature. The non-linear fit of the experimental data for the adsorption of BF (Fig. 4 i-l) and CV (Fig. 5 i-l) using β -CDCMCZO at 30, 40, 50, and 60 o C indicated more suitability of Liu and Langmuir isotherms. However, Liu isotherm cannot very well fit the adsorption uptake of CV using β -CDCMCZO at 30 o C. The Langmuir q m results indicated that the β -CDCMCZO composite exhibited a slightly improved CV adsorption than BF under identical experimental conditions. At 30 o C, 10 mg β -CDCMCZO dose, and 200 mg L − 1 initial dye concentration condition, the experimentally observed q e was only slightly higher for CV than BF (q e difference ~ 15 mg g − 1 ). Both β -CDCMCZO and β -CDZnF showed better adsorption towards BF and CV at higher temperatures and the opposite trend was observed for the adsorption of CV and BF by β -CDCMCNC. The adsorption of BF was β -CDZnF was achieved at 60 o C when C 0 = 250 mg L − 1 reaching a high adsorption capacity ~ 452 mg g − 1 . The adsorption of CV on β -CDZnF at 60 o C at C o = 200 mg L − 1 was ~ 370 mg g − 1 . Compared to β -CDZnF’s adsorption performance at 30 o C, the R % for CV C 0 = 200 mg L − 1 was increased by ~ 16% achieving R % ~ 92% and the R % for BF C 0 = 250 mg L − 1 was increased by ~ 16% achieving 90% BF removal at 60 o C. Similarly, β -CDCMCZO achieved maximum removal at BF and CV C 0 = 200 mg L − 1 at 60 o C. The R % of BF and CV using β -CDCMCZO also increased by 15% and 13%, respectively, achieving ~ 361 mg g − 1 CV q e and ~ 346 BF q e by increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 o C. β -CDCMCZO achieved ~ 87% BF decontamination at 60 o C when C o = 200 mg L − 1 , but under a similar adsorption condition, the composite adsorbent was able to remove 90% CV from the aqueous solution. β -CDCMCNC retained 90% removal at 30 o C when C 0 = 75 mg L − 1 for CV and C 0 = 100 mg L − 1 for BF. At 100 mg L − 1 initial BF and CV concentration, the adsorption uptake by β -CDCMCNC was ~ 362 mg g − 1 and ~ 332 mg g − 1 , respectively. Comparing the experimentally observed values, wherein the composite exhibited R % ≥ 90% removal under the preferred temperature, the order for the adsorption of CV was β -CDZnF > β -CDCMCZO > β -CDCMCNC. Under a preferred adsorption temperature wherein the composite exhibited R % > 90%, the order for the BF adsorption capacity followed β -CDZnF > β -CDCMCNC > β -CDCMCZO. However, the adsorption performance of the composite at room temperature retaining > 90% removal for CV followed β -CDZnF = β -CDCMCNC > β -CDCMCZO and that for BF followed β -CDCMCNC > β -CDZnF > β -CDCMCZO. Moreover, the isotherm studies revealed that the adsorption data of BF and CV adsorption on β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCZO, and β -CDCMCNC can be well described by Liu and Langmuir particularly, and to some extent Temkin. Table 1 Non-linear fitting curve isotherm data for the adsorption of BF Model T (℃) Parameter β -CDZnF/BF β -CDCMCNC/BF β -CDCMCZO/BF Langmuir 30 q m (mg g − 1 ) 402 ± 32 472 ± 103 302 ± 19 30 K L (L mg − 1 ) (1.84 ± 0.45)E-01 0.428 ± 0.211 (2.81 ± 0.62)E-01 30 R 2 0.962 0.848 0.964 40 q m (mg g − 1 ) 466 ± 36.5 344 ± 31 350 ± 13 40 K L (L mg − 1 ) (1.71 ± 0.36)E-01 0.332 ± 0.091 (2.26 ± 0.26)E-01 40 R 2 0.971 0.957 0.991 50 q m (mg g − 1 ) 506 ± 38 320 ± 29 407 ± 49 50 K L (L mg − 1 ) (1.73 ± 0.33)E-01 0.214 ± 0.056 (1.52 ± 0.48)E-01 50 R 2 0.975 0.959 0.940 60 q m (mg g − 1 ) 566 ± 66 270 ± 24 402 ± 32 60 K L (L mg − 1 ) (1.75 ± 0.47)E-01 0.233 ± 0.067 (2.75 ± 0.58)E-01 60 R 2 0.953 0.948 0.968 Freundlich 30 n F 3.17 ± 0.41 2.22 ± 0.64 3.32 ± 0.55 30 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 106 ± 14 141 ± 32 93.3 ± 14.7 30 R 2 0.952 0.766 0.924 40 n F 2.70 ± 0.35 2.53 ± 0.48 2.81 ± 0.34 40 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 106 ± 15 96.2 ± 18.0 92.2 ± 12 40 R 2 0.950 0.910 0.959 50 n F 2.48 ± 0.37 2.58 ± 0.600 2.40 ± 0.41 50 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 107 ± 19 78.1 ± 19 84.0 ± 17 50 R 2 0.930 0.865 0.921 60 n F 2.20 ± 0.37 2.82 ± 0.68 2.79 ± 0.53 60 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 110 ± 22 71.6 ± 18.2 114 ± 20 60 R 2 0.910 0.860 0.896 Temkin 30 A T (L g − 1 ) 4.58 ± 1.50 3.45 ± 1.38 3.85 ± 1.14 30 B (J/mol) 64.3 ± 6.24 112 ± 23 56.1 ± 4.9 30 R 2 0.964 0.852 0.971 40 A T (L g − 1 ) 2.96 ± 0.84 3.15 ± 0.68 3.00 ± 0.42 40 B (J/mol) 82.3 ± 8.32 74.4 ± 6.1 67.5 ± 3.1 40 R 2 0.961 0.974 0.992 50 A T (L g − 1 ) 2.30 ± 0.55 1.84 ± 0.44 2.43 ± 1.08 50 B (J/mol) 97.0 ± 9.60 72.0 ± 6.9 74.5 ± 12.1 50 R 2 0.962 0.965 0.905 60 A T (L g − 1 ) 2.02 ± 0.52 2.07 ± 0.67 4.15 ± 1.62 60 B (J/mol) 115 ± 14 58.8 ± 6.7 74.1 ± 10.2 60 R 2 0.943 0.950 0.930 Liu 30 n L 0.660 ± 0.147 2.91 ± 1.47 0.801 ± 0.263 30 K g (L mg − 1 ) (2.13 ± 0.44)E-01 0.554 ± 0.389 (2.86 ± 0.69)E-01 30 q m (mg g − 1 ) 495 ± 95 352 ± 64 332 ± 61 30 R 2 0.984 0.829 0.969 40 n L 0.761 ± 0.196 1.13 ± 0.42 0.823 ± 0.109 40 K g (L mg − 1 ) (1.83 ± 0.42)E-01 0.343 ± 0.105 (2.29 ± 0.24)E-01 40 q m (mg g − 1 ) 544 ± 22 324 ± 54 389 ± 36 40 R 2 0.979 0.958 0.995 50 n L 0.993 ± 0.265 1.49 ± 0.36 0.844 ± 0.452 50 K g (L mg − 1 ) (1.73 ± 0.41)E-01 0.171 ± 0.059 (1.57 ± 0.62)E-01 50 q m (mg g − 1 ) 508 ± 81 275 ± 23 459 ± 222 50 R 2 0.976 0.977 0.942 60 n L 1.19 ± 0.44 1.54 ± 0.44 1.20 ± 0.36 60 K g (L mg − 1 ) (1.65 ± 0.58)E-01 0.173 ± 0.078 (2.57 ± 0.70)E-01 60 q m (mg g − 1 ) 518 ± 100 237 ± 20 378 ± 48 60 R 2 0.955 0.966 0.970 Table 2 Non-linear fitting curve isotherm data for the adsorption of CV Model T (℃) Parameter β -CDZnF/CV β -CDCMCNC/CV β -CDCMCZO/CV Langmuir 30 q m (mg g − 1 ) 331 ± 19 368 ± 43 368 ± 31 30 K L (L mg − 1 ) (4.23 ± 0.82)E-01 0.621 ± 0.215 (9.55 ± 2.14)E-02 30 R 2 0.973 0.919 0.971 40 q m (mg g − 1 ) 380 ± 21 298 ± 25 445 ± 50 40 K L (L mg − 1 ) (4.42 ± 0.73)E-01 0.916 ± 0.263 (1.25 ± 0.32)E-01 40 R 2 0.979 0.934 0.960 50 q m (mg g − 1 ) 407 ± 40 262 ± 21 424 ± 39 50 K L (L mg − 1 ) (4.99 ± 1.30)E-01 0.656 ± 0.207 (2.73 ± 0.64)E-01 50 R 2 0.941 0.936 0.960 60 q m (mg g − 1 ) 427 ± 62 265 ± 17 484 ± 53 60 K L (L mg − 1 ) (6.13 ± 2.24)E-01 0.498 ± 0.12 (1.74 ± 0.42)E-01 60 R 2 0.879 0.963 0.965 Freundlich 30 n F 3.70 ± 0.84 2.94 ± 0.76 2.34 ± 0.36 30 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 121 ± 21 137 ± 26 60.5 ± 12.9 30 R 2 0.854 0.821 0.933 40 n F 3.15 ± 0.65 3.85 ± 1.12 2.22 ± 0.43 40 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 130 ± 21 130 ± 25 78.1 ± 18.8 40 R 2 0.873 0.787 0.892 50 n F 3.12 ± 0.82 3.56 ± 0.86 2.62 ± 0.58 50 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 143 ± 28 103 ± 20 114 ± 23 50 R 2 0.794 0.859 0.854 60 n F 2.97 ± 0.85 3.44 ± 0.833 2.12 ± 0.39 60 K F (mg. g − 1 (mg L − 1 ) −1/n ) 157 ± 31 97.2 ± 19.3 95.1 ± 19.5 60 R 2 0.753 0.859 0.900 Temkin 30 A T (L g − 1 ) 6.46 ± 2.70 6.22 ± 2.73 0.994 ± 0.22 30 B (J/mol) 58.8 ± 7.2 76.2 ± 12.3 78.7 ± 7.0 30 R 2 0.944 0.905 0.969 40 A T (L g − 1 ) 5.25 ± 1.60 11.3 ± 7.24 1.32 ± 0.35 40 B (J/mol) 73.8 ± 7.8 53.8 ± 9.8 94.2 ± 11.4 40 R 2 0.958 0.884 0.944 50 A T (L g − 1 ) 5.13 ± 2.19 7.84 ± 3.72 2.61 ± 0.73 50 B (J/mol) 82.6 ± 13.5 48.8 ± 6.4 91.4 ± 10.8 50 R 2 0.903 0.936 0.947 60 A T (L g − 1 ) 5.73 ± 2.94 5.66 ± 2.21 1.85 ± 0.47 60 B (J/mol) 89.9 ± 2.9 50.9 ± 5.8 102 ± 12 60 R 2 0.850 0.951 0.944 Liu 30 n L 0.950 ± 0.215 1.30 ± 0.55 * 30 K g (L mg − 1 ) (4.24 ± 0.94)E-01 0.746 ± 0.342 * 30 q m (mg g − 1 ) 336 ± 34 337 ± 53 * 30 R 2 0.974 0.927 * 40 n L 1.11 ± 0.22 * 1.36 ± 0.37 40 K g (L mg − 1 ) (4.48 ± 0.83)E-01 * (9.22 ± 4.17)E-02 40 q m (mg g − 1 ) 367 ± 31 * 383 ± 52 40 R 2 0.981 * 0.970 50 n L * 1.15 ± 0.52 1.40 ± 0.29 50 K g (L mg − 1 ) * 0.711 ± 0.276 (2.38 ± 0.58)E-01 50 q m (mg g − 1 ) * 252 ± 31 377 ± 33 50 R 2 * 0.937 0.977 60 n L 1.78 ± 0.59 1.22 ± 0.36 1.65 ± 0.34 60 K g (L mg − 1 ) (7.48 ± 2.54)E-01 0.516 ± 0.139 (1.24 ± 0.38)E-01 60 q m (mg g − 1 ) 377 ± 44 251 ± 22 387 ± 31 60 R 2 0.931 0.967 0.985 * Not converged 3.3. Thermodynamics investigations The thermodynamic studies were investigated using K L or K g values obtained using non-isotherm fitting at four temperatures. The equilibrium constant was calculated by converting the value of K L or K g from “L/mg” to “L/g” and thereafter converting the value to “L/mol” using a molecular mass of CV or BF. This value is referred to as K. At four temperatures, four such values are obtained which are plotted against 1/T (in 1/K). The K L values were used to describe the adsorption of CV by all three adsorbents for the thermodynamic investigations. The K g value was used for the thermodynamic investigation for the adsorption of BF onto β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCZO and K L was used for the adsorption of BF using β -CDCMCNC. The plot of ln K vs. 1/T is given in Fig. 6 a & b. Some outlier points were omitted from the linear fits which are marked red. The slope and intercept value allows the calculation of enthalpy change ΔH 0 and entropy change ΔS 0 as per Eq. 4 . The value of ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 then allows the calculation of free energy change (Eq. 5 ) which allows evaluating the feasibility of the adsorption of CV and BF using different adsorbents. $$\:\text{ln}K=\frac{\varDelta\:{S}^{o}}{R}-\frac{\varDelta\:{H}^{o}}{RT}$$ 4 $$\:\varDelta\:{G}^{o}=\varDelta\:{H}^{0}-T\varDelta\:{S}^{0}$$ 5 The value of K L for β -CDZnF/CV continuously increases with increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 o C, which resulted in a negative plot between ln K against 1/T (Fig. 6 b) with Pearson's r value − 0.951 and determination of coefficient (R 2 ) value 0.905. The adsorption of CV using β -CDZnF was associated with an endothermic process with ΔH 0 = 10.3 ± 2.4 kJ mol − 1 , favoring adsorption at a higher temperature. The entropy change for β -CDZnF/CV was 0.134 ± 0.007 kJ mol − 1 K − 1 . The value of ΔG 0 is reported in Table 3 . The decontamination of CV using β -CDZnF resulted in negative ΔG 0 at all temperatures, indicating spontaneous adsorption. ΔG 0 becomes more negative with temperature rise, indicating increased spontaneity at higher temperatures for the adsorption of CV on β -CDZnF. A similar trend was also observed for the adsorption of BF onto β -CDZnF. With increasing temperature, the K g value decreases yielding a positive linear relation plot (Fig. 6 ) with R 2 0.930. The value of ΔH 0 for the adsorption of BF using β -CDZnF was − 6.96 ± 1.35 kJ mol − 1 and ΔS 0 was 0.0698 ± 0.0042 kJ mol − 1 K − 1 . The adsorption of BF by β -CDZnF was also accompanied by negative ΔG 0 with enhanced BF adsorption at 60 o C or 333 K temperature. The Langmuir fit for the adsorption of CV by β -CDCMCNC predicted a decline in K L values with increasing temperature except at 30 o C thereby giving positive relation linear plot in Fig. 6 b (R 2 = 0.999). The outlier point at 30 o C is marked red. For the adsorption of BF by β -CDCMCNC, a similar decline in K L was observed as the temperature went from 30 o C to 50 o C (R 2 = 0.982; Fig. 6 a). The value of enthalpy change was similar for both CV and BF adsorption on β -CDCMCNC with ΔH 0 -26.4 ± 1.0 and − 26.2 ± 2.5 kJ mol − 1 , respectively. Indicating, exothermic adsorption of both dyes on β -CDCMCNC. The results agree with the effect of temperature on the q m for CV and BF, which declined with increasing temperature. As the temperature is increased, adsorbate-adsorbent interaction may decline and therefore, more molecules remain un-adsorbed in the solution, leading to a decline in q m at higher temperatures. ΔS 0 for the adsorption of CV and BF onto β -CDCMCNC was 0.0222 ± 0.0031 and 0.0124 ± 0.0080 kJ mol − 1 K − 1 , respectively. The rise in temperature from 303 to 333 K did not drastically change the ΔG 0 value for the adsorption of both CV and BF on β -CDCMCNC, which was more evident when β -CDZnF adsorbent was used. The adsorption of CV using β -CDCMCZO shows enhanced K L value with increasing temperature from 30 o C to 60 o C, except 50 o C. The rise in K L values gives a negative relation plot (Fig. 6b; R 2 = 0.989). The ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 for the adsorption uptake of CV by β -CDCMCZO was 16.5 ± 1.8 kJ mol − 1 and 0.142 ± 0.006 kJ mol − 1 K − 1 , respectively. The resulting enthalpy change suggested endothermic CV adsorption on β -CDCMCZO. K g corresponding to β -CDCMCZO/BF decreases with increasing temperature from 30 o C to 50 o C, leading to a positive linear plot with R 2 0.972. The value of ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 for β -CDCMCZO/BF was − 24.3 ± 4.1 kJ mol − 1 and 0.0154 ± 0.0131 kJ mol − 1 K − 1 , respectively. The corresponding ΔG 0 for the adsorption of BF and CV on β -CDCMCZO composite was negative suggesting spontaneous adsorption of both dyes. The ΔG 0 value did not differ much with the increase in temperature from 303 K to 333 K for the adsorption of BF on β -CDCMCZO, but it did improve for the adsorption of CV at high temperatures. This suggests the uptake of CV at high temperatures by β -CDCMCZO was more favorable. Overall, the thermodynamic investigations suggested the favorable and spontaneous decontamination of CV and BF using all three composite adsorbents. Table 3 ΔG 0 variation with temperature for the adsorption of BF and CV on the composites Adsorbent-adsorbate System ΔG 0 (kJ mol − 1 ) 303 K 313 K 323 K 333 K β -CDZnF/CV -30.3 -31.6 -33.0 -34.3 β -CDZnF/BF -28.1 -28.8 -29.5 -30.2 β -CDCMCNC/CV -33.2 -33.4 -33.6 -33.8 β -CDCMCNC/BF -30.0 -30.1 -30.2 -30.4 β -CDCMCZO/CV -26.7 -28.1 -29.6 -31.0 β -CDCMCZO/BF -29.0 -29.2 -29.3 -29.5 3.4. Effect of contact time and kinetic investigation Variation in adsorption capacity of different adsorbents with contact time for BF and CV is depicted in Fig. 7 a-c and Fig. 8 a-c, respectively. The corresponding non-linear fitting plots are given in Fig. 7 d-l and Fig. 8 d-l. The adsorption conditions for the kinetic experiment are: β -CDZnF [pH = 10 for CV and 8 for BF, T = 30 o C, t = 0-180 min, m = 20 mg, V = 0.04 L], β -CDCMCNC [pH = 6 for CV and 4 for BF, T = 30 o C, t = 0-180 min, m = 10 mg, V = 0.04 L], and β -CDCMCZO [ pH = 8 for CV and BF, T = 30–60 o C, t = 0-240 min, m = 20 mg, V = 0.04 L]. The experimental data were fitted using linear and non-linear fitting using four models namely pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) model. The details are provided in the supplementary file. The results of the linear and non-linear kinetic fit are reported in the supplementary file. The β -CDZnF achieved 64% BF removal from the solution for C 0 = 25 mg L − 1 within 15 minutes of contact time. After 30 minutes the system was nearing the equilibrium achieving ~ 89% removal and finally reaching equilibrium with R% > 95% after 45 min. There was no significant variation in the q e of β -CDZnF after 45 min, indicating the system has attained adsorption equilibrium. For C 0 = 100 mg L − 1 , ~ 61% BF was removed from the solution retaining a high adsorption capacity of ~ 123 mg g − 1 within 15 min contact period. Nearly 90% of BF was adsorbed on the composite surface within 45 min. Thereafter, between a 60–180 min contact period, the adsorption capacity was consistent and no significant variation was observed. Therefore, the adsorption equilibrium for β -CDZnF/BF (C 0 = 100 mg L − 1 ) was established after 60 min. For BF C 0 = 150 mg L − 1 , 30 min contact time was required to achieve ~ 65% removal. More time required to achieve 60–65% removal for higher BF concentration was because of the presence of more BF molecules in the solution that needed to be adsorbed on the β -CDZnF surface. The system containing 150 mg L − 1 BF attained equilibrium within 60 minutes of contact time achieving ~ 93% removal and ~ 278 mg g − 1 adsorption capacity. The adsorption equilibrium time using β -CDZnF adsorbent was found to vary depending on the initial dye concentration. The equilibrium time for BF C 0 25, 100, and 150 mg L − 1 was 45, 60, and 60 min, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity was continuously increased with increasing temperature because of more accumulation of BF molecules on the β -CDZnF surface. For the adsorption of CV on β -CDZnF, a similar influence of contact time on the adsorption capacity was observed for CV C 0 = 25 mg L − 1 and 150 mg L − 1 , achieving equilibrium within 30 min and 60 min contact time, respectively. However, the adsorption equilibrium when C 0 = 100 mg L − 1 was achieved a little faster within 30 min contact with β -CDZnF. The uptake of CV by β -CDZnF was a little faster compared to BF. For CV C 0 = 25 mg L − 1 , nearly 89% CV was eliminated from the solution within 10 min of contact with β -CDZnF. Similarly, β -CDZnF removed ~ 94 mg L − 1 CV from the 100 mg L − 1 CV solution within 30 min contact time reaching almost equilibrium capacity. However, 60 min contact between β -CDZnF and 150 mg L − 1 was necessary for adsorbing ~ 141 mg L − 1 CV from the solution and thereby, reaching equilibrium with adsorption capacity ~ 282 mg g − 1 . As depicted in Fig. 7 d-f, the PFO was the most suitable model to describe the experimental data for the adsorption of BF using β -CDZnF using a non-linear fitting approach. Experimental q e for the adsorption of BF using β -CDZnF for 25, 100, and 150 mg L − 1 was ~ 48, ~190, and ~ 278 mg g − 1 , respectively. The values predicted using PFO were almost accurately predicted compared to linear PFO, linear PSO, and non-linear PSO approaches. Thereby, the adsorption of BF onto β -CDZnF followed the PFO model at all studied BF concentrations. Experimental q e for the adsorption of CV using β -CDZnF for 25, 100, and 150 mg L − 1 was ~ 48, ~191, and ~ 282 mg g − 1 , respectively. The PSO was found to be more suitable to describe the adsorption of CV (Fig. 8 d-f) by β -CDZnF using both linear and non-linear approaches, except at lower CV concentration (C 0 = 25 mg L − 1 ), wherein, PFO was more suitable. The values q e,1 and q e,2 values obtained using linear PSO and non-linear PFO were closely aligned with the experimental values for β -CDZnF/CV. The IPD linear plot (supplementary file) yields two linear fragments for all adsorbent-adsorbate systems studied in the present work. The initial line is associated with the adsorption of dye molecules and the second is obtained after the adsorption equilibrium establishment. Therefore, the second linear fragment remained parallel to the x-axis maintaining a constant q t value. Therefore, the values obtained using IPD for the second linear fragment should not be considered as they may produce inaccurate results. Moreover, in many cases, a negative boundary layer thickness value “C” was observed indicating that IPD was not the suitable model to describe the BF and CV onto the composite adsorbents. The adsorption of CV and BF using β -CDCMCNC was slower compared to β -CDZnF. Unlike β -CDZnF, the adsorption equilibrium time in the case of β -CDCMCNC/BF was not much deviated by changing the BF concentration from 25 to 75 mg L − 1 . The initial increase in the adsorption capacity at all BF concentrations (Fig. 7 b) is associated with the capturing of the dye molecules on the active adsorption sites on β -CDCMCNC. The removal of BF from the aqueous solution was continuously increased up to 120–150 min. Hence, β -CDCMCNC/BF attained the adsorption equilibrium between 120–150 min contact time. R % > 90% was achieved between 90–120 min contact time for BF C 0 = 25 mg L − 1 , which was achieved within 45 min contact time with β -CDZnF. The reason is the higher amount of β -CDZnF (20 mg loading) than β -CDCMCNC (10 mg), which provides more active adsorption sites, and thereby, the molecules are easily attached to the adsorbent surface with less competitiveness between the BF molecules. For BF C 0 = 50 mg L − 1 , 50% removal was achieved within 30 min contact, indicating a faster initial adsorption onto β -CDCMCNC. Thereafter, slow adsorption of BF was observed between 60–150 min, wherein, adsorption equilibrium was established within 150 min contact with β -CDCMCNC. R % ~93% was achieved within 120 min contact, which was similar to that observed for BF C 0 25 mg L − 1 . At a higher concentration (BF C 0 = 75 mg L − 1 ), 30 min contact between β -CDCMCNC and BF yielded only ~ 39% removal with q t ~117 mg g − 1 , indicating comparatively slower initial adsorption at high BF concentration because of the availability of more BF molecules in the solution at high concentration. The adsorption equilibrium for BF C 0 = 75 mg L − 1 was established within 120–150 min contact with ~ 190 mg g − 1 adsorption uptake. The equilibrium adsorption capacity for the adsorption of BF using β -CDCMCNC at C 0 25, 50, and 75 mg L − 1 was 96, 197, and 288 mg g − 1 , respectively. Considering the R 2 values, the non-linear fitting suggests better suitability of PSO and Elovich model to describe the adsorption data points of the BF adsorbed on β -CDCMCNC surface (Fig. 7 g-h) at C 0 25 and 50 mg L − 1 . At 75 mg L − 1 BF concentration, PFO was a more suitable model to predict the adsorption capacity outcome with time. However, both the linear and non-linear PSO fitting resulted in higher q e,2 expected adsorption values than the experimentally observed values. Therefore, PFO was the better model at predicting the q e outcome than PSO at all concentrations. For CV C 0 25 mg L − 1 concentration, the adsorption of CV on β -CDCMCNC was found to exhibit two segments (i) segment between 0 ≤ t ≤ 90 min leading to adsorption of 19 mg L − 1 CV dye and (ii) segment between 120 min ≤ t ≤ 180 min leading to adsorption of remaining ~ 5 mg L − 1 CV dye. In the second period, the adsorption of CV was slower because of the nearing adsorption equilibrium compared to initial CV adsorption. For CV C 0 50 mg L − 1 , β -CDCMCNC adsorbent was able to adsorb CV with high CV uptake up to 90 min, reaching a high adsorption capacity of ~ 188 mg g − 1 compared to ~ 45 mg g − 1 q t at 15 min contact. Thereafter, a slower CV adsorption takes place from 90–120 min and equilibrium is established within 120 min contact removing ~ 49 mg L − 1 CV from 50 mg L − 1 solution. For CV C 0 75 mg L − 1 a similar equilibrium time 120 min was observed. However, the CV adsorption was found to be an increase in segments rather than a steady increase. After 15 min contact with β -CDCMCNC adsorbent, a high adsorption capacity of ~ 125 mg g − 1 was achieved eliminating ~ 31.2 mg L − 1 CV from the solution. Between 15 min ≤ t ≤ 30 min, an additional ~ 6.45 mg L − 1 CV was eliminated over the 15 min period, which was slow compared to the initial 15 min contact q t performance. Further 30 min contact led to the removal of ~ 24.5 mg L − 1 CV between 60–90 min contact. Between 90–120 min only ~ 10.9 mg L − 1 CV uptake was observed which remained unchanged over 120–180 min. To summarize, the composite β -CDCMCNC exhibits almost a similar equilibrium time between 120–150 min for both CV and BF adsorption irrespective of the change in the initial BF or CV concentration. The equilibrium adsorption capacity for the adsorption of CV using β -CDCMCNC at C 0 25, 50, and 75 mg L − 1 was 97, 196, and 293 mg g − 1 , respectively. Non-linear fitting (Fig. 8 g-h) curves suggested that when C 0 50 and 75 mg L − 1 were used, PFO was found to be the suitable kinetic model for the adsorption of CV on β -CDCMCNC compared to other kinetic models as the q e,1 values were closer to the experimental q e values and the R 2 was also closer to PSO, which yielded high error in q e,2 results. As discussed earlier, at low concentrations, two segments of CV were visible, and therefore, both PSO and PFO were not able to describe the adsorption of CV using β -CDCMCNC using a non-linear fitting approach. The IPD linear fitting of the initial fragment was suitable to describe the adsorption of CV on β -CDCMCNC under low CV concentrations. The linear fitting for the second segment should be avoided as it was near the adsorption saturation sites and yielded a low R 2 value. The linear IPD fit of the first linear segment yielded an R 2 value of 0.997 indicating a good fit. However, the line did not pass through the origin and therefore, the IPD was not the only contributing adsorption factor leading to CV adsorption on β -CDCMCNC. The adsorption of CV and BF using β -CDCMCZO was also slower than β -CDZnF but was similar to β -CDCMCNC. A slow enhancement in BF q t was observed as the contact time progressed between 0-150 min for all initial BF concentrations. Thereafter, no significant variation in q t occurred between 150 min ≤ t ≤ 240 min. Therefore, for BF C 0 25, 50, and 150 mg L − 1 concentrations, the equilibrium contact time between BF and β -CDCMCZO was 120 min. 54–55% BF was eliminated from the solution within 30 min contact with β -CDCMCZO adsorbent. Comparing the q t values, 30 min contact with β -CDCMCZO resulted in more accumulation of BF molecules on the composite at higher concentrations. At equilibrium, q e for BF C 0 25, 50, and 100 mg L − 1 was 48.4, 95.4, and ~ 185 mg g − 1 , respectively. The non-linear fitting curves for the adsorption of BF onto β -CDCMCZO are given in Fig. 7 j-l. From the R 2 values, PSO was found to be more apt for describing the experimental data points for BF uptake by β -CDCMCZO. Elovich and PFO also produced good non-linear fit R 2 values. However, as observed in previous adsorbent-adsorbate systems, the q e,2 were high compared to the experimentally obtained q e values for all BF initial concentrations. PFO is more often than not found to predict closer q e,1 to experimental q e values. The values q e,2 predicted by linear and nonlinear PSO approach were closer to each other but not with the experimentally observed value. Similarly, both linear and non-linear approaches yield closer k 2 values without major disparity for the adsorption of BF using β -CDCMCZO. The adsorption of CV onto β -CDCMCZO also produced similar results as observed for BF adsorption. The minimum contact time to reach equilibrium adsorption capacity for the CV adsorption on β -CDCMCZO for C 0 25, 50, and 100 mg L − 1 was 120, 150, and 150 min. However, at 25 mg L − 1 CV concentration, the composite was unable to completely adsorb CV (R % ~90%; q e ~45.1 mg g − 1 ), and comparatively lower equilibrium adsorption capacity than BF q e was achieved using β -CDCMCZO. For CV C 0 50 and 100 mg L − 1 , the equilibrium adsorption capacity was ~ 96 mg g − 1 and ~ 180 mg g − 1 , respectively. Figure 8 j-l shows the non-linear fitting plots for the adsorption of CV by β -CDCMCZO. From R 2 values, the PSO was the most suitable model for the adsorption of CV followed by the Elovich model at initial CV concentrations C 0 100, and the opposite was true for C 0 25 mg L − 1 . However, the values of q e,2 were less agreeable with the experimental values compared to PFO for C 0 25 mg L − 1 . However, considering poor R 2 values obtained using PFO non-linear fitting for β -CDCMCZO/CV C 0 25 mg L − 1 , Elovich is still considered a suitable adsorption kinetic model. To conclude, most of the composite adsorbent-adsorbate systems investigated in the present work exhibited better suitability with either PFO or PSO model. In most cases, PFO yields q e,1 that is closer to the experimental q e more than PSO q e,2 values. PFO non-linear fit may lead to inaccurate results but PSO and Elovich yield comparable parameters using both linear and non-linear fitting. 3.5. ANN training Experimentally obtained data was trained using an artificial neural networking approach in Matlab software using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian regularization (BR) algorithms. For training the networks, six inputs namely pH, t (min), T ( o C), composite dose (mg), and dye solution concentration (mg L − 1 ) and composite serial numbers i.e., 1, 2, and 3 for β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCNC, and β -CDCMCZO, respectively were used as input conditions and R % and q e (or q t ) have been used as outcome values. The hidden layers were varied to obtain optimum results to effectively predict the adsorption outcome. The training for BF adsorption using the LM algorithm was carried out using 186 observations (divided into 70% training, 15% validation, and 15% testing). The network construction includes 6 inputs- 14 hidden layers − 2 outputs for BF adsorption data training using the LM algorithm and 6 inputs- 10 hidden layers − 2 outputs for BF adsorption data training using the BR algorithm. The training network for the training of CV adsorption data was similar to that used in BF except for hidden layers (i.e., 12 for the LM algorithm and 8 for the BR algorithm). A total of 189 observations were used for CV and division was similar to that for BF adsorption data. The regression and performance plot for the ANN training are provided in the supplementary file. The regression plots indicated R-value > 0.990 for the adsorption of BF using the composites for both LM and BR algorithms, suggesting a well-trained network to predict the outcome under specific adsorption conditions. The adsorption of CV was successfully trained using the BR algorithm with R-value > 0.990. However, the LM algorithm did not produce a good prediction for training and testing resulting in an overall reduction in R-value (supplementary file). The individual performance of each composite adsorbent’s R % and q e performance for the decontamination of BF and CV from the aqueous solution is given in Fig. 9 a-d. The plot of experimentally observed BF and CV R % using β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCNC, and β -CDCMCZO against LM and BR predicted outcome under similar conditions yields a more scattered plot. The experimentally observed values and ANN predicted values (by both LM and BR) yielded a more linear plot indicating the closeness of the values. Thereby, the ANN-trained BR and LM algorithms can be effectively used for predicting the adsorption capacity outcome of β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCNC, and β -CDCMCZO for the removal of BF and CV. 3.6. Regeneration-reusability performance of the adsorbents The effectiveness of all three composites for the adsorption of CV and BF up to five regeneration reuse cycles is shown in Fig. 10 . Adsorption conditions are: β -CDZnF [pH = 10 for CV and 8 for BF, T = 30 o C, t = 180 min, m = 20 mg, V = 0.04 L, C 0 = 150 mg L − 1 ], β -CDCMCNC [pH = 6 for CV and 4 for BF, T = 30 o C, t = 180 min, m = 10 mg, V = 0.04 L, C 0 = 75 mg L − 1 ], and β -CDCMCZO [ pH = 8 for CV and BF, T = 30 o C, t = 240 min, m = 20 mg, V = 0.04 L, C 0 = 75 mg L − 1 ]. β -CDZnF retained high adsorption performance for both CV and BF even after five regeneration-reuse cycles. After the first regeneration, β -CDZnF retained ~ 271 mg g − 1 q e for both CV and BF, which was only ~ 6–10 mg g − 1 lower than the original performance of β -CDZnF. After the third regeneration, the R % declined to 88.5% for CV and BF. After the fifth regeneration cycle, β -CDZnF showed a 9.72% R% decline and 29.2 mg g − 1 q e decline for CV adsorption and 10.2% and 30.5 mg g − 1 q e decline for BF adsorption compared to the original adsorption performance. Hence, the regeneration-reuse performance of the composite was identical for both CV and BF, indicating similar adsorption interaction sites responsible for the adsorption of BF and CV onto β -CDZnF. Moreover, the low decline in β -CDZnF’s adsorption effectiveness was because of easier detachment of BF and CV molecules from the β -CDZnF’s surface and hence, regenerating the adsorption sites for further adsorption studies. Some BF and molecules may remain attached to the composite surface leading to less available sites for the interaction. β -CDZnF was able to eliminate ~ 123–125 mg L − 1 BF and CV from 150 mg L − 1 aqueous solution. Even after five regeneration-reuse cycles, β -CDZnF exhibited high adsorption for BF (q e ~247 mg g − 1 ) and CV (q e ~252 mg g − 1 ), indicating its suitability for sustainable adsorption. β -CDCMCNC shows comparatively more decline in CV and BF adsorption performance after five regeneration-reuse cycles compared to β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCZO. After the first regeneration, β -CDCMCNC showed a slightly higher decline for CV adsorption (decline in R% ~4.51%; q e decline ~ 13.5 mg g − 1 ) than for BF adsorption (decline in R% ~3.32%; q e decline ~ 9.97 mg g − 1 ). After the third regeneration-reuse cycle, BF and CV q e declined to 256 mg g − 1 , indicating identical adsorption performance of β -CDCMCNC towards BF and CV. After the fifth regeneration-reuse cycle, β -CDCMCNC was able to remove 56.2 mg L − 1 BF and 58.2 mg L − 1 CV from 75 mg L − 1 solution, leading to a 15. 8% decline in R % and 47.5 mg g − 1 decline in q e for CV and 21.7% decline in R % and 65.1 mg g − 1 decline in q e for BF compared to the original adsorption performance. This suggested that more BF molecules were strongly attached to the composite surface and were not as easily detached from the β -CDCMCNC surface as CV molecules and hence, fewer sites for BF adsorption were available for BF adsorption leading to low R % compared to β -CDCMCNC’s original adsorption performance. However, the β -CDCMCNC still retained high adsorption for both CV (q e ~233 mg g − 1 ; R % ~77.6%) and BF (q e ~225 mg g − 1 ; R % ~74.9%) even after subjecting it to five regeneration- reuse cycles. β -CDCMCZO also showed a declining BF and CV adsorption performance after each regeneration-reuse cycle because of the occupation of some of the active adsorption sites on β -CDCMCZO’s surface because of strong interaction between adsorbent-adsorbate. After the 1st, 3rd, and 5th regeneration-reuse cycle, the un-adsorbed CV concentration was continuously increased to 7.58, 11.9, and 15.5 mg L − 1 , respectively. Similarly, BF concentration remaining after the adsorption for the 1st, 3rd, and 5th regeneration-reuse cycle was also increased to 8.19, 13.2, and 18.4 mg L − 1 , respectively. β -CDCMCZO retained 75.5% BF removal with ~ 113 mg g − 1 adsorption capacity and retained 79.3% CV removal with ~ 119 mg g − 1 adsorption capacity. The decline in q e performance of β -CDCMCZO after the fifth regeneration-reuse cycle for BF and CV compared to the composites’ original q e was 32.3 and 19.1 mg g − 1 , respectively. From the results, β -CDCMCZO exhibited slightly better CV adsorption performance after the 5th regeneration-reuse cycle. Overall, all three composite adsorbents were found to exhibit a similar adsorption performance for BF and CV even after studying the efficiency after five regeneration-reuse cycles. Moreover, the results also suggest the adsorption of CV and BF on the composites by similar chemical interactions because of the structural similarity. Therefore, all three composites were found to retain high adsorption efficiency making them reusable up to many cycles without further chemical modification treatment for the activation of adsorption sites. 3.7. Plausible interactions The structure of CV and BF are similar as both belong to the triphenylmethane dyes. The difference is the absence of N-alkylated amine in BF. In CV, three N-alkylated amine groups are present but in BF only non-alkylated -NH 2 groups are present. All three composites have a negative surface over a wide pH range. The negative composite surface attracts cationic CV and BF dyes to its surface leading to the binding of the contaminant molecules on the adsorbent’s surface (Fig. 11 ). The additional interactions like H-bonding between electronegative –N atom from amine groups of the dye molecule and various -O-H functional group can take place. Additional H-bonding between oxygen from the various functional groups on the composites’ surface and hydrogen from “–NH 2 ” groups on BF can also take place, which is not possible in the case of CV. Moreover, the presence of β -CD in all three adsorbents can also plausibly capture dye molecules via host-guest interaction. In addition to these, n-π * interaction between non-bonding electron pairs of N from dye molecule and carbonyl groups of composite adsorbent is also possible. 3.8 Comparison with previous adsorbents The CV and BF adsorption performance of various adsorbents is reported in Table 3 . Most adsorbents exhibited a better performance between 6–10 pH for BF and CV adsorption because of the availability of larger negative functional groups. In general, it was observed that the adsorption of CV and BF is favorable under basic conditions. The Langmuir q m of clay-based adsorbent was low [ 12 , 13 ]. Covalent organic framework (COF) based adsorbent adsorbents varied in the adsorption performance but the effective contact time was achieved faster [ 14 , 15 ]. All three composite adsorbents in this work exhibited better adsorption performance in terms of contact time and Langmuir q m compared to the adsorbents reported in Table 3 . Table 3 Comparative adsorption performance of various adsorbents for BF and CV adsorption Dye Adsorbent Equilibrium time (min) Langmuir q m (mg g − 1 ) pH Ref. BF β -CDZnF 45–60 402 ± 32 8 Present work β -CDCMCNC 120–150 472 ± 103 4 Present work β- CDCMCZO 120 302 ± 19 8 Present work ZnO-rGO 60 111 7 [ 16 ] Modified biochar 250–300 241 6 [ 17 ] Algae/chitosan/alginate 100 367 8 [ 18 ] Bentonite 35 129 10 [ 12 ] Y doped ZnO 180 75.5 11 [ 5 ] CV β -CDZnF 30–60 331 ± 19 Present work β -CDCMCNC 120–150 368 ± 43 Present work β- CDCMCZO 120–150 368 ± 31 Present work COOH functionalized COF 2–15 226–308 9 − 7 [ 14 ] TbBd COF 30 70–86 6–8 [ 15 ] Organic cage adsorbent 20 416 7–10 [ 19 ] Biomass-derived sawdust 120 107–130 7.5 [ 20 ] Zeolite/Gum hydrogel 240 124 12 [ 13 ] Cellulose 180 182 7–10 [ 21 ] TbBd = 1,3,5-triformylbenzene/benzidine 4. Conclusions The adsorption performance of three polymer/metal oxide composites β -CDZnF, β -CDCMCNC, and β -CDCMCZO for CV and BF was nearly similar. All composite adsorbents exhibited a high Langmuir adsorption capacity for both CV and BF. The similar adsorption performance for both CV and BF indicates the similar adsorption interactions because of the structure similarity of BF and CV, as both belong to the triphenylmethane class. The adsorption of CV and BF was mostly followed by Langmuir/Liu isotherm and PFO kinetic models for most adsorbent systems. The minimum contact time to remove BF and CV from the aqueous solution was 120–150 min for β -CDCMCNC and β -CDCMCZO, which was higher than the 60 min contact time required to remove CV and BF from the aqueous solution using β -CDZnF. All three adsorbents retained a high R% > 75% even after five regeneration-reuse cycles. Under optimized conditions, the adsorption of BF and CV onto β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCNC was comparable. The optimized adsorption performance of β -CDCMCZO was low compared to β -CDZnF and β -CDCMCNC. The ANN-trained algorithm effectively predicted the adsorption capacity outcome. Negative ΔG 0 suggested spontaneous adsorption of CV and BF on all three adsorbents studied in the present work. The outcome of the present work provided polymer-metal oxide composite systems with effective adsorption towards BF and CV containing higher loading of biodegradable content. The regeneration-reusability performance of the composites, their ease of synthesis, and their applicability make them suitable for further usage at the macro level. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the research and instrumentation facilities provided by the Head, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University. RS is grateful to NMDFC and MOMA, India, for MANF-SRF (No. F. 82-27/2019 (SA-III) dated July 31, 2020). AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS PND has contributed to research supervision, writing review & editing, data validation, and resources, and reviewed/finalized the manuscript. Both authors approved the final manuscript. RS has contributed to the visualization, conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, data curation, and writing the original draft. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT All data are disclosed in the manuscript and supplementary file. Additional information will be provided upon request. Funding: This work was partially supported by the NMDFC and MOMA, India, for MANF-SRF (No. F. 82-27/2019 (SA-III) dated July 31, 2020). DATA AVAILABILITY: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication All the authors have read and agreed to the final copy of the finding as contained in the manuscript. DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Au W, Pathak S, Collie CJ, Hsu TC. Cytogenetic toxicity of gentian violet and crystal violet on mammalian cells in vitro. Mutat Res Toxicol. 1978;58:269–76. Liu B, Jin S-F, Li H-C, Sun X-Y, Yan S-Q, Deng S-J, Zhao P. The Bio-Safety Concerns of Three Domestic Temporary Hair Dye Molecules: Fuchsin Basic, Victoria Blue B and Basic Red 2. Molecules. 2019;24:1744. Thetford D, Staff U by. Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes. Kirk-Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013, p. 1–19. Dave PN, Macwan PM, Kamaliya B. pH-sensitive polymeric hydrogels coated with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for combined drug delivery as controlled release carriers: fabrication and in-vitro estimation. Discov Polym. 2024;1:9. 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Nat Hazards. 2021;105:1375–94. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SIfile.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 01 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6419377","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":451620331,"identity":"a7cdc1b0-95cd-4523-81cd-c70f546b8ae4","order_by":0,"name":"Ruksana Sirach","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Patel University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruksana","middleName":"","lastName":"Sirach","suffix":""},{"id":451620332,"identity":"c7a4f8c9-89ff-43fa-acab-22dfc05669eb","order_by":1,"name":"Pragnesh N Dave","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBPvjDQzMpGlhOHOAZC03EojUYi59+PHrgoq6PMaZbww/F1TYMPC3dyfg1WLZl2ZmPePM4WJm6Rxj6Rln0hgkzpzdgFeLwRkGM2PetgOJbdI5BtK8bYcZDCRyCWlh/2bM+68usUfyjPFvIrXwGD/mbWBOnCHBY0acLZY9PGXMPMcOJ27gSSuz5jmTxkPQL+Y87Js/89TUJW5gP7z5Nk+FjRx/ey8BhzEwsElAmBwGIJIHr3KoFuYPECb7A4KqR8EoGAWjYGQCABWpRJJHJEipAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Patel University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pragnesh","middleName":"N","lastName":"Dave","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-10 10:53:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419377/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419377/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82094019,"identity":"b9f47b28-8da0-4e01-8030-bac442484af1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:00:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":252075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of pH (a \u0026amp; b) and composite amount (c \u0026amp; d) on the CV and BF adsorption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/476cd16719ca89fcf78c49a7.png"},{"id":82094598,"identity":"10f4a2a9-6569-4daa-a273-2a53308db586","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":437277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation in equilibrium adsorption capacity of the composites for BF and CV under different ionic salt concentrations [for \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDZnF C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = 150 mg L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, T = 30 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC, t= 180 min, m= 20 mg; for \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCNC C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = 40 mg L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, T = 30 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC, t= 180 min, m= 10 mg; for \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCZO C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = 50 mg L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, T = 30 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC, t= 180 min, m= 20 mg]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/724c4926a8b9f936da0351e2.png"},{"id":82094023,"identity":"c8ce49b9-3060-493f-a3ee-76b042231cdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:00:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of initial CV and BF concentrations on the adsorption performance of the composites (a-f)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/a3f8b0b47fd72cdc5f724ec2.png"},{"id":82094599,"identity":"10981daf-f317-4b21-8ea3-d53b885a9fc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon linear fitting isotherm curves for the adsorption of BF on \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDZnF (a-d), \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCNC (e-h), and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCZO (i-l) at 30, 40, 50, and 60 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC temperatures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/2c9b8780150378b57209b0ac.png"},{"id":82095042,"identity":"1ae41e66-073b-4865-ad77-11538b42281d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":298555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon linear fitting isotherm curves for the adsorption of CV on \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDZnF (a-d), \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCNC (e-h), and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCZO (i-l) at 30, 40, 50, and 60 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC temperatures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/dc76f6467684481d8683bdc1.png"},{"id":82094021,"identity":"87635370-9925-49a7-9663-7aa993c0c58f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:00:42","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlot of ln K\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e against 1/T for the thermodynamic studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/ebf140ebef4a411683ae608c.png"},{"id":82094035,"identity":"1a04c248-6d47-4664-bf97-481809c7237b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:00:42","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":237549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of contact time (a-c) and corresponding non linear kinetic fitting curves for the adsorption of BF on \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDZnF (d-f), \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCNC (g-h), and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCZO (j-l)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/3ba1b4dc1a550f519d5d8e12.png"},{"id":82095732,"identity":"30f42aa0-bcd4-48f0-9645-7dcc5d18662f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:24:42","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":274563,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of contact time (a-c) and corresponding non linear kinetic fitting curves for the adsorption of CV on \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDZnF (d-f), \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCNC (g-h), and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-CDCMCZO (j-l)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/83ee5e19efc3c020e061d45e.png"},{"id":82094601,"identity":"78d70351-a7ab-4663-9904-68e5ec7d75a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":175457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe plot of experimentally observed and ANN predicted R% (a \u0026amp; c) and adsorption capacity (b \u0026amp; d) outcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/276dfc3a16ce48e75403bf12.png"},{"id":82095044,"identity":"c40eb4f7-9d4d-4c6a-9baf-99331959f86d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReusability of the composite adsorbents for CV and BF after regeneration up to five cycles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/5977246682d221b6fb1421db.png"},{"id":82094036,"identity":"e8348aaf-a01d-4358-b1c0-1fab608d62ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:00:42","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":220765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlausible adsorption interactions between dye and composite adsorbent surface\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/428bbf4875b4c7a1d46d1c7d.png"},{"id":82096040,"identity":"05b274f5-6cc3-412a-aeee-a78ade99a692","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:32:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4785854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/e4bdbdd4-f799-46e7-97bb-fcfc1dc55e65.pdf"},{"id":82094064,"identity":"b0bb507e-aaca-4b57-8ab9-6a94fb4f7d42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 17:00:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1934118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SIfile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6419377/v1/8b12fdfc765b1081a2c0e4a6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Adsorption potential of polymer metal oxide composites for crystal violet and basic fuchsin: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith a rising population, a rise in demand for resources is expected but because of the limited resource availability scarcity is created. Water is one of the very essential resources. Water covers most of the earth but all water sources are not usable. The utilization of groundwater is continuously increasing and therefore, a large amount of wastewater is created. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the water to produce water that can be repurposed for uses such as industrial and agricultural applications. Color impurities such as dyes can interfere with the normal functioning of the aqueous ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystal violet (CV) and basic fuchsin (BF) are water-soluble dyes known for their cytotoxicity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The dyes belong to the triphenyl methane group of dyes. Triarylmethane dyes belong to the monomethine water-soluble dye class and consist of three aryl rings connected to a central methine carbon. These aromatic rings often contain functional groups such as amino groups [1\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), 2\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (-NHR), or 3\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e (-NR\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)] or \u0026ndash;OH groups positioned at the para position [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Both CV and BF are structurally similar except in CV all three amines functional groups are N-alkylated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymer composites are materials containing filler material reinforced in the polymer matrix. Materials like carbon-based materials, metal oxides, metals, and clays are some of the commonly used filler materials. Polymers containing biodegradable constituents are of special interest because of the increased environmental and safety concerns [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-cyclodextrin (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD) are biodegradable materials derived from naturally occurring cellulose and starch polysaccharides. The abundance of -OH and \u0026ndash;COO\u003csup\u003e1\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e in CMC and \u0026ndash;OH in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD makes them suitable for the decontamination of various color impurities. However, both are water soluble at higher temperatures and hence, their direct application as an adsorbent is not feasible. Therefore, various crosslinkers like epichlorohydrin/tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile and succinic acid have been used to produce water-insoluble adsorbent. Metal oxides are known to possess high specific surface area and active metallic center which has captured the attention of scientists working in the field of adsorption treatment and photocatalytic treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Many studies have reported that the filling of a polymer matrix with metal oxides yields a better-performing composite adsorbent material [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present work, we extend the application of previously reported adsorbents[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] for the adsorption remediation of structurally comparable CV and BF dyes. In this works three polymer-metal oxide adsorbents namely \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD/epichlorohydrin/tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile polymer reinforced with ZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF), CMC/\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD/epichlorohydrin/tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile polymer reinforced with ZnO (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO), CMC/\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD/succinic acid reinforced with NiCo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC) has been used to decontaminate the CV and BF from the aqueous solution. The effect of various adsorption conditions was studied and the data were trained using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the adsorption outcome. Further, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies were investigated to understand the adsorption uptake.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree polymer metal oxide composites \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO were synthesized in our previous work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. CV (Sigma Aldrich, India) and BF (Himedia, India) were acquired from their respective suppliers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Adsorption studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption studies were carried out by adding varying adsorbent doses (10\u0026ndash;70 mg) in the aqueous solution of CV and BF. The pH of the solution varied between 3\u0026ndash;10 and the effect of 0.005 M, 0.01 M, and 0.1 M chloride salts like Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e on the CV and BF adsorption capacity of the three composites was also investigated. The contact time between the adsorbent and CV or BF solution was studied up to 180 or 240 minutes. The temperature range of 30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC was selected for the isotherm and thermodynamic studies. The amount of dye adsorbed on the composite surface was studied by measuring the absorbance (λ\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;590 nm for CV and 547 nm for BF) of initial dye concentration and concentration after contact with the adsorbent surface at equilibrium using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU TCC-240 A). Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e were used to calculate the removal % (R %) and adsorption capacity at equilibrium (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e) and at \u0026lsquo;t\u0026rsquo; contact time (q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:R\\%=\\frac{\\left({C}_{o}-{C}_{e}\\right)\\times\\:100}{{C}_{o}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{q}_{t}=\\frac{\\left({C}_{o}-{C}_{t}\\right)\\times\\:V}{m}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{q}_{e}=\\frac{\\left({C}_{o}-{C}_{e}\\right)\\times\\:V}{m}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere V, m, and C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e correspond to the volume of the dye solution (L), the mass of the composite added (g), and the initial concentration of the aqueous solution (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e represents the equilibrium dye concentration and C\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e indicates the concentration of BF or CV at a given time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor regeneration and reuse studies, the adsorbent was recovered from the aqueous solution and thereafter stirred in acetone solvent to remove the adsorbed BF and CV molecules from the composite surface. Thereafter, this recovered adsorbent was subjected to further adsorption cycles to assess its reusability up to five regeneration reuse cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Effect of Salt, Composite Dose, and pH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in pH can cause structural changes in the dye as well as protonation or deprotonation of the available functional groups on the adsorbent\u0026rsquo;s surface. The variation q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e and R % with increasing pH from 3\u0026ndash;10 is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp; b. The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH. The adsorption investigations were studied at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC using 40 mL aqueous solution and 180 min contact time. For the removal of CV and BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, the initial dye concentration was 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF dose was 10 mg. For the adsorption of cationic dyes on 10 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC BF or CV concentration C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e = 40 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was used. For adsorption onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, 20 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was added to 50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF or CV aqueous solution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of change in the solution pH on the BF and CV R % was drastic when \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was used as an adsorbent (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp; b). For both BF and CV, under very acidic conditions (pH 3), the removal was negligible (R % = 8\u0026ndash;25% only). With a further increase in pH, the R % was continuously increased for BF reaching maximum removal at pH 8. For CV, R % was enhanced up to pH 5, then it remained stable between pH 5\u0026ndash;8, achieving maximum R % under alkaline pH 10. The results point towards the great influence of electrostatic attraction towards the adsorption of BF and CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF composite. The results also suggested favorable adsorption of CV and BF on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF under basic conditions. This could be because of the presence of more deprotonated functional groups, which can enhance the negative surface on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF leading to a good CV and BF removal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of pH variation on CV and BF removal using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was slightly different than \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. The initial increase in solution pH from 3\u0026ndash;4 enhanced CV and BF uptake accumulation on the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC surface. The highest R % for CV and BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC adsorbent was achieved under acidic conditions ( pH 4 for BF and pH 6 for CV). Past pH 5 the R % of CV and BF was not altered by increasing the solution pH. This means that CV and BF can be easily removed using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC over wide pH conditions (pH 4\u0026ndash;10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of pH on the removal of BF and CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was almost similar to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC because of the similarity of CMC and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD inclusion. The lowest BF and CV removal was achieved when the solution pH was adjusted to 3. Thereafter, the enhancement in pH enhances the availability of the negative surface groups on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, leading to high removal of CV and BF beyond pH 4, exceeding 85%. Maximum R% was achieved at pH 8 for both BF and CV. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was highly effective for CV and BF removal between pH 4 to 10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of the adsorbent dose on CV and BF removal was studied at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 min, and V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40 mL as mentioned above. The pH of the solution for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/CV (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/BF (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC/CV (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC/BF (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/CV (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/BF (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was 10, 8, 6, 4, 8, and 8, respectively. The composite adsorbent dose was varied between 10\u0026ndash;70 mg. The results are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec \u0026amp; d.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen a low adsorbent dose (i.e., 5 mg) was used, the R % was very low because of the limitation of adsorption sites on the surface that can capture dye molecules from the solution. Increasing the composite dose from 5 to 10 mg significantly enhances the CV and BF R %. The enhancement in CV and BF R % was more than 30% when 10 mg adsorbent was used compared to 5 mg dose for all adsorbents. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC exhibited a high R% exceeding 97% BF and CV removal at a 10 mg dose. Thereafter, further addition of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC from 30\u0026ndash;70 mg does not cause any change in the CV and BF removal retaining 97\u0026ndash;98% removal performance for both CV and BF. This indicates that a 10 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC dose is an optimized dose for both CV and BF. As depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec \u0026amp; d, the adsorption capacity for a similar initial dye concentration continuously declines with a rising composite dose, following Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. For a similar BF and CV R % performance, an increase in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC dose from 10 to 70 mg led to ~\u0026thinsp;135 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e decline in adsorption capacity. Therefore, considering high removal and high adsorption capacity, 10 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was selected for further studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe R % of CV and BF was increased when the composite dose of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was increased from 5 mg to 20 mg. The composite dose\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20 mg resulted in high BF and CV removal achieving R % \u0026ge; 92%. Considering high R % and good adsorption capacity for CV and BF, 20 mg was found to be an optimized dose of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. At a 20 mg dose, both \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO exhibited a similar adsorption performance for BF and CV but the adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was very three times than that of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for cationic colorant contaminants because of high initial CV and BF concentration (nearly three times higher). Further adsorption studies were carried out using optimized composite adsorbent doses of 10, 20, and 20 mg for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, respectively for both CV and BF removal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of the presence of monovalent and divalent salts on the BF and CV adsorption using three composite adsorbents is reported in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The addition of ionic salts caused the decline in the adsorption performance of all three composites for both BF and CV indicating that the electrostatic interaction may have played a role in the capturing of BF and CV on the active adsorption sites. Two general trends were observed from the addition of ionic salts during the adsorption process: (i) an increase in the salt concentration from 0.05 M to 0.1 M led to a decline in the overall adsorption capacity and (ii) the adsorption capacity decline in the presence of divalent salts like Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e was more severe than monovalent salts like Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no considerable decline in the R % of BF and CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF when 0.005 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.005 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e were used. Further, an increase in the monovalent salt concentration to 0.01 M only caused a minor decline. A considerable decline in the adsorption capacity was observed for BF and CV at 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e concentrations. However, the decline in BF and CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF in the presence of 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e was not greater than 87 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. There was no drastic variation in the adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for either CV or BF in the presence of similar K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e concentrations. Except for 0.01 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e or K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e dose, the effect decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e varied between 5\u0026ndash;19 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e comparing the effect of decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e on CV or BF. The highest decline in the presence of monovalent salts was observed for 0.1 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e for BF and 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e for CV adsorption onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. The presence of divalent salts led to the decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ge; 77 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e even at a low 0.005 M concentration. The decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e observed for 0.1 M monovalent salt was comparable with the decline when 0.005 M divalent salt was incorporated. The decline in the BF q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was more severe than the CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF exhibited lower than 50 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e adsorption capacity for both CV and BF when 0.1 M Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e salts were added. The results suggested that in the presence of 0.1 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e salts decline in adsorption capacity compared to the adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for BF and CV was \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30%. However, the presence of 0.1 M Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.1 M Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e led to a 48\u0026ndash;66% decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for BF and an 86\u0026ndash;94% decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for CV. The order of the effect of the decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for CV followed Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and that for BF followed Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e at high salt concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of ionic salts on the q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for BF and CV led to a 1\u0026ndash;95% decline in the q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e depending on the type and concentration of the salts. Compared to the similar concentration of Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e, the addition of K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e caused a slightly greater decline in the adsorption performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for BF. The opposite was true for the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. The presence of 0.005\u0026ndash;0.1 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e restricted the uptake of CV by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO more than 0.005\u0026ndash;0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e. The presence of 0.005 M and 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e/Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e caused only a minor decline in BF q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026le; 9 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Compared to a similar concentration of monovalent salts, the decline in CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was more than that for BF adsorption, except 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e. A maximum decline in the presence of monovalent salt on the adsorption performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was observed up to 44% decline in the BF q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e under 0.1 M K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and 56% decline in CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e under 0.1 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e. As observed in the case of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO also exhibited a very low adsorption performance for both BF and CV when Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions were present in the solution. The decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e ranged between 43\u0026ndash;95% in the presence of 0.005\u0026ndash;0.1 M Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e/Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e. The variation in BF q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for a similar concentration of Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e was between 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026le;4 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, indicating almost a similar impact of the presence of Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e on the adsorption of BF by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. The effect of 0.1 M Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.1 M Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e on the decline in the CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was identical. However, in the presence of low divalent salt concentration (0.005\u0026ndash;0.01 M), the variation in the effect of Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e was different by a margin of 36\u0026ndash;31 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, with Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e causing more decline in CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e. The order of the effect of the decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC for CV followed Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ge; Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e and that for BF followed Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ge; Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026gt; K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ge; Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore often than not, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s adsorption performance declined more for BF than for CV. The decline in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s was 37\u0026ndash;71% towards BF. Except heavy decline in the CV adsorption by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC in the presence of 0.1 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e, the composite\u0026rsquo;s adsorption performance declined more for BF than for CV in the presence of monovalent salts. The decline in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s adsorption capacity was evident even at 0.005 M Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;37%) and K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;41%) loading. The presence of divalent salts led to a higher decline in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s adsorption capacity for both CV and BF. Even in the presence of 0.005 M Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e salts, the decline in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s adsorption exceeded 75% compared to the adsorption performance in the absence of salts. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s decline in BF and CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e was not found to follow a particular order but in general impact of monovalent salts was less severe compared to divalent salts (74\u0026ndash;94% q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, from the effect of ionic salts, it was evident that electrostatic interactions may have facilitated the CV and BF uptake by all three composite adsorbents. The monovalent ionic salts may neutralize the positive charge on the composite\u0026rsquo;s surface and therefore, minimize the positive-negative surface interaction between BF or CV and negative composite surface. With increasing concentration or going from mono cationic Na\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e or K\u003csup\u003e1+\u003c/sup\u003e to divalent Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e or Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, the more composite surface is covered by the cations and thereby, a significant drop in the adsorption performance is observed for cationic dyes. The % decline in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026rsquo;s adsorption performance was least followed by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, compared to the composite\u0026rsquo;s performance in the absence of salts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Effect of initial CV and BF concentrations and Isotherm investigations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of changes in initial concentration of CV and BF on the adsorption uptake using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF [pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 for CV and 8 for BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L], \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC [pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 for CV and 4 for BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L], and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO [ pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 for CV and BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L] is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea-f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 20 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF dose was able to decontaminate\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;92% CV and BF from the aqueous solution between 25\u0026ndash;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dye loading (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp; c). At low concentrations, the adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was also low because of less number of CV and BF contaminants present in the aqueous solution. Increasing the BF and CV concentration also resulted in higher adsorption retaining\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;92% removal achieving a high adsorption capacity. The increased adsorption capacity while maintaining high removal is an indication of free available adsorption sites that can interact and trap CV and BF molecules from the solution. The effect of concentration on the R % and q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e was almost identical for CV and BF. However, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF did exhibit a slightly improved CV adsorption (~\u0026thinsp;by 2\u0026ndash;4 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) than BF adsorption between 75\u0026ndash;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e initial concentrations, which falls in the error value and hence is insignificant. After 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, increasing the concentration of BF by 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e led to a 17% decline in the adsorption performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and the decline was 16% when the concentration of CV was increased by 50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, 20 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF dose can effectively decontaminate up to 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF and CV solutions. Thereafter, because of the saturation of the adsorption sites, a further decline did not yield a high removal as maximum dyes have already accumulated on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026rsquo;s surface and no vacant sites are available for the adsorption interactions. As the concentration of dye is increased, no vacant sites are available and most dye remains un-adsorbed in the solution, resulting in a decline in R %.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb \u0026amp; d) exhibited a low removal when 5 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF and CV solution was used. The low removal is associated with less interaction between BF or CV and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC because of the low availability of the dye molecules near the surface of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. Increasing the concentration of BF and CV from 5 to 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e resulted in improved R % reaching 97\u0026ndash;98% efficiency. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC showed a high removal efficiency between 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026le; C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e exceeding 93% removal for both CV and BF. The effective concentration of CV and BF for 10 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC loading was 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. At 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, maximum BF and CV removal with good adsorption capacity q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e = 280\u0026ndash;290 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was achieved using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC composite. Maximum adsorption sites on 10 mg adsorbent dose were occupied under 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e loading and a further rise in the BF and CV concentration only resulted in more un-adsorbed dye molecules persisting in the aqueous solution and thereby, resulting in 6\u0026ndash;10% lower R % at 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dye concentration compared to 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO exhibited a low BF and CV adsorption compared to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ee \u0026amp; f). 20 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO retained higher than 90% removal efficiency for 25\u0026ndash;100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF solution and 25\u0026ndash;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV solution. The results suggested that BF uptake onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO is slightly more favorable than CV. When CV and BF concentrations were 50, 150, and 200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, the adsorption efficiency of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was nearly identical for both CV and BF. At a low initial dye concentration (BF or CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was able to capture 97% BF from the solution but it exhibited only 90% CV adsorption. This suggests that for similar molecules of BF and CV, the composite was able to attract more BF molecules to its surface. When C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75 and 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO exhibited 4\u0026ndash;5% higher BF removal than CV removal. However, the reduction in the R % was not severe and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO can be considered equally effective for the decontamination of BF and CV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the influence of change in the equilibrium dye concentration and adsorption capacity of the composites for CV and BF at four temperatures and their non-linear isotherm fit are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The details of the equation are given in the supplementary file. Four isotherm models namely Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Liu were fitted to the plot of q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e vs C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e and the parameters obtained are reported in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF exhibited a slow rise in the equilibrium concentration of BF and CV up to 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dose and at 200 and 250 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e large equilibrium concentration was observed because of the near saturation of the adsorption site when C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea-d) and CV was used (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea-d). The equilibrium concentration of CV at 200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was ~\u0026thinsp;45 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and that of BF at 250 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was ~\u0026thinsp;63 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was nearly five times the C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of BF and CV when 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e initial concentration was used at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. With increasing temperature, the equilibrium concentration of BF and CV for most concentrations specifically at a high concentration was continuously declined and therefore, the adsorption of CV and BF on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was high at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC compared to 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for a similar initial concentration. The change in BF and CV C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e between C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25\u0026ndash;100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with temperature was less compared to C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150\u0026ndash;250 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore often than not the non-linear fit plot for the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea-d) suggests that Freundlich was the least suitable to describe the adsorption. A similar observation was also observed in the adsorption of CV onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea-d). Among Langmuir, Temkin, and Liu, Liu isotherm was found to be in good agreement with the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. Liu was also found to be a more suitable model to describe the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF at 30, 40, and 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. However, the Liu isotherm did not produce a good fit for the adsorption data of accumulation of CV onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF at 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec). Therefore, Liu/Langmuir were found to be suitable isotherms for describing the experimental data of the adsorption of CV and BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum adsorption capacity (q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for CV and BF predicted using Liu and Langmuir isotherm was continuously increasing with temperature. The q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e predicted by Langmuir and Liu isotherm models were almost consistent with minor variation. The difference in Langmuir q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e between the lowest 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and highest 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC was more than that of Liu q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e. The maximum adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF obtained using both Liu and Langmuir fitting was higher for BF than for CV. The Langmuir q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for BF and CV at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC was 402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 331\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of temperature enhancement on the adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC for BF and CV is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ee-h and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ee-h. The increase in the CV and BF equilibrium concentration with increasing initial concentration between 5\u0026ndash;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was consistent but at C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e = 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, the equilibrium concentration of CV and BF was increased 3\u0026ndash;4 times than that of C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e at 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e initial concentration at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. An increase in the temperature from 30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC led to a decline in the adsorption capacity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC for both BF and CV as more BF and CV remained in the solution leading to increased C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption of BF and CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was well described by Langmuir, Temkin, and Liu isotherm than Freundlich isotherm. However, the experimental data for the adsorption of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC did not yield accurate fitting at 40 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC for both CV and BF obtained using Langmuir and Liu declined from the rise in temperature from 30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, indicating less favorable adsorption at higher temperatures. Therefore, the adsorption of CV and BF on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was favorable at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and did not require additional heating to achieve the maximum adsorption outcome. The q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e calculated by Langmuir and Liu fit for the adsorption of CV by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature was comparatively lower than BF. Therefore, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC exhibited a slightly improved adsorption performance for BF than CV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, the C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of CV enhanced slowly upto 50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, thereafter, the enhancement in CV C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e was enhanced greatly by increasing C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e from 75\u0026ndash;200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e due to the presence of a high concentration of un-adsorbed CV present in the solution. For the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, the high variation in C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e compared to the preceding initial BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e was observed by increasing the initial BF concentration from 100\u0026ndash;200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. A similar trend was also observed at all temperatures 30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for both CV and BF adsorbed on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. With increasing temperature, BF and CV C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e were reduced, achieving higher adsorption capacity at higher temperatures than at room temperature. The results indicated that the adsorption of BF and CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was more favorable at higher temperatures. Thereby, the adsorption efficiency of the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for BF and CV can be enhanced by increasing the solution temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe non-linear fit of the experimental data for the adsorption of BF (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ei-l) and CV (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ei-l) using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO at 30, 40, 50, and 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC indicated more suitability of Liu and Langmuir isotherms. However, Liu isotherm cannot very well fit the adsorption uptake of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The Langmuir q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e results indicated that the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO composite exhibited a slightly improved CV adsorption than BF under identical experimental conditions. At 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 10 mg \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO dose, and 200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e initial dye concentration condition, the experimentally observed q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e was only slightly higher for CV than BF (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e difference\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;15 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF showed better adsorption towards BF and CV at higher temperatures and the opposite trend was observed for the adsorption of CV and BF by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. The adsorption of BF was \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was achieved at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC when C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;250 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e reaching a high adsorption capacity\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;452 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC at C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e = 200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was ~\u0026thinsp;370 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Compared to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026rsquo;s adsorption performance at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, the R % for CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was increased by ~\u0026thinsp;16% achieving R % ~ 92% and the R % for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;250 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was increased by ~\u0026thinsp;16% achieving 90% BF removal at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Similarly, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO achieved maximum removal at BF and CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The R % of BF and CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO also increased by 15% and 13%, respectively, achieving\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;361 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e and ~\u0026thinsp;346 BF q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e by increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO achieved\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;87% BF decontamination at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC when C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e = 200 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, but under a similar adsorption condition, the composite adsorbent was able to remove 90% CV from the aqueous solution. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC retained 90% removal at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC when C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for CV and C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for BF. At 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e initial BF and CV concentration, the adsorption uptake by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was ~\u0026thinsp;362 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and ~\u0026thinsp;332 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Comparing the experimentally observed values, wherein the composite exhibited R % \u0026ge; 90% removal under the preferred temperature, the order for the adsorption of CV was \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. Under a preferred adsorption temperature wherein the composite exhibited R % \u0026gt; 90%, the order for the BF adsorption capacity followed \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. However, the adsorption performance of the composite at room temperature retaining\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;90% removal for CV followed \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO and that for BF followed \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. Moreover, the isotherm studies revealed that the adsorption data of BF and CV adsorption on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC can be well described by Liu and Langmuir particularly, and to some extent Temkin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-linear fitting curve isotherm data for the adsorption of BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC/BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLangmuir\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e472\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.428\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.332\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e506\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e566\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.233\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFreundlich\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTemkin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.660\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.801\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e495\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.761\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.823\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.343\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e544\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e389\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.993\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.844\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e508\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-linear fitting curve isotherm data for the adsorption of CV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/CV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC/CV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/CV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLangmuir\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.621\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14)E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.656\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e427\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(6.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.498\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFreundlich\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1/n\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTemkin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (L g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e (J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.746\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.17)E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.711\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (L mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(7.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.54)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38)E-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e* Not converged\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Thermodynamics investigations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thermodynamic studies were investigated using K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e or K\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e values obtained using non-isotherm fitting at four temperatures. The equilibrium constant was calculated by converting the value of K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e or K\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e from \u0026ldquo;L/mg\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;L/g\u0026rdquo; and thereafter converting the value to \u0026ldquo;L/mol\u0026rdquo; using a molecular mass of CV or BF. This value is referred to as K. At four temperatures, four such values are obtained which are plotted against 1/T (in 1/K). The K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e values were used to describe the adsorption of CV by all three adsorbents for the thermodynamic investigations. The K\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e value was used for the thermodynamic investigation for the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO and K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e was used for the adsorption of BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. The plot of ln K vs. 1/T is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp; b. Some outlier points were omitted from the linear fits which are marked red. The slope and intercept value allows the calculation of enthalpy change ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e and entropy change ΔS\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e as per Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The value of ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e and ΔS\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e then allows the calculation of free energy change (Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) which allows evaluating the feasibility of the adsorption of CV and BF using different adsorbents.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{ln}K=\\frac{\\varDelta\\:{S}^{o}}{R}-\\frac{\\varDelta\\:{H}^{o}}{RT}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varDelta\\:{G}^{o}=\\varDelta\\:{H}^{0}-T\\varDelta\\:{S}^{0}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/CV continuously increases with increasing the temperature from 30 to 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, which resulted in a negative plot between ln K against 1/T (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb) with Pearson's r value \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.951 and determination of coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) value 0.905. The adsorption of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was associated with an endothermic process with ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, favoring adsorption at a higher temperature. The entropy change for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/CV was 0.134\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The value of ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e is reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The decontamination of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF resulted in negative ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e at all temperatures, indicating spontaneous adsorption. ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e becomes more negative with temperature rise, indicating increased spontaneity at higher temperatures for the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. A similar trend was also observed for the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. With increasing temperature, the K\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e value decreases yielding a positive linear relation plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) with R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e 0.930. The value of ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e for the adsorption of BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and ΔS\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e was 0.0698\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0042 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The adsorption of BF by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was also accompanied by negative ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e with enhanced BF adsorption at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC or 333 K temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Langmuir fit for the adsorption of CV by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC predicted a decline in K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e values with increasing temperature except at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC thereby giving positive relation linear plot in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.999). The outlier point at 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC is marked red. For the adsorption of BF by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, a similar decline in K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e was observed as the temperature went from 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.982; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). The value of enthalpy change was similar for both CV and BF adsorption on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC with ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e -26.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;26.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Indicating, exothermic adsorption of both dyes on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. The results agree with the effect of temperature on the q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e for CV and BF, which declined with increasing temperature. As the temperature is increased, adsorbate-adsorbent interaction may decline and therefore, more molecules remain un-adsorbed in the solution, leading to a decline in q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e at higher temperatures. ΔS\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e for the adsorption of CV and BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was 0.0222\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0031 and 0.0124\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0080 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The rise in temperature from 303 to 333 K did not drastically change the ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e value for the adsorption of both CV and BF on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, which was more evident when \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF adsorbent was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO shows enhanced K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e value with increasing temperature from 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, except 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The rise in K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e values gives a negative relation plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;6b; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.989). The ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e and ΔS\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e for the adsorption uptake of CV by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was 16.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.142\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The resulting enthalpy change suggested endothermic CV adsorption on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. K\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e corresponding to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/BF decreases with increasing temperature from 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, leading to a positive linear plot with R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e 0.972. The value of ΔH\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e and ΔS\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/BF was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.0154\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0131 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The corresponding ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e for the adsorption of BF and CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO composite was negative suggesting spontaneous adsorption of both dyes. The ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e value did not differ much with the increase in temperature from 303 K to 333 K for the adsorption of BF on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, but it did improve for the adsorption of CV at high temperatures. This suggests the uptake of CV at high temperatures by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was more favorable. Overall, the thermodynamic investigations suggested the favorable and spontaneous decontamination of CV and BF using all three composite adsorbents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΔG\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003evariation with temperature for the adsorption of BF and CV on the composites\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdsorbent-adsorbate System\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e (kJ mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303 K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313 K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323 K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333 K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e-CDZnF/CV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-33.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e-CDZnF/BF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e-CDCMCNC/CV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-33.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-33.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e-CDCMCNC/BF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e-CDCMCZO/CV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e-CDCMCZO/BF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Effect of contact time and kinetic investigation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation in adsorption capacity of different adsorbents with contact time for BF and CV is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea-c and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea-c, respectively. The corresponding non-linear fitting plots are given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ed-l and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ed-l. The adsorption conditions for the kinetic experiment are: \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF [pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 for CV and 8 for BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0-180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L], \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC [pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 for CV and 4 for BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0-180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L], and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO [ pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 for CV and BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0-240 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L]. The experimental data were fitted using linear and non-linear fitting using four models namely pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) model. The details are provided in the supplementary file. The results of the linear and non-linear kinetic fit are reported in the supplementary file.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF achieved 64% BF removal from the solution for C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e within 15 minutes of contact time. After 30 minutes the system was nearing the equilibrium achieving\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;89% removal and finally reaching equilibrium with R% \u0026gt; 95% after 45 min. There was no significant variation in the q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF after 45 min, indicating the system has attained adsorption equilibrium. For C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, ~\u0026thinsp;61% BF was removed from the solution retaining a high adsorption capacity of ~\u0026thinsp;123 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e within 15 min contact period. Nearly 90% of BF was adsorbed on the composite surface within 45 min. Thereafter, between a 60\u0026ndash;180 min contact period, the adsorption capacity was consistent and no significant variation was observed. Therefore, the adsorption equilibrium for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/BF (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was established after 60 min. For BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 30 min contact time was required to achieve\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;65% removal. More time required to achieve 60\u0026ndash;65% removal for higher BF concentration was because of the presence of more BF molecules in the solution that needed to be adsorbed on the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF surface. The system containing 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF attained equilibrium within 60 minutes of contact time achieving\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;93% removal and ~\u0026thinsp;278 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e adsorption capacity. The adsorption equilibrium time using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF adsorbent was found to vary depending on the initial dye concentration. The equilibrium time for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25, 100, and 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was 45, 60, and 60 min, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity was continuously increased with increasing temperature because of more accumulation of BF molecules on the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF surface. For the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, a similar influence of contact time on the adsorption capacity was observed for CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, achieving equilibrium within 30 min and 60 min contact time, respectively. However, the adsorption equilibrium when C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was achieved a little faster within 30 min contact with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. The uptake of CV by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was a little faster compared to BF. For CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, nearly 89% CV was eliminated from the solution within 10 min of contact with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. Similarly, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF removed\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;94 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV from the 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV solution within 30 min contact time reaching almost equilibrium capacity. However, 60 min contact between \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was necessary for adsorbing\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;141 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV from the solution and thereby, reaching equilibrium with adsorption capacity\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;282 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ed-f, the PFO was the most suitable model to describe the experimental data for the adsorption of BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF using a non-linear fitting approach. Experimental q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e for the adsorption of BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for 25, 100, and 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was ~\u0026thinsp;48, ~190, and ~\u0026thinsp;278 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The values predicted using PFO were almost accurately predicted compared to linear PFO, linear PSO, and non-linear PSO approaches. Thereby, the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF followed the PFO model at all studied BF concentrations. Experimental q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e for the adsorption of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF for 25, 100, and 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was ~\u0026thinsp;48, ~191, and ~\u0026thinsp;282 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The PSO was found to be more suitable to describe the adsorption of CV (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ed-f) by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF using both linear and non-linear approaches, except at lower CV concentration (C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), wherein, PFO was more suitable. The values q\u003csub\u003ee,1\u003c/sub\u003e and q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e values obtained using linear PSO and non-linear PFO were closely aligned with the experimental values for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF/CV. The IPD linear plot (supplementary file) yields two linear fragments for all adsorbent-adsorbate systems studied in the present work. The initial line is associated with the adsorption of dye molecules and the second is obtained after the adsorption equilibrium establishment. Therefore, the second linear fragment remained parallel to the x-axis maintaining a constant q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e value. Therefore, the values obtained using IPD for the second linear fragment should not be considered as they may produce inaccurate results. Moreover, in many cases, a negative boundary layer thickness value \u0026ldquo;C\u0026rdquo; was observed indicating that IPD was not the suitable model to describe the BF and CV onto the composite adsorbents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption of CV and BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was slower compared to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. Unlike \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, the adsorption equilibrium time in the case of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC/BF was not much deviated by changing the BF concentration from 25 to 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The initial increase in the adsorption capacity at all BF concentrations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb) is associated with the capturing of the dye molecules on the active adsorption sites on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. The removal of BF from the aqueous solution was continuously increased up to 120\u0026ndash;150 min. Hence, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC/BF attained the adsorption equilibrium between 120\u0026ndash;150 min contact time. R % \u0026gt; 90% was achieved between 90\u0026ndash;120 min contact time for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which was achieved within 45 min contact time with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. The reason is the higher amount of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF (20 mg loading) than \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC (10 mg), which provides more active adsorption sites, and thereby, the molecules are easily attached to the adsorbent surface with less competitiveness between the BF molecules. For BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 50% removal was achieved within 30 min contact, indicating a faster initial adsorption onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. Thereafter, slow adsorption of BF was observed between 60\u0026ndash;150 min, wherein, adsorption equilibrium was established within 150 min contact with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. R % ~93% was achieved within 120 min contact, which was similar to that observed for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. At a higher concentration (BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), 30 min contact between \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC and BF yielded only\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;39% removal with q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e ~117 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, indicating comparatively slower initial adsorption at high BF concentration because of the availability of more BF molecules in the solution at high concentration. The adsorption equilibrium for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was established within 120\u0026ndash;150 min contact with ~\u0026thinsp;190 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e adsorption uptake. The equilibrium adsorption capacity for the adsorption of BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC at C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25, 50, and 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was 96, 197, and 288 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Considering the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values, the non-linear fitting suggests better suitability of PSO and Elovich model to describe the adsorption data points of the BF adsorbed on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC surface (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eg-h) at C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25 and 50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. At 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF concentration, PFO was a more suitable model to predict the adsorption capacity outcome with time. However, both the linear and non-linear PSO fitting resulted in higher q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e expected adsorption values than the experimentally observed values. Therefore, PFO was the better model at predicting the q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e outcome than PSO at all concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e concentration, the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was found to exhibit two segments (i) segment between 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;90 min leading to adsorption of 19 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV dye and (ii) segment between 120 min\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;t \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;180 min leading to adsorption of remaining\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV dye. In the second period, the adsorption of CV was slower because of the nearing adsorption equilibrium compared to initial CV adsorption. For CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC adsorbent was able to adsorb CV with high CV uptake up to 90 min, reaching a high adsorption capacity of ~\u0026thinsp;188 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e compared to ~\u0026thinsp;45 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e at 15 min contact. Thereafter, a slower CV adsorption takes place from 90\u0026ndash;120 min and equilibrium is established within 120 min contact removing\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;49 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV from 50 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e solution. For CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e a similar equilibrium time 120 min was observed. However, the CV adsorption was found to be an increase in segments rather than a steady increase. After 15 min contact with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC adsorbent, a high adsorption capacity of ~\u0026thinsp;125 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was achieved eliminating\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;31.2 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV from the solution. Between 15 min\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;t \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30 min, an additional\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.45 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV was eliminated over the 15 min period, which was slow compared to the initial 15 min contact q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e performance. Further 30 min contact led to the removal of ~\u0026thinsp;24.5 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV between 60\u0026ndash;90 min contact. Between 90\u0026ndash;120 min only\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;10.9 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV uptake was observed which remained unchanged over 120\u0026ndash;180 min. To summarize, the composite \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC exhibits almost a similar equilibrium time between 120\u0026ndash;150 min for both CV and BF adsorption irrespective of the change in the initial BF or CV concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe equilibrium adsorption capacity for the adsorption of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC at C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25, 50, and 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was 97, 196, and 293 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Non-linear fitting (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eg-h) curves suggested that when C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 50 and 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e were used, PFO was found to be the suitable kinetic model for the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC compared to other kinetic models as the q\u003csub\u003ee,1\u003c/sub\u003e values were closer to the experimental q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e values and the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was also closer to PSO, which yielded high error in q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e results. As discussed earlier, at low concentrations, two segments of CV were visible, and therefore, both PSO and PFO were not able to describe the adsorption of CV using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC using a non-linear fitting approach. The IPD linear fitting of the initial fragment was suitable to describe the adsorption of CV on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC under low CV concentrations. The linear fitting for the second segment should be avoided as it was near the adsorption saturation sites and yielded a low R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value. The linear IPD fit of the first linear segment yielded an R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value of 0.997 indicating a good fit. However, the line did not pass through the origin and therefore, the IPD was not the only contributing adsorption factor leading to CV adsorption on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption of CV and BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was also slower than \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF but was similar to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. A slow enhancement in BF q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e was observed as the contact time progressed between 0-150 min for all initial BF concentrations. Thereafter, no significant variation in q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e occurred between 150 min\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;240 min. Therefore, for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25, 50, and 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e concentrations, the equilibrium contact time between BF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was 120 min. 54\u0026ndash;55% BF was eliminated from the solution within 30 min contact with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO adsorbent. Comparing the q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e values, 30 min contact with \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO resulted in more accumulation of BF molecules on the composite at higher concentrations. At equilibrium, q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e for BF C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25, 50, and 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was 48.4, 95.4, and ~\u0026thinsp;185 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The non-linear fitting curves for the adsorption of BF onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO are given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ej-l. From the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values, PSO was found to be more apt for describing the experimental data points for BF uptake by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. Elovich and PFO also produced good non-linear fit R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values. However, as observed in previous adsorbent-adsorbate systems, the q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e were high compared to the experimentally obtained q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e values for all BF initial concentrations. PFO is more often than not found to predict closer q\u003csub\u003ee,1\u003c/sub\u003e to experimental q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e values. The values q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e predicted by linear and nonlinear PSO approach were closer to each other but not with the experimentally observed value. Similarly, both linear and non-linear approaches yield closer k\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e values without major disparity for the adsorption of BF using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption of CV onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO also produced similar results as observed for BF adsorption. The minimum contact time to reach equilibrium adsorption capacity for the CV adsorption on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25, 50, and 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was 120, 150, and 150 min. However, at 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV concentration, the composite was unable to completely adsorb CV (R % ~90%; q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e ~45.1 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and comparatively lower equilibrium adsorption capacity than BF q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e was achieved using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. For CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 50 and 100 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, the equilibrium adsorption capacity was ~\u0026thinsp;96 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and ~\u0026thinsp;180 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ej-l shows the non-linear fitting plots for the adsorption of CV by \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. From R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values, the PSO was the most suitable model for the adsorption of CV followed by the Elovich model at initial CV concentrations C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 100, and the opposite was true for C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the values of q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e were less agreeable with the experimental values compared to PFO for C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. However, considering poor R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values obtained using PFO non-linear fitting for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO/CV C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e 25 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, Elovich is still considered a suitable adsorption kinetic model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo conclude, most of the composite adsorbent-adsorbate systems investigated in the present work exhibited better suitability with either PFO or PSO model. In most cases, PFO yields q\u003csub\u003ee,1\u003c/sub\u003e that is closer to the experimental q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e more than PSO q\u003csub\u003ee,2\u003c/sub\u003e values. PFO non-linear fit may lead to inaccurate results but PSO and Elovich yield comparable parameters using both linear and non-linear fitting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. ANN training\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimentally obtained data was trained using an artificial neural networking approach in Matlab software using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian regularization (BR) algorithms. For training the networks, six inputs namely pH, t (min), T (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC), composite dose (mg), and dye solution concentration (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and composite serial numbers i.e., 1, 2, and 3 for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, respectively were used as input conditions and R % and q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e (or q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e) have been used as outcome values. The hidden layers were varied to obtain optimum results to effectively predict the adsorption outcome. The training for BF adsorption using the LM algorithm was carried out using 186 observations (divided into 70% training, 15% validation, and 15% testing). The network construction includes 6 inputs- 14 hidden layers \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 outputs for BF adsorption data training using the LM algorithm and 6 inputs- 10 hidden layers \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 outputs for BF adsorption data training using the BR algorithm. The training network for the training of CV adsorption data was similar to that used in BF except for hidden layers (i.e., 12 for the LM algorithm and 8 for the BR algorithm). A total of 189 observations were used for CV and division was similar to that for BF adsorption data. The regression and performance plot for the ANN training are provided in the supplementary file.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regression plots indicated R-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.990 for the adsorption of BF using the composites for both LM and BR algorithms, suggesting a well-trained network to predict the outcome under specific adsorption conditions. The adsorption of CV was successfully trained using the BR algorithm with R-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.990. However, the LM algorithm did not produce a good prediction for training and testing resulting in an overall reduction in R-value (supplementary file).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe individual performance of each composite adsorbent\u0026rsquo;s R % and q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e performance for the decontamination of BF and CV from the aqueous solution is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003ea-d. The plot of experimentally observed BF and CV R % using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO against LM and BR predicted outcome under similar conditions yields a more scattered plot. The experimentally observed values and ANN predicted values (by both LM and BR) yielded a more linear plot indicating the closeness of the values. Thereby, the ANN-trained BR and LM algorithms can be effectively used for predicting the adsorption capacity outcome of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for the removal of BF and CV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Regeneration-reusability performance of the adsorbents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effectiveness of all three composites for the adsorption of CV and BF up to five regeneration reuse cycles is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Adsorption conditions are: \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF [pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 for CV and 8 for BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L, C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e], \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC [pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 for CV and 4 for BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L, C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e], and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO [ pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 for CV and BF, T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;240 min, m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 mg, V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 L, C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF retained high adsorption performance for both CV and BF even after five regeneration-reuse cycles. After the first regeneration, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF retained\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;271 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e for both CV and BF, which was only\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6\u0026ndash;10 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e lower than the original performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. After the third regeneration, the R % declined to 88.5% for CV and BF. After the fifth regeneration cycle, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF showed a 9.72% R% decline and 29.2 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline for CV adsorption and 10.2% and 30.5 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline for BF adsorption compared to the original adsorption performance. Hence, the regeneration-reuse performance of the composite was identical for both CV and BF, indicating similar adsorption interaction sites responsible for the adsorption of BF and CV onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. Moreover, the low decline in \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026rsquo;s adsorption effectiveness was because of easier detachment of BF and CV molecules from the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u0026rsquo;s surface and hence, regenerating the adsorption sites for further adsorption studies. Some BF and molecules may remain attached to the composite surface leading to less available sites for the interaction. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF was able to eliminate\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;123\u0026ndash;125 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF and CV from 150 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e aqueous solution. Even after five regeneration-reuse cycles, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF exhibited high adsorption for BF (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e ~247 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and CV (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e ~252 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), indicating its suitability for sustainable adsorption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC shows comparatively more decline in CV and BF adsorption performance after five regeneration-reuse cycles compared to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO. After the first regeneration, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC showed a slightly higher decline for CV adsorption (decline in R% ~4.51%; q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;13.5 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) than for BF adsorption (decline in R% ~3.32%; q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e decline\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;9.97 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). After the third regeneration-reuse cycle, BF and CV q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e declined to 256 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, indicating identical adsorption performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC towards BF and CV. After the fifth regeneration-reuse cycle, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was able to remove 56.2 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e BF and 58.2 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e CV from 75 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e solution, leading to a 15. 8% decline in R % and 47.5 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e for CV and 21.7% decline in R % and 65.1 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e for BF compared to the original adsorption performance. This suggested that more BF molecules were strongly attached to the composite surface and were not as easily detached from the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC surface as CV molecules and hence, fewer sites for BF adsorption were available for BF adsorption leading to low R % compared to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u0026rsquo;s original adsorption performance. However, the \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC still retained high adsorption for both CV (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e ~233 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; R % ~77.6%) and BF (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e ~225 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; R % ~74.9%) even after subjecting it to five regeneration- reuse cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO also showed a declining BF and CV adsorption performance after each regeneration-reuse cycle because of the occupation of some of the active adsorption sites on \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO\u0026rsquo;s surface because of strong interaction between adsorbent-adsorbate. After the 1st, 3rd, and 5th regeneration-reuse cycle, the un-adsorbed CV concentration was continuously increased to 7.58, 11.9, and 15.5 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Similarly, BF concentration remaining after the adsorption for the 1st, 3rd, and 5th regeneration-reuse cycle was also increased to 8.19, 13.2, and 18.4 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO retained 75.5% BF removal with ~\u0026thinsp;113 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e adsorption capacity and retained 79.3% CV removal with ~\u0026thinsp;119 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e adsorption capacity. The decline in q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO after the fifth regeneration-reuse cycle for BF and CV compared to the composites\u0026rsquo; original q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e was 32.3 and 19.1 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. From the results, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO exhibited slightly better CV adsorption performance after the 5th regeneration-reuse cycle. Overall, all three composite adsorbents were found to exhibit a similar adsorption performance for BF and CV even after studying the efficiency after five regeneration-reuse cycles. Moreover, the results also suggest the adsorption of CV and BF on the composites by similar chemical interactions because of the structural similarity. Therefore, all three composites were found to retain high adsorption efficiency making them reusable up to many cycles without further chemical modification treatment for the activation of adsorption sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7. Plausible interactions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structure of CV and BF are similar as both belong to the triphenylmethane dyes. The difference is the absence of N-alkylated amine in BF. In CV, three N-alkylated amine groups are present but in BF only non-alkylated -NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e groups are present. All three composites have a negative surface over a wide pH range. The negative composite surface attracts cationic CV and BF dyes to its surface leading to the binding of the contaminant molecules on the adsorbent\u0026rsquo;s surface (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The additional interactions like H-bonding between electronegative \u0026ndash;N atom from amine groups of the dye molecule and various -O-H functional group can take place. Additional H-bonding between oxygen from the various functional groups on the composites\u0026rsquo; surface and hydrogen from \u0026ldquo;\u0026ndash;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rdquo; groups on BF can also take place, which is not possible in the case of CV. Moreover, the presence of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD in all three adsorbents can also plausibly capture dye molecules via host-guest interaction. In addition to these, n-π\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e interaction between non-bonding electron pairs of N from dye molecule and carbonyl groups of composite adsorbent is also possible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Comparison with previous adsorbents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CV and BF adsorption performance of various adsorbents is reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Most adsorbents exhibited a better performance between 6\u0026ndash;10 pH for BF and CV adsorption because of the availability of larger negative functional groups. In general, it was observed that the adsorption of CV and BF is favorable under basic conditions. The Langmuir q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e of clay-based adsorbent was low [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Covalent organic framework (COF) based adsorbent adsorbents varied in the adsorption performance but the effective contact time was achieved faster [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. All three composite adsorbents in this work exhibited better adsorption performance in terms of contact time and Langmuir q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e compared to the adsorbents reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative adsorption performance of various adsorbents for BF and CV adsorption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdsorbent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquilibrium time (min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLangmuir q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresent work\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u0026ndash;150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e472\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ-\u003c/em\u003eCDCMCZO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnO-rGO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified biochar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u0026ndash;300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgae/chitosan/alginate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBentonite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eY doped ZnO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u0026ndash;150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ-\u003c/em\u003eCDCMCZO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u0026ndash;150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOOH functionalized COF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u0026ndash;308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTbBd COF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic cage adsorbent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass-derived sawdust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u0026ndash;130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZeolite/Gum hydrogel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellulose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTbBd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,3,5-triformylbenzene/benzidine\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adsorption performance of three polymer/metal oxide composites \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO for CV and BF was nearly similar. All composite adsorbents exhibited a high Langmuir adsorption capacity for both CV and BF. The similar adsorption performance for both CV and BF indicates the similar adsorption interactions because of the structure similarity of BF and CV, as both belong to the triphenylmethane class. The adsorption of CV and BF was mostly followed by Langmuir/Liu isotherm and PFO kinetic models for most adsorbent systems. The minimum contact time to remove BF and CV from the aqueous solution was 120\u0026ndash;150 min for \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO, which was higher than the 60 min contact time required to remove CV and BF from the aqueous solution using \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF. All three adsorbents retained a high R% \u0026gt; 75% even after five regeneration-reuse cycles. Under optimized conditions, the adsorption of BF and CV onto \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC was comparable. The optimized adsorption performance of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO was low compared to \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC. The ANN-trained algorithm effectively predicted the adsorption capacity outcome. Negative ΔG\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e suggested spontaneous adsorption of CV and BF on all three adsorbents studied in the present work. The outcome of the present work provided polymer-metal oxide composite systems with effective adsorption towards BF and CV containing higher loading of biodegradable content. The regeneration-reusability performance of the composites, their ease of synthesis, and their applicability make them suitable for further usage at the macro level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the research and instrumentation facilities provided by the Head, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University. RS is grateful to \u003cem\u003eNMDFC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand MOMA, India, for MANF-SRF (No. F. 82-27/2019 (SA-III) dated July 31, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePND has contributed to research supervision, writing review \u0026amp; editing, data validation, and resources, and reviewed/finalized the manuscript. Both authors approved the final manuscript. RS has contributed to the visualization, conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, data curation, and writing the original draft.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data are disclosed in the manuscript and supplementary file. Additional information will be provided upon request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: This work was partially supported by the \u003cem\u003eNMDFC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand MOMA, India, for MANF-SRF (No. F. 82-27/2019 (SA-III) dated July 31, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication All the authors have read and agreed to the final copy of the finding as contained in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAu W, Pathak S, Collie CJ, Hsu TC. Cytogenetic toxicity of gentian violet and crystal violet on mammalian cells in vitro. Mutat Res Toxicol. 1978;58:269\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu B, Jin S-F, Li H-C, Sun X-Y, Yan S-Q, Deng S-J, Zhao P. The Bio-Safety Concerns of Three Domestic Temporary Hair Dye Molecules: Fuchsin Basic, Victoria Blue B and Basic Red 2. Molecules. 2019;24:1744.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThetford D, Staff U by. Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes. 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Modeling and mechanism of reactive orange 16 dye adsorption by chitosan-glyoxal/TiO2 nanocomposite: application of response surface methodology. Desalination Water Treat. 2019;164:346\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdulhameed AS, Wu R, Musa SA, Agha HM, ALOthman ZA, Jawad AH, Algburi S. Bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether modified chitosan/nano-SiO2 via hydrothermal process: A statistical modeling and adsorption mechanism for reactive orange 16 dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;256:128267.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdulhameed AS, Khan MKA, Alshahrani H, Younes MK, Algburi S. Newly developed polymer nanocomposite of chitosan-citrate/ZrO2 nanoparticles for safranin O dye adsorption: Physiochemical properties and response surface methodology. Mater Chem Phys. 2024;324:129699.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSirach R, Dave PN. Artificial neural network modelling and experimental investigations of malachite green adsorption on novel carboxymethyl cellulose/\u0026beta;-cyclodextrin/nickel cobaltite composite. Heliyon. 2024;10:e33820.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSirach R, Dave PN. \u0026beta; -Cyclodextrin polymer/zinc ferrite nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption application for the removal of malachite green and Congo red. J Hazard Mater Adv. 2023;10:100300.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImame S, Houssaini ,Jamal, Atlas ,Hafssa, Ziyat ,Hamid, and Boukhlifi F. Harnessing natural bentonite as a sustainable adsorbent for efficient removal of basic fuchsin dye from aqueous media. Int J Environ Anal Chem.2025; https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2025.2471406\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRani I, Warkar SG, Kumar A. Removal of Cationic Crystal Violet dye using Zeolite- Embedded Carboxymethyl Tamarind Kernel Gum (CMTKG) based Hydrogel Adsorbents. ChemistrySelect. 2023;8:e202301434.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Y, Yang C-X, Qian H-L, Zhao X, Yan X-P. Carboxyl-Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks for the Adsorption and Removal of Triphenylmethane Dyes. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2019;2:7290\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHierarchically porous covalent organic framework for adsorption and removal of triphenylmethane dyes. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2021;312:110703.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGbawoquiya FL, Rachna Km, Singh PK, Noor IM, Yahya MZA, Shankar S, Iqbal M. Adsorption of cationic basic fuchsin dye from aqueous solution using green synthesized zinc oxide coated on reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (ZnO-rGO NC). Ionics. 2025;31:1077\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaradharaj VP, Ramesh G, Kumar A, Jeyabalan J, Narayanasamy S. Synthesis, characterization, and application of oxidant-modified biochar prepared from sawdust for sequestration of basic fuchsin: isotherm, kinetics, and toxicity studies. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2023;13:9525\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovel algae-chitosan/alginate beads for efficient basic Fuchsin removal: Synthesis, characterization, adsorption study, mechanism, and optimization. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;280:135604.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn organic cage-based adsorbent for removing triphenylmethane dyes based on charge-assisted hydrogen bonding. J Environ Chem Eng. 2025;13:116028.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrassi P, Drumm FC, Georgin J, Franco DSP, Dotto GL, Foletto EL, Jahn SL. Application of Cordia trichotoma sawdust as an effective biosorbent for removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution in batch system and fixed-bed column. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28:6771\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalahuddin N, Abdelwahab MA, Akelah A, Elnagar M. Adsorption of Congo red and crystal violet dyes onto cellulose extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth. Nat Hazards. 2021;105:1375\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-polymers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Polymers](https://link.springer.com/journal/44347)","snPcode":"44347","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44347/3","title":"Discover Polymers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adsorption, cyclodextrin, polymer composite, carboxymethyl cellulose, crystal violet","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419377/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419377/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDyes are water-soluble color contaminants. The presence of color contaminants is known to disturb the lifecycle of the marine ecosystem. In this work, we have investigated the utilization of three previously synthesized composites i.e., \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-cyclodextrin (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD) polymer-metal oxide composites namely \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CD-epichlorohdrin-tetrafluroterephthalonitrile polymer/zinc ferrite composite (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDZnF), carboxymethyl cellulose-\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-cyclodextrin-succinic acid/nickel cobaltite composite (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCNC), and carboxymethyl cellulose-\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-cyclodextrin- epichlorohydrin-tetrafluroterephthalonitrile/zinc oxide composite (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-CDCMCZO) for the adsorptive removal of two cationic dyes [i.e., crystal violet (CV) and basic fuchsin (BF)]. The present work explores the effect of parameters like pH, salt, time, temperature, composite dose, and initial dye concentration on the adsorption performance. Additionally, the experimental data have been trained using artificial neural networks to predict the adsorption output. The results suggested that the composites were exhibiting good adsorptive removal for CV and BF. The isotherm studies suggested a monolayer accumulation of dyes on the composite surface. The adsorption performance of different composites was comparable for both BF and CV. ANN predictions were more accurate for equilibrium adsorption capacity outcome than R% outcome. The presence of high-concentration salts declined the adsorption performance of all three composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adsorption potential of polymer metal oxide composites for crystal violet and basic fuchsin: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-06 17:00:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419377/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-29T16:18:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-21T01:41:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T17:57:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"308873187765533793438326899709547726066","date":"2025-05-12T13:11:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"34231596855382702328171493138723439227","date":"2025-05-12T13:01:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-06T18:20:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"159765992964961072334431714832927623453","date":"2025-05-06T17:22:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-04T09:21:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"302286820141177329958464788386100408477","date":"2025-05-01T16:02:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-01T11:50:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-25T10:24:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-25T10:22:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Polymers","date":"2025-04-10T10:37:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-polymers","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Polymers](https://link.springer.com/journal/44347)","snPcode":"44347","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44347/3","title":"Discover Polymers","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e0a9aff6-72ce-4b9b-b3e7-207e62e20670","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-14T15:23:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-06 17:00:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6419377","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6419377","identity":"rs-6419377","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}